JP2006500758A - 改良固体酸化物燃料電池システム - Google Patents
改良固体酸化物燃料電池システム Download PDFInfo
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- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 187
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 134
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 134
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 37
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- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910002482 Cu–Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- 229910015902 Bi 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LEMJVPWNQLQFLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [La+3].[La+3].[O-][Cr]([O-])=O.[O-][Cr]([O-])=O.[O-][Cr]([O-])=O Chemical class [La+3].[La+3].[O-][Cr]([O-])=O.[O-][Cr]([O-])=O.[O-][Cr]([O-])=O LEMJVPWNQLQFLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cu] YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibismuth;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Bi+3].[Bi+3] TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- CVLNPENSSAFKOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Gd] CVLNPENSSAFKOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010763 heavy fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0637—Direct internal reforming at the anode of the fuel cell
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1231—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/2428—Grouping by arranging unit cells on a surface of any form, e.g. planar or tubular
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/243—Grouping of unit cells of tubular or cylindrical configuration
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/2432—Grouping of unit cells of planar configuration
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/244—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes with matrix-supported molten electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
Description
優先権
本出願は、2002年9月27日に出願された米国特許仮出願第60/414,607号、2003年5月19日に出願された米国特許仮出願第60/472,036号、2003年9月5日に出願された米国特許仮出願第60/500,532号、2003年9月26日に出願された正規米国出願(出願番号未定)に対する優先権を主張する。これらの出願はすべて、参照として本明細書に組み入れられる。
本出願は、固体酸化物燃料電池システムなどの高温燃料電池システムに関し、特に気体分離装置、および開示が参照として全体的に本明細書に組み入れられる米国特許出願第09/591,275号、第09/808,715号、第10/039,940号、および第10/352,361号を含むQuestAir Technologies社の同時係属出願と組み合わされた高温燃料電池システムに関する。
燃料電池は、環境に悪影響を与えない電流源である。電力を生成するのに用いられている高温燃料電池(HTFC)の1種として固体酸化物燃料電池(SOFC)がある。SOFCは、燃料ガスの流れを受けるアノード・チャネルと、酸素ガスの流れを受けるカソード・チャネルと、酸素イオンを伝導するセラミック膜でありカソード・チャネルからアノード・チャネルを分離する固体電解質とを含む。カソード・チャネル内の酸素は酸素イオンに解離し、酸素イオンは電解質と交差してアノード・チャネル内の水素と反応し、電子の流れを生成する。水素は、効率的なSOFC動作を実現するうえで好ましい燃料ガスであるが、燃料ガスは、直接酸化によってアノード・チャネル内で反応するか、または水蒸気改質および水性ガス・シフト反応によって水素を発生させる炭化水素であってよい。水素が消費されるにつれて、一酸化炭素を直接酸化するか、または水蒸気によってシフトさせて追加的な水素を発生させることができる。燃料成分が酸化することによってアノード・チャネル内で二酸化炭素と水蒸気が発生する。固体酸化物燃料電池の代表的な作業温度は約500℃から1000℃である。
MCFCにおける分圧に対する同じ感度は、MCFCについての以下のネルンストの式によって表される。
開示される態様は、従来技術の欠点のいくつかに対処するMCFCまたはSOFCベースの生成システムを提供する。一例では、MCFC生成システムまたはSOFC生成システムは、性能および経済性を高めるように反応物濃度を操作するようになっており、MCFCシステムは特に、電力出力を向上させつつ二酸化炭素をアノードからカソードに効率的に伝達するようになっている。他の例では、電力、および/または水素燃料、および/または使用可能な熱を選択的に生成するのを可能にし、「グリーンハウス」ガスおよび環境に影響を与える他のガス放出を軽減する手段を組み込むにもかかわらず生成システムの柔軟な操作を可能にし、かつ全体的な操作効率を高めて燃料資源使用持続性を向上させるようになっているMCFCおよびSOFC電気生成システムが提供される。
置換パージ再生を行う水素濃縮回転吸着モジュール10は、アノード排気から得た水素を濃縮し、かつ/または図1〜4に示されている高温燃料電池システム12と一緒にアノード排気から得た二酸化炭素を凝縮または除去する例示的なガス分離手として組み込まれている。本明細書では、「回転吸着装置」10には、吸着器のアレイが固定バルブ・フェースまたはステータに対して回転する装置または回転バルブ・フェースが吸着器の固定アレイに対して回転する装置が含まれるが、それらに限らない。図示の態様は、回転子に取り付けられた吸着器を示しており、固定バルブ・フェースを有する固定子であるハウジング内に回転子を有している。図示の態様に適用するのに適した他の回転ガス吸着モジュールは、前述の同時係属出願中の特許出願第10/389,539号に記載されている。
図6〜8は、2段回転PSAシステムの概略図である。図6は、図18〜24のSOFCシステム内の(図7および8に示されているような2段PSA態様の必要に応じた)流体連結部を参照した概略図である。
図9〜12は、回転PSAユニット内の単一の吸着器についての、例示的な完全なPSAサイクルにおける回転弁開弁シーケンスおよび圧力パターンを示している。回転PSAユニット内の他のすべての吸着器は、本質的に同じ圧力パターンを有する同じシーケンスに順次従う。
図13〜17は、SOFCが、プレリフォーマー32を有し、実質的に大気圧で動作し、間接外部加熱式ガス・タービンを用いて熱を回収し、単一段真空PSA24(VPSA)を水素ガス分離手段として用いる、天然ガスなどの燃料を用いた他のSOFC発電所態様の概略図を示している。
図18および19は、SOFCが実質的に大気圧で動作し、間接外部加熱式ガス・タービン46を用いて熱を回収するが、この場合は2段真空PSA(VPSA)を燃料PSAとして用いる他のSOFC発電所態様の概略図である。図6の概略図は、図7または図9のような特定の2段PSA態様を用いて図12に示されているようなPSAサイクルを実行することができる、図20〜24の2段PSAを例示するのに使用される。
図20および21は、SOFCが実質的に大気圧で動作し、間接外部加熱式ガス・タービン46を用いて熱を回収し、かつ単一段真空PSA(VPSA)を燃料ガス分離手段として用いる他のSOFC発電所態様の概略図である。これらの態様は、新鮮な燃料および補助水蒸気を含む水素PSAによる実質的に浄化された水素をプレリフォーマー32に供給するのではなく、SOFCアノード排ガスを補給燃料と一緒に直接プレリフォーマー32に再循環させる。これによって、有利なことに、SOFCアノード排ガスから廃熱および水蒸気が取り込まれ、前改質の助けになる。すなわち、前改質を低温(約500℃)で行うことができ、前改質段階は概ね等温になる。
図22および23は、直接加熱式ガス・タービン46を用いて熱を回収しつつ高温で動作し、かつ正圧PSA(VPSA)を燃料PSA24として用いるSOFCを備えた他のSOFC発電所の概略図を示している。これらの態様は、新鮮な燃料および補助水蒸気を含む水素PSA24からの実質的に浄化された水素をプレリフォーマー32に供給するのではなく、SOFCアノード排ガスを補給燃料と一緒に直接プレリフォーマー32に再循環する。これによって、有利なことに、SOFCアノード排ガスから廃熱および水蒸気が取り込まれ、燃料の前改質および水素添加ガス化の助けになる。前述のように、前改質は、前改質段階が概ね等温になるように低温(約500℃)で行うことができる。
図24は、バイオマスや石炭などの固体燃料の水素添加ガス化と一体化されたSOFC発電所を示している。水素添加ガス化装置68およびSOFCは望ましくは、高温および典型的な範囲が絶対単位で約20バールから約60バールの例外的に高い圧力で動作することができる。石炭を水素添加ガス化する場合、約60バールの比較的高い使用圧力が使用されており、一方、バイオマスの水素添加ガス化は約30バールで首尾よく実施されている。上述のように、SOFCの使用圧力を低くすることが望ましい場合、水素添加ガス化・PSA部を過給することができる。好ましくは、SOFCと水素添加ガス化装置の使用圧力は実質的に等しく、アノード排ガス(かなり余分な再生水素と、水蒸気、CO、およびCO2と、SOFCによって発生した廃熱を含む)は、直接SOFCアノード出口から水素添加ガス化装置68に供給される。水素添加ガス化装置68から供給されるプロセス・ガスは主としてメタンであり、残留水素、CO、CO2、および水蒸気を含む。このガスは通常、H2Sのようなある汚染成分も含み、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン(BTX)のような有用な副産物も含むことがある。
(図1〜5)アノード排ガスから得た水素を濃縮し再循環させる回転吸着モジュールを用いたSOFC発電所態様の概略図である。
(図6〜8)2段回転圧力スイング吸着(PSA)システムの概略図である。
(図9〜12)完全なPSAサイクルにおける回転弁開弁シーケンスおよび圧力パタンを示す図である。
(図13〜27)SOFC発電所態様の概略図である。
Claims (11)
- 以下を含む高温燃料電池システムであって、
第1のアノード・チャネル部が、炭素堆積を妨げ、水素、少なくとも1つの炭化水素燃料、またはそれらの混合物の直接酸化に有効なアノード材料を含み、
第2のアノード・チャネル部が、少なくとも1つの炭化水素の水蒸気改質の触媒として有効なアノード材料を含む、高温燃料電池システム:
アノード・チャネル;
アノード入口およびアノード出口;
アノード入口に近位の第1のアノード・チャネル部;
アノード出口に近位の第2のアノード・チャネル部;ならびに
アノード出口から出るアノード排ガスの第1のガス成分を濃縮して、第1のガス成分が濃縮された第1の生成ガスを生成するように動作できるガス分離手段。 - システムが、第1のガス成分が濃縮された第1の生成ガスの少なくとも一部を、アノード入口に供給される燃料混合物の一部として供給できるように構成される、請求項1記載の高温燃料電池システム。
- 第1のガス成分が、水素を含む、請求項2記載の高温燃料電池システム。
- 高温燃料電池が、固体酸化物燃料電池を含む、請求項2記載の高温燃料電池システム。
- 燃料混合物が、水素1モル当たり水蒸気1.5モル以下の割合の水蒸気および水素を含む、請求項3記載の高温燃料電池システム。
- 燃料混合物が、水蒸気、水素、および少なくとも1つの炭化水素燃料を含み、混合物中の水蒸気と炭化水素燃料のモル比は1.5:1以下である、請求項3記載の高温燃料電池システム。
- ガス分離手段が、吸着剤を含む回転吸着モジュールを含み、吸着剤は、圧力スイング、温度スイング、置換パージ、またはそれらの組合せを用いて周期的に再生することができる、請求項1記載の高温燃料電池システム。
- 以下を含む高温燃料電池システムであって、
ガス分離手段が、ガス分離手段が第1酸素濃縮生成ガスの少なくとも一部をカソード入口に供給できるようにカソード入口に流体連結され、
触媒部分酸化手段は、触媒部分酸化手段がカソード出口からの排ガスの少なくとも一部を受け取って炭化水素燃料混合物に反応させ、合成ガスを含む第2の生成ガスを生成することができるようにカソード出口に流体連結され、
システムが、第2の生成ガスの少なくとも一部をアノード入口に供給される燃料ガス混合物の一部として供給できるように構成される高温燃料電池システム:
アノード入口およびアノード出口を有するアノード・チャネル;
カソード入口およびカソード出口を有するカソード・チャネル;
酸素が濃縮された第1の生成ガスを空気から生成するように動作できるガス分離手段;ならびに
触媒部分酸化手段。 - アノード出口から出るアノード排ガスの第1のガス成分を濃縮して第1のガス成分で濃縮された第3の生成ガスを生成することができる第2のガス分離手段をさらに含み、第1のガス成分で濃縮された第3の生成ガスの少なくとも一部を、アノード入口に供給される燃料ガス混合物の一部として供給することができる、請求項8記載の高温燃料電池システム。
- アノード・チャネルおよびカソード・チャネルは、アノード・チャネル内の燃料ガス混合物がカソード・チャネル内の酸素濃縮ガスの流れに対して向流方向に流れることができるように配置される、請求項8記載の高温燃料電池システム。
- 高温燃料電池が、固体酸化物燃料電池を含む、請求項8記載の高温燃料電池システム。
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Also Published As
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EP1543577A2 (en) | 2005-06-22 |
US20040131912A1 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
WO2004030130A2 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
US20080090113A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
AU2003271473A8 (en) | 2004-04-19 |
WO2004030130A3 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
US7285350B2 (en) | 2007-10-23 |
CA2498552A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
CN1685552A (zh) | 2005-10-19 |
AU2003271473A1 (en) | 2004-04-19 |
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