EP3458599A1 - Herstellung von steviolglycosiden in rekombinanten wirten - Google Patents

Herstellung von steviolglycosiden in rekombinanten wirten

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Publication number
EP3458599A1
EP3458599A1 EP17726569.1A EP17726569A EP3458599A1 EP 3458599 A1 EP3458599 A1 EP 3458599A1 EP 17726569 A EP17726569 A EP 17726569A EP 3458599 A1 EP3458599 A1 EP 3458599A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
seq
steviol
polypeptide
isomer
glycosylated
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP17726569.1A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Kim OLSSON
Joseph Michael Sheridan
Laura Tatjer RECORDA
Christian NYFFENGGER
Veronique Douchin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Evolva Holding SA
Original Assignee
Evolva AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Evolva AG filed Critical Evolva AG
Publication of EP3458599A1 publication Critical patent/EP3458599A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/44—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides
    • C12P19/56—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical directly bound to a condensed ring system having three or more carbocyclic rings, e.g. daunomycin, adriamycin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1048—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1048—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C12N9/1051—Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to recombinant production of steviol glycosides, glycosides of steviol precursors, and steviol glycoside precursors in recombinant hosts.
  • this disclosure relates to production of steviol glycosides comprising steviol-13-O-glucoside (13- SMG), steviol-19-O-glucoside (19-SMG), steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, rubusoside, Rebaudioside A (RebA), Rebaudioside B (RebB), Rebaudioside C (RebC), Rebaudioside D (RebD), Rebaudioside E (RebE), Rebaudioside F (RebF), Rebaudioside M (RebM), Rebaudioside Q (RebQ), Rebaudioside I (Rebl), dulcoside A, mono- glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acids, di-glycosylated
  • Sweeteners are well known as ingredients used most commonly in the food, beverage, or confectionary industries.
  • the sweetener can either be incorporated into a final food product during production or for stand-alone use, when appropriately diluted, as a tabletop sweetener or an at-home replacement for sugars in baking.
  • Sweeteners include natural sweeteners such as sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, molasses, maple syrup, and honey and artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, saccharine, and sucralose.
  • Stevia extract is a natural sweetener that can be isolated and extracted from a perennial shrub, Stevia rebaudiana. Stevia is commonly grown in South America and Asia for commercial production of stevia extract. Stevia extract, purified to various degrees, is used commercially as a high intensity sweetener in foods and in blends or alone as a tabletop sweetener.
  • Extracts of the Stevia plant generally comprise steviol glycosides that contribute to the sweet flavor, although the amount of each steviol glycoside often varies, inter alia, among different production batches.
  • the invention provides a recombinant host cell capable of producing one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or a composition thereof, comprising:
  • the recombinant host cell is capable of producing a glycoside of enf-kaurenoic acid, enf-kaurenol, or steviol.
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group comprises a M79V, M79E, S80C, A81W, E83K, H184V, H184T N260T, K286C, K286E, K286N, K286T, and/or S377Q amino acid substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group comprises:
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group further comprises a tag.
  • the tag comprises a tag sequence having at least 90% identity to disulfide oxidoreductase of SEQ ID NO: 152, maltose binding protein of SEQ ID NO:153, N-utilization substance of SEQ ID NO:154, or small ubiquitin-like modifier of SEQ ID NO:155.
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group comprises a polypeptide having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 174, SEQ ID NO:176, SEQ ID NO:178, or SEQ ID NO:180.
  • the recombinant host cell further comprises:
  • GGPP geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
  • FPP farnesyl diphosphate
  • IPP isopentenyl diphosphate
  • (k) a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside;
  • At least one of the genes is a recombinant gene.
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing GGPP comprises a polypeptide having at least 70% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:32, or SEQ ID NO:1 16;
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-copalyl diphosphate comprises a polypeptide having at least 70% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:42, or SEQ ID NO:120;
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-kaurene comprises a polypeptide having at least 70% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:50, or SEQ ID NO:52;
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-kaurenoic acid comprises a polypeptide having at least 70% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:62, SEQ ID NO: 1 17, SEQ ID NO:66, SEQ ID NO:68, SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:72, SEQ ID NO:74, or SEQ ID NO:76;
  • the polypeptide capable of reducing cytochrome P450 complex comprises a polypeptide having at least 70% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78, SEQ ID NO:80, SEQ ID NO:82, SEQ ID NO:84, SEQ ID NO:86, SEQ ID NO:88, SEQ ID NO:90, SEQ ID NO:92;
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing steviol comprises a polypeptide having at least 70% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:94, SEQ ID NO:97, SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 101 , SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO:103, SEQ ID NO:104, SEQ ID NO:106, SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO:1 10, SEQ ID N0:1 12, or SEQ ID NO:1 14;
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7;
  • the polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside comprises a polypeptide having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9;
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4;
  • the polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside comprises a polypeptide having 80% or greater identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 1 ; a polypeptide having 80% or greater identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13; or a polypeptide having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16.
  • expression of the one or more recombinant increases an amount of the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or a composition thereof accumulated by the cell relative to a corresponding host lacking the one or more recombinant genes.
  • expression of the one or more recombinant genes increases the amount of the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof, accumulated by the cell by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, or at least about 100% relative to a corresponding host lacking the one or more recombinant genes.
  • expression of the one or more recombinant genes increases the amount of enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), ent- kaurenol+2Glc (#8), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), steviol-13-O-glucoside (13- SMG), steviol-19-O-glucoside (19-SMG), steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, Rebaudioside A (RebA), Rebaudioside B (RebB), Rebaudioside E (RebE), steviol+4Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+4Glc (#26), steviol+4Glc (#33), Rebaudioside D (RebD), steviol+5Glc, Rebaudioside M
  • expression of the one or more recombinant genes decreases the amount of the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof accumulated by the cell relative to a corresponding host lacking the one or more recombinant genes.
  • expression of the one or more recombinant genes decreases the amount of the one or more steviol glycosides accumulated by the cell by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, or at least about 50% relative to a corresponding host lacking the one or more recombinant genes.
  • expression of the one or more recombinant genes decreases the amount of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), ent-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), ent-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), 19-SMG, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#26), RebD, steviol+5Glc (#24), steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), RebM, steviol+7Glc (isomer 2), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) accumulated by the cell relative to a corresponding host lacking the one or more recombinant genes.
  • the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors are, or the composition thereof comprises, 13- SMG, 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, rubusoside, RebA, RebB, RebC, RebD, RebE, Rebaudioside F (RebF), RebM, Rebaudioside Q (RebQ), Rebaudioside I (Rebl), dulcoside A, a mono-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid, a di- glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid, a tri-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid, a mono-glycosylated enf- kaurenols, a di-glycosylated enf-kaurenol, a tri-
  • the di-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid comprises KA2.7 of Table 1 ;
  • the tri-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid comprises KA3.1 or KA3.2 of Table 1 ;
  • the di-glycosylated enf-kaurenol comprises KL2.8 of Table 1 ;
  • the tri-glycosylated enf-kaurenol comprises KL3.1 or KOL3.2 of Table 1 ;
  • the steviol glycoside comprises 13-SMG, 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol- 1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebA, RebE, RebD or RebM;
  • the tetra-glycosylated steviol comprises Compound 4.26 or Compound 4.33 of Table 1 ;
  • the penta-glycosylated steviol comprises Compound 5.24 or Compound 5.25 of Table 1 ;
  • the hexa-glycosylated steviol comprises Compound 6.1 or Compound 6.23 of Table 1 ;
  • the hepta-glycosylated steviol comprises Compound 7.2 or Compound 7.5 of Table 1.
  • the recombinant host cell comprises a plant cell, a mammalian cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell, an algal cell, or a bacterial cell.
  • the invention also provides a method of producing a one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or a composition thereof in a cell culture, comprising growing the recombinant host cell disclosed herein in the cell culture, under conditions in which the genes are expressed, and wherein the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof is produced by the recombinant host cell in the cell culture.
  • the genes are constitutively expressed and/or expression of the genes is induced.
  • the amount of enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+2Glc (#8), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+4Glc (#26), steviol+4Glc (#33), RebD, steviol+5Glc, RebM, steviol+6Glc (#23), steviol+7Glc (isomer 2), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) accumulated by the cell is increased by at least about 5% relative to a corresponding host
  • the method disclosed herein further comprises isolating from the cell cultures the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors or the composition thereof produced thereby.
  • the isolating step comprises:
  • step (d) contacting the supernatant of step (b) with the one or more adsorbent resins in order to obtain at least a portion of the produced one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof, thereby isolating the produced one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof;
  • step (d) contacting the supernatant of step (b) with the one or more ion exchange or ion exchange or reversed-phase chromatography columns in order to obtain at least a portion of the produced one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof, thereby isolating the produced one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof;
  • the method disclosed herein further comprises recovering the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors or the composition thereof from the cell culture, wherein the cell culture is enriched for the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof relative to a steviol glycoside composition from a Stevia plant and has a reduced level of Stevia plant-derived components relative to a plant-derived Stevia extract.
  • the recovered one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors or the composition thereof are present in relative amounts that are different from a steviol glycoside composition recovered from a Stevia plant and have a reduced level of Stevia plant-derived components relative to a plant-derived Stevia extract.
  • the invention also provides a method for producing one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or a composition thereof, comprising whole cell bioconversion of plant-derived or synthetic steviol, steviol precursors, glycosylated steviol precursors and/or steviol glycosides in a cell culture medium of a recombinant host cell cell using:
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, or 83 of SEQ ID NO:4;
  • a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group, having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO:136, SEQ ID NO:138, SEQ ID NO:140, or SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO:144, SEQ ID NO: 146, or SEQ ID NO:148; and/or
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group, having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:174, SEQ ID NO: 176, SEQ ID NO:178, or SEQ ID NO:180;
  • the recombinant host cell is a plant cell, a mammalian cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell, an algal cell or a bacterial cell.
  • the invention also provides an in vitro method for producing one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or a composition thereof comprising adding:
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, or 83 of SEQ ID NO:4;
  • a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group, having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO:136, SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO:140, or SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 146, or SEQ ID NO:148; and/or
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group, having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 174, SEQ ID NO:176, SEQ ID NO:178, or SEQ ID NO:180;
  • polypeptides wherein at least one of the polypeptides is a recombinant polypeptide
  • the reaction mixture comprises: (a) glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, rhamnose, uridine diphosphate (UDP)- glucose, UDP-rhamnose, UDP-xylose, and/or N-acetyl-glucosamine; and/or
  • reaction buffer and/or salts (b) reaction buffer and/or salts.
  • the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors are, or the composition thereof comprises 13-SMG, 19- SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, rubusoside, RebA, RebB, RebC, RebD, RebE, RebF, RebM, RebQ, Rebl, dulcoside A, a mono-glycosylated enf- kaurenoic acid, a di-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid, a tri-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid, a mono-glycosylated enf-kaurenols, a di-glycosylated enf-kaurenol, a tri-glycosylated enf- kaurenol, a tri-glycosylated
  • the di-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid comprises KA2.7 of Table 1 ;
  • the tri-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid comprises KA3.1 or KA3.2 of Table 1 ;
  • the di-glycosylated enf-kaurenol comprises KL2.8 of Table 1 ;
  • the tri-glycosylated enf-kaurenol comprises KL3.1 or KOL3.2 of Table 1 ;
  • the steviol glycoside comprises 13-SMG, 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol- 1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebA, RebE, RebD or RebM;
  • the tetra-glycosylated steviol comprises Compound 4.26 or Compound 4.33 of Table 1 ;
  • the penta-glycosylated steviol comprises Compound 5.24 or Compound 5.25 of Table 1 ;
  • the hexa-glycosylated steviol comprises Compound 6.1 or Compound 6.23 of Table 1 ;
  • the hepta-glycosylated steviol comprises Compound 7.2 or Compound 7.5 of Table 1.
  • the invention also provides a cell culture, comprising the recombinant host cell of disclosed herein, the cell culture further comprising: (a) the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof produced by the recombinant host cell,
  • supplemental nutrients comprising trace metals, vitamins, salts, yeast nitrogen base (YNB), and/or amino acids
  • the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof is present at a concentration of at least 1 mg/liter of the cell culture;
  • the cell culture is enriched for the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof relative to a steviol glycoside composition from a Stevia plant and has a reduced level of Stevia plant-derived components relative to a plant-derived Stevia extract.
  • the invention also provides a cell lysate from the recombinant host cell disclosed herein grown in the cell culture, comprising:
  • supplemental nutrients comprising trace metals, vitamins, salts, yeast nitrogen base, YNB, and/or amino acids;
  • the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or the composition thereof produced by the recombinant host cell is present at a concentration of at least 1 mg/liter of the cell culture.
  • the invention also provides a reaction mixture, comprising:
  • a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group, having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO:136, SEQ ID NO:138, SEQ ID NO:140, or SEQ ID NO:142, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 146, or SEQ ID NO:148; and/or
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group, having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 174, SEQ ID NO: 176, SEQ ID NO:178, or SEQ ID NO:180;
  • the invention also provides a composition of one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors produced by the recombinant host cell disclosed herein; wherein the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors produced by the recombinant host cell are present in relative amounts that are different from a steviol glycoside composition from a Stevia plant and have a reduced level of Stevia plant-derived components relative to a plant-derived Stevia extract.
  • the invention also provides a composition of one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors produced by the method disclosed herein; wherein the one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors produced by the recombinant host cell are present in relative amounts that are different from a steviol glycoside composition from a Stevia plant and have a reduced level of Stevia plant-derived components relative to a plant-derived Stevia extract.
  • the invention also provides a sweetener composition, comprising one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors produced by the recombinant host cell and/or the method disclosed herein.
  • the invention also provides a food product, comprising the sweetener composition disclosed herein.
  • the invention also provides a beverage or a beverage concentrate, comprising the sweetener composition disclosed herein.
  • the invention also provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide or a catalytically active portion thereof capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C- 19 carboxyl group, wherein the encoded polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further comprises a polypeptide having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 79, 80, 81 , 83, 184, 260, 286, or 377 of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the invention also provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide or a catalytically active portion thereof capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C- 19 carboxyl group, wherein the encoded polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further comprises a polypeptide having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, or 83 of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the encoded polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a M79V, M79E, S80C, A81W, E83K, H184V, H184T N260T, K286C, K286E, K286N, K286T, and/or S377Q amino acid substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the encoded polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises:
  • the invention also provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding a tagged polypeptide or a catalytically active portion thereof capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group, wherein the encoded tagged polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:174, SEQ ID NO:176, SEQ ID NO: 178, or SEQ ID NO: 180.
  • the invention also provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding a bifunctional polypeptide or a catalytically active portion thereof capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group, wherein the encoded bifunctional polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO:136, SEQ ID NO:138, SEQ ID NO:140, or SEQ ID NO:142, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO:146, or SEQ ID NO:148.
  • the nucleic acid is an isolated nucleic acid.
  • the nucleic acid is cDNA.
  • the invention also provides a polypeptide or a catalytically active portion thereof capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group, wherein the polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further comprises a polypeptide having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 79, 80, 81 , 83, 184, 260, 286, or 377 of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the invention also provides a polypeptide or a catalytically active portion thereof capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group, wherein the polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further comprises a polypeptide having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, or 83 of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof disclosed herein comprises a M79V, M79E, S80C, A81W, E83K, H184V, H184T N260T, K286C, K286E, K286N, K286T, and/or S377Q amino acid substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4.
  • polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof disclosed herein comprises:
  • the invention also provides a tagged polypeptide or a catalytically active portion thereof capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group, wherein the tagged polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:174, SEQ ID NO:176, SEQ ID NO: 178, or SEQ ID NO:180.
  • the invention also provides a bifunctional polypeptide or a catalytically active portion thereof capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group, wherein the bifunctional polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having at least 50% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO:136, SEQ ID NO:138, SEQ ID NO: 140, or SEQ ID NO:142, SEQ ID NO:144, SEQ ID NO: 146, or SEQ ID NO:148.
  • polypeptide or the catalytically active portion thereof disclosed herein is a purified polypeptide or a catalytically active portion thereof.
  • Figure 1 shows representative primary steviol glycoside glycosylation reactions catalyzed by suitable UGT enzymes and chemical structures for several steviol glycoside compounds.
  • Figure 2 shows the biochemical pathway for the production of steviol, glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid, and glycosylated enf-kaurenol from prenyl phosphates.
  • Figure 3 shows cultures of a control S. cerevisiae strain, an S. cerevisiae strain expressing UGT74G1 (SEQ ID NO:1 , SEQ ID NO:4), an S. cerevisiae strain expressing UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 129, SEQ ID NO:130), and an S. cerevisiae strain expressing Chim_4 (SEQ ID NO:137, SEQ ID NO:138).
  • Figure 4 shows the structures of steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ) and steviol+7Glc (isomer 2).
  • Figure 5 shows the structures of steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) and steviol+4Glc (#26).
  • Figure 6 shows the structures of enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf- kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 ), and enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ).
  • Figure 7 shows accumulation of 13-SMG, RebA, RebB, RebD, and RebM by steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strains expressing tagged UGT74G1 polypeptides (Strain 1 ).
  • strain 1 a control strains (transformed with an empty plasmid) derived from strain control A (engineered to disrupt expression of native UGT74G1 polypeptide).
  • Control B represents a typical steviol glycoside-producing strain and is herein included as reference.
  • Two different integrations sites were used to express the tagged UGT74G1 polypeptides described in Table 15 of Example 7, below: XII-1 (left set of bars) or XII-5 (right set of bars). Each value represents an average of 6 independent clones. See Example 7. For each variant (for each set of bars), the bars correspond to, from left to right, 13-SMG, RebB, RebA, RebD, and RebM accumulation.
  • Figure 8 shows accumulation of glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid and glycosylated enf-kaurenol by steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strains expressing tagged UGT74G1 polypeptides (strain 1 ). See, Example 7. For legend, see description of Figure 7.
  • the bars correspond to, from left to right, enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf- kaurenol+2Glc (#8), and enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomers 1 and 2) accumulation.
  • Figure 9 shows total steviol glycoside accumulation by steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strains expressing tagged UGT74G1 polypeptides (Strainl ). See Example 7. Each tagged UGT74G1 polypeptide was expressed from 2 different intregration sites (XII-1 (left bar) or XII-5 (right bar)). Each bar represents an average of 6 independent clones. For legend, see description of Figure 7.
  • Figure 10 shows accumulation of 13-SMG, RebA, RebB, RebD, and RebM by steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strains expressing tagged UGT74G1 polypeptides (Strain 2). See Example 8. Legend : 0 are control strains (control A, see the description of Figure 7, above) transformed with an empty plasmid. Control B represents a typical steviol glycoside- producing strain and is herein included as reference. Each bar represents an average of 6 independent clones. For each variant (for each bar) of the top graph, the portions of the bar correspond to, from top to bottom, RebM, RebD, RebA, and RebB accumulation.
  • Figure 1 1 shows accumulation of RebE, 1 ,3-stevioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-bioside, and
  • Figure 12 shows accumulation of glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid and glycosylated enf-kaurenol by steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strains expressing tagged UGT74G1 polypeptides (Strain 2). See Example 8. For legend, see description of Figure 10.
  • the bars correspond to, from left to right, enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf- kaurenol+2Glc (#8), and enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomers 1 and 2) accumulation.
  • Figure 13 shows accumulation of 13-SMG (bottom), and RebA, RebB, RebD, and RebM (top) by steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strains expressing tagged UGT74G1 polypeptides (Strains 3 and 4). See Example 9. Legend : Control A (see the description of Figure 7, above) was transformed with an empty plasmid. Control B represents a typical steviol glycoside-producing strain and is herein included as reference. For each variant (for each bar) of the top graph, the portions of the bar correspond to, from top to bottom, RebM, RebD, RebA, and RebB accumulation.
  • Figure 14 shows accumulation of 19-SMG, 1 ,2-bioside, Rubusoside and Reb E by steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strains expressing tagged UGT74G1 polypeptides (Strain 3 and 4).
  • the portions of the bar correspond to, from bottom to top, 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, and RebE accumulation.
  • Figure 14 (bottom graph) shows accumulation of glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid and glycosylated enf-kaurenol by steviol glycoside-producing S.
  • Figures 15A, 15B, and 15C show a H NMR spectrum and H and 3 C NMR chemical shifts (in ppm) for ent-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ).
  • Figures 15D, 15E, and 15F show a H NMR spectrum and H and 3 C NMR chemical shifts (in ppm) for ent-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2).
  • Figures 15G, 15H, and 151 show a H NMR spectrum and H and 3 C NMR chemical shifts (in ppm) for ent-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 ).
  • Figures 15J, 15K, 15L, and 15M show a H NMR spectrum and H and 3 C NMR chemical shifts (in ppm) for steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ).
  • Figures 15N, 150, 15P, and 15Q show a H NMR spectrum and H and 3 C NMR chemical shifts (in ppm) for steviol+7Glc (isomer 2).
  • Figures 15R, 15S, 15T, and 15U show a H NMR spectrum and H and 3 C NMR chemical shifts (in ppm) for steviol+7Glc (isomer 5).
  • Figures 15V, 15W, 15X, and 15Y show a H NMR spectrum and H and 3 C NMR chemical shifts (in ppm) for steviol+4Glc (#26).
  • nucleic acid means one or more nucleic acids.
  • Methods well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct genetic expression constructs and recombinant cells according to this invention. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, in vivo recombination techniques, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • nucleic acid can be used interchangeably to refer to nucleic acid comprising DNA, RNA, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof, in either single-stranded or double-stranded embodiments depending on context as understood by the skilled worker.
  • microorganism can be used interchangeably.
  • recombinant host and “recombinant host cell” can be used interchangeably.
  • the person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the terms “microorganism,” microorganism host,” and “microorganism host cell,” when used to describe a cell comprising a recombinant gene, may be taken to mean “recombinant host” or "recombinant host cell.”
  • recombinant host is intended to refer to a host, the genome of which has been augmented by at least one DNA sequence.
  • DNA sequences include but are not limited to genes that are not naturally present, DNA sequences that are not normally transcribed into RNA or translated into a protein ("expressed"), and other genes or DNA sequences which one desires to introduce into a host. It will be appreciated that typically the genome of a recombinant host described herein is augmented through stable introduction of one or more recombinant genes. Generally, introduced DNA is not originally resident in the host that is the recipient of the DNA, but it is within the scope of this disclosure to isolate a DNA segment from a given host, and to subsequently introduce one or more additional copies of that DNA into the same host, e.g., to enhance production of the product of a gene or alter the expression pattern of a gene. In some instances, the introduced DNA will modify or even replace an endogenous gene or DNA sequence by, e.g., homologous recombination or site-directed mutagenesis. Suitable recombinant hosts include microorganisms.
  • recombinant gene refers to a gene or DNA sequence that is introduced into a recipient host, regardless of whether the same or a similar gene or DNA sequence may already be present in such a host. "Introduced,” or “augmented” in this context, is known in the art to mean introduced or augmented by the hand of man.
  • a recombinant gene can be a DNA sequence from another species or can be a DNA sequence that originated from or is present in the same species but has been incorporated into a host by recombinant methods to form a recombinant host.
  • a recombinant gene that is introduced into a host can be identical to a DNA sequence that is normally present in the host being transformed, and is introduced to provide one or more additional copies of the DNA to thereby permit overexpression or modified expression of the gene product of that DNA.
  • said recombinant genes are encoded by cDNA.
  • recombinant genes are synthetic and/or codon-optimized for expression in S. cerevisiae.
  • engineered biosynthetic pathway refers to a biosynthetic pathway that occurs in a recombinant host, as described herein. In some aspects, one or more steps of the biosynthetic pathway do not naturally occur in an unmodified host. In some embodiments, a heterologous version of a gene is introduced into a host that comprises an endogenous version of the gene.
  • the term "endogenous" gene refers to a gene that originates from and is produced or synthesized within a particular organism, tissue, or cell.
  • the endogenous gene is a yeast gene.
  • the gene is endogenous to S. cerevisiae, including, but not limited to S. cerevisiae strain S288C.
  • an endogenous yeast gene is overexpressed.
  • the term “overexpress” is used to refer to the expression of a gene in an organism at levels higher than the level of gene expression in a wild type organism. See, e.g., Prelich, 2012, Genetics 190:841 -54.
  • an endogenous yeast gene for example ADH
  • ADH an endogenous yeast gene
  • the terms “deletion,” “deleted,” “knockout,” and “knocked out” can be used interchangabley to refer to an endogenous gene that has been manipulated to no longer be expressed in an organism, including, but not limited to, S. cerevisiae.
  • heterologous sequence and “heterologous coding sequence” are used to describe a sequence derived from a species other than the recombinant host.
  • the recombinant host is an S. cerevisiae cell
  • a heterologous sequence is derived from an organism other than S. cerevisiae.
  • a heterologous coding sequence can be from a prokaryotic microorganism, a eukaryotic microorganism, a plant, an animal, an insect, or a fungus different than the recombinant host expressing the heterologous sequence.
  • a coding sequence is a sequence that is native to the host.
  • a "selectable marker” can be one of any number of genes that complement host cell auxotrophy, provide antibiotic resistance, or result in a color change.
  • Linearized DNA fragments of the gene replacement vector then are introduced into the cells using methods well known in the art (see below). Integration of the linear fragments into the genome and the disruption of the gene can be determined based on the selection marker and can be verified by, for example, PCR or Southern blot analysis. Subsequent to its use in selection, a selectable marker can be removed from the genome of the host cell by, e.g., Cre-LoxP systems (see, e.g., Gossen et al., 2002, Ann. Rev. Genetics 36: 153-173 and U.S. 2006/0014264).
  • a gene replacement vector can be constructed in such a way as to include a portion of the gene to be disrupted, where the portion is devoid of any endogenous gene promoter sequence and encodes none, or an inactive fragment of, the coding sequence of the gene.
  • variant and mutant are used to describe a protein sequence that has been modified at one or more amino acids, compared to the wild-type sequence of a particular protein.
  • the term "inactive fragment” is a fragment of the gene that encodes a protein having, e.g., less than about 10% (e.g., less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1 %, or 0%) of the activity of the protein produced from the full-length coding sequence of the gene.
  • Such a portion of a gene is inserted in a vector in such a way that no known promoter sequence is operably linked to the gene sequence, but that a stop codon and a transcription termination sequence are operably linked to the portion of the gene sequence.
  • This vector can be subsequently linearized in the portion of the gene sequence and transformed into a cell. By way of single homologous recombination, this linearized vector is then integrated in the endogenous counterpart of the gene with inactivation thereof.
  • steviol glycoside refers to Rebaudioside A (RebA) (CAS # 58543-16-1 ), Rebaudioside B (RebB) (CAS # 58543-17-2), Rebaudioside C (RebC) (CAS # 63550-99-2), Rebaudioside D (RebD) (CAS # 63279-13-0), Rebaudioside E (RebE) (CAS # 63279-14-1 ), Rebaudioside F (RebF) (CAS # 438045-89-7), Rebaudioside M (RebM) (CAS # 1220616-44-3), rubusoside (CAS # 63849-39-4), Dulcoside A (CAS # 64432-06-0), Rebaudioside I (Rebl) (MassBank Record: FU000332), Rebaudioside Q (RebQ), 1 ,2-stevioside (CAS # 57817-89-7), 1 ,3-stevioside (RebG), steviol-1 ,2-bioside (MassBank Record: FU000332), Rebaudioside Q (Reb
  • steviol glycoside precursor and “steviol glycoside precursor compound” are used to refer to intermediate compounds in the steviol glycoside biosynthetic pathway.
  • Steviol glycoside precursors include, but are not limited to, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), enf-copalyl-diphosphate, enf-kaurene, enf-kaurenol, enf- kaurenal, enf-kaurenoic acid, and steviol. See Figure 2.
  • GGPP geranylgeranyl diphosphate
  • enf-copalyl-diphosphate enf-kaurene
  • enf-kaurenol enf-kaurenol
  • enf- kaurenal enf-kaurenoic acid
  • steviol precursor and “steviol precursor compound” are used to refer to intermediate compounds in the steviol biosynthetic pathway.
  • Steviol precursors may also be steviol glycoside precursors, and include, but are not limited to, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), enf-copalyl-diphosphate, enf-kaurene, enf-kaurenol, enf-kaurenal, and enf-kaurenoic acid.
  • GGPP geranylgeranyl diphosphate
  • enf-copalyl-diphosphate enf-kaurene
  • enf-kaurenol enf-kaurenal
  • enf-kaurenoic acid enf-kaurenoic acid
  • steviol precurors can be glycosylated, e.g., tri-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid (enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc), di-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid, mono-glycosylated enf-kaurenoic acid, tri- glycosylated enf-kaurenol, di-glycosylated enf-kaurenol (enf-kaurenol+2Glc), or mono- glycosylated ent-kaurenol (enf-kaurenol+1 Glc).
  • steviol glycoside precursors are themselves steviol glycoside compounds. For example, 19-SMG, rubusoside, stevioside, and RebE are steviol glycoside precursors of RebM. See Figure 1.
  • the term "contact” is used to refer to any physical interaction between two objects.
  • the term “contact” may refer to the interaction between an an enzyme and a susbtrate.
  • the term “contact” may refer to the interaction between a liquid (e.g., a supernatant) and an adsorbent resin.
  • Steviol glycosides, steviol glycoside precursors, and/or glycosides of steviol precursors can be produced in vivo (i.e., in a recombinant host), in vitro (i.e., enzymatically), or by whole cell bioconversion.
  • produce and “accumulate” can be used interchangeably to describe synthesis of steviol glycosides, glycosides of steviol precursors, and steviol glycoside precursors in vivo, in vitro, or by whole cell bioconversion.
  • Recombinant steviol glycoside-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) strains are described in WO 201 1/153378, WO 2013/022989, WO 2014/122227, and WO 2014/122328.
  • Methods of producing steviol glycosides in recombinant hosts, by whole cell bioconversion, and in vitro are also described in WO 201 1/153378, WO 2013/022989, WO 2014/122227, and WO 2014/122328.
  • culture broth As used herein, the terms "culture broth,” “culture medium,” and “growth medium” can be used interchangeably to refer to a liquid or solid that supports growth of a cell.
  • a culture broth can comprise glucose, fructose, sucrose, trace metals, vitamins, salts, yeast nitrogen base (YNB), and/or amino acids.
  • the trace metals can be divalent cations, including, but not limited to, Mn 2+ and/or Mg 2+ .
  • Mn 2+ can be in the form of MnCI 2 dihydrate and range from approximately 0.01 g/L to 100 g/L.
  • Mg 2+ can be in the form of MgS0 4 heptahydrate and range from approximately 0.01 g/L to 100 g/L.
  • a culture broth can comprise i) approximately 0.02-0.03 g/L MnCI 2 dihydrate and approximately 0.5-3.8 g/L MgS0 4 heptahydrate, ii) approximately 0.03-0.06 g/L MnCI 2 dihydrate and approximately 0.5-3.8 g/L MgS0 4 heptahydrate, and/or iii) approximately 0.03-0.17 g/L MnCI 2 dihydrate and approximately 0.5-7.3 g/L MgS0 4 heptahydrate.
  • a culture broth can comprise one or more steviol glycosides produced by a recombinant host, as described herein.
  • a recombinant host comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) (e.g., geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS)); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP (e.g., ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CDPS)); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-kaurene from enf-copalyl diphosphate (e.g., kaurene synthase (KS)); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-kaurenoic acid, ent- kaurenol, and/or ent-ka
  • a recombinant host comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT85C2 polypeptide); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O- glucose of a steviol glycoside (e.g., a UGT76G1 polypeptide); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide); and/or a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O-glucose
  • steviol glycosides, glycosides of steviol precursors, and/or steviol glycoside precursors are produced in vivo through expression of one or more enzymes involved in the steviol glycoside biosynthetic pathway in a recombinant host.
  • a recombinant host comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing GGPP from FPP and IPP; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-kaurene from enf-copalyl diphosphate; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent- kaurenoic acid, ent-kaurenol, and/or ent-kaurenal from enf-kaurene; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of reducing cytochrome P450 complex; a gene encoding a bifunctional polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP and synthesizing enf- kaurene from enf-copalyl diphosphate; a gene encoding a gene
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing GGPP from FPP and IPP comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 (which can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19), SEQ ID NO:22 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:21 ), SEQ ID NO:24 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:23), SEQ ID NO:26 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:25), SEQ ID NO:28 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:27), SEQ ID NO:30 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:29), SEQ ID NO:32 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 ), or SEQ ID NO:1 16 (encoded by the amino acid sequence set forth in S
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34 (which can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:33), SEQ ID NO:36 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:35), SEQ ID NO:38 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:37), SEQ ID NO:40 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:39), or SEQ ID NO:42 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:41 ).
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf- copalyl diphosphate from GGPP lacks a chloroplast transit peptide.
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-kaurene from enf- copalyl pyrophosphate comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:44 (which can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:43), SEQ ID NO:46 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45), SEQ ID NO:48 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:47), SEQ ID NO:50 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:49), or SEQ ID NO:52 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:51 ).
  • SEQ ID NO:44 which can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:43
  • SEQ ID NO:46 encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:45
  • a recombinant host comprises a gene encoding a bifunctional polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP and synthesizing enf- kaurene from enf-copalyl pyrophosphate.
  • the bifunctional polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:54 (which can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53), SEQ ID NO:56 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:55), or SEQ ID NO:58 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:57).
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-kaurenoic acid, ent- kaurenol, and/or ent-kaurenal from enf-kaurene comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:60 (which can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:59), SEQ ID NO:62 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:61 ), SEQ ID NO: 1 17 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:63 or SEQ ID NO:64), SEQ ID NO:66 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:65), SEQ ID NO:68 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:67), SEQ ID NO:70 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:69), SEQ ID NO:72 (en
  • the polypeptide capable of reducing cytochrome P450 complex comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:78 (which can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:77), SEQ ID NO:80 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:79), SEQ ID NO:82 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:81 ), SEQ ID NO:84 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:83), SEQ ID NO:86 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:85), SEQ ID NO:88 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:87), SEQ ID NO:90 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:89), or SEQ ID NO:92 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence
  • the polypeptide capable of synthesizing steviol from enf-kaurenoic acid comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:94 (which can be encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:93), SEQ ID NO:97 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:95 or SEQ ID NO:96), SEQ ID NO: 100 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:98 or SEQ ID NO:99), SEQ ID NO:101 , SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO:103, SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 106 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:105), SEQ ID NO:108 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO: 107), SEQ I D NO: 1 10 (encoded by the nucleotide sequence
  • a recombinant host comprises a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., UGT85C2 polypeptide; SEQ ID NO:7), a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside (e.g., UGT76G1 polypeptide; SEQ ID NO:9), a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., UGT74G1 polypeptide; SEQ ID NO:4), a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide
  • the polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13- O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside can be a UGT91 D2e polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) or a UGT91 D2e-b polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 13).
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group is encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO:5 or SEQ I D NO:6, the polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13-O- glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside is encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8, the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, the polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O
  • genes may be necessary to produce a particular steviol glycoside, but that one or more of these genes can be endogenous to the host provided that at least one (and in some embodiments, all) of these genes is a recombinant gene introduced into the recombinant host.
  • a steviol-producing recombinant microorganism comprises exogenous nucleic acids encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group, a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside, and a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside polypeptides.
  • a steviol-producing recombinant microorganism comprises exogenous nucleic acids encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group; a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group; and a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O- glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside.
  • steviol glycosides, glycosides of steviol precursors, and/or steviol glycoside precursors are produced through contact of a steviol glycoside precursor with one or more enzymes involved in the steviol glycoside pathway in vitro.
  • contacting steviol with one or more of a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O- glucose of a steviol glycoside a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group can result in production of a steviol glycoside in vitro.
  • a steviol glycoside precursor is produced through contact of an upstream steviol glycoside precursor with one or more enzymes involved in the steviol glycoside pathway in vitro. For example, contacting ent- kaurenoic acid with a polypeptide capable of synthesizing steviol from enf-kaurenoic acid can result in production of steviol in vitro.
  • a steviol glycoside or steviol glycoside precursor is produced by whole cell bioconversion.
  • a host cell expressing one or more enzymes involved in the steviol glycoside pathway takes up and modifies the steviol glycoside or steviol glycoside precursor in the cell; following modification in vivo, the steviol glycoside or steviol glycoside precursor remains in the cell and/or is excreted into the cell culture medium.
  • a host cell expressing a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group; and/or a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O- glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside can take up steviol and glycosylate steviol in the cell; following glycos
  • the host cell may further express a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing GGPP from FPP and IPP; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-kaurene from enf-copalyl diphosphate; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-kaurenoic acid, ent-kaurenol, and/or ent-kaurenal from enf-kaurene; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of reducing cytochrome P450 complex; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing steviol from enf-kaurenoic acid; and/or a gene encoding a bifunctional polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP; a gene
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group can be displayed on the surface of the recombinant host cells disclosed herein by fusing it with anchoring motifs.
  • the cell is permeabilized to take up a substrate to be modified or to excrete a modified product.
  • a permeabilizing agent can be added to aid the feedstock entering into the host and product getting out.
  • the cells are permeabilized with a solvent such as toluene, or with a detergent such as Triton-X or Tween.
  • the cells are permeabilized with a surfactant, for example a cationic surfactant such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB).
  • CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
  • the cells are permeabilized with periodic mechanical shock such as electroporation or a slight osmotic shock.
  • a crude lysate of the cultured microorganism can be centrifuged to obtain a supernatant.
  • the resulting supernatant can then be applied to a chromatography column, e.g., a C18 column, and washed with water to remove hydrophilic compounds, followed by elution of the compound(s) of interest with a solvent such as methanol.
  • the compound(s) can then be further purified by preparative HPLC. See also, WO 2009/140394.
  • steviol, one or more steviol glycoside precursors, and/or one or more steviol glycosides are produced by co-culturing of two or more hosts.
  • a host expressing a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing GGPP from FPP and IPP; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-kaurene from enf-copalyl diphosphate; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-kaurenoic acid, ent-kaurenol, and/or ent-kaurenal from enf-kaurene; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of reducing cytochrome P450 complex; a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing steviol from enf-kaurenoic acid; and/or a gene encoding a bifunctional polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP and synthe
  • polypeptides capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group in vitro, in a recombinant host (i.e., in vivo) or by whole cell bioconversion include functional homologs of UGT74G1 (SEQ ID NO:4) (i.e., UGT74G1 homologs).
  • polypeptides capable of glycosylating a steviol precursor e.g., enf-kaurenoic acid at its C-19 carboxyl group and/or enf-kaurenol at its C-19 hydroxyl group in vitro, in a recombinant host, or by whole cell bioconversion include functional homologs of UGT74G1 (SEQ ID NO:4).
  • polypeptides capable of glycosylating a steviol precursor e.g., ent-kaurenol
  • a recombinant host i.e., in vivo
  • whole cell bioconversion include functional homologs of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., UGT85C2 polypeptide; SEQ ID NO:7).
  • polypeptides suitable for producing i.e., capable of synthesizing
  • steviol glycosides and/or glycosides of steviol precursors such as 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebE, RebD, RebM, 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside,
  • a useful UGT74G1 functional homolog can have one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to residues 18, 20, 21 , 23, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 85, 86, 1 19, 140, 148, 179, 184, 185, 191 , 194, 195, 284, 285, 286, 375, 376, 377, or 378 of SEQ ID NO:4. See, Table 2, below.
  • Non-limiting examples of useful UGT74G1 homologs include polypeptides having substitutions (with respect to SEQ ID NO:4) corresponding to residue 79 (e.g., a valine or a glutamic acid corresponding to residue 79); 80 (e.g., a cysteine corresponding to residue 80); 81 (e.g. , a tryptophan corresponding to residue 81 ); 83 (e.g., a lysine corresponding to residue 83); 184 (e.g. , a valine or a threonine corresponding to residue 184); 260 (e.g.
  • a threonine corresponding to residue 260 a threonine corresponding to residue 260
  • 286 e.g., a cysteine, an asparagine, a threonine, or a glutamic acid corresponding to residue 286
  • 377 e.g., a glutamine corresponding to residue 377.
  • a useful UGT74G1 homolog can have one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to residues located within A68-E83 region of SEQ ID NO:4, i.e., one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to residue 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, or 83 of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • polypeptides capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group e.g., UGT74G1 homologs
  • polypeptides capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group further comprise a tag, e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, or SEQ ID NO: 155.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO: 165) or UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ I D NO: 167) accumulates enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO: 165) or UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO:167) accumulates enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_1 accumulates enf-kaurenol+2Glc (#8) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO:122) or UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO:163) accumulates steviol-1 ,2-bioside in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_1 (SEQ ID NO:1 18) or UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO:122) accumulates steviol-1 ,3-bioside in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_6 (SEQ ID NO: 128), UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO:161 ), or UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO:163) accumulates 1 ,2- stevioside in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • UGT74G1 Var_3 SEQ ID NO:122
  • UGT74G1 Var_4 SEQ ID NO:124
  • UGT74G1 Var_5 SEQ ID NO: 126
  • UGT74G1 Var_6 SEQ ID NO
  • UGT74G1 Var_4 SEQ ID NO:124
  • UGT74G1 Var_6 SEQ ID NO:128)
  • UGT74G1 Var_7 SEQ ID NO:130
  • UGT74G1 Var_8 SEQ ID NO:161
  • UGT74G1 Var_9 SEQ ID NO:163
  • UGT74G1 Var_10 accumulates RebA in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_2 (SEQ ID NO:120) or UGT74G1 Var_4 (SEQ ID NO:124) accumulates RebE in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122), UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO:161 ), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO:163), or UGT74G1 Var_11 (SEQ ID NO:167) accumulates steviol+4Glc (#33) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO: 161 ), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO:163), or UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO:167) accumulates RebD in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_1 (SEQ ID NO: 1 18), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO: 163), or UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 167) accumulates steviol+5Glc (#24) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO: 161 ), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO: 163), or UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO: 165) accumulates steviol+5Glc (#25) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 122) or UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO: 165) accumulates steviol+6Glc (#23) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to, UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO: 161 ), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO: 163), UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 167) accumulates steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing one or more UGT74G1 variants not limited to UGT74G1 Var_1 (SEQ ID NO:1 18), UGT74G1 Var_2 (SEQ ID NO:120), UGT74G1 Var_5 (SEQ ID NO: 126), UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130) or UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO: 163) accumulates steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion. See, Tables 4-6 and 8-10.
  • UGT74G1 variants that increase accumulation of steviol glycosides and/or glycosides of steviol precursors in a recombinant host, e.g., a steviol-glycoside producing S.
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that decrease and/or increase enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7) accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, 1 ,3-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol+4Glc (#26), steviol+4Glc (#33), steviol+5Glc (#24), steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2), but decreased accumulation of RebA, RebD, 1 ,2-stevioside
  • UGT74G1 variants that increase enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ) accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, 1 ,3-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol+4Glc (#26), steviol+4Glc (#33), steviol+5Glc (#24), steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2), but decreased accumulation of RebA, RebD, 1 ,2- stevioside,
  • UGT74G1 variants that increase enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenol+2Glc (#8), enf- kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#26), steviol+4Glc (#33), steviol+5Glc (#24), steviol+5Glc (#25), RebM,
  • expression of a functional homolog of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group e.g., a UGT85C2 polypeptide
  • a functional homolog of a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group e.g., a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2-b- UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme
  • increases enf-kaurenol+2Glc (#8) accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, steviol+4Glc (#
  • expression of a functional homolog of a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group e.g., a UGT74G1 -b- UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2-b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme
  • a UGT74G1 -b- UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2-b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme that increases enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3- bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebA,
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase 13-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf- kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebE, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), RebM, RebD, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), steviol+6Glc (#23), steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) and/or steviol
  • UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol-1 ,2- bioside accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf- kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2- stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol+4Glc (#26), steviol+4Glc (#33), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,3
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol-1 , 3- bioside accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf- kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+2Glc (#8), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#24), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#
  • UGT74G1 variants that increase rubusoside accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf- kaurenol+2Glc (#8), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), RebD, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), RebM, steviol
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase 1 ,2-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2- bioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), RebD, RebM, steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase 1 ,3-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2- bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase RebB accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebE, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), RebD, RebM, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), steviol+6Glc (#23), and steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc
  • UGT74G1 variants that increase RebA accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf- kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25) RebD, RebM, steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase RebE accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#26), RebM, and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7) and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 5).
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol+4Glc (#26) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf- kaurenol+2Glc (#8), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc #33), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), RebM, RebD, steviol
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol+4Glc (#33) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf- kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, RebB, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#26), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), RebD, RebM, steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (i
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase RebD accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, steviol- 1 ,2-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, RebB, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), RebM, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or is
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol+5Glc (#24) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, enf- kaurenol+2Glc (#8), steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3- stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7),
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol+5Glc (#25) accumulation by a recombinant host also results in increased accumulation of enf- kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol- 1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#24), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf- kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or iso
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase RebM accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), RebD, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25) steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-ka
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,3-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol+6Glc (#23) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, RebB, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#25), RebM, steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Gl
  • expression of UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf- kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), enf- kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25) RebM, RebD, steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic
  • UGT74G1 variants that increase steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf- kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2), enf-kaurenol+2Glc (#8), enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), RebD, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), RebM, steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of enf- kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO:165) and/or UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 167) results in increased enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO:165) and/or UGT74G1 Var_11 (SEQ ID NO:167) results in increased enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_1 results in increased enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of a functional homolog of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group results in increased enf-kauren
  • expression of a functional homolog of a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group results in increased enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_3 results in increased 13-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO:122) and/or UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO:163) results in increased steviol-1 ,2-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_1 (SEQ ID NO:1 18) and/or UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO:122) results in increased steviol-1 ,3-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_1 results in increased rubusoside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_6 results in increased 1 ,2-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_3 results in increased RebB accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_4 results in increased RebA accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_4 results in increased RebE accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122), UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO:161 ), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO:163),and/or UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO:167) results in increased steviol+4Glc (#33) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO: 161 ), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO: 163), and/or UGT74G1 Var_11 (SEQ ID NO:167) results in increased RebD accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_1 results in increased steviol+5Glc (#24) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_8 results in increased steviol+5Glc (#25) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_2 results in increased RebM accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO: 161 ), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO: 163), UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO:165), UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 167), and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO:169) results in increased steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130) and/or UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO:165) results in increased steviol+6Glc (#23) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO: 161 ), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO:163), and/or UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 167) results in increased steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_1 results in increased steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_3 results in decreased enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_3 results in decreased enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_3 results in decreased enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_12 results in decreased 13-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO:122), UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO:130), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO:161 ), UGT74G1 Var_9 (SEQ ID NO:163), and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO:169) results in decreased 19-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122), UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO: 165), UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO:167), and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO: 169) results in decreased 1 ,2-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_12 results in decreased 1 ,3-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host. In some embodiments, expression of UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO:169) results in decreased steviol-1 ,2-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_12 results in decreased rubusoside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122) and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 results in decreased RebA accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_12 results in decreased RebB accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO:161 ), and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 results in decreased steviol+4Glc (#26) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO:165) and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO:169) results in decreased steviol+4Glc (#33) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_3 results in decreased RebD accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122), UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO: 130), UGT74G1 Var_8 (SEQ ID NO: 161 ), and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO:169) results in decreased steviol+5Glc (#24) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122), UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO:167), and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO:169) results in decreased steviol+5Glc (#25) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_1 (SEQ ID NO: 1 18) and/or UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122) results in decreased steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122) and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO:169) results in decreased RebM accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122), UGT74G1 Var_10 (SEQ ID NO:165), and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO:169) results in decreased steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • UGT74G1 Var_3 (SEQ ID NO: 122), UGT74G1 Var_4 (SEQ ID NO:124), UGT74G1 Var_7 (SEQ ID NO:130), UGT74G1 Var_1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 167), and/or UGT74G1 Var_12 (SEQ ID NO: 169) results in decreased steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group.
  • a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide) and a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT85C2 polypeptide) joined through a linker (i.e. , a chimeric enzyme, or a fusion polypeptide).
  • a linker i.e. , a chimeric enzyme, or a fusion polypeptide
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is capable of glycosylating a steviol precursor, e.g., enf-kaurenoic acid at its C-19 carboxyl group and/or enf-kaurenol at its C-19 hydroxyl group.
  • a steviol precursor e.g., enf-kaurenoic acid at its C-19 carboxyl group and/or enf-kaurenol at its C-19 hydroxyl group.
  • the C-terminal of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is joined to the N-terminal of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group through a linker to provide the bifunctional polypeptide.
  • the C-terminal of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group is joined to the N-terminal of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group through a linker to provide the bifunctional polypeptide.
  • the linker may be the amino acid sequence "KLVK.”
  • the linker may the amino acid sequence "EGKSSGSGSESKST" (SEQ ID NO: 151 ).
  • the linker is the amino acid sequence RASSTKLVK" (SEQ ID NO: 150).
  • the linker is the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is two repeates of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS" (i.e., "GGGGSGGGGS"). In some embodiments, the linker is three repeats of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is a direct bond (i.e. , between the C-terminal of a first polypeptide and the N-terminal of a second polypeptide).
  • polypeptides capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl and at its C-19 carboxyl group in vitro, in a recombinant host (i.e., in vivo) or by whole cell bioconversion include bifunctional polypeptides comprising a functional homolog of UGT74G1 (SEQ ID NO:4) joined to a functional homolog of UGT85C2 (SEQ ID NO:7) through a linker ("b"), i.e., UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 or UGT85C2-b-UGT74G1 .
  • bifunctional polypeptides capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group e.g., UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 or UGT85C2-b-UGT74G1
  • a tag e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, or SEQ ID NO: 155.
  • polypeptides suitable for producing i.e. , capable of synthesizing) steviol glycosides and/or glycosides of steviol precursors, such as 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebE, RebD, RebM, 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside,
  • 1.2- stevioside, 1 ,3-stevioside, steviol+4GLc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol +6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), and/or enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2) in a recombinant host include UGT74G1-b-UT85C2 chimeric enzymes, such as Chim_2 (SEQ ID NO:134), Chim_3 (SEQ ID NO: 136), Chim_7 (SEQ ID NO: 144), Chim_8 (SEQ ID NO:146), or Chim_9 (SEQ
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_2 (SEQ ID NO:134) accumulates enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2) and/or 13-SMG in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_3 (SEQ ID NO: 136) accumulates 13-SMG, RebB, and/or steviol+4Glc (#33) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_7 (SEQ ID NO: 144) accumulates enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_8 (SEQ ID NO: 146) accumulates 13- SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, RebB, and/or steviol+4Glc (#33) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_9 (SEQ ID NO:148) accumulates enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, steviol+4Glc (#26), and/or steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion. See, Tables 8-10.
  • polypeptides suitable for producing (i.e., capable of synthesizing) steviol glycosides and/or glycosides of steviol precursors include UGT85C2-b-UT74G1 chimeric enzymes, such as Chim_1 (SEQ ID NO: 132), Chim_4 (SEQ ID NO: 138), Chim_5 (SEQ ID NO: 140), or Chim_6 (SEQ ID NO: 142).
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_1 (SEQ ID NO:132) accumulates enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, and/or RebB in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_4 accumulates 13-SMG, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#33), RebD, RebM, steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_5 (SEQ ID NO:140) accumulates enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, rubusoside, RebB, RebE, and/or steviol+4Glc (#33) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_6 (SEQ ID NO: 142) accumulates enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,3- bioside, rubusoside, and/or steviol+4Glc (#33) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion. See, Tables 8-10.
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1-b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2- bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1-b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases 13-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), steviol-1 ,2- bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#33), RebD, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), RebM, steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1-b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases 19-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), steviol-1 ,3- bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, steviol+4Glc (#26), and/or steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1-b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases steviol-1 ,2-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13- SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, RebB, and/or steviol+4Glc (#33) but decreased accumulation of enf- kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, 1
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1-b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases steviol-1 ,3-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13- SMG, 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), RebD, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), RebM, steviol+6G
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1-b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases rubusoside accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, 19-SMG, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), RebD, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), RebM, steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases 1 ,2-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19- SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, steviol+4Glc (#26), and/or steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Gl
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases RebB accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#26 and/or #33), RebD, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), RebM, steviol+6G
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases RebA accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#33), RebD, RebM, steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 ydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 -D-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases RebE accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol- 1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, steviol+4Glc (#33), RebD, RebM, steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases steviol+4Glc (#26) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, and/or steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3G
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases steviol+4Glc (#33) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebE, RebD, RebM, steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of kaurenoic acid+2
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases RebD accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#33), RebM, steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme) that increases steviol+4Glc (#24 and/or #25) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, and/or steviol+5Glc (#26) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g.
  • a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme that increases RebM accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#33), RebD, steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 5).
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g.
  • a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme that increases steviol+6Glc (#23) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#33), RebD, RebM, and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 5).
  • expression of a bifunctional polypeptide is capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g.
  • a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 and/or UGT85C2- b-UGT74G1 chimeric enzyme that increases steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol+4Glc (#33), RebD, RebM, and/or steviol+6Glc (#23) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol+7Glc (isomer 5).
  • Chim_1 results in increased enf-kaurenol+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 results in increased 13-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_9 results in increased 19- SMG accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_7 (SEQ ID NO:144) and/or Chim_8 (SEQ ID NO: 146) results in increased steviol-1 ,2-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_4 (SEQ ID NO: 138), Chim_6 (SEQ ID NO:142), Chim_7 (SEQ ID NO:144), Chim_8 (SEQ ID NO:146), and/or Chim_9 (SEQ ID NO:148) results in increased steviol-1 ,3-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 results in increased rubusoside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_9 results in increased 1 ,2-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 results in increased RebB accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_4 results in increased RebA accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_4 results in increased RebE accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_9 results in increased steviol+4Glc (#26) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 results in increased RebB accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_4 results in increased RebD accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_9 results in increased steviol+5Glc (#24) accumulation by a recombinant host. In some embodiments, expression of Chim_9 (SEQ ID NO: 148) results in increased steviol+5Glc (#25) accumulation by a recombinant host. In some embodiments, expression of Chim_4 (SEQ ID NO: 138) results in increased RebM accumulation by a recombinant host. In some embodiments, expression of Chim_4 (SEQ ID NO: 138) results in increased steviol+6Glc (#23) accumulation by a recombinant host. In some embodiments, expression of Chim_4 (SEQ ID NO:138) results in increased steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 results in decreased enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 results in decreased enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 results in decreased enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 results in decreased 19-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_3 results in decreased 1 ,2-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_2 (SEQ ID NO: 134), Chim_3 (SEQ ID NO:136), Chim_7 (SEQ ID NO:144), and/or Chim_8 (SEQ ID NO:146) results in decreased RebA accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_2 (SEQ ID NO:134) and/or Chim_3 (SEQ ID NO:136) results in decreased steviol+4Glc (#26) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_2 results in decreased RebD accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_5 results in decreased steviol+5Glc (#24) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_2 (SEQ ID NO:134) and/or Chim_3 (SEQ ID NO: 136) results in decreased steviol+5Glc (#25) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_3 (SEQ ID NO: 136), Chim_7 (SEQ ID NO: 144), Chim_8 (SEQ ID NO: 146), and/or Chim_9 (SEQ ID NO:148) results in decreased steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_2 results in decreased RebM accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_3 results in decreased steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 results in decreased steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • polypeptides capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group in vitro, in a recombinant host (i.e., in vivo) or by whole cell bioconversion include polypeptides comprising a functional homolog of UGT74G1 (SEQ ID NO:4) and a tag (e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:152, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO:154, or SEQ ID NO:155), joined through a linker (i.e., a chimeric enzyme, or a fusion polypeptide; i.e., a tagged polypeptide).
  • a linker i.e., a chimeric enzyme, or a fusion polypeptide; i.e., a tagged polypeptide.
  • the tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is capable of glycosylating a steviol precursor, e.g., enf-kaurenoic acid at its C-19 carboxyl group and/or enf-kaurenol at its C-19 hydroxyl group.
  • the N-terminal of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is joined to the C-terminal of a tag through a linker to provide the tagged polypeptide.
  • the linker may the amino acid sequence "EGKSSGSGSESKST” (SEQ ID NO:151 ). In some embodiments, the linker may be the amino acid sequence "KLVK.” In some embodiments, the linker is the amino acid sequence "RASSTKLVK” (SEQ ID NO: 150). In some embodiments, the linker is the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is two repeates of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS" (i.e., "GGGGSGGGGS").
  • the linker is three repeats of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is a direct bond (i.e., between the C-terminal of a first polypeptide and the N-terminal of a tag).
  • tagged polypeptides capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group in vitro, in a recombinant host (i.e., in vivo) or by whole cell bioconversion include polypeptides comprising a functional homolog of UGT74G1 (SEQ ID NO:4) joined to a tag (e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:152, SEQ ID NO:153, SEQ ID NO:154, or SEQ ID NO:155) through a linker (e.g., a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:151 ).
  • a linker e.g., a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:151 .
  • polypeptides suitable for producing (i.e., capable of synthesizing) steviol glycosides and/or glycosides of steviol precursors such as 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5)
  • steviol glycosides and/or glycosides of steviol precursors such as 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/
  • a recombinant host expressing Chirr O accumulates 13-SMG, RebD, RebM, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 176) accumulates 13-SMG, RebA, RebD, RebM, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_12 accumulates 13-SMG, RebA, RebD, RebM, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • a recombinant host expressing Chim_13 accumulates 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 ,3- bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) in vivo and/or via whole cell bioconversion.
  • expression of a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group e.g., a
  • expression of a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, rubusoside, RebE, 1 ,3-stevioside, steviol+4Glc
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, rubusoside, RebE, 1 ,3-stevioside, steviol+4Glc (
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebE, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (
  • expression of a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebM, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group e.g.,
  • expression of a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside,
  • expression of a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) but decreased accumulation of of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, rubusoside, RebE, 1 ,3-stevioside, steviol+4Glc (
  • expression of a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebA, RebB, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebE,
  • expression of a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, RebA, RebD, RebM, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, RebE, steviol-1 ,3
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf- kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,
  • expression of a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (#23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,
  • expression of a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM steviol-1 ,3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2 and/or isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf- kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 5), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf- kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2-bioside, RebB, RebA, RebD, RebM, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6
  • a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group results in increased accumulation of 13-SMG, RebD, RebM, steviol+5Glc (#24 and/or #25), steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 and/or #23), and/or steviol+7Glc (isomer 2), but decreased accumulation of enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7), enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 and/or isomer 2), 19-SMG, steviol-1 ,2- bioside, rubusoside, RebB, RebA, steviol-1 , 3-bioside, 1 ,2-stevioside, 1
  • expression of ChirrM O results in increased 13-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_13 results in increased steviol-1 ,2-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_13 results in increased RebB accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 1 results in increased RebA accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in increased RebD accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChimJ O results in increased RebM accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_13 results in increased steviol-1 ,3-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_11 results in increased 1 ,2-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O (SEQ ID NO: 174) and/or Chim_12 (SEQ ID NO:178) results in increase steviol+5Glc (#24) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O (SEQ ID NO: 174), Chim_1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 176), Chim_12 (SEQ ID NO: 178), and/ or Chim_13 (SEQ ID NO: 180) results in increased steviol+5Glc (#25) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in increased steviol+6Glc (isomer 1 ) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in increased steviol+6Glc (#23) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in increased steviol+7Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in increased steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in decreased steviol-1 ,3-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in decreased 1 ,2-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in decreased 1 ,3-stevioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in decreased steviol+4Glc (#26) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in decreased steviol+4Glc (#33) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM 1 results in decreased steviol+5Glc (#24) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM 1 results in decreased steviol+7Glc (isomer 5) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChimJ O results in decreased 19-SMG accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression, of ChimJ O (SEQ ID NO: 174), Chim_11 (SEQ ID NO: 176), and/or Chim_12 (SEQ ID NO: 178) results in decreased steviol-1 ,2-bioside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O (SEQ ID NO: 174), Chim_1 1 (SEQ ID NO: 176), Chim_12 (SEQ ID NO: 178), and/ or Chim_13 (SEQ ID NO: 180) results in decreased rubusoside accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChimJ O results in decreased RebB accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in decreased RebA accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of Chim_1 1 results in decreased RebE accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in decreased enf-kaurenoic acid+2Glc (#7) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChirrM O results in decreased enf- kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 1 ) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • expression of ChimJ O results in decreased enf-kaurenoic acid+3Glc (isomer 2) accumulation by a recombinant host.
  • a recombinant host comprises a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group.
  • the gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is a UGT74G1 homolog (e.g., a UGT74G1 homolog having one or more amino acid substitutions corresponding to residues 18, 20, 21 , 23, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, 83, 85, 86, 1 19, 140, 148, 179, 184, 185, 191 , 194, 195, 284, 285, 286, 375, 376, 377, 378 with respect to SEQ ID NO:4).
  • the gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is a UGT74G1 homolog having a substitution, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to residue 79 (e.g., a valine or a glutamic acid corresponding to residue 79).
  • the gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is a UGT74G1 homolog having a substitution, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to residue 80 (e.g., a cysteine corresponding to residue 80).
  • the gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is a UGT74G1 homolog having a substitution, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to residue 81 (e.g., a tryptophan corresponding to residue 81 ).
  • the gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is a UGT74G1 homolog having a substitution, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to residue 83 (e.g., a lysine corresponding to residue 83).
  • the gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is a UGT74G1 homolog having a substitution, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to residue 184 (e.g., a valine or a threonine corresponding to residue 184).
  • the gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is a UGT74G1 homolog having a substitution, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to residue 260 (e.g., a threonine corresponding to residue 260).
  • the gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is a UGT74G1 homolog having a substitution, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to residue 286 (e.g., a glutamic acid, a cysteine, an asparagine, or a threonine corresponding to residue 286).
  • the gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group is a UGT74G1 homolor having a substitution, with respect to SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to residue 377 (e.g., a glutamine corresponding to residue 377).
  • a recombinant host comprises a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 18, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 126, SEQ ID NO: 128, SEQ ID NO: 130, SEQ ID NO: 161 , SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ I D NO: 167, or SEQ ID NO: 169).
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 18, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 126, SEQ ID NO:
  • a recombinant host cell comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 18, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 126, SEQ ID NO: 128, SEQ ID NO: 130, SEQ ID NO: 161 , SEQ ID NO: 163, SEQ ID NO: 165, SEQ ID NO: 167, or SEQ ID NO: 169) further comprises a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO:7); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C
  • the recombinant host cell further comprises a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing GGPP from FPP and IPP (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-kaurene from enf-copalyl diphosphate (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO:52); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-kaurenoic acid, ent- kaurenol, and/or ent-kaurenal from enf-kaurene (e.g., a polypeptide having a polypeptide
  • a recombinant host comprises a gene encoding a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group.
  • the polypeptide is a UGT74G1 -b-UGT85C2 chimeric polypeptide (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ I D NO: 146, or SEQ ID NO: 148).
  • the polypeptide is a UGT85C2-b-UGT74G1 chimeric polypeptide (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132, SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 140, or SEQ ID NO: 142).
  • a recombinant host comprises a gene encoding a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 132, SEQ I D NO: 134, SEQ I D NO: 136, SEQ I D NO: 138, SEQ I D NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ I D NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 146, or SEQ ID NO: 148).
  • a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group
  • a recombinant host comprising a gene encoding a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., SEQ I D NO: 132, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ I D NO: 136, SEQ I D NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ I D NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 146, or SEQ ID NO: 148) further comprises a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO:7); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the
  • the recombinant host cell further comprises a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing GGPP from FPP and IPP (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-kaurene from enf-copalyl diphosphate (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:52); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent- kaurenoic acid, ent-kaurenol, and/or ent-kaurenal from enf-kaurene (e.g., a polypeptide having
  • a recombinant host comprises a gene encoding a tagged polypeptide comprising a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 homolog; e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO:4) and a tag (e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO: 152, SEQ I D NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, or SEQ ID NO: 155), joined through a linker (e.g., a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 151 ).
  • a linker e.g., a linker having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 151 .
  • a recombinant host comprises a gene encoding a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 174, SEQ ID NO: 176, SEQ ID NO: 178, or SEQ ID NO: 180).
  • a recombinant host comprising a gene encoding a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 174, SEQ ID NO: 176, SEQ ID NO: 178, or SEQ ID NO: 180) further comprises a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO:7); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13- O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside (e.g., a polypeptide capable of beta
  • the recombinant host cell further comprises a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing GGPP from FPP and IPP (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-copalyl diphosphate from GGPP (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:40); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing enf-kaurene from enf-copalyl diphosphate (e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:52); a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent- kaurenoic acid, ent-kaurenol, and/or ent-kaurenal from enf-kaurene (e.g., a polypeptide having
  • one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or a composition thereof is produced by whole cell bioconversion.
  • the method for producing one or more steviol glycosides and/or glycosylated steviol precursors, or a composition thereof as disclosed herein comprises whole cell bioconversion of a plant-derived or synthetic steviol glycoside precursor or a plant-derived or synthetic steviol precursor in a cell culture medium of a recombinant host cell using (a) a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group having at least 55% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 79, 80, 81 , 83, 184, 260, 286, or 377 of SEQ ID NO:4; (b) a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol
  • a steviol glycoside or steviol glycoside precursor composition produced in vivo, in vitro, or by whole cell bioconversion comprises fewer contaminants or less of any particular contaminant than a stevia extract from, inter alia, a stevia plant.
  • Contaminants can include plant-derived compounds that contribute to off-flavors.
  • Potential contaminants include pigments, lipids, proteins, phenolics, saccharides, spathulenol and other sesquiterpenes, labdane diterpenes, monoterpenes, decanoic acid, 8, 1 1 ,14-eicosatrienoic acid, 2-methyloctadecane, pentacosane, octacosane, tetracosane, octadecanol, stigmasterol, ⁇ - sitosterol, oamyrin, ⁇ -amyrin, lupeol, ⁇ -amryin acetate, pentacyclic triterpenes, centauredin, quercitin. epi-alpha-cadinol, carophyllenes and derivatives, beta-pinene, beta-sitosterol, and gibbereilin.
  • the terms “detectable amount,” “detectable concentration,” “measurable amount,” and “measurable concentration” refer to a level of steviol glycosides measured in AUC, ⁇ / ⁇ 600 , mg/L, ⁇ , or mM.
  • Steviol glycoside production i.e., total, supernatant, and/or intracellular steviol glycoside levels
  • LC-MS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • HPLC high- performance liquid chromatography
  • UV-Vis ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy/ spectrophotometry
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • the term "undetectable concentration” refers to a level of a compound that is too low to be measured and/or analyzed by techniques such as TLC, HPLC, UV-Vis, MS, or NMR. In some embodiments, a compound of an "undetectable concentration" is not present in a steviol glycoside or steviol glycoside precursor composition.
  • x, y, and/or z can refer to “x” alone, “y” alone, “z” alone, “x, y, and z,” “(x and y) or z,” “x or (y and z),” or “x or y or z.”
  • "and/or” is used to refer to the exogenous nucleic acids that a recombinant cell comprises, wherein a recombinant cell comprises one or more exogenous nucleic acids selected from a group.
  • "and/or” is used to refer to production of steviol glycosides and/or steviol glycoside precursors. In some embodiments, “and/or” is used to refer to production of steviol glycosides, wherein one or more steviol glycosides are produced. In some embodiments, “and/or” is used to refer to production of steviol glycosides, wherein one or more steviol glycosides are produced through one or more of the following steps: culturing a recombinant microorganism, synthesizing one or more steviol glycosides in a recombinant microorganism, and/or isolating one or more steviol glycosides.
  • a functional homolog is a polypeptide that has sequence similarity to a reference polypeptide, and that carries out one or more of the biochemical or physiological function(s) of the reference polypeptide.
  • a functional homolog and the reference polypeptide can be a natural occurring polypeptide, and the sequence similarity can be due to convergent or divergent evolutionary events. As such, functional homologs are sometimes designated in the literature as homologs, or orthologs, or paralogs.
  • Variants of a naturally occurring functional homolog can themselves be functional homologs.
  • Functional homologs can also be created via site-directed mutagenesis of the coding sequence for a polypeptide, or by combining domains from the coding sequences for different naturally-occurring polypeptides ("domain swapping").
  • Techniques for modifying genes encoding functional polypeptides described herein are known and include, inter alia, directed evolution techniques, site-directed mutagenesis techniques and random mutagenesis techniques, and can be useful to increase specific activity of a polypeptide, alter substrate specificity, alter expression levels, alter subcellular location, or modify polypeptide-polypeptide interactions in a desired manner. Such modified polypeptides are considered functional homologs.
  • the term "functional homolog” is sometimes applied to the nucleic acid that encodes a functionally homologous polypeptide.
  • Functional homologs can be identified by analysis of nucleotide and polypeptide sequence alignments. For example, performing a query on a database of nucleotide or polypeptide sequences can identify homologs of steviol glycoside biosynthesis polypeptides. Sequence analysis can involve BLAST, Reciprocal BLAST, or PSI-BLAST analysis of non- redundant databases using a UGT amino acid sequence as the reference sequence. Amino acid sequence is, in some instances, deduced from the nucleotide sequence. Those polypeptides in the database that have greater than 40% sequence identity are candidates for further evaluation for suitability as a steviol glycoside biosynthesis polypeptide.
  • nucleic acids and polypeptides are identified from transcriptome data based on expression levels rather than by using BLAST analysis.
  • conserveed regions can be identified by locating a region within the primary amino acid sequence of a steviol glycoside biosynthesis polypeptide that is a repeated sequence, forms some secondary structure (e.g., helices and beta sheets), establishes positively or negatively charged domains, or represents a protein motif or domain. See, e.g., the Pfam web site describing consensus sequences for a variety of protein motifs and domains on the World Wide Web at sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/ and pfam.janelia.org/. The information included at the Pfam database is described in Sonnhammer et al., Nucl.
  • conserveed regions also can be determined by aligning sequences of the same or related polypeptides from closely related species. Closely related species preferably are from the same family. In some embodiments, alignment of sequences from two different species is adequate to identify such homologs.
  • polypeptides that exhibit at least about 40% amino acid sequence identity are useful to identify conserved regions.
  • conserved regions of related polypeptides exhibit at least 45% amino acid sequence identity (e.g., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% amino acid sequence identity).
  • a conserved region exhibits at least 92%, 94%, 96%, 98%, or 99% amino acid sequence identity.
  • polypeptides suitable for producing steviol in a recombinant host include functional homologs of UGTs.
  • Methods to modify the substrate specificity of, for example, a UGT are known to those skilled in the art, and include without limitation site-directed/rational mutagenesis approaches, random directed evolution approaches and combinations in which random mutagenesis/saturation techniques are performed near the active site of the enzyme. For example see Osmani et al., 2009, Phytochemistry 70: 325-347.
  • a candidate sequence typically has a length that is from 80% to 250% of the length of the reference sequence, e.g., 82, 85, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 110, 1 15, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, or 250% of the length of the reference sequence.
  • a functional homolog polypeptide typically has a length that is from 95% to 105% of the length of the reference sequence, e.g., 90, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 1 10, 1 15, or 120% of the length of the reference sequence, or any range between.
  • a % identity for any candidate nucleic acid or polypeptide relative to a reference nucleic acid or polypeptide can be determined as follows.
  • a reference sequence e.g., a nucleic acid sequence or an amino acid sequence described herein
  • Clustal Omega version 1.2.1 , default parameters
  • ClustalW calculates the best match between a reference and one or more candidate sequences, and aligns them so that identities, similarities and differences can be determined. Gaps of one or more residues can be inserted into a reference sequence, a candidate sequence, or both, to maximize sequence alignments.
  • word size 2; window size: 4; scoring method: % age; number of top diagonals: 4; and gap penalty: 5.
  • gap opening penalty 10.0; gap extension penalty: 5.0; and weight transitions: yes.
  • the ClustalW output is a sequence alignment that reflects the relationship between sequences.
  • ClustalW can be run, for example, at the Baylor College of Medicine Search Launcher site on the World Wide Web (searchlauncher.bcm.tmc.edu/multi-align/multi-align.html) and at the European Bioinformatics Institute site on the World Wide Web (ebi.ac.uk/clustalw).
  • % identity of a candidate nucleic acid or amino acid sequence to a reference sequence the sequences are aligned using Clustal Omega, the number of identical matches in the alignment is divided by the length of the reference sequence, and the result is multiplied by 100. It is noted that the% identity value can be rounded to the nearest tenth. For example, 78.1 1 , 78.12, 78.13, and 78.14 are rounded down to 78.1 , while 78.15, 78.16, 78.17, 78.18, and 78.19 are rounded up to 78.2.
  • functional UGT e.g., a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group; a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group; and/or a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside
  • proteins can include additional amino acids that are not involved in the enzymatic activities carried out by the enzymes.
  • UGT proteins are fusion proteins.
  • the terms “chimera,” “fusion polypeptide,” “fusion protein,” “fusion enzyme,” “fusion construct,” “chimeric protein,” “chimeric polypeptide,” “chimeric construct,” and “chimeric enzyme” can be used interchangeably herein to refer to proteins engineered through the joining of two or more genes that code for different proteins.
  • a chimeric enzyme is constructed by joining the C-terminal of a first polypeptide ProteinA to the N-terminal of a second polypeptide ProteinB through a linker "b," i.e., "ProteinA-b-ProteinB.”
  • the linker of a chimeric enzyme may be the amino acid sequence "KLVK.”
  • the linker of a chimeric enzyme may be the amino acid sequence "RASSTKLVK" (SEQ ID NO: 150)
  • the linker of a chimeric enzyme may be the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.”
  • the linker of a chimeric enzyme may be two repeats of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS" (i.e., "GGGGSGGGGS").
  • the linker of a chimeric enzyme may be three repeats of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some aspects, the linker of a chimeric enzyme may be the amino acid sequence "EGKSSGSGSESKST" (SEQ ID NO: 151 ). In some aspects, the linker of a chimeric enzyme is a direct bond between the C-terminal of a first polypeptide and the N- terminal of a second polypeptide.
  • a chimeric enzyme is constructed by joining the C-terminal of a first polypeptide ProteinA to the N-terminal of a second polypeptide ProteinB through a linker "b," i.e., "ProteinA-b-ProteinB” and by joining the C-terminal of the second polypeptide ProteinB to the N-terminal of a third polypeptide ProteinC through a second linker "d,” i.e. , "ProteinA-b-ProteinB-d-ProteinC.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding a UGT polypeptide (e.g., a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group; a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,3 glycosylation of the C3' of the 1 3-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group; and/or a polypeptide capable of beta 1 ,2 glycosylation of the C2' of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O- glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside) can include a tag sequence that encodes a "tag" designed to facilitate subsequent manipulation (
  • Tag sequences can be inserted in the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide such that the encoded tag is located at either the carboxyl (i.e. , C-terminal) or amino terminus (i.e., N-terminal) of the polypeptide.
  • Non- limiting examples of encoded tags include green fluorescent protein (GFP), human influenza hemagglutinin (HA), glutathione S transferase (GST), polyhistidine-tag (HIS tag), disulfide oxiodoreductase (DsbA) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 156), maltose binding protein (MBP) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 157), N-utilization substance (NusA) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 158), and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 159).
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • HA human influenza hemagglutinin
  • GST glutathione S transferase
  • HIS tag polyhistidine-tag
  • DsbA disulfide oxiodoreductase
  • MBP maltose binding protein
  • NusA N-utilization substance
  • SUMO small ubiquitin-like
  • tags include a chloroplast transit peptide, a mitochondrial transit peptide, an amyloplast peptide, signal peptide, or a secretion tag.
  • a tag is attached to a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group.
  • the tag is attached to a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group using a linker of SEQ ID NO: 151. See Examples 5 and 7-9.
  • a fusion protein is a protein altered by domain swapping .
  • domain swapping is used to describe the process of replacing a domain of a first protein with a domain of a second protein.
  • the domain of the first protein and the domain of the second protein are functionally identical or functionally similar.
  • the structure and/or sequence of the domain of the second protein differs from the structure and/or sequence of the domain of the first protein.
  • a UGT polypeptide is altered by domain swapping.
  • a fusion protein is a protein altered by circular permutation, which consists in the covalent attachment of the ends of a protein that would be opened elsewhere afterwards.
  • a targeted circular permutation can be produced, for example but not limited to, by designing a spacer to join the ends of the original protein. Once the spacer has been defined, there are several possibilities to generate permutations through generally accepted molecular biology techniques, for example but not limited to, by producing concatemers by means of PCR and subsequent amplification of specific permutations inside the concatemer or by amplifying discrete fragments of the protein to exchange to join them in a different order. The step of generating permutations can be followed by creating a circular gene by binding the fragment ends and cutting back at random, thus forming collections of permutations from a unique construct.
  • DAP1 polypeptide is altered by circular permutation.
  • a recombinant gene encoding a polypeptide described herein comprises the coding sequence for that polypeptide, operably linked in sense orientation to one or more regulatory regions suitable for expressing the polypeptide. Because many microorganisms are capable of expressing multiple gene products from a polycistronic mRNA, multiple polypeptides can be expressed under the control of a single regulatory region for those microorganisms, if desired.
  • a coding sequence and a regulatory region are considered to be operably linked when the regulatory region and coding sequence are positioned so that the regulatory region is effective for regulating transcription or translation of the sequence.
  • the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the coding sequence is positioned between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of the regulatory region for a monocistronic gene.
  • the coding sequence for a polypeptide described herein is identified in a species other than the recombinant host, i.e., is a heterologous nucleic acid.
  • the coding sequence can be from other prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganisms, from plants or from animals. In some case, however, the coding sequence is a sequence that is native to the host and is being reintroduced into that organism.
  • a native sequence can often be distinguished from the naturally occurring sequence by the presence of non-natural sequences linked to the exogenous nucleic acid, e.g., non-native regulatory sequences flanking a native sequence in a recombinant nucleic acid construct.
  • stably transformed exogenous nucleic acids typically are integrated at positions other than the position where the native sequence is found.
  • "Regulatory region” refers to a nucleic acid having nucleotide sequences that influence transcription or translation initiation and rate, and stability and/or mobility of a transcription or translation product.
  • Regulatory regions include, without limitation, promoter sequences, enhancer sequences, response elements, protein recognition sites, inducible elements, protein binding sequences, 5 ' and 3 ' untranslated regions (UTRs), transcriptional start sites, termination sequences, polyadenylation sequences, introns, and combinations thereof.
  • a regulatory region typically comprises at least a core (basal) promoter.
  • a regulatory region also may include at least one control element, such as an enhancer sequence, an upstream element or an upstream activation region (UAR).
  • a regulatory region is operably linked to a coding sequence by positioning the regulatory region and the coding sequence so that the regulatory region is effective for regulating transcription or translation of the sequence.
  • the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the coding sequence is typically positioned between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of the promoter.
  • a regulatory region can, however, be positioned as much as about 5,000 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation site, or about 2,000 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site.
  • regulatory regions The choice of regulatory regions to be included depends upon several factors, including, but not limited to, efficiency, selectability, inducibility, desired expression level, and preferential expression during certain culture stages. It is a routine matter for one of skill in the art to modulate the expression of a coding sequence by appropriately selecting and positioning regulatory regions relative to the coding sequence. It will be understood that more than one regulatory region may be present, e.g., introns, enhancers, upstream activation regions, transcription terminators, and inducible elements.
  • One or more genes can be combined in a recombinant nucleic acid construct in "modules" useful for a discrete aspect of steviol and/or steviol glycoside production.
  • Combining a plurality of genes in a module, particularly a polycistronic module facilitates the use of the module in a variety of species.
  • a steviol biosynthesis gene cluster, or a UGT gene cluster can be combined in a polycistronic module such that, after insertion of a suitable regulatory region, the module can be introduced into a wide variety of species.
  • a UGT gene cluster can be combined such that each UGT coding sequence is operably linked to a separate regulatory region, to form a UGT module.
  • a module can be used in those species for which monocistronic expression is necessary or desirable.
  • a recombinant construct typically also contains an origin of replication, and one or more selectable markers for maintenance of the construct in appropriate species.
  • nucleic acids can encode a particular polypeptide; i.e., for many amino acids, there is more than one nucleotide triplet that serves as the codon for the amino acid.
  • codons in the coding sequence for a given polypeptide can be modified such that optimal expression in a particular host is obtained, using appropriate codon bias tables for that host (e.g., microorganism).
  • these modified sequences can exist as purified molecules and can be incorporated into a vector or a virus for use in constructing modules for recombinant nucleic acid constructs.
  • an endogenous polypeptide in order to divert metabolic intermediates towards steviol or steviol glycoside biosynthesis.
  • a nucleic acid that overexpresses the polypeptide or gene product may be included in a recombinant construct that is transformed into the strain.
  • mutagenesis can be used to generate mutants in genes for which it is desired to increase or enhance function.
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or a catalytically active portion thereof.
  • the nucleic acid is an isolated nucleic acid.
  • the nucleic acid is cDNA.
  • the encoded polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 79, 80, 81 , 83, 184, 260, 286, or 377 of SEQ I D NO:4.
  • the encoded polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, or 83 of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the encoded polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having a M79V, M79E, S80C, A81W, E83K, H184V, H184T N260T, K286C, K286E, K286N, K286T, and/or S377Q substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the encoded polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having a K286C substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 (i.e. , SEQ ID NO: 1 18); a M79V substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 (i.e. , SEQ ID NO: 120); a S377Q substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 (i.e.
  • SEQ I D NO: 122 SEQ I D NO: 122
  • S80C substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 i.e., SEQ ID NO: 124
  • N260T and a K286C substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 i.e. , SEQ ID NO: 126
  • H184V substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 i.e., SEQ ID NO: 128
  • A81 W and a E83K substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 i.e.
  • SEQ ID NO: 130 a A81 W substitution corresponding to SEQ I D NO:4 (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 161 ); a H 184T substitution corresponding to SEQ I D NO:4 (i.e., SEQ I D NO: 163); a K286N substitution corresponding to SEQ I D NO:4 (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 165); a M79E substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 167); or a K286T substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 (i.e. , SEQ ID NO: 169).
  • the encoded polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof further comprises a tag, e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO: 152, SEQ I D NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, or SEQ I D NO: 155.
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or a catalytically active portion thereof.
  • the nucleic acid is an isolated nucleic acid.
  • the nucleic acid is cDNA.
  • the encoded tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4) and a tag (e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, or SEQ ID NO: 155), joined through a linker.
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4
  • the linker may be the amino acid sequence "KLVK.” In some embodiments, the linker may the amino acid sequence "EGKSSGSGSESKST” (SEQ ID NO: 151 ). In some embodiments, the linker is the amino acid sequence RASSTKLVK” (SEQ ID NO: 150). In some embodiments, the linker is the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is two repeates of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS" (i.e. , "GGGGSGGGGS”). In some embodiments, the linker is three repeats of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is a direct bond (i.e.
  • the encoded tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4) joined at its N-terminal to the C-terminal of a tag (e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO: 152, SEQ I D NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, or SEQ ID NO: 155).
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth
  • the encoded tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 174, SEQ ID NO: 176, SEQ ID NO: 178, or SEQ ID NO: 180.
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or a catalytically active portion thereof.
  • the nucleic acid is an isolated nucleic acid.
  • the nucleic acid is cDNA.
  • the encoded bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g. , a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4) and a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C- 13 hydroxyl group (e.g.
  • a UGT85C2 polypeptide e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 joined through a linker.
  • the linker may be the amino acid sequence "KLVK.”
  • the linker may the amino acid sequence "EGKSSGSGSESKST” (SEQ ID NO: 151 ).
  • the linker is the amino acid sequence RASSTKLVK" (SEQ ID NO: 150).
  • the linker is the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.”
  • the linker is two repeates of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS" (i.e. , "GGGGSGGGGS").
  • the linker is three repeats of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is a direct bond (i.e. , between the C-terminal of a first polypeptide and the N-terminal of a second polypeptide).
  • the encoded bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g.
  • a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 joined at its C-terminal to the N-terminal of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g. , a UGT85C2 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO:7).
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group e.g. , a UGT85C2 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO:7.
  • the encoded bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT85C2 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7), joined at its C-terminal to the N-terminal of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4).
  • the encoded bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C- 19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132, SEQ ID NO:134, SEQ ID NO:136, SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 140, or SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO:144, SEQ ID NO: 146, or SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • the encoded bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof further comprises a tag, e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO:153, SEQ ID NO:154, or SEQ ID NO: 155.
  • polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or a catalytically active portion thereof is a purified polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 79, 80, 81 , 83, 184, 260, 286, or 377 of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having at least one amino acid substitution corresponding to residues 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 82, or 83 of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having a M79V, M79E, S80C, A81W, E83K, H184V, H184T N260T, K286C, K286E, K286N, K286T, and/or S377Q substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, and further having a K286C substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 1 18); a M79V substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 (i.e. , SEQ ID NO: 120); a S377Q substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 (i.e. , SEQ ID NO: 122); a S80C substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 (i.e.
  • SEQ ID NO: 124 SEQ ID NO: 124
  • N260T and a K286C substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 i.e., SEQ ID NO: 126
  • H184V substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 i.e., SEQ I D NO: 128)
  • A81 W and a E83K substitution corresponding to SEQ I D NO:4 i.e. , SEQ ID NO: 130
  • A81 W substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 i.e. , SEQ I D NO: 161
  • H184T substitution corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4 i.e.
  • the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof further comprises a tag, e.g. , a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ I D NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, or SEQ ID NO: 155.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or a catalytically active portion thereof.
  • the polypeptide is a purified polypeptide.
  • the tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g. , a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g.
  • the linker may be the amino acid sequence "KLVK.”
  • the linker may the amino acid sequence "EGKSSGSGSESKST" (SEQ ID NO: 151 ).
  • the linker is the amino acid sequence RASSTKLVK" (SEQ ID NO: 150).
  • the linker is the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is two repeates of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS" (i.e. , "GGGGSGGGGS"). In some embodiments, the linker is three repeats of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is a direct bond (i.e. , between the C-terminal of a first polypeptide and the N-terminal of a second polypeptide).
  • the tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g. , a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4) joined at its N-terminal to the C-terminal of a tag (e.g. , a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, or SEQ I D NO: 155).
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g. , a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth
  • the tagged polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 174, SEQ ID NO: 176, SEQ ID NO: 178, or SEQ ID NO: 180.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or a catalytically active portion thereof.
  • the polypeptide is a purified polypeptide.
  • the bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g. , a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g.
  • a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 and a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group e.g., a UGT85C2 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 joined through a linker.
  • the linker may be the amino acid sequence "KLVK.”
  • the linker may the amino acid sequence "EGKSSGSGSESKST" (SEQ ID NO: 151 ).
  • the linker is the amino acid sequence RASSTKLVK" (SEQ ID NO: 150).
  • the linker is the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is two repeates of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS" (i.e., "GGGGSGGGGS"). In some embodiments, the linker is three repeats of the amino acid sequence "GGGGS.” In some embodiments, the linker is a direct bond (i.e. , between the C-terminal of a first polypeptide and the N-terminal of a second polypeptide).
  • the bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g. , a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g.
  • a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 joined at its C-terminal to the N-terminal of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT85C2 polypeptide, e.g. , a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7).
  • a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group e.g., a UGT85C2 polypeptide, e.g. , a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7.
  • the bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group (e.g., a UGT85C2 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7), joined at its C-terminal to the N-terminal of a polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group (e.g., a UGT74G1 polypeptide, e.g., a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ I D NO:4).
  • the bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof comprises a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 132, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 140, or SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 146, or SEQ I D NO: 148.
  • the bifunctional polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group and glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group or the catalytically active portion thereof further comprises a tag, e.g., a tag having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 154, or SEQ ID NO: 155.
  • Recombinant hosts can be used to express polypeptides for the producing steviol glycosides, including mammalian, insect, plant, and algal cells.
  • a number of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are also suitable for use in constructing the recombinant microorganisms described herein, e.g., gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi.
  • a species and strain selected for use as a steviol glycoside production strain is first analyzed to determine which production genes are endogenous to the strain and which genes are not present. Genes for which an endogenous counterpart is not present in the strain are advantageously assembled in one or more recombinant constructs, which are then transformed into the strain in order to supply the missing function(s).
  • the recombinant microorganism is grown in a fermenter at a temperature(s) for a period of time, wherein the temperature and period of time facilitate production of a steviol glycoside.
  • the constructed and genetically engineered microorganisms provided by the invention can be cultivated using conventional fermentation processes, including, inter alia, chemostat, batch, fed-batch cultivations, semi-continuous fermentations such as draw and fill, continuous perfusion fermentation, and continuous perfusion cell culture.
  • other recombinant genes such as isopentenyl biosynthesis genes and terpene synthase and cyclase genes may also be present and expressed.
  • Levels of substrates and intermediates e.g., isopentenyl diphosphate, dimethylallyl diphosphate, GGPP, enf-Kaurene and enf-kaurenoic acid, can be determined by extracting samples from culture media for analysis according to published methods.
  • Carbon sources of use in the instant method include any molecule that can be metabolized by the recombinant host cell to facilitate growth and/or production of the steviol glycosides.
  • suitable carbon sources include, but are not limited to, sucrose (e.g., as found in molasses), fructose, xylose, ethanol, glycerol, glucose, cellulose, starch, cellobiose or other glucose-comprising polymer.
  • sucrose e.g., as found in molasses
  • fructose xylose
  • ethanol glycerol
  • glucose e.glycerol
  • the carbon source can be provided to the host organism throughout the cultivation period or alternatively, the organism can be grown for a period of time in the presence of another energy source, e.g., protein, and then provided with a source of carbon only during the fed-batch phase.
  • steviol glycosides can then be recovered from the culture using various techniques known in the art.
  • a permeabilizing agent can be added to aid the feedstock entering into the host and product getting out. For example, a crude lysate of the cultured microorganism can be centrifuged to obtain a supernatant.
  • the resulting supernatant can then be applied to a chromatography column, e.g., a C-18 column, and washed with water to remove hydrophilic compounds, followed by elution of the compound(s) of interest with a solvent such as methanol.
  • a solvent such as methanol.
  • the compound(s) can then be further purified by preparative HPLC. See also, WO 2009/140394.
  • the various genes and modules discussed herein can be present in two or more recombinant hosts rather than a single host.
  • a plurality of recombinant hosts When a plurality of recombinant hosts is used, they can be grown in a mixed culture to accumulate steviol and/or steviol glycosides.
  • the two or more hosts each can be grown in a separate culture medium and the product of the first culture medium, e.g., steviol, can be introduced into second culture medium to be converted into a subsequent intermediate, or into an end product such as, for example, RebA. The product produced by the second, or final host is then recovered.
  • a recombinant host is grown using nutrient sources other than a culture medium and utilizing a system other than a fermenter.
  • prokaryotic and eukaryotic species are described in more detail below. However, it will be appreciated that other species can be suitable.
  • suitable species can be in a genus such as Agaricus, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Candida, Corynebacterium, Eremothecium, Escherichia, Fusarium/Gibberella, Kluyveromyces, Laetiporus, Lentinus, Phaffia, Phanerochaete, Pichia, Physcomitrella, Rhodoturula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Sphaceloma, Xanthophyllomyces or Yarrowia.
  • Exemplary species from such genera include Lentinus tigrinus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pichia pastoris, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Physcomitrella patens, Rhodoturula glutinis, Rhodoturula mucilaginosa, Phaffia rhodozyma, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, Fusarium fujikuroi/ Gibberella fujikuroi, Candida utilis, Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, and Yarrowia lipolytica.
  • a microorganism can be a prokaryote such as Escherichia bacteria cells, for example, Escherichia coli cells; Lactobacillus bacteria cells; Lactococcus bacteria cells; Comebacterium bacteria cells; Acetobacter bacteria cells; Acinetobacter bacteria cells; or Pseudomonas bacterial cells.
  • Escherichia bacteria cells for example, Escherichia coli cells; Lactobacillus bacteria cells; Lactococcus bacteria cells; Comebacterium bacteria cells; Acetobacter bacteria cells; Acinetobacter bacteria cells; or Pseudomonas bacterial cells.
  • a microorganism can be an Ascomycete such as Gibberella fujikuroi, Kluyveromyces lactis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Aspergillus niger, Yarrowia lipolytica, Ashbya gossypii, or S. cerevisiae.
  • Ascomycete such as Gibberella fujikuroi, Kluyveromyces lactis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Aspergillus niger, Yarrowia lipolytica, Ashbya gossypii, or S. cerevisiae.
  • a microorganism can be an algal cell such as Blakeslea trispora, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella sp., Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum, Laminaria japonica, Scenedesmus almeriensis species.
  • a microorganism can be a cyanobacterial cell such as Blakeslea trispora, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella sp., Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum, Laminaria japonica, Scenedesmus almeriensis.
  • Saccharomyces is a widely used chassis organism in synthetic biology, and can be used as the recombinant microorganism platform. For example, there are libraries of mutants, plasmids, detailed computer models of metabolism and other information available for S. cerevisiae, allowing for rational design of various modules to enhance product yield. Methods are known for making recombinant microorganisms.
  • Aspergillus species such as A. oryzae, A. niger and A. sojae are widely used microorganisms in food production and can also be used as the recombinant microorganism platform.
  • Nucleotide sequences are available for genomes of A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, A. clavatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus, allowing rational design and modification of endogenous pathways to enhance flux and increase product yield.
  • Metabolic models have been developed for Aspergillus, as well as transcriptomic studies and proteomics studies.
  • A. niger is cultured for the industrial production of a number of food ingredients such as citric acid and gluconic acid, and thus species such as A. niger are generally suitable for producing steviol glycosides.
  • E. coli another widely used platform organism in synthetic biology, can also be used as the recombinant microorganism platform. Similar to Saccharomyces, there are libraries of mutants, plasmids, detailed computer models of metabolism and other information available for E. coli, allowing for rational design of various modules to enhance product yield. Methods similar to those described above for Saccharomyces can be used to make recombinant E. coli microorganisms.
  • Agaricus, Gibberella, and Phanerochaete spp. can be useful because they are known to produce large amounts of isoprenoids in culture.
  • the terpene precursors for producing large amounts of steviol glycosides are already produced by endogenous genes.
  • modules comprising recombinant genes for steviol glycoside biosynthesis polypeptides can be introduced into species from such genera without the necessity of introducing mevalonate or MEP pathway genes.
  • Arxula adeninivorans (Blastobotrys adeninivorans) [00295] Arxula adeninivorans is dimorphic yeast (it grows as budding yeast like the baker's yeast up to a temperature of 42°C, above this threshold it grows in a filamentous form) with unusual biochemical characteristics. It can grow on a wide range of substrates and can assimilate nitrate. It has successfully been applied to the generation of strains that can produce natural plastics or the development of a biosensor for estrogens in environmental samples.
  • Yarrowia lipolytica is dimorphic yeast (see Arxula adeninivorans) and belongs to the family Hemiascomycetes. The entire genome of Yarrowia lipolytica is known. Yarrowia species is aerobic and considered to be non-pathogenic. Yarrowia is efficient in using hydrophobic substrates (e.g. alkanes, fatty acids, oils) and can grow on sugars. It has a high potential for industrial applications and is an oleaginous microorgamism. Yarrowia lipolyptica can accumulate lipid content to approximately 40% of its dry cell weight and is a model organism for lipid accumulation and remobilization.
  • hydrophobic substrates e.g. alkanes, fatty acids, oils
  • Rhodotorula is unicellular, pigmented yeast.
  • the oleaginous red yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis has been shown to produce lipids and carotenoids from crude glycerol (Saenge et al., 201 1 , Process Biochemistry 46(1 ):210-8).
  • Rhodotorula toruloides strains have been shown to be an efficient fed-batch fermentation system for improved biomass and lipid productivity (Li et al., 2007, Enzyme and Microbial Technology 41 :312-7).
  • Rhodosporidium toruloides is oleaginous yeast and useful for engineering lipid- production pathways (See e.g. Zhu et al., 2013, Nature Commun. 3:1 1 12; Ageitos et al., 201 1 , Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 90(4): 1219-27).
  • Candida boidinii is methylotrophic yeast (it can grow on methanol). Like other methylotrophic species such as Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pastoris, it provides an excellent platform for producing heterologous proteins. Yields in a multigram range of a secreted foreign protein have been reported.
  • a computational method, IPRO recently predicted mutations that experimentally switched the cofactor specificity of Candida boidinii xylose reductase from NADPH to NADH. See, e.g., Mattanovich et al., 2012, Methods Mol Biol. 824:329-58; Khoury et al., 2009, Protein Sci. 18(10):2125-38.
  • Hansenula polymorpha is methylotrophic yeast (see Candida boidinii). It can furthermore grow on a wide range of other substrates; it is thermo-tolerant and can assimilate nitrate (see also Kluyveromyces lactis). It has been applied to producing hepatitis B vaccines, insulin and interferon alpha-2a for the treatment of hepatitis C, furthermore to a range of technical enzymes. See, e.g., Xu et al., 2014, Virol Sin. 29(6):403-9.
  • Kluyveromyces lactis is yeast regularly applied to the production of kefir. It can grow on several sugars, most importantly on lactose which is present in milk and whey. It has successfully been applied among others for producing chymosin (an enzyme that is usually present in the stomach of calves) for producing cheese. Production takes place in fermenters on a 40,000 L scale. See, e.g., van Ooyen et al., 2006, FEMS Yeast Res. 6(3):381-92.
  • Pichia pastoris is methylotrophic yeast (see Candida boidinii and Hansenula polymorpha). It provides an efficient platform for producing foreign proteins. Platform elements are available as a kit and it is worldwide used in academia for producing proteins. Strains have been engineered that can produce complex human N-glycan (yeast glycans are similar but not identical to those found in humans). See, e.g., Piirainen et al., 2014, N Biotechnol. 31 (6):532-7.
  • Physcomitrella mosses when grown in suspension culture, have characteristics similar to yeast or other fungal cultures. This genera can be used for producing plant secondary metabolites, which can be difficult to produce in other types of cells.
  • the recombinant host cell disclosed herein can comprise a plant cell, comprising a plant cell that is grown in a plant, a mammalian cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell, comprising a yeast cell, wherein the yeast cell is a cell from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida glabrata, Ashbya gossypii, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Pichia pastoris, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha, Candida boidinii, Arxula adeninivorans, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, or Candida albicans species or is a Saccharomycete or is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell, an algal cell or a bacterial cell, comprising Escherichia cell, Lactobacillus cell, Lac
  • Steviol glycosides do not necessarily have equivalent performance in different food systems. It is therefore desirable to have the ability to direct the synthesis to steviol glycoside compositions of choice.
  • Recombinant hosts described herein can produce compositions that are selectively enriched for specific steviol glycosides (e.g., RebD or RebM) and have a consistent taste profile.
  • enriched is used to describe a steviol glycoside composition with an increased proportion of a particular steviol glycoside, compared to a steviol glycoside composition (extract) from a stevia plant.
  • the recombinant hosts described herein can facilitate the production of compositions that are tailored to meet the sweetening profile desired for a given food product and that have a proportion of each steviol glycoside that is consistent from batch to batch.
  • hosts described herein do not produce or produce a reduced amount of undesired plant by-products found in Stevia extracts.
  • steviol glycoside compositions produced by the recombinant hosts described herein are distinguishable from compositions derived from Stevia plants.
  • the amount of an individual steviol glycoside (e.g., RebA, RebB, RebD, or RebM) accumulated can be from about 1 to about 7,000 mg/L, e.g., about 1 to about 10 mg/L, about 3 to about 10 mg/L, about 5 to about 20 mg/L, about 10 to about 50 mg/L, about 10 to about 100 mg/L, about 25 to about 500 mg/L, about 100 to about 1 ,500 mg/L, or about 200 to about 1 ,000 mg/L, at least about 1 ,000 mg/L, at least about 1 ,200 mg/L, at least about at least 1 ,400 mg/L, at least about 1 ,600 mg/L, at least about 1 ,800 mg/L, at least about 2,800 mg/L, or at least about 7,000 mg/L.
  • an individual steviol glycoside e.g., RebA, RebB, RebD, or RebM
  • the amount of an individual steviol glycoside can exceed 7,000 mg/L.
  • the amount of a combination of steviol glycosides (e.g., RebA, RebB, RebD, or RebM) accumulated can be from about 1 mg/L to about 7,000 mg/L, e.g., about 200 to about 1 ,500, at least about 2,000 mg/L, at least about 3,000 mg/L, at least about 4,000 mg/L, at least about 5,000 mg/L, at least about 6,000 mg/L, or at least about 7,000 mg/L.
  • the amount of a combination of steviol glycosides can exceed 7,000 mg/L.
  • the recombinant microorganism can be cultured for from 1 day to 7 days, from 1 day to 5 days, from 3 days to 5 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, or about 5 days.
  • a recombinant microorganism can be grown in a mixed culture to produce steviol and/or steviol glycosides.
  • a first microorganism can comprise one or more biosynthesis genes for producing a steviol glycoside precursor
  • a second microorganism comprises steviol glycoside biosynthesis genes. The product produced by the second, or final microorganism is then recovered.
  • a recombinant microorganism is grown using nutrient sources other than a culture medium and utilizing a system other than a fermenter.
  • the two or more microorganisms each can be grown in a separate culture medium and the product of the first culture medium, e.g., steviol, can be introduced into second culture medium to be converted into a subsequent intermediate, or into an end product such as RebA. The product produced by the second, or final microorganism is then recovered.
  • a recombinant microorganism is grown using nutrient sources other than a culture medium and utilizing a system other than a fermenter.
  • Steviol glycosides and compositions obtained by the methods disclosed herein can be used to make food products, dietary supplements and sweetener compositions. See, e.g., WO 201 1/153378, WO 2013/022989, WO 2014/122227, and WO 2014/122328.
  • substantially pure steviol or steviol glycoside such as RebM or RebD can be included in food products such as ice cream, carbonated beverages, fruit juices, yogurts, baked goods, chewing gums, hard and soft candies, and sauces.
  • substantially pure steviol or steviol glycoside can also be included in non-food products such as pharmaceutical products, medicinal products, dietary supplements and nutritional supplements.
  • substantially pure steviol or steviol glycosides may also be included in animal feed products for both the agriculture industry and the companion animal industry.
  • a mixture of steviol and/or steviol glycosides can be made by culturing recombinant microorganisms separately, each producing a specific steviol or steviol glycoside, recovering the steviol or steviol glycoside in substantially pure form from each microorganism and then combining the compounds to obtain a mixture comprising each compound in the desired proportion.
  • the recombinant microorganisms described herein permit more precise and consistent mixtures to be obtained compared to current Stevia products.
  • a substantially pure steviol or steviol glycoside can be incorporated into a food product along with other sweeteners, e.g. saccharin, dextrose, sucrose, fructose, erythritol, aspartame, sucralose, monatin, or acesulfame potassium.
  • sweeteners e.g. saccharin, dextrose, sucrose, fructose, erythritol, aspartame, sucralose, monatin, or acesulfame potassium.
  • the weight ratio of steviol or steviol glycoside relative to other sweeteners can be varied as desired to achieve a satisfactory taste in the final food product. See, e.g., U.S. 2007/012831 1.
  • the steviol or steviol glycoside may be provided with a flavor (e.g., citrus) as a flavor modulator.
  • compositions produced by a recombinant microorganism described herein can be incorporated into food products.
  • a steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinant microorganism can be incorporated into a food product in an amount ranging from about 20 mg steviol glycoside/kg food product to about 1800 mg steviol glycoside/kg food product on a dry weight basis, depending on the type of steviol glycoside and food product.
  • a steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinant microorganism can be incorporated into a dessert, cold confectionary (e.g., ice cream), dairy product (e.g., yogurt), or beverage (e.g., a carbonated beverage) such that the food product has a maximum of 500 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dry weight basis.
  • a steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinant microorganism can be incorporated into a baked good (e.g., a biscuit) such that the food product has a maximum of 300 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dry weight basis.
  • a steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinant microorganism can be incorporated into a sauce (e.g., chocolate syrup) or vegetable product (e.g., pickles) such that the food product has a maximum of 1000 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dry weight basis.
  • a steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinant microorganism can be incorporated into bread such that the food product has a maximum of 160 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dry weight basis.
  • a steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinant microorganism, plant, or plant cell can be incorporated into a hard or soft candy such that the food product has a maximum of 1600 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dry weight basis.
  • a steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinant microorganism, plant, or plant cell can be incorporated into a processed fruit product (e.g., fruit juices, fruit filling, jams, and jellies) such that the food product has a maximum of 1000 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dry weight basis.
  • a steviol glycoside composition produced herein is a component of a pharmaceutical composition.
  • such a steviol glycoside composition can have from 90-99 weight % RebA and an undetectable amount of stevia plant-derived contaminants, and be incorporated into a food product at from 25-1600 mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg, 250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kg or 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.
  • Such a steviol glycoside composition can be a RebB-enriched composition having greater than 3 weight % RebB and be incorporated into the food product such that the amount of RebB in the product is from 25-1600 mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg, 250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kg or 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.
  • the RebB-enriched composition has an undetectable amount of stevia plant-derived contaminants.
  • Such a steviol glycoside composition can be a RebD-enriched composition having greater than 3 weight % RebD and be incorporated into the food product such that the amount of RebD in the product is from 25-1600 mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg, 250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kg or 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.
  • the RebD-enriched composition has an undetectable amount of stevia plant-derived contaminants.
  • Such a steviol glycoside composition can be a RebE-enriched composition having greater than 3 weight % RebE and be incorporated into the food product such that the amount of RebE in the product is from 25-1600 mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg, 250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kg or 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.
  • the RebE-enriched composition has an undetectable amount of stevia plant-derived contaminants.
  • Such a steviol glycoside composition can be a RebM-enriched composition having greater than 3 weight % RebM and be incorporated into the food product such that the amount of RebM in the product is from 25-1600 mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg, 250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kg or 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.
  • the RebM-enriched composition has an undetectable amount of stevia plant-derived contaminants.
  • a substantially pure steviol or steviol glycoside is incorporated into a tabletop sweetener or "cup-for-cup" product.
  • Steviol glycoside compositions enriched for RebA, RebB, RebD, RebE, or RebM can be package in a sachet, for example, at from 10,000 to 30,000 mg steviol glycoside/kg product on a dry weight basis, for tabletop use.
  • LC-MS analyses were performed on Waters ACQUITY UPLC® (Waters Corporation) with a Waters ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column (2.1 x 50 mm, 1.7 ⁇ particles, 130 A pore size) equipped with a pre-column (2.1 x 5 mm, 1.7 ⁇ particles, 130 A pore size) coupled to a Waters ACQUITY TQD triple quadropole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI) operated in negative ionization mode.
  • ESI electrospray ionization
  • Compound separation was achieved using a gradient of the two mobile phases: A (water with 0.1 % formic acid) and B (MeCN with 0.1 % formic acid) by increasing from 20% to 50 % B between 0.3 to 2.0 min, increasing to 100% B at 2.01 min and holding 100% B for 0.6 min, and re-equilibrating for 0.6 min.
  • the flow rate was 0.6 mL/min, and the column temperature was set at 55°C.
  • Steviol glycosides were monitored using SIM (Single Ion Monitoring) and quantified by comparing against authentic standards. See Table 1 for m/z trace and retention time values of steviol glycosides detected.
  • Steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strains were constructed as described in WO 201 1/153378, WO 2013/022989, WO 2014/122227, and WO 2014/122328, each of which is incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • yeast strains comprising one or more copies of: a recombinant gene encoding a GGPPS polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO:20), a recombinant gene encoding a truncated CDPS polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40), a recombinant gene encoding an KS polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:51 , SEQ ID NO:52), a recombinant gene encoding a recombinant KO polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID NO:60), a recombinant gene encoding an ATR2 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:91 , SEQ ID NO:92), a recombinant gene encoding an EUGT1 1 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 14/SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16), a recombinant gene encoding an KAH polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:93
  • UGT74G1 is expressed in the Stevia plant and catalyzes, among other reactions, the conversion of 13-SMG to rubusoside. Because UGT74G1 demonstrates substrate promiscuity and 13-SMG accumulates in steviol glycoside-producing hosts, variants for catalyzing 13-SMG to rubusoside were identified.
  • a homology model of UGT74G1 was generated from the crystal structure of UGT78K6 (PDB:2C1Z), using Rebaudioside B (RebB) as a substrate for docking analysis. RebB was chosen because it is the largest steviol glycoside that UGT74G1 is known to have activity on. The homology model was generated using the modeling suite in the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software (Chemical Computing Group).
  • MOE Molecular Operating Environment
  • Example 2 cerevisiae strain as described in Example 2, further engineered to disrupt expression of native UGT74G1 polypeptide, and incubated in 1 mL synthetic complete (SC) uracil dropout media at 30°C for five days, shaking at 400 rpm. 50 ⁇ _ of each culture was transferred into 50 ⁇ _ DMSO, incubated at 80°C for 10 minutes, and centrifuged at 3220 g for 5 minutes. 15 ⁇ _ of the resulting supernatant was then transferred to 105 ⁇ _ 50% DMSO for LC-MS analysis.
  • SC synthetic complete
  • UGT74G1 SSL candidates results in increases and/or decreases in accumulation of one or more glycosides of steviol, enf-kaurenol, and/or enf-kaurenoic acid, providing an altered distribution of glycoside accumulation relative to a host expressing wild-type UGT74G1 polypeptide.
  • UGT85C2 is expressed in the Stevia plant and catalyzes, among other reactions, the conversion of steviol to steviol-13-O-glycoside (13-SMG), which is further converted to rubusoside by UGT74G1.
  • UGT74G1 may be localized in yeast cells differently than other steviol glycoside pathway enzymes, resulting in reduced apparent activity.
  • the native UGT74G1 -disrupted strain was engineered to comprise and express a tagged UGT74G1 protein.
  • the tags were disulfide oxidoreductase (DsbA: SEQ ID NO:156, SEQ ID NO: 152), maltose binding protein (MBP; SEQ ID NO: 157, SEQ ID NO: 153), N- utilization substance (NusA; SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 154), small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO; SEQ ID NO:159, SEQ ID NO: 155).
  • DsbA disulfide oxidoreductase
  • MBP maltose binding protein
  • NusA SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQ ID NO: 154
  • SUMO small ubiquitin-like modifier
  • UGT74G1 is expressed in the Stevia plant and catalyzes, among other reactions, the conversion of 13-SMG to rubusoside. Because UGT74G1 demonstrates substrate promiscuity and 13-SMG accumulates in steviol glycoside-producing hosts, alternate genes for catalyzing 13-SMG to rubusoside were identified.
  • a homology model of UGT74G1 was generated from the crystal structure of UGT78K6 (PDB:2C1Z), using Rebaudioside B (RebB) as a substrate for docking analysis.
  • RebB was chosen because it is the largest steviol glycoside UGT74G1 is known to have activity on.
  • the homology model was generated using the modeling suite in the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software (Chemical Computing Group).
  • MOE Molecular Operating Environment
  • Example 2 cerevisiae strain as described in Example 2, further comprising and expressing a recombinant gene encoding a KO polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 1 17, SEQ ID NO:64) and a recombinant gene encoding a KAH polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:96, SEQ ID NO:97), and further engineered to disrupt expression of native UGT74G1 polypeptide.
  • the strains were incubated in 1 mL synthetic complete (SC) uracil dropout media at 30°C for five days, shaking at 400 rpm. 50 ⁇ of each culture was transferred into 50 ⁇ DMSO, incubated at 80°C for 10 minutes, and centrifuged at 3220 g for 5 minutes. 15 ⁇ of the resulting supernatant was then transferred to 105 ⁇ _ 50% DMSO for LC-MS analysis.
  • SC synthetic complete
  • UGT74G1 SSL candidates results in increases and/or decreases in accumulation of one or more glycosides of steviol, enf-kaurenol, and/or enf-kaurenoic acid, providing an altered distribution of glycoside accumulation relative to a host expressing wild-type UGT74G1 polypeptide.
  • the strain was further transformed to comprise and express tagged UGT74G1 polypeptide candidates operably linked to a TEF1 promoter (SEQ ID NO:170) and a ADH1 terminator (SEQ ID NO: 171 ).
  • Samples for LC-MS analysis were prepared by extracting 100 ⁇ of cell solution with 100 ⁇ of DMSO, vortexing until mixed, and incubating at 80°C for 10 minutes. The resultant extract was clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 min. 20 ⁇ of the supernatant was diluted with 140 ⁇ _ of 50% (v/v) DMSO for LC-MS injection.
  • LC- MS data was normalized to the OD 600 of a mixture of 100 ⁇ of the cell solution and 100 ⁇ of water, measured on an ENVISION ® Multilabel Reader (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA).
  • a steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strain as described in Example 2 further engineered to comprise and express a recombinant gene encoding a KO polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 1 17, SEQ ID NO:64) and a recombinant gene encoding a KAH polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:96, SEQ ID NO:97), was transformed with two independent integrative vectors comprising a tagged UGT74G1 polypeptide (as described in Example 7) operably linked to a TEF1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 170) and an ADH1 terminator (SEQ ID NO:171 ). Transformants were selected on antibiotic plates and presence of the construct was verified by PCR.
  • Samples for LC-MS analysis were prepared by extracting 100 ⁇ of cell solution with 100 ⁇ of DMSO, vortexing until mixed, and incubating at 80°C for 10 minutes. The resultant extract was clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 min. 20 ⁇ of the supernatant was diluted with 140 ⁇ _ of 50% (v/v) DMSO for LC-MS injection.
  • LC- MS data was normalized to the OD 600 of a mixture of 100 ⁇ of the cell solution and 100 ⁇ of water, measured on an ENVISION ® Multilabel Reader (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA).
  • a steviol glycoside-producing S. cerevisiae strain as described in Example 2 further engineered to comprise and express a recombinant gene encoding a KAH polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:96,
  • YNK1 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:181 , SEQ ID NO:182), operably linked to a pTEF1 promoter
  • SEQ ID NO:170 and a CYC1 terminator (SEQ ID NO: 183), an additional copy of the gene encoding a PGM1 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 184, SEQ ID NO:185), operably linked to a pTEF1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 170) and a CYC1 terminator (SEQ ID NO:183), an additional copy of the gene encoding a PGM2 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 186, SEQ ID NO:187), operably linked to a pPGK1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 188) and a tADH1 terminator (SEQ ID NO: 171 ), and an additional copy of the gene encoding a UGP1 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:189, SEQ ID NO: 190), operably linked to a pPGK1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 188) and a tADH1 terminator (SEQ ID NO: 171 ).
  • Two independents clones were transformed with a vector comprising a tagged UGT74G1 polypeptide (as described in Example 7) operably linked to a TEF1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 170) and an ADH1 terminator (SEQ ID NO:171 ). Transformants were selected on antibiotic plates and presence of the construct was verified by PCR.
  • Samples for LC-MS analysis were prepared by extracting 100 ⁇ of cell solution with 100 ⁇ of DMSO, vortexing until mixed, and incubating at 80°C for 10 minutes. The resultant extract was clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 min. 20 ⁇ of the supernatant was diluted with 140 ⁇ _ of 50% (v/v) DMSO for LC-MS injection.
  • LC- MS data was normalized to the OD 600 of a mixture of 100 ⁇ of the cell solution and 100 ⁇ of water, measured on an ENVISION ® Multilabel Reader (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA).
  • SEQ ID NO:34 Stevia rebaudiana
  • GRGSTFEETA YALFALHVMD GSEEATGRRR IAQWARALE WMLARHAAHG LPQTPLWIGK 480

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