EP1051714B2 - Weichmagnetische nickel-eisen-legierung mit kleiner koerzitivfeldstärke, hoher permeabilität und verbesserter korrosionsbeständigkeit - Google Patents
Weichmagnetische nickel-eisen-legierung mit kleiner koerzitivfeldstärke, hoher permeabilität und verbesserter korrosionsbeständigkeit Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1051714B2 EP1051714B2 EP99906109A EP99906109A EP1051714B2 EP 1051714 B2 EP1051714 B2 EP 1051714B2 EP 99906109 A EP99906109 A EP 99906109A EP 99906109 A EP99906109 A EP 99906109A EP 1051714 B2 EP1051714 B2 EP 1051714B2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mass
- maximum
- alloy
- melting
- rare earths
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title description 13
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title description 13
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 title description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001122 Mischmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003009 desulfurizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron nickel Chemical compound [Fe].[Ni] UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017116 Fe—Mo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003271 Ni-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001004 magnetic alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
- H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/147—Alloys characterised by their composition
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
- H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/147—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/14708—Fe-Ni based alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
- H01H50/16—Magnetic circuit arrangements
Definitions
- the invention relates to a soft magnetic nickel-iron alloy.
- the main requirements of the material are a high saturation flux density to achieve large magnetic holding forces at low energy, high permeability, so that a small magnetic field strength, i. a small excitation current and a high flux density in the air gap can be generated and so acts a large attraction to the anchor.
- Low coercive field strengths allow easy opening of the relay when the excitation current decreases.
- the contact surfaces of the armature and yoke must have the smallest possible gap in order to achieve a high permeability of the magnetic circuit yoke and armature. They must not be damaged by switching the relay, because then the tripping current of the relay changes.
- the block or the continuous casting slab is thermoformed in one or two steps to a thickness of about 4 mm and then cold-worked to final thickness if necessary with intermediate annealing.
- the magnetic properties deteriorate, as z.
- Non-metallic impurities arise due to the required deoxidation and / or desulfurization treatment of the melt prior to casting.
- oxides of calcium, magnesium or aluminum for example, oxides of calcium, magnesium or aluminum.
- the JP-A 07166281 relates to a magnetic alloy for magnetic heads consisting of Ni and Fe with additions of Nd, Pr or Sm.
- the amount of Ni is over 78% by weight.
- the object underlying the invention is to provide a method for melting a soft magnetic iron-nickel alloy, which satisfies the described requirements for the magnetic properties, the corrosion and the wear resistance.
- the alloy is preferably produced by steelworking technology, ie, open-arc melting followed by ladle metallurgy and / or vacuum-oxidation-decarburization (VOD) treatment for deoxidation, desulfurization, and degassing. After that, the. Block or the continuous cast slab in one or two steps thermoformed to a thickness of about 4 mm and then cold worked to final thickness, if necessary, with intermediate annealing to adjust the hardness required for the production of parts of this band. Subsequent to the production of parts from this alloy and the annealing of these parts at temperatures between 800 and 1150 ° C, coercive forces of less than 8 A / m can be achieved with these parts.
- VOD vacuum-oxidation-decarburization
- Preferred applications of the alloy according to the invention are i.a. Relay parts, such as yokes and anchors.
- the alloys with a nickel content of less than or equal to 55% by mass show, after the end of this alternating climate test, all significantly greater corrosion phenomena on the surface than the alloys with nickel contents of more than 75%.
- the magnetic properties required by DIN 17405 were satisfied, as demonstrated by the coercive forces Hc given by way of example in Table 3 (prior art).
- the improvement of the corrosion behavior according to the invention is surprisingly achieved by desulfurization of the more corrosion-susceptible nickel-iron alloys having a nickel content of from 35% by weight to 65% by weight with cerium.
- This is preferably carried out with a mischmetal of the rare earths cerium and / or lanthanum and / or praseodymium and / or neodymium which are very similar in chemical behavior.
- a mischmetal of the rare earths cerium and / or lanthanum and / or praseodymium and / or neodymium which are very similar in chemical behavior.
- To bind off all sulfur safely enough rare earth atoms must be present. If the formation of e.g. This is the case when more cerium atoms than sulfur atoms are present in the alloy.
- cerium content in mass% must be at least a factor of 4.4 greater than the sulfur content in mass% in order to achieve complete binding of the sulfur by cerium.
- the relay materials may only have a very low content of non-metallic inclusions according to DIN 50602 (method M). For this reason, the maximum size values of the sulfidic inclusions in line form SS smaller than 0.1 or 1.1, and the maximum size values of oxidized inclusions in dissolved form OA (aluminum oxides) must also be used for deoxidation with cerium or a mischmetal from the rare earths cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium.format2.2 , aluminum oxides
- compositions of the invention limits charge T2536 T5477 T5488 T4392 T4505 T5406 E5407 E0545 Ni 47.45 47.5 47.85 47.7 47.45 47.9 47.65 47.65 Mn 12:40 0.40 0.36 12:38 12:40 12:38 12:39 0.41 Max. 0.5 Si 12:19 0.19 0.22 0.20 0.14 12:15 0.14 12:22 Max. 0.3 al 0.005 0.005 0,007 0.009 0,007 0008 0.005 0.005 Max. 0,010 mg 0.001 0.0003 0.0008 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0006 0.0008 Max.
- batch T0626 with a rare earths residual content of 0.054%, cracks formed in the hot forming and the billet was scrap. Such a high content of rare earth leads to a poorer thermoforming behavior.
- batch T0624 could be rolled both on block and on hot strip with a thickness of about 4 mm. Since the rare earths behave chemically similar, according to the invention, the content of the sum of the rare earth cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium to limit a maximum of 0.05% by mass to avoid hot forming problems.
- Table 8 shows the investigation of the content of non-metallic inclusions according to DIN 50602 on different batches according to the prior art (T) and the charges (E) according to the invention.
- the batch T2536 has a maximum size value of 2.7 for the oxide inclusions in line form (method M). This value is too high for the use of this batch as a material for relay parts. It causes wear on the contact surfaces of the relay and results in the loss of functionality of the relay.
- the content of non-metallic inclusions is therefore limited according to the invention as follows:
- the maximum size values according to DIN 50602 of the sulfide inclusions in line form SS are less than or equal to 0.1 and 1.1, the maximum size values according to DIN 50602 of the oxide inclusions in dissolved form OA (aluminum oxides) less than or equal to 2.2, 3.2 and 4.2 respectively, the maximum size values according to DIN 50602 of oxide inclusions in line form OS (silicates) less than or equal to 5.2 or 6.2 or 7.2 and the maximum size values according to DIN 50602 of oxide inclusions In globular form OG less than or equal to 8.2 or 9.2. All other batches listed in Table 8 meet the requirements for non-metallic inclusions.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
- Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19803598A DE19803598C1 (de) | 1998-01-30 | 1998-01-30 | Weichmagnetische Nickel-Eisen-Legierung mit kleiner Koerzitivfeldstärke, hoher Permeabilität und verbesserter Korrosionsbeständigkeit |
| DE19803598 | 1998-01-30 | ||
| PCT/EP1999/000066 WO1999039358A1 (de) | 1998-01-30 | 1999-01-08 | Weichmagnetische nickel-eisen-legierung mit kleiner koerzitivfeldstärke, hoher permeabilität und verbesserter korrosionsbeständigkeit |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1051714A1 EP1051714A1 (de) | 2000-11-15 |
| EP1051714B1 EP1051714B1 (de) | 2001-12-19 |
| EP1051714B2 true EP1051714B2 (de) | 2008-04-30 |
Family
ID=7856134
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99906109A Expired - Lifetime EP1051714B2 (de) | 1998-01-30 | 1999-01-08 | Weichmagnetische nickel-eisen-legierung mit kleiner koerzitivfeldstärke, hoher permeabilität und verbesserter korrosionsbeständigkeit |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1051714B2 (enExample) |
| JP (2) | JP2002502118A (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100384768B1 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN1163915C (enExample) |
| AT (1) | ATE211297T1 (enExample) |
| CZ (1) | CZ301345B6 (enExample) |
| DE (2) | DE19803598C1 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES2169597T5 (enExample) |
| HU (1) | HU222469B1 (enExample) |
| PL (1) | PL192145B1 (enExample) |
| PT (1) | PT1051714E (enExample) |
| SK (1) | SK285293B6 (enExample) |
| TR (1) | TR200002190T2 (enExample) |
| TW (1) | TW418406B (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO1999039358A1 (enExample) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018127918A1 (de) | 2018-11-08 | 2020-05-14 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Teils aus einer weichmagnetischen Legierung |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10143397A1 (de) * | 2001-09-04 | 2003-03-27 | Pierburg Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Drehwinkelerfassung und Vorrichtung zur Magnetfelderfassung |
| DE102009010244A1 (de) * | 2009-02-17 | 2010-08-19 | Linde Material Handling Gmbh | Steuerungsvorrichtung für eine mobile Arbeitsmaschine, insbesondere ein Flurförderzeug |
| DE102009012794B3 (de) | 2009-03-13 | 2010-11-11 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh & Co. Kg | Hysteresearmer Sensor |
| CN102314984B (zh) * | 2011-05-19 | 2012-11-28 | 浙江科达磁电有限公司 | 磁导率μ=26的铁镍钼合金软磁材料及其制造方法 |
| CN102306526B (zh) * | 2011-05-19 | 2012-11-28 | 浙江科达磁电有限公司 | 一种铁镍钼合金软磁材料及其制造方法 |
| CN102314981B (zh) * | 2011-05-19 | 2012-11-28 | 浙江科达磁电有限公司 | 磁导率μ=125的铁镍钼合金软磁材料及其制造方法 |
| CN102314980B (zh) * | 2011-05-19 | 2012-11-28 | 浙江科达磁电有限公司 | 磁导率μ=60的铁镍钼合金软磁材料及其制造方法 |
| CN102306529B (zh) * | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-28 | 浙江科达磁电有限公司 | 磁导率μ=26的铁镍合金软磁材料及其制造方法 |
| CN102306530B (zh) * | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-28 | 浙江科达磁电有限公司 | 磁导率μ=60的铁镍合金软磁材料及其制造方法 |
| CN102306528B (zh) * | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-28 | 浙江科达磁电有限公司 | 磁导率μ=125的铁镍合金软磁材料及其制造方法 |
| CN102306527B (zh) * | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-28 | 浙江科达磁电有限公司 | 磁导率μ=75的铁镍合金软磁材料及其制造方法 |
| CN102723158B (zh) * | 2012-07-06 | 2015-12-02 | 白皞 | 含稀土的高磁导率Ni-Fe软磁合金及其制备方法和用途 |
| JP6143539B2 (ja) * | 2013-05-08 | 2017-06-07 | 日本冶金工業株式会社 | 熱間加工性および交流磁気特性に優れるＮｉ−Ｆｅ系パーマロイ合金とその製造方法 |
| CN103498102B (zh) * | 2013-08-29 | 2017-03-22 | 上海惠北特种合金有限公司 | 燃气灶具自动熄火保护装置用精密合金配方及其制备方法 |
| CN104439234B (zh) * | 2014-12-20 | 2017-01-11 | 河南省龙峰新材料有限公司 | 一种稀土元素掺杂的镍硅铝软磁材料的制备方法 |
| CN104593670B (zh) * | 2015-01-17 | 2017-05-31 | 东莞市大晋涂层科技有限公司 | 一种铁镍基软磁材料的制备方法 |
| JP2016216818A (ja) * | 2015-05-14 | 2016-12-22 | Tdk株式会社 | 軟磁性金属粉末、および、軟磁性金属圧粉コア。 |
| CN107326270A (zh) * | 2017-05-26 | 2017-11-07 | 太仓明仕金属制造有限公司 | 一种金属五金件用镀镍材料 |
| CN111101057B (zh) * | 2019-12-25 | 2021-05-25 | 北京北冶功能材料有限公司 | 一种超低温磁屏蔽用软磁合金带材及制备方法 |
| CN111564273A (zh) * | 2020-04-23 | 2020-08-21 | 钢铁研究总院 | 一种低成本高饱和磁感应强度的FeNi软磁合金及其制备方法 |
| CN111863536A (zh) * | 2020-08-04 | 2020-10-30 | 贵州天义电器有限责任公司 | 一种微小型密封电磁继电器的驱动结构 |
| CN112176222B (zh) * | 2020-10-30 | 2021-12-17 | 东北大学 | 一种含Ce的Fe-Ni坡莫合金材料及其制备方法 |
| DE102021111286A1 (de) | 2021-04-30 | 2022-11-03 | Magnetec Gmbh | Dämpfungsfolie und Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Dämpfungsfolie |
| CN116162868B (zh) * | 2023-01-17 | 2024-06-14 | 北京北冶功能材料有限公司 | 一种中镍软磁合金及其制备方法 |
| CN116377284B (zh) * | 2023-03-08 | 2024-06-14 | 北京北冶功能材料有限公司 | 一种铁镍基软磁合金箔材及其制备方法和应用 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61276946A (ja) † | 1985-05-30 | 1986-12-06 | Toshiba Corp | リ−ドスイツチ用軟質磁性合金 |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1259367B (de) * | 1957-06-11 | 1968-01-25 | Forsch Metallische Spezialwerk | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines magnetisierbaren Werkstoffes mit rechteckiger Hystereseschleife und vorzugsweise hoher Anfangspermeabilitaet aus Ni-Fe-Legierungen |
| JPS5411775B2 (enExample) * | 1972-10-27 | 1979-05-17 | ||
| JPS53124799A (en) * | 1977-04-06 | 1978-10-31 | Toshiba Corp | Magnetic sealed material |
| US4881989A (en) * | 1986-12-15 | 1989-11-21 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Fe-base soft magnetic alloy and method of producing same |
| JPS63243251A (ja) * | 1987-03-31 | 1988-10-11 | Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co Ltd | Ｆｅ−Ｎｉ−Ｃｒ系耐食磁性材料とその製造方法 |
| JP2611994B2 (ja) * | 1987-07-23 | 1997-05-21 | 日立金属株式会社 | Ｆｅ基合金粉末およびその製造方法 |
| US4948434A (en) * | 1988-04-01 | 1990-08-14 | Nkk Corporation | Method for manufacturing Ni-Fe alloy sheet having excellent DC magnetic property and excellent AC magnetic property |
| EP0342923B1 (en) * | 1988-05-17 | 1993-09-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Fe-based soft magnetic alloy |
| JPH0645848B2 (ja) * | 1989-10-07 | 1994-06-15 | 財団法人電気磁気材料研究所 | 磁気記録再生ヘッド用耐摩耗性高透磁率合金の製造法ならびに磁気記録再生ヘッド |
| DE4105507A1 (de) * | 1990-02-26 | 1991-08-29 | Krupp Widia Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von weichmagnetischen legierungen auf fe-ni-basis |
| JP2500541B2 (ja) * | 1991-03-22 | 1996-05-29 | 日本電気株式会社 | マイクロ波増幅回路 |
| JPH0653039A (ja) * | 1992-08-03 | 1994-02-25 | Hitachi Ltd | 耐食性磁性膜およびこれを用いた磁気ヘッド |
| JPH0762483A (ja) * | 1993-08-30 | 1995-03-07 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | 軟磁性合金の溶製方法 |
| JPH07102350A (ja) * | 1993-10-06 | 1995-04-18 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Ｆｅ基磁性合金粉末及びその製造方法 |
| JPH07166281A (ja) * | 1993-12-08 | 1995-06-27 | Sumitomo Special Metals Co Ltd | 耐摩耗性磁性合金 |
| US5755986A (en) * | 1995-09-25 | 1998-05-26 | Alps Electric Co., Ltd. | Soft-magnetic dielectric high-frequency composite material and method for making the same |
| JP3594757B2 (ja) * | 1996-03-08 | 2004-12-02 | 日新製鋼株式会社 | 高純度高Ｎｉ溶鋼の溶製方法 |
-
1998
- 1998-01-30 DE DE19803598A patent/DE19803598C1/de not_active Revoked
-
1999
- 1999-01-08 CZ CZ20002616A patent/CZ301345B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-01-08 AT AT99906109T patent/ATE211297T1/de active
- 1999-01-08 WO PCT/EP1999/000066 patent/WO1999039358A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1999-01-08 JP JP2000529731A patent/JP2002502118A/ja active Pending
- 1999-01-08 CN CNB998014117A patent/CN1163915C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-08 TR TR2000/02190T patent/TR200002190T2/xx unknown
- 1999-01-08 PL PL341568A patent/PL192145B1/pl unknown
- 1999-01-08 EP EP99906109A patent/EP1051714B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-08 ES ES99906109T patent/ES2169597T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-08 PT PT99906109T patent/PT1051714E/pt unknown
- 1999-01-08 SK SK1083-2000A patent/SK285293B6/sk not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-01-08 KR KR10-2000-7008231A patent/KR100384768B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-08 DE DE59900588T patent/DE59900588D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-08 HU HU0003646A patent/HU222469B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-01-19 TW TW088100793A patent/TW418406B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2007
- 2007-06-26 JP JP2007168024A patent/JP2007314885A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61276946A (ja) † | 1985-05-30 | 1986-12-06 | Toshiba Corp | リ−ドスイツチ用軟質磁性合金 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| Zeitschrift für angewandte Physik, 32, Heft (3) (1971) 236-241, Hoffmann. † |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018127918A1 (de) | 2018-11-08 | 2020-05-14 | Vacuumschmelze Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Teils aus einer weichmagnetischen Legierung |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PT1051714E (pt) | 2002-06-28 |
| TW418406B (en) | 2001-01-11 |
| HU222469B1 (hu) | 2003-07-28 |
| ES2169597T5 (es) | 2008-11-01 |
| ATE211297T1 (de) | 2002-01-15 |
| SK285293B6 (sk) | 2006-10-05 |
| JP2007314885A (ja) | 2007-12-06 |
| CZ301345B6 (cs) | 2010-01-20 |
| HUP0003646A3 (en) | 2001-04-28 |
| HUP0003646A2 (hu) | 2001-02-28 |
| CZ20002616A3 (cs) | 2000-11-15 |
| SK10832000A3 (sk) | 2001-03-12 |
| TR200002190T2 (tr) | 2000-11-21 |
| JP2002502118A (ja) | 2002-01-22 |
| KR20010040436A (ko) | 2001-05-15 |
| DE19803598C1 (de) | 1999-04-29 |
| CN1163915C (zh) | 2004-08-25 |
| CN1275238A (zh) | 2000-11-29 |
| EP1051714B1 (de) | 2001-12-19 |
| KR100384768B1 (ko) | 2003-06-18 |
| WO1999039358A1 (de) | 1999-08-05 |
| DE59900588D1 (de) | 2002-01-31 |
| PL341568A1 (en) | 2001-04-23 |
| EP1051714A1 (de) | 2000-11-15 |
| ES2169597T3 (es) | 2002-07-01 |
| PL192145B1 (pl) | 2006-09-29 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP1051714B2 (de) | Weichmagnetische nickel-eisen-legierung mit kleiner koerzitivfeldstärke, hoher permeabilität und verbesserter korrosionsbeständigkeit | |
| EP1918407B1 (de) | Weichmagnetische Legierung auf Eisen-Kobalt-Basis sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung | |
| US8012270B2 (en) | Soft magnetic iron/cobalt/chromium-based alloy and process for manufacturing it | |
| DE2856794C2 (de) | Durch Stranggießen mit überschnellem Abkühlen hergestelltes, dünnes Band aus hochsiliziertem Stahl | |
| DE102016222805A1 (de) | Halbzeug und Verfahren zum Herstellen einer CoFe-Legierung | |
| DE10320350B3 (de) | Hochfeste weichmagnetische Eisen-Kobalt-Vanadium-Legierung | |
| DE2627532A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von nichtorientierten si-stahlblechen | |
| DE102007035774B4 (de) | Weichmagnetische Legierung auf Eisen-Kobalt-Basis sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung | |
| DE19928764B4 (de) | Eisen-Kobalt-Legierung mit geringer Koerzitivfeldstärke und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Halbzeug aus einer Eisen-Kobalt-Legierung | |
| DE19904951A1 (de) | Weichmagnetische Nickel-Eisen-Legierung mit kleiner Koerzitivfeldstärke, hoher Permeabilität, verbesserter Verschleißbeständigkeit und verbesserter Korrosionsbeständigkeit | |
| DE19628139C1 (de) | Verwendung einer korrosionsbeständigen weichmagnetischen Eisen-Nickel-Chrom-Legierung für Joche und Anker von elektromagnetischen Relais | |
| KR20210008732A (ko) | 비자성 오스테나이트계 스테인리스강 | |
| JP4852804B2 (ja) | 無方向性電磁鋼板 | |
| DE69204094T2 (de) | Material aus weichmagnetischer Legierung. | |
| EP0740313B1 (de) | Verwendung einer weichmagnetischen Nickel-Eisen-Legierung mit hoher Sättigungsinduktion und Vickershärte für Relaisteile | |
| DE19900351A1 (de) | Weichmagnetische Eisen-Nickel-Legierung | |
| JP3429023B2 (ja) | 軟磁気特性およびプレス成形性に優れた電磁ステンレス鋼板 | |
| JPH05255817A (ja) | 耐食性軟磁性材料 | |
| EP1492212A2 (de) | Weichmagnetische Legierung, Schrittmotor für eine elektrische Uhr mit einem Stator aus dieser weichmagnetischen Legierung sowie Quarzuhr | |
| KR20250096858A (ko) | 타발 가공성이 우수한 무방향성 전기 강판 | |
| DE19628138C1 (de) | Verwendung einer Eisen-Nickel-Legierung für weichmagnetische Bauteile | |
| DE102009043462A1 (de) | Magnetischer Streifen, Sensor aufweisend einen magnetischen Streifen und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines magnetischen Streifens | |
| DE102019133493A1 (de) | Elektroband oder -blech, Verfahren zur Erzeugung hierzu und daraus hergestelltes Bauteil | |
| DE1533382B1 (de) | Durch Uran verbesserte Eisen-Nickel-Legierungen | |
| EP0890177A1 (de) | Weichmagnetische nickel-eisen-legierung |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20000301 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT CH DE ES FR IT LI PT |
|
| GRAG | Despatch of communication of intention to grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA |
|
| GRAG | Despatch of communication of intention to grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA |
|
| GRAH | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20010523 |
|
| GRAH | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA |
|
| GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT CH DE ES FR IT LI PT |
|
| REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 211297 Country of ref document: AT Date of ref document: 20020115 Kind code of ref document: T |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: NV Representative=s name: E. BLUM & CO. PATENTANWAELTE Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
| REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 20020131 |
|
| ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: PT Ref legal event code: SC4A Free format text: AVAILABILITY OF NATIONAL TRANSLATION Effective date: 20020314 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FG2A Ref document number: 2169597 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: T3 |
|
| PLBQ | Unpublished change to opponent data |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS OPPO |
|
| PLBI | Opposition filed |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009260 |
|
| 26 | Opposition filed |
Opponent name: VACUUMSCHMELZE GMBH & CO. KG Effective date: 20020820 |
|
| PLBF | Reply of patent proprietor to notice(s) of opposition |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS OBSO |
|
| PLBF | Reply of patent proprietor to notice(s) of opposition |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS OBSO |
|
| RAP2 | Party data changed (patent owner data changed or rights of a patent transferred) |
Owner name: THYSSENKRUPP VDM GMBH |
|
| APBM | Appeal reference recorded |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNREFNO |
|
| APBP | Date of receipt of notice of appeal recorded |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNNOA2O |
|
| APBM | Appeal reference recorded |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNREFNO |
|
| APBQ | Date of receipt of statement of grounds of appeal recorded |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNNOA3O |
|
| APAH | Appeal reference modified |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSCREFNO |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PFA Owner name: KRUPP VDM GMBH Free format text: KRUPP VDM GMBH#PLETTENBERGER STRASSE 2#58791 WERDOHL (DE) -TRANSFER TO- KRUPP VDM GMBH#PLETTENBERGER STRASSE 2#58791 WERDOHL (DE) |
|
| APBU | Appeal procedure closed |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNNOA9O |
|
| PUAH | Patent maintained in amended form |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009272 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: PATENT MAINTAINED AS AMENDED |
|
| 27A | Patent maintained in amended form |
Effective date: 20080430 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B2 Designated state(s): AT CH DE ES FR IT LI PT |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: AEN Free format text: AUFRECHTERHALTUNG DES PATENTES IN GEAENDERTER FORM |
|
| PLAB | Opposition data, opponent's data or that of the opponent's representative modified |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009299OPPO |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: DC2A Date of ref document: 20080630 Kind code of ref document: T5 |
|
| ET3 | Fr: translation filed ** decision concerning opposition | ||
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R082 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Representative=s name: CICHY, WOLFGANG, DIPL.-ING., DE Effective date: 20130221 Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R081 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Owner name: VDM METALS INTERNATIONAL GMBH, DE Free format text: FORMER OWNER: THYSSENKRUPP VDM GMBH, 58791 WERDOHL, DE Effective date: 20130221 Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R081 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Owner name: VDM METALS GMBH, DE Free format text: FORMER OWNER: THYSSENKRUPP VDM GMBH, 58791 WERDOHL, DE Effective date: 20130221 Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R081 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Owner name: OUTOKUMPU VDM GMBH, DE Free format text: FORMER OWNER: THYSSENKRUPP VDM GMBH, 58791 WERDOHL, DE Effective date: 20130221 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R082 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Representative=s name: CICHY, WOLFGANG, DIPL.-ING., DE |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R082 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Representative=s name: CICHY, WOLFGANG, DIPL.-ING., DE Effective date: 20140526 Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R081 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Owner name: VDM METALS INTERNATIONAL GMBH, DE Free format text: FORMER OWNER: OUTOKUMPU VDM GMBH, 58791 WERDOHL, DE Effective date: 20140526 Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R081 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Owner name: VDM METALS GMBH, DE Free format text: FORMER OWNER: OUTOKUMPU VDM GMBH, 58791 WERDOHL, DE Effective date: 20140526 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 18 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Payment date: 20160120 Year of fee payment: 18 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: PT Payment date: 20160105 Year of fee payment: 18 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R082 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Representative=s name: CICHY, WOLFGANG, DIPL.-ING., DE Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R081 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE Owner name: VDM METALS INTERNATIONAL GMBH, DE Free format text: FORMER OWNER: VDM METALS GMBH, 58791 WERDOHL, DE |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 19 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20170131 Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20170131 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20170710 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20180122 Year of fee payment: 20 Ref country code: ES Payment date: 20180226 Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20180119 Year of fee payment: 20 Ref country code: AT Payment date: 20180122 Year of fee payment: 20 Ref country code: IT Payment date: 20180129 Year of fee payment: 20 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R071 Ref document number: 59900588 Country of ref document: DE |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: MK07 Ref document number: 211297 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20190108 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FD2A Effective date: 20200721 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF EXPIRATION OF PROTECTION Effective date: 20190109 |