HK1037305A1 - Method and apparatus for quick freezing - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for quick freezingInfo
- Publication number
- HK1037305A1 HK1037305A1 HK01108159A HK01108159A HK1037305A1 HK 1037305 A1 HK1037305 A1 HK 1037305A1 HK 01108159 A HK01108159 A HK 01108159A HK 01108159 A HK01108159 A HK 01108159A HK 1037305 A1 HK1037305 A1 HK 1037305A1
- Authority
- HK
- Hong Kong
- Prior art keywords
- store
- magnetic field
- applying
- central portion
- range
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/26—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by irradiation without heating
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/32—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with electric currents without heating effect
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/36—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling
- A23L3/363—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling the materials not being transported through or in the apparatus with or without shaping, e.g. in form of powder, granules, or flakes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D2400/00—General features of, or devices for refrigerators, cold rooms, ice-boxes, or for cooling or freezing apparatus not covered by any other subclass
- F25D2400/30—Quick freezing
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Freezing, Cooling And Drying Of Foods (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
- Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
- Confectionery (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/410,813 US6250087B1 (en) | 1999-10-01 | 1999-10-01 | Super-quick freezing method and apparatus therefor |
PCT/JP2000/006793 WO2001024647A1 (fr) | 1999-10-01 | 2000-09-29 | Procede et appareil de congelation rapide |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
HK1037305A1 true HK1037305A1 (en) | 2002-02-08 |
Family
ID=23626339
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
HK01108159A HK1037305A1 (en) | 1999-10-01 | 2001-11-20 | Method and apparatus for quick freezing |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6250087B1 (xx) |
EP (1) | EP1135999B1 (xx) |
JP (1) | JP4041673B2 (xx) |
AT (1) | ATE362332T1 (xx) |
AU (1) | AU779275B2 (xx) |
CA (1) | CA2353471C (xx) |
DE (1) | DE60034868T2 (xx) |
ES (1) | ES2287031T3 (xx) |
HK (1) | HK1037305A1 (xx) |
NO (1) | NO317387B1 (xx) |
NZ (1) | NZ512043A (xx) |
PT (1) | PT1135999E (xx) |
RU (1) | RU2270407C2 (xx) |
WO (1) | WO2001024647A1 (xx) |
Families Citing this family (61)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6244329B1 (en) * | 2000-06-01 | 2001-06-12 | Shimon Ullman | Method and apparatus for producing controlled freezing of a liquid |
JP4243924B2 (ja) * | 2001-09-17 | 2009-03-25 | 株式会社アビー | 高機能性冷凍装置および高機能性冷凍方法 |
JP2003139460A (ja) * | 2001-11-01 | 2003-05-14 | Abi:Kk | 変動磁場発生装置、冷凍装置および均一な変動磁場の発生方法 |
AU2002360563A1 (en) | 2001-12-12 | 2003-06-23 | Astronautics Corporation Of America | Rotating magnet magnetic refrigerator |
US6662569B2 (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2003-12-16 | Samuel M. Sami | Method and apparatus for using magnetic fields for enhancing heat pump and refrigeration equipment performance |
JP2003336952A (ja) * | 2002-05-17 | 2003-11-28 | Glocal:Kk | 冷凍装置 |
WO2003095911A1 (fr) * | 2002-05-10 | 2003-11-20 | Glocal Co., Ltd. | Dispositif frigorifique, procédé de surgélation, et objet surgelé |
JP4920669B2 (ja) * | 2002-05-10 | 2012-04-18 | 有限会社 湘南実業 | 冷凍装置 |
JP2003343960A (ja) * | 2002-05-29 | 2003-12-03 | Glocal:Kk | 冷凍装置 |
JP2004069131A (ja) * | 2002-08-05 | 2004-03-04 | Glocal:Kk | 冷凍方法 |
FR2849579A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-03 | 2004-07-09 | Assistance Et Tech Du Froid | Procede et installation de refroidissement rapide de produits alimentaires |
US7038565B1 (en) | 2003-06-09 | 2006-05-02 | Astronautics Corporation Of America | Rotating dipole permanent magnet assembly |
US6946941B2 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-09-20 | Astronautics Corporation Of America | Permanent magnet assembly |
US20050136161A1 (en) * | 2003-12-23 | 2005-06-23 | Hideyoshi Okita | Food freezing and thawing method and apparatus |
KR101225305B1 (ko) * | 2004-02-03 | 2013-01-22 | 애스트로노틱스 코포레이션 오브 아메리카 | 영구자석 조립체 |
WO2006114813A1 (ja) * | 2005-03-31 | 2006-11-02 | Owada Tetsuo | 急速冷凍装置および急速冷凍方法 |
JP5100998B2 (ja) * | 2005-10-26 | 2012-12-19 | 国立大学法人広島大学 | 抜歯体の凍結保存方法 |
CH699375B1 (fr) | 2005-12-13 | 2010-02-26 | Heig Vd Haute Ecole D Ingenier | Dispositif de génération de froid et de chaleur par effet magneto-calorique. |
WO2007094543A2 (en) * | 2006-02-15 | 2007-08-23 | Lg Electronics, Inc. | Refrigerator |
BRPI0621345B1 (pt) * | 2006-02-15 | 2020-05-05 | Lg Electronics Inc | refrigerador não congelante |
EP1991819A4 (en) * | 2006-02-15 | 2010-06-02 | Lg Electronics Inc | ICE GENERATOR AND ICE MANUFACTURING METHOD |
US9322578B2 (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2016-04-26 | Whirlpool Corporation | Quick thaw/quick chill refrigerated compartment |
JP6095149B2 (ja) * | 2009-04-12 | 2017-03-15 | 有限会社 サンワールド川村 | 食品の保存方法 |
JP2010281538A (ja) * | 2009-06-08 | 2010-12-16 | Oki Kogei:Kk | 冷蔵庫 |
WO2011014508A1 (en) * | 2009-07-27 | 2011-02-03 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Refrigeration devices based on polar-popymers |
JP2011101602A (ja) * | 2009-11-10 | 2011-05-26 | Univ Of Tokyo | 凍結方法 |
JP5805375B2 (ja) * | 2010-05-21 | 2015-11-04 | 米田工機株式会社 | 急速冷凍装置 |
EP3363298A1 (en) | 2012-01-16 | 2018-08-22 | Coolnova UG | A method for freezing food products |
US9339027B2 (en) * | 2013-07-30 | 2016-05-17 | California Institute Of Technology | Enhancement of electromagnetic freezing by stabilization and oscillation of biogenic magnetite particles |
US10285420B2 (en) | 2013-07-30 | 2019-05-14 | California Institute Of Technology | Magnetite-based heterogeneous ice-crystal nucleation |
JP5870153B2 (ja) * | 2014-04-24 | 2016-02-24 | 大陽日酸株式会社 | 過冷却凍結装置及び方法 |
JP5870152B2 (ja) * | 2014-04-24 | 2016-02-24 | 大陽日酸株式会社 | 過冷却凍結装置及び方法 |
JP2014209055A (ja) * | 2014-06-17 | 2014-11-06 | 株式会社大木工藝 | 冷蔵庫 |
CN104256854A (zh) * | 2014-10-20 | 2015-01-07 | 天津商业大学 | 一种食品速冻的加工方法及连续式食品速冻机 |
CN105300018A (zh) * | 2015-03-13 | 2016-02-03 | 合肥华凌股份有限公司 | 冰箱 |
WO2016169739A1 (en) * | 2015-04-21 | 2016-10-27 | BSH Hausgeräte GmbH | A domestic cooling device with shock freezing |
JP6820531B2 (ja) * | 2015-12-10 | 2021-01-27 | 学校法人慶應義塾 | ヒトiPS細胞由来神経幹細胞/前駆細胞の凍結方法 |
JP6125688B1 (ja) * | 2016-03-31 | 2017-05-10 | 株式会社鮮冷 | 冷凍保存用水産加工品の提供方法 |
JPWO2018186343A1 (ja) | 2017-04-04 | 2020-02-13 | 日東電工株式会社 | 凍結乾燥体の製造方法及びその製造装置 |
US11766039B2 (en) | 2017-06-28 | 2023-09-26 | Sci-Group As | Freezing of biological material |
JP6973731B2 (ja) * | 2017-07-25 | 2021-12-01 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | ヒト多能性幹細胞由来心筋細胞の凍結方法 |
US10588334B2 (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2020-03-17 | Rlmb Group, Llc | System and methods for supercooling perishable products |
JP2020008263A (ja) * | 2018-07-12 | 2020-01-16 | フリーズ食品開発株式会社 | 冷却装置、冷却プログラム及び凍結対象物の凍結品の製造方法 |
KR102368546B1 (ko) * | 2018-10-25 | 2022-02-28 | (주)에바다수산 | 구이용 생선 제조방법 및 상기 제조방법에 의해 제조된 구이용 생선 |
KR102142075B1 (ko) * | 2019-04-02 | 2020-08-06 | 사단법인 부산고등어식품전략사업단 | 고등어구이 제조방법 및 상기 제조방법에 의해 제조된 고등어구이 |
CN110100871B (zh) * | 2019-04-03 | 2022-04-22 | 浙江大学舟山海洋研究中心 | 水产品快速无结冰冷冻结构及方法 |
US11576408B2 (en) | 2019-04-15 | 2023-02-14 | Bsh Home Appliances Corporation | Ice processing system |
RU2720377C2 (ru) * | 2019-05-08 | 2020-04-29 | Виктор Петрович Войтенко | Способ высокоэнтропийной заморозки и устройство для его осуществления |
KR102320848B1 (ko) * | 2019-10-21 | 2021-11-03 | 신라대학교 산학협력단 | 편의식용 구이 생선 제조방법 및 상기 제조방법에 의해 제조된 편의식용 구이 생선 |
KR102266096B1 (ko) * | 2020-01-07 | 2021-06-18 | 원광대학교산학협력단 | 품질의 변화가 최소화되도록 하여 해동 후 비빔밥 본연의 맛을 유지할 수 있는 냉동 비빔밥 제조방법 |
CN112212424A (zh) * | 2020-10-13 | 2021-01-12 | 芜湖耀迪环保科技有限公司 | 一种可净化空气的中央空调 |
CN114543409A (zh) * | 2020-11-24 | 2022-05-27 | 北京大学 | 一种高品质速冻装置及速冻方法 |
CN114688800B (zh) * | 2020-12-31 | 2023-11-14 | 青岛海尔电冰箱有限公司 | 具有冷冻储物装置的冰箱 |
CN113576756A (zh) * | 2021-07-15 | 2021-11-02 | 伊索曼(中山)医疗器械有限公司 | 提升冻干敷料结构均匀性的方法 |
CN113995004B (zh) * | 2021-08-09 | 2024-09-20 | 天津大学 | 一种肉类变间歇比磁场辅助储藏方法 |
WO2023075645A1 (ru) * | 2021-10-29 | 2023-05-04 | Ооо "Новые Пищевые Технологии" | Способ бескристаллического замораживания водосодержащих продуктов питания |
CN114009660A (zh) * | 2021-10-29 | 2022-02-08 | 江苏大学 | 一种高压脉冲电场协同低频交变磁场速冻装置及其速冻方便米饭的方法 |
WO2023128819A1 (ru) * | 2021-12-29 | 2023-07-06 | Ооо "Новые Пищевые Технологии" | Туннельное устройство для замораживания водосодержащих продуктов питания |
CN114659316B (zh) * | 2022-02-23 | 2023-06-13 | 江南大学 | 静磁场辅助液化co2脉冲喷动速冻装置及加压高效冷冻方法 |
CN116358236B (zh) * | 2023-03-22 | 2024-01-19 | 山东农业大学 | 一种肉类保鲜存储系统 |
JP7403898B1 (ja) * | 2023-06-14 | 2023-12-25 | ワタナベフードソリューション株式会社 | 凍結庫、保冷庫、および解凍庫 |
Family Cites Families (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5353050A (en) * | 1976-10-25 | 1978-05-15 | Inoue Japax Res Inc | Food freezing/thawing method and apparatus |
US4524079A (en) * | 1983-11-10 | 1985-06-18 | Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. | Deactivation of microorganisms by an oscillating magnetic field |
WO1991001635A2 (en) | 1989-08-07 | 1991-02-21 | Cell Systems Limited | Cooling process and apparatus |
EP0502033A1 (en) * | 1989-11-20 | 1992-09-09 | Cell Systems Ltd | Cooling process and apparatus |
SE467089B (sv) * | 1989-11-29 | 1992-05-25 | Frigoscandia Food Process Syst | Foerfarande foer foerhindrande av bakterietillvaext i en livsmedelsanlaeggning samt saadan anlaeggning foer genomfoerande av foerfarandet |
JPH03241689A (ja) | 1990-02-20 | 1991-10-28 | Ushio Inc | 振動電界による処理装置 |
JP2545668B2 (ja) * | 1991-05-23 | 1996-10-23 | サムスン エレクトロニクス カンパニー リミテッド | 冷蔵庫用殺菌及び脱臭装置 |
US5527105A (en) * | 1991-11-07 | 1996-06-18 | Riach, Jr.; George | Magnetic apparatus and method for extending the shelf life of food products |
JPH06323721A (ja) | 1993-05-17 | 1994-11-25 | Matsushita Refrig Co Ltd | 冷蔵庫 |
JPH07265028A (ja) | 1994-03-30 | 1995-10-17 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | 殺菌方法 |
JPH07274917A (ja) * | 1994-04-04 | 1995-10-24 | Nagano Ekika:Kk | 食品収容容器 |
DK173485B1 (da) * | 1994-12-02 | 2000-12-18 | Thure Barsoee Carnfeldt | Fremgangsmåde til desinfektion eller sterilisation af fødevarer, foderstoffer, maskineri og udstyr til fødevare- og foderst |
US5662031A (en) * | 1994-12-23 | 1997-09-02 | Washington State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Continuous flow electrical treatment of flowable food products |
JPH0989434A (ja) * | 1995-09-21 | 1997-04-04 | Matsushita Refrig Co Ltd | 冷凍冷蔵庫 |
JPH09131158A (ja) | 1995-11-13 | 1997-05-20 | Satoshi Akazawa | 食用冷凍水産物の解凍方法及び装置 |
JP3698776B2 (ja) | 1995-11-15 | 2005-09-21 | 松下冷機株式会社 | 冷蔵庫 |
JPH09262050A (ja) * | 1996-03-27 | 1997-10-07 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 解凍装置 |
JP3310863B2 (ja) | 1996-05-24 | 2002-08-05 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 磁気冷凍装置 |
JPH10179105A (ja) | 1996-12-26 | 1998-07-07 | Nikko Suisan:Kk | 冷凍食品の製造方法及び解凍方法 |
JPH10253192A (ja) | 1997-03-12 | 1998-09-25 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 磁気冷凍機 |
JP3766507B2 (ja) | 1997-04-21 | 2006-04-12 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 冷凍機 |
JPH11257822A (ja) * | 1998-03-16 | 1999-09-24 | Matsushita Refrig Co Ltd | 冷蔵庫 |
JP3074565B1 (ja) * | 1999-05-21 | 2000-08-07 | 日本エアーテック株式会社 | 核磁気共鳴現象を利用した冷凍方法及び冷凍庫 |
JP2001086967A (ja) * | 1999-09-22 | 2001-04-03 | Airtech Japan Ltd | 磁場,電場の変動を利用した冷凍方法及び冷凍庫 |
-
1999
- 1999-10-01 US US09/410,813 patent/US6250087B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-09-29 NZ NZ512043A patent/NZ512043A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-29 RU RU2001117209/13A patent/RU2270407C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-09-29 ES ES00962998T patent/ES2287031T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-29 WO PCT/JP2000/006793 patent/WO2001024647A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 2000-09-29 DE DE60034868T patent/DE60034868T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-29 CA CA002353471A patent/CA2353471C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-29 EP EP00962998A patent/EP1135999B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-09-29 JP JP2001527659A patent/JP4041673B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-09-29 AU AU74501/00A patent/AU779275B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-09-29 PT PT00962998T patent/PT1135999E/pt unknown
- 2000-09-29 AT AT00962998T patent/ATE362332T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-05-31 NO NO20012685A patent/NO317387B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-11-20 HK HK01108159A patent/HK1037305A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1135999A4 (en) | 2002-08-07 |
US6250087B1 (en) | 2001-06-26 |
CA2353471C (en) | 2007-11-13 |
AU779275B2 (en) | 2005-01-13 |
NO20012685D0 (no) | 2001-05-31 |
EP1135999A1 (en) | 2001-09-26 |
NZ512043A (en) | 2003-09-26 |
CA2353471A1 (en) | 2001-04-12 |
EP1135999B1 (en) | 2007-05-16 |
RU2270407C2 (ru) | 2006-02-20 |
NO20012685L (no) | 2001-07-19 |
PT1135999E (pt) | 2007-08-24 |
AU7450100A (en) | 2001-05-10 |
JP4041673B2 (ja) | 2008-01-30 |
NO317387B1 (no) | 2004-10-18 |
ES2287031T3 (es) | 2007-12-16 |
DE60034868T2 (de) | 2007-09-20 |
DE60034868D1 (de) | 2007-06-28 |
WO2001024647A1 (fr) | 2001-04-12 |
ATE362332T1 (de) | 2007-06-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
HK1037305A1 (en) | Method and apparatus for quick freezing | |
RU2001117209A (ru) | Метод и аппаратура для быстрого замораживания | |
EP1447632A1 (en) | Highly-efficient freezing apparatus and highly-efficient freezing method | |
CA2113907A1 (en) | Apparatus and methods for electroporation amd electrofusion | |
US11684075B2 (en) | Device and system for generating low frequency alternating electric field, and signal conditioning method | |
FR2511558B1 (fr) | Equipement pour le stockage de l'energie sous forme cinetique et la restitution de celle-ci sous forme electrique, et procede de mise en oeuvre de cet equipement | |
DE69518529D1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von elektrischen nicht orientierten stahlplatten mit hoher magnetischer flussdichte und geringem eisenverlust | |
AU2774089A (en) | Low silhouette cooling tower with trapezoidal fill and method of air flow therethrough | |
IT1287613B1 (it) | Apparecchiatura industriale per riscaldare prodotti alimentari, in particolare prodotti carnei, mediante un campo elettromagnetico | |
NO992096L (no) | Emballasje for bedervelige matvarer | |
EP4130468A4 (en) | COOLING SYSTEM AND WIND POWER GENERATOR KIT | |
PT98613A (pt) | Processo e instalacao de tratamento de vegetais alimentares congelados | |
GB0031065D0 (en) | Preservation of cells | |
DE3167241D1 (en) | Wind turbine with an adjustably orientable rotor axis | |
CN210168957U (zh) | 一种电场保鲜风幕柜 | |
CN103110164B (zh) | 高压回旋磁系统 | |
JP2015094564A (ja) | 電圧制御装置、静電界発生装置および冷却庫 | |
EP4130469A4 (en) | COOLING SYSTEM AND WIND POWER GENERATION ASSEMBLY | |
CN201078995Y (zh) | 微耗能常温环保保鲜柜 | |
Abramova et al. | Pulsed 90 deg magnetization reversal in thin films exhibiting magnetization dispersion | |
JPH0577387B2 (xx) | ||
JPS5726415A (en) | Demagnetizing method | |
CN110122728A (zh) | 一种电场保鲜风幕柜 | |
DIMMICK et al. | Studies on possible propagation of microbial contamination in planetary clouds(Metabolism and propagation of microbes in outer planets)[Annual Report] | |
JPS5391621A (en) | Maintenance method for loading coil box |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PC | Patent ceased (i.e. patent has lapsed due to the failure to pay the renewal fee) |
Effective date: 20180929 |