CN1469712A - 营养组合物及改善蛋白质沉积作用的方法 - Google Patents
营养组合物及改善蛋白质沉积作用的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
提供了可以刺激身体蛋白质合成并改善肌肉质量的维持和恢复的组合物和方法。读组合物包含:(i)一种蛋白质源,其提供的能量至少占该组合物所提供总能量的约8%,而且乳清蛋白至少占其重量的约50%;(ii)一种油脂源,含有ω3∶6的脂肪酸,其比例为约5∶1到约10∶1;而且其提供的能量至少占该组合物所提供总能量的约18%;(iii)一种碳水化合物源;和(iv)平衡的微量营养元素组成,至少包括维生素E和维生素C。
Description
本申请要求于2000年8月22日提交的美国临时申请NO.60/227.117的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用作营养补充物的组合物;一种生产该组合物的方法;该组合物在生产功能食品或营养药物中的应用,改善肌肉蛋白质合成,防止肌肉损失,以及加速病人在疾病或手术痊愈过程中肌肉质量的恢复的方法,如那些食欲受限的,例如上年纪的或者厌食症患者;或者那些消化其他来源蛋白质能力受到削弱的病人,该方法包括服用有效用量的该组合物。
背景技术
许多人没有摄入足够的营养物以达到营养上完全的饮食。为了帮助这些人,开发了营养补充物。营养补充物通常并不是为了向营养上完全的饮食提供所有必需的营养物;相反它们通常是补充饮食使得它在营养上更加完全。然而,在一些情况下营养补充物可以提供完全的营养物。
营养补充物适合很多人;例如呕吐病人、恢复中的病人、厌食症患者以及老年人。呕吐病人和恢复中的病人对食物的自然吸收通常比普通人低,必需营养供应不足,因此力量的恢复和积累将被削弱。另一方面,相当一部分的老年人由于吃得太少而不能满足他们所必需的营养。这通常是由于随着体重的下降及机体活力的降低对所需能量的降低而导致的。厌食症患者就是食欲不振以及不能吸收足够营养的人。在所有的情况下,能够提供流失的那部分营养的营养补充物对病人都有利。
营养补充物多种多样。在北美市场上,ROSS实验室的营养补充物家族通常以ENSURE的商品名销售。所用的蛋白质源基本上都是酪蛋白酸盐和大豆蛋白的分离物。另一种商业营养补充物家族是NovartisNutrition公司销售的RESOURCE。在这些营养补充物家族中,蛋白质源是以酪蛋白酸盐为基础的。另一种商业营养补充物家族是NestleClinical Nutrition销售的NUBASICS。通常,这类营养补充物所用的蛋白质源是酪蛋白酸盐。然而,这些产品存在的问题就是消费者不一定能够摄入足够的营养;要么是因为摄入的产品量不足,要么就是由于摄入的其它食物不足。对于渐愈的病人、老年人和其他厌食症患者尤其如此,他们由于没有胃口而导致营养不足。
存在或者在文献中报道过以其它一些蛋白质源为基础的营养补充物,例如乳清蛋白。通常,以乳清蛋白为基础的营养补充物以果汁的形式供给;例如在欧洲专利申请0486425和美国专利5,641,531中所披露的。然而,这些产品存在的问题就是它们一般不能提供油脂源,尽管事实上油脂源对摄入足够的营养是必需的。
因此,对这样一种组合物的需求是存在的,即能够提供特殊的营养需求,这对提高肌肉蛋白质的合成或肌肉质量的恢复是必需的。
发明内容
很明显,我们已经发现了这样一种组合物,它可以解决上述问题并且能够使这类病人维持或者恢复他们的力量。
本发明的第一个方面是提供一种改善肌肉合成的方法:包括给个体服用有疗效剂量的组合物,该组合物包括:(i)一种蛋白质源,其提供的能量至少占该组合物所提供总能量的约8%,优选地,至少约10%;而且乳清蛋白至少占其重量的约50%;(ii)一种油脂源,含有ω3∶6的脂肪酸,其比例为约5∶1到约10∶1;而且其提供的能量至少占该组合物所提供总能量的约18%;(iii)一种碳水化合物源,其提供该组合物其余部分的能量;和(iv)平衡的微量营养元素组成,至少包括维生素E和维生素C。
在本说明书中“包含”一词的意思是“在其他物质中包括”。而不是指:“仅仅含有”。
本发明的第二个方面是为个体提供一种防止肌肉损失的方法。该方法包括给个体服用有疗效剂量的上述组合物。
本发明第三个方面是提供一种加速个体肌肉质量恢复的方法。该方法包括给个体服用有疗效剂量的上述组合物。
本发明第四个方面是提供一种生产该组合物的方法,其包括以必需的剂量混合组分。
令人吃惊的是,根据本发明现在已经发现了这样一种作为营养补充物的组合物。因其包含乳清蛋白,与作为蛋白质源的酪蛋白相比,至少能使老年人增加两倍的整体蛋白质积累。因此它能帮助这类病人保持肌肉蛋白质,更加迅速的恢复肌肉蛋白质,并因此快速地恢复他们的力量。
另外,根据本发明现在已经发现了这样一种作为营养补充物的组合物,因其包含乳清蛋白而更易被消化。因此病人不能够食用足够量营养补充物的问题有可能得到缓解。同样地,病人不能够食用足够量其它食物的问题也有可能得到缓解。此外,该组合物具有非常平衡的油脂源含量,其可以提供更容易利用的能量。
该组合物的一个优选实施方案包含乳清蛋白作为蛋白质(氨基酸)主要来源。乳清蛋白可以是甜乳清或酸乳清或它们的组合。优选这样一种乳清蛋白,即:乳清蛋白经过酶处理而部分水解的产物,优选用胰蛋白酶,Alcalase蛋白酶或Novozyme脂酶,并因此粘度更小,重量更轻,以及与已知的作为营养饮料和营养补充物的组合物相比更易消化。
值得注意的是,本发明并不仅限于乳清蛋白水解物。例如,也可以使用未经水解的乳清蛋白,尤其是把组合物制成粉末状时。
用上述的一种或几种酶部分水解乳清蛋白可以在如下的条件下进行:PH值的范围大约从6.6到8.8(优选大约8.5),温度大约从40℃到70℃(优选大约65℃),酶浓度为蛋白质的0.5%到2.5%(优选大约1.0%)。优选地,用酶处理大约5到120分钟(优选15分钟)以达到足够的水解程度。
优选地,乳清蛋白水解产物的含量最低占配方中蛋白质含量的50%。优选单一蛋白质源,但也可以与完整的乳清蛋白或其他蛋白质或肽源结合使用,包括在乳清或牛奶中发现的天然肽例如酪氨酸多糖缩氨酸(caseino-glycomacropeptide)。令人惊奇的是,我们发现尽管在该组合物中含有高比例不完全水解的蛋白质,但是它具有物理稳定性和易于接受的口味,这主要是因为用来制备水解产物的工艺和选择的调味系统赋予了这种组合物一种易于接受的感官特征。
优选地,至少水解乳清蛋白重量的约50%。更优选地,至少水解乳清蛋白重量的约70%。
优选的蛋白质源大约能提供该组合物总能量的8%到20%,对成年人来讲更优选的方案是其包含的蛋白质源大约能提供该组合物总能量的15%到18%(最优选的是大约16%)。其他更适合儿童的优选方案中包含的蛋白质源大约能提供该组合物总能量的8%到14%(最优选的是大约12%)。
很明显地,由于乳清蛋白的性质和它可以增加蛋白质合成的事实以及它更易被消化,该组合物对那些需要营养补充物的人们具有非常有益的效果,例如那些肌肉质量损耗和/或食欲受限的人,例如那些受到或正从外伤、疾病或手术中恢复的病人,老年人或者那些消化其他来源的蛋白质有问题的人,例如那些由于胃蛋白酶消化能力的减弱而患慢性胃炎的人。很明显地,该组合物可以保持或迅速恢复他们的力量并因此帮助渐愈中的病人恢复。
优选的油脂源包含大约占总重量40%到65%的单不饱和脂肪酸;和占总重量约15%到30%的多不饱和脂肪酸。饱和脂肪酸优选低于总重量的约30%。在脂肪混合物中最多可以包含约20%的中链甘油三酯,以助于消化。每100g油脂源中至少包含大约30mg的维生素E。
优选的油脂源大约能提供该组合物总能量的25%到35%,更优选的是大约占该组合物总能量的30%。
优选的碳水化合物源包括蔗糖、玉米糖浆、麦芽糖糊精或它们的混合物。优选的碳水化合物源大约能提供该组合物总能量的50%到60%。
该组合物一个优选的实施方案包含一种含有丰富营养具有独特构成的微量营养素组合物,其包括一种或多种营养成分,选自维生素E、维生素C、牛磺酸、叶酸和维生素B-12。很明显地,该组合物可以帮助病人在氧化应激或炎症患病期或恢复期补充大量所需的营养,营养物如维生素B-12在患有消化疾病如食欲不振或接受肠道手术的病人中吸收不是很好。
优选的微量营养素至少包含叶酸和/或维生素B-12。
该组合物一个优选的实施方案包含益生元纤维素。优选的纤维素选自菊糖、阿拉伯胶、抗性淀粉、葡聚糖、低聚木糖(XOS)、低聚果糖(FOS)、低聚半乳糖或者它们的混合物。
该组合物一个优选的实施方案是以粉末的形式,服用前用水稀释即可,或者以方便服用的液体强化饮料形式提供;或者以具有像奶油蛋羹或乳酪样纹理组织的布丁形式提供,其适合于那些患吞咽困难症或其他吞咽问题的人食用;或者以条状的形式提供,以满足不同的需求。
该组合物一个优选的实施方案是为人类食用和/或用药而配制的。另一个优选的实施方案是为宠物食用而配制的。
根据本发明组合物的一个优选实施方案,其包含至少一种添加的益生菌微生物。依据抗生素疗法,这种益生菌微生物具有能够恢复肠菌类自然平衡的优点。
粉末形式的组合物一个更为优选的实施方案中包含乳酸菌和/或其发酵代谢产物。优选的乳酸菌选自约氏乳杆菌、类干酪乳杆菌或它们的混合物。该产品具有抑制幽门螺杆菌在胃中繁殖的优点。幽门螺杆菌与溃疡有关,特别是病人患有胃炎的时候。最优选的益生菌细菌包括保藏号为NCC2461的类干酪乳杆菌菌株。
本发明的一个优点是:它提供一种可以作为功能食物产品的组合物,因此它不需要特殊的用药方式。
本发明的另一个优点是:以具有像奶油蛋羹或乳酪样纹理组织的布丁形式提供,本产品可以给那些患吞咽困难症的病人食用。
本发明的另一个优点是:一个优选的实施方案富含维生素E和维生素C,而且对于那些由于传染病、败血病或其他氧化应激反应引起血液中这些营养物质损耗的病人来讲,可以使这些营养成分恢复到正常状态。一个优选的实施方案另外包含牛磺酸,而且对于那些由于传染病、败血病或其他氧化应激反应引起血液中牛磺酸损耗的病人来讲,可以使牛磺酸恢复到正常状态。
本发明的另一个优点是:一个优选的实施方案特别富含维生素B-12和叶酸,胃病患者或肠道手术病人对这两种营养成分的吸收非常微弱。
本发明其它的特点和优点将在下面通过对目前优选的实施方案进行描述得以清楚地展示。
附图简述
图1 图解说明在食用包含乳清蛋白或酪蛋白的营养补充物之后蛋白质的合成过程。
图2 图解说明在食用包含酪蛋白或乳清蛋白的营养补充物之后蛋白质的平衡过程。
发明详述
本发明提供方法和营养补充物,其特别适合于为有此需求的人提供补充的营养,他们有可能从中受益,如增加肌肉蛋白的合成。这些人包括老年人。由于营养补充物的成分更易消化,因此病人更乐意食用有疗效剂量的营养补充物或其他食物以获得充足的营养。
乳清蛋白至少占蛋白质源重量的约50%,优选地,至少经过部分水解。用来生产水解产物的乳清蛋白可以是商品化的乳清蛋白源或者是基于甜乳清或者基于酸乳清或者两者兼备。优选地,乳清蛋白是一种乳清蛋白占其重量约80%以上的乳清蛋白源。合适的乳清蛋白浓缩物是LACPRODAN9087,合适的乳清蛋白分离物源包括ALACEN895(NewZealand Milk Products Inc),BiPRO(Le Sueur Isolates of LeSueur,Minnesota),PROVON-190(Avonmore Ingredients Inc ofMonroe Wisconsin)和LACPRODAN9212(Royal Proteins,Inc ofRosemont Illinois)。
如果需要,蛋白质源可以包括一定量的其他合适的蛋白质。例如,蛋白质源可以另外包括少量的酪蛋白、大豆蛋白、大米蛋白、豌豆蛋白、长豆角蛋白、燕麦蛋白、牛奶蛋白、酪氨酸多糖缩氨酸或这些蛋白质的混合物。此外,如果需要,蛋白质源可以另外包括少量的游离氨基酸。优选地,其他合适的蛋白质占蛋白质源重量的比例低于约50%;更优选地,低于约30%。
优选地,蛋白质源大约提供该营养补充物总能量的8%到20%。例如,在一个适用于成年人的实施方案中蛋白质源大约提供该营养补充物总能量的15%到18%;在一个适用于儿童的实施方案中蛋白质源大约提供该营养补充物总能量的8%到14%。
该营养组合物包含油脂源。优选的油脂源大约提供该营养补充物总能量的18%到40%;更优选地大约提供该营养补充物总能量的25%到35%。例如,油脂源可以大约提供该营养补充物总能量的30%。
中链甘油三酯(MCT)最多占油脂源重量的约20%。油脂源富含单不饱和脂肪酸。特别地,单不饱和脂肪酸至少占油脂源重量的约40%。优选地,单不饱和脂肪酸约占油脂源重量的45%到65%;例如大约占其重量的55%。
油脂源也可以包括多不饱和脂肪酸。优选地,多不饱和脂肪酸约占油脂源重量的15%到30%;例如大约占其重量20%的多不饱和脂肪酸。优选地,该组合物的油脂源组成中多不饱和脂肪酸ω-6(n-6)与ω-3(n-3)的比例大约是1∶1到10∶1。优选地,n-6与n-3脂肪酸的比例大约是从5∶1到9∶1;例如大约7∶1。
饱和脂肪酸占油脂源重量的比例低于约35%;包括中链甘油三酯。更优选地,饱和脂肪酸占油脂源重量的比例低于约30%。
合适的油脂源包括高油葵花油,高油红花油,葵花油,红花油,菜子油,豆油,橄榄油,菜籽油,玉米油,花生油,米糠油,乳脂,榛子油和结构化油脂。分馏椰子油是合适的中链甘油三酯来源。
该营养补充物也包括碳水化合物源。优选的碳水化合物源大约提供该营养补充物总能量的40%到65%;尤其是大约提供该营养补充物总能量的50%到60%。例如,碳水化合物源大约可以提供该营养补充物总能量的54%。几种可以使用的碳水化合物包括麦芽糊精、葡萄糖浆、玉米淀粉、改性淀粉、蔗糖、果糖或者它们的混合物。如果需要,该营养补充物可以避免使用乳糖。
优选地,该营养补充物包括全部的维生素和矿物质。例如,每1000卡路里的营养补充物中包含充足的维生素和矿物质以满足每日必需的维生素和矿物质的约50%到500%。优选地,该营养补充物富含维生素E。例如,每1000千卡的营养补充物可以包含80到120国际单位的维生素E。更优选地,每250ml一份的营养补充物包含大约30国际单位的维生素E。此外,该营养补充物也富含维生素C,每1000千卡营养补充物提供大约150到250mg的维生素C,优选每250ml一份的营养补充物包含60mg。优选地,每份营养补充物也包含200g叶酸和3g维生素B-12。在一个少儿食用的营养补充物实施方案中含有尤其适合这一年龄段特殊需要的改善的维生素和矿物质组成。
此外,该营养补充物包含可溶性益生元纤维素。益生元纤维素是一种纤维素,其通过选择性刺激结肠中能够促进宿主健康的细菌的生长和/或活性对宿主产生有益的影响。合适的可溶性益生元纤维素包括低聚果糖(FOS)和菊粉。合适的菊粉提取物可以从比利时的Orafti SAof Tirlemont3300得到,商品名为“Raftiline”。类似地,合适的低聚果糖也可以从比利时的Orafti SA of Tirlemont3300得到,商品名为“Raftilose”。优选地,FOS和菊粉的比例大约从60∶40到80∶20,最优选大约70∶30。其他可能的纤维素包括树胶,例如瓜尔胶、黄原胶、低聚木糖、阿拉伯树胶、果胶、金合欢胶、抗消化淀粉、葡聚糖或它们的混合物。选择的纤维素不应该导致饱腹感。
据报道,可溶性益生元纤维素可以促进胃-肠道中双岐因子的生长,在一定情况下可以阻止或降低病原体的生长,例如芽孢梭菌素。另据报道,促进双岐因子的生长有各种益处。同样,纤维素在结肠中发酵可以产生短链脂肪酸。这些脂肪酸是肠细胞的燃料。
优选地,可溶性益生元纤维素的用量要足以为患者每天提供大约4到9g可溶性发酵纤维素的需求。因此,每1000千卡营养补充物中大约包含6g到12g的益生元纤维素。另一个实施方案包括9g或更少的益生元纤维素混合物,例如4g混合物。
如果需要,营养补充物也可以包括不溶性膳食纤维素。合适的不溶性膳食纤维素是豆科植物和谷类的外壳纤维;例如豌豆外壳纤维、燕麦外壳纤维、大麦外壳纤维、大豆外壳纤维。
优选的营养补充物大约包含800kcal/l到2000kcal/l的能量;例如大约包含1000kcal/l到1500kcal/l的能量。
该营养补充物可以制成可溶性粉末、浓缩液、布丁、条形/蛇形或者一种适合于口服或肠道给药的方便食用的制剂。尤其优选即饮型制剂。也可以使用多种香料、甜味剂和其它的添加剂。可以使用人工甜味剂,例如基于乙酰氨基磺酸酯和L-天门冬氨酰的甜味剂;例如乙酰磺胺酸钾或阿斯巴甜或它们的混合物。
例如,可以通过将蛋白质源和油脂源一起混合悬浮于水中的方法生产该营养补充物,所用的水最好先进行反渗透处理。如果需要,可以使用商品化的液化器形成液体混合物,在混合物中可以包含乳化剂。这时可以加入维生素和矿物质,但是通常最后加入以避免热降解。任何添加的亲脂性维生素、乳化剂和类似物在混合之前都可以溶于油脂源中,然后将液体混合物均质化,例如前面所述的两个阶段的蛋白质水解过程中第一阶段可以在大约7MPa到40MPa压力下进行,第二阶段可以在大约2MPa到14MPa的压力下进行。或者,乳清蛋白在形成乳液之前重新溶于水并水解。如果需要乳清蛋白的水解产物和其它完整蛋白质的混合物这是优选的生产方法。如果在实际生产中采用该方法,那么要在乳清蛋白水解过程之后将完整蛋白质和油脂加入到水解产物中并将混合物均质化。优选通过加热或调节pH值或者同时使用这两种方法使酶变性以终止水解过程。酶的灭活一般在对蛋白质的热稳定性和产品味道和质量损害最低的条件下进行。例如,酶的灭活可以通过在90℃高温下保持5分钟或110℃下保持15秒的方法进行。可以通过(蒸)汽(喷)射器或热交换器实现加热;例如板式热交换器。
然后液体混合物逐渐冷却到大约20℃到30℃;例如通过闪蒸冷却和热交换器,优选板式热交换器。可以在这时或稍后以干粉或液浆的形式加入碳水化合物源。可以进一步冷却混合物以便加入任何热敏性的组分,例如维生素和矿物质。然后用水混合以得到液体混合物,优选使用经过反渗透处理的水。此时均质化混合物的pH值和固体成分是很容易定型的。
然后可以对液体混合物进行热处理,例如使用一种无菌生产方法以降低细菌附着和产品消毒。例如,可以将液体混合物迅速加热到大约110℃并保持5分钟或者大约150℃并保持5秒钟。可以通过(蒸)汽(喷)射器或热交换器实现加热;例如板式热交换器。然后将液体混合物均质化,例如分两个阶段进行:第一阶段在大约7MPa到40MPa的压力下和第二阶段大约2MPa到14MPa的压力下。
如果要生产液体的营养补充物,可以将均质化的混合物装入合适的容器中,例如食品罐。填充过程要么是无菌操作,要么容器经过蒸馏消毒。合适的填充装置有商品销售。
令人惊讶的是,我们发现对于老年人乳清蛋白可以刺激餐后蛋白质的合成,而其它像酪蛋白这样的蛋白质则不能。确实,根据本发明营养补充物的一个实施方案,其中包含乳清蛋白,与用酪蛋白作为蛋白质源的营养补充物相比其使老年人的整体蛋白质合成水平提高了两倍。因此它有助于老年人或者那些正在受着疾病煎熬的或正从疾病、手术或外伤中恢复的病人积蓄肌肉蛋白质,更快地重建肌肉蛋白质,并因此使他们更快地恢复力量。
据信,乳清蛋白在胃里可以迅速地被排空并且在肠道里很容易被水解并吸收。这样可以产生一小段令病人感到满足的餐后时期,并因此快速地使他们恢复食欲。相反地,像酪蛋白这样的蛋白质在胃里排空的速度较慢,从而产生一大段稳定的令病人感到满足的餐后时期。因此该营养补充物可以为老年人和病人和那些从厌食症和/或蛋白质能量型营养不良症中渐愈的病人提供补充营养。
我们也发现氨基酸组分很适合于提高谷氨酰胺的内源合成。因此,对人和动物来讲营养补充物可以用作间接的谷氨酰胺源。特别地,营养补充物可以用来为那些谷氨酰胺耗尽的病人提供营养;例如重病患者或败血症、外伤、烧伤、炎症患者,或手术后恢复的病人。此外,营养补充物可以用来提高那些受外伤或肠道疾病或为了维持肠道生理功能的病人体内谷氨酰胺的合成。另外,营养补充物可以用来维持或增加人和动物体内血浆谷氨酰胺水平,以及提高免疫能力。
此外,我们发现乳清蛋白富含苏氨酸——一种合成粘蛋白很重要的基础物质。因此如果那些遭受或者有粘蛋白合成能力受损或降低危险的病人使用该营养补充物将对其健康有益;例如,炎症反应患者、营养不良患者、囊肿性纤维化(属遗传性胰腺病)、恶性肿瘤、慢性肠炎、溃疡性结肠炎和节段性回肠炎(克罗恩氏病)患者,用包括非类固醇、抗过敏药物和类似物进行治疗的患者,并且在全部静脉注射营养物质之后。
此外,我们发现乳清蛋白富含半胱氨酸,一种重要的抗氧化剂和谷胱甘肽的直接前体。因此,该营养补充物具有此优点:可以为那些缺乏谷胱甘肽以及抗氧化剂不足的病人提供补充的营养。例如,该营养补充物可以为老年人或者急性或慢性炎症患者提供补充营养。
病人需要食用本营养补充物的数量依赖于多种因素,例如,病人的病情、体重、年龄,以及其它的营养来源。但是,也可以按医嘱服用。为了满足每天所必需的营养,该营养补充物可以分多次服用,例如2到5次,或一次服用。
实施例
作为实例而非限制,现在我们通过实施例进一步阐述本发明。实施例1
制备了一种营养补充物口服液。该营养补充物包括如下组分:
组分 | 湿重(占组合物总重量的百分比) | 能量(%) |
蛋白质乳清蛋白 | 4.8 | 16 |
碳水化合物麦芽糖糊精庶糖 | 13 | 54 |
脂类高油红花油谷物油菜籽油 | 2.8g | 30 |
维生素和矿物质 | 至少占RDA的5% |
油脂混合物大约包括25%的饱和脂肪酸,55%的单不饱和脂肪酸和20%的多不饱和脂肪酸。n-6∶n-3的比例大约是7∶1。每份配方中包含30IU的维生素E和60mg的维生素C。
该营养补充物的能量密度是1000kcal/l。实施例2
制备了一种营养补充物口服液。该营养补充物中蛋白质提供16%的能量,其中70%的蛋白质是经过水解的乳清蛋白,其余的是完整蛋白质。剩余的组分如实施例1所述。
该营养补充物的能量密度是1000kcal/l。实施例3
制备了一种营养补充物口服液。该营养补充物中蛋白质提供16%的能量,其中50%~100%的蛋白质是乳清蛋白或者经过水解的乳清蛋白。
该营养补充物的能量密度是1500kcal/l。实施例4
制备了一种粉末状营养补充物。该营养补充物中蛋白质提供16%的能量,其中50%~100%的蛋白质是乳清蛋白或者经过水解的乳清蛋白。该营养补充物包含益生菌细菌,优选约氏乳杆菌。实施例5-儿科专用的口服液
制备了一种专为成长中的儿童设计的营养补充物口服液。例如,该营养补充物中由蛋白质提供的能量的比例相对较低,优选10-12%,但碳水化合物提供的能量相对较高。剩余的组分如实施例1所述。
该营养补充物的能量密度是1000kcal/l。实施例6-儿科专用的粉末
制备了一种粉末状营养补充物。该营养补充物中蛋白质提供10-12%的能量,其中50%~100%的蛋白质是乳清蛋白或者经过水解的乳清蛋白。该营养补充物可能包含益生菌,优选双歧乳杆菌和嗜热螺菌。实施例7-棒和布丁
制备了几种其他形式的营养补充物,例如布丁、乳酪和蛇形棒。布丁和乳酪形式适合吞咽困难的病人。制备的所有其他形式的营养补充物中蛋白质提供10-16%的能量,其中50%~100%的蛋白质是乳清蛋白或者经过水解的乳清蛋白。实验NO.1
本研究的目的是比较包含乳清蛋白或酪蛋白的营养补充物对健康的老年人餐后整体蛋白质代谢和平衡的影响。为此目的,对比了食用基于酪蛋白(CAS)或乳清蛋白(WP)的营养补充物之后的亮氨酸动力学。实验材料:
从Eurisotop公司(Gif-sur-Yvette,France)购买的L-[1-13C]亮氨酸(99摩尔%过量,MPE),L-[5,5,5-2H3]亮氨酸(97MPE)和碳酸氢钠[13C](99MPE)。亮氨酸的同位素和化学纯度通过气相色谱-质谱(GCMS)检测,并且在使用前对其进行无菌状态和致热性的测试。静脉注射给药的示踪剂(L-[1-13C]亮氨酸和[13C]碳酸氢盐)用无菌无热原的水制备。每次实验,都要用0.22μm的薄膜滤器对水进行过滤。用L-[5,5,5-2H3]亮氨酸产生两种内标牛乳蛋白组分:酪蛋白和乳清蛋白。向哺乳期的牛注入含重氢的示踪剂可得到示踪蛋白质,收集牛奶并用微滤和超滤技术纯化这两个蛋白质组分。亮氨酸的富集度分别是8.28和8.16MPE。为了得到总浓度大约为10μmol/kg的L-[5,5,5-2H3]亮氨酸,将示踪蛋白质组分分别与其非示踪组分混合。蛋白质纯度和细菌学质量符合人类食用的标准。研究对象:
9名身体健康的男性老年志愿者参加了本研究。他们的年龄是71.8±1岁(平均值±方差),体重正常(体重指标:25.3±1.0kg/m2)。经过尿检和体检发现他们的血液生化成分正常,没有肾病、心血管病、肠胃病或内分泌病史。要求他们在研究过程中维持正常的生活习惯。实验方案:
本研究有两个方案,差别仅在于液体营养补充物所含的蛋白质成分不同:i)营养补充物包含30g的酪蛋白(CAS);ii)营养补充物包含30g的乳清蛋白。液态营养补充物所有的成分如下表1所示。
随机分配志愿者到这两个方案。在每个方案中都观察到至少3周的wash-out时期。在4个白天进行的试验中,要求志愿者食用大约含30kcal.kg-1.d-1能量的均衡饮食,其中16%的能量由蛋白质提供。在晚上进行的试验中,他们食用标准膳食(849kcal和16%蛋白质)。之后,不提供其它食物。早上大约7∶30,将一根导管逆行插入手背部的静脉,并且将手放入60℃的通风橱中,然后对动脉进行血液抽样。将第二根导管插入另一只手臂的静脉以注入示踪剂。注入一剂[13C]碳酸氢钠(6mg)之后,开始连续注入L-[1-13C]亮氨酸(0.06μmol.kg-1.min-1)并持续590分钟。在注入170分钟之后(0min),在5分钟内服用一种营养补充物。
收集血样和呼吸样品以如下方式进行:在注入任何试剂之前(180,170min);在第i.v.示踪剂达到同位素平台(-40,-20,0min)而食用营养补充物以前;食用营养补充物以后每隔20分钟(20,40,60,80,100,120min),每隔30分钟(150,180,210,240,270,300min)和每隔40分钟(340,380,420min)。在离心分离血液之后,将血浆样品与内标物(正亮氨酸)混合,并储存于-20℃以做进一步分析之用。将呼吸样品收集于10ml的真空采血系统(BectonDickinson,Grenoble,France)以进行[13C]CO2的富集度分析。通过开路循环间接量热法每隔20分钟重复一次进行顺序测定可得到CO2的总产率。分析方法:
用叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基衍生物通过GCMS(Hewlett-Packard5971A)测定血浆[13C]亮氨酸和酮异己酸(KIC),以及[2H3]亮氨酸的浓度。对[13C]和[2H3]浓度进行校正。以正亮氨酸为内标通过GCMS测定亮氨酸的浓度。用气相色谱同位素比质谱仪(μGas system,FisonsIntrument。VG Isotech,Middl8wich,England)测定[13C]CO2的浓度。
以正亮氨酸为内标通过GCMS分析该营养补充物中亮氨酸的含量和浓度。用凯氏定氮法测定氮的含量。计算:
用前体池模型(precursor pool model)估测非定态条件下(即,食用营养补充物以后)蛋白质新陈代谢的参数。
进入外周循环的亮氨酸的总速率(总Leu Ra)是根据血浆中随时间变化的静脉示踪剂(即,[13C]亮氨酸)的注射速率,亮氨酸血症,和血浆中i.v.示踪剂的亮氨酸浓度计算得到的。三种不同亮氨酸的通量形成总Leu Ra:i)外源(即,食物)亮氨酸(Exo Leu Ra)的进入速率,ii)静脉注射的标记亮氨酸,和iii)蛋白质降解产生的内源亮氨酸(Endo Leu Ra)的进入速率。在吸收后的条件下,Exo Leu Ra为零,因此Endo Leu Ra等于对应于示踪剂注射速率的总Leu Ra。食用营养补充物之后,Exo Leu Ra是根据Steele’s方程的Proietto’s变换由摄入的示踪剂浓度和总Leu Ra的同时变化值计算的。在那样的情况下,Endo Leu Ra可以由总Leu Ra减去Exo Leu Ra和示踪剂的注射速率得到。内脏吸收率的计算,其表示摄入的亮氨酸在它第一次通过肠道和肝脏时被吸收的部分,是由摄入的亮氨酸总量减去Exo LeuRa与亮氨酸摄入总量的关系曲线(AUC)下的积分面积得到的。
从血浆中消失的亮氨酸的总速率(总Leu Rd)是由总Leu Ra减去亮氨酸池容量随时间的变化值计算得到的。总Leu Rd相当于氧化的亮氨酸(Leu Ox)和用于蛋白质合成的(非氧化的亮氨酸或NOLD)亮氨酸通量的总和。Leu Ox由[13C]CO2的产率除以血浆中[13C]KIC的浓度得到。因此NOLD是由总Leu Rd减去Leu Ox得到的。
饭后420min内亮氨酸的剩余量是由摄入的亮氨酸(消化的亮氨酸+注入的亮氨酸)减去Leu Ox的AUC得到的。
在所有的计算中,亮氨酸的分布容积常数(0.5L/kg),直接混合时池容量的校正因子(0.25),和CO2回收因子(0.8)与前面采用的相同。统计分析:
结果表示为平均值±标准偏差。统计分析的目的是:i)表征消化营养补充物之后亮氨酸变化的动力学(即,从后吸收状态开始的变化),和ii)比较这两个方案。为了这一目的,通过从个体时间点中减去基线值(时间点——40到0)的平均数使得个体的曲线标准化。
由消化营养补充物诱导的变化:为了评价由消化营养补充物诱导的亮氨酸动力学变化,使用标准化的基线值0±Ta×SD计算每个测试食品的置信区间。在此方程中,SD是每个方案中n个单独基线值的标准偏差;Ta是对于(n-1)个自由度的T分布的临界值。如果所有个体的值都落在该置信区间之外,那么可以认为该变化与基线有显著性差异(α=0.05)。
两个方案的对比:每个个体的曲线通过其最大值来表征。用ANOVA(Statview,4.02,Abacus Concept,Berkeley,CA)反复测量的原始和标准化数值对亮氨酸通量和餐后亮氨酸剩余量进行对比。
结果
蛋白质合成:
在食用含酪蛋白(CAS)的营养补充物之后,非氧化的亮氨酸(NOLD)——整体蛋白质合成的一个指标,仅有微弱的增加。相反,在食用含乳清蛋白(WP)的营养补充物之后的40到160分钟之内,引起了NOLD明显的增加(见图一),其与含CAS的营养补充物相比有明显的提高(P<0.01)。剩余:
在食用含乳清蛋白(WP)的营养补充物之后,餐后7个小时内亮氨酸剩余量(蛋白质平衡的一个指标)是135±18μmol.kg-1(见图2),比食用含酪蛋白的营养补充物(54±14μmol.kg-1)高将近3倍。此差异非常明显(P<0.001)。见图2。
表1.以酪蛋白和乳清蛋白为基础的营养补充物的配方(g/100g液体产品)
成分碳水化合物酪蛋白乳清蛋白分离物脂肪维生素和矿物质香料水 | 酪蛋白12.507.502.000.320.1077.36 | 乳清蛋白12.507.502.000.320.1077.36 |
应该知道对于本领域技术人员来讲对在此描述的本发明优选实施方案的各种改变和改进是非常明显的。在不背离本发明精神和范围的前提下,这些改变和改进是允许的而且不会损害其优点。因此这些改变和改进均在附属权利要求书之中。
Claims (15)
1.一种组合物用于制备一种可食用的载体以改善肌肉蛋白质合成,防止肌肉损失或者加速肌肉质量恢复的用途,该组合物包含:
一种蛋白质源,其提供的能量至少占该组合物提供总能量的8%,而且其包含的乳清蛋白至少占该蛋白质源总重量的50%,
一种油脂源,含有ω3∶6的脂肪酸,其比例为约5∶1到约10∶1;而且其提供的能量至少占该组合物提供总能量的18%,
一种碳水化合物源和一种至少包含维生素E和维生素C的微量营养元素成分。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其中乳清蛋白包括部分水解的乳清蛋白。
3.根据权利要求1或2的用途,其中乳清蛋白包括的乳清蛋白水解产物至少占组合物中蛋白质源的50%。
4.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中至少50重量%的乳清蛋白是经过水解的。
5.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中组合物包括酪氨酸多糖缩氨酸。
6.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中蛋白质源提供的能量最多占组合物提供总能量的20%。
8.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中单不饱和脂肪酸大约占油脂源重量的40%到65%,多不饱和脂肪酸大约占油脂源重量的15%到30%。
9.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中饱和脂肪酸的含量小于约30重量%。
10.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中油脂源提供的能量大约占组合物提供总能量的25%到35%。
11.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中碳水化合物源包含蔗糖、玉米糖浆、麦芽糖糊精和/或它们的组合。
12.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中碳水化合物源提供的能量大约占组合物提供总能量的50%到60%。
13.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中组合物包括一种或多种微量营养元素,其选自维生素E、维生素C、牛磺酸、叶酸和维生素B-12。
14.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中组合物至少包括一种益生元纤维素,其选自菊糖、阿拉伯胶、抗性淀粉、葡聚糖、低聚木糖、低聚果糖(FOS)和/或它们的组合。
15.根据前面任何一项权利要求的用途,其中组合物至少包括一种微生物。
16.根据权利要求16的用途,其中微生物是一种益生菌微生物。
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