CN1391706A - 高能量可充电电化学电池,非水电解质 - Google Patents
高能量可充电电化学电池,非水电解质 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1391706A CN1391706A CN00816048A CN00816048A CN1391706A CN 1391706 A CN1391706 A CN 1391706A CN 00816048 A CN00816048 A CN 00816048A CN 00816048 A CN00816048 A CN 00816048A CN 1391706 A CN1391706 A CN 1391706A
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- Prior art keywords
- magnesium
- aluminium
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- electrolyte
- electrochemical cell
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- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000002769 thiazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 25
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 22
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 7
- -1 alkali-metal salt Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- OIGPMFVSGDDYHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper sulfanylidenemolybdenum Chemical compound [S].[Cu].[Mo] OIGPMFVSGDDYHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012457 nonaqueous media Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004832 voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001075 voltammogram Methods 0.000 description 2
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical group [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000707 boryl group Chemical group B* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDUPRNVPXOHWIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl sulfite Chemical compound COS(=O)OC BDUPRNVPXOHWIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001760 dimethyl sulfoxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007786 electrostatic charging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004210 ether based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003049 inorganic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001867 inorganic solvent Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CMVOJSWILFNLFI-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;dibromate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].[O-]Br(=O)=O.[O-]Br(=O)=O CMVOJSWILFNLFI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005555 metalworking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000386 microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- MCSAJNNLRCFZED-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitroethane Chemical compound CC[N+]([O-])=O MCSAJNNLRCFZED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000005677 organic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000007096 poisonous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000307 polymer substrate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G39/00—Compounds of molybdenum
- C01G39/006—Compounds containing, besides molybdenum, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G28/00—Compounds of arsenic
- C01G28/007—Halides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G30/00—Compounds of antimony
- C01G30/006—Halides
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/06—Aluminium compounds
- C07F5/061—Aluminium compounds with C-aluminium linkage
- C07F5/064—Aluminium compounds with C-aluminium linkage compounds with an Al-Halogen linkage
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
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- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- H01M6/164—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solvent
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于电化学电池的非水电解质,包括:(a)至少一种有机溶剂;(b)至少一种由下述通式表示的电解活性盐:M'+m(ZRnXq-n)m,其中:M’是从由镁、钙、铝、锂和钠构成的组中选出的;Z是从铝、硼、磷、锑和砷构成的组中选出的;R代表从下述基中选出的基团:烃基、烯基、芳基、苯基、苄基和酰氨基;X是卤素(I,Br,Cl,F);m=1-3;在Z=磷、锑和砷的情况下,n=0-5和q=6,在Z=铝和硼的情况下,n=0-3和q=4。还公开了含有嵌入阴极、金属阳极、上述类型的电解质的可充电、高能量密度电化学电池。
Description
发明领域和背景
本发明涉及利用具有嵌入阴极的非水液体电解质的电化学电池,尤其涉及利用嵌入阴极和镁阳极和非水液体电解液的电化学电池。
已知各种类型的高能量密度的电化学电池。这样的电池通常由过渡金属氧化物或硫族化物阴极活性材料、阳极活性碱金属或碱金属嵌入化合物、含有在对质子惰性的有机或无机溶剂或聚合物中溶解的基于碱金属的盐的电解质溶液构成。
理论上来说,可充电电池能够无限期的进行充放电,但是,事实上不能获得这种性能。各种阳极、阴极和电解质的退化机理是复杂的并且在一般的文献中探讨过。
两种基本类型的阴极适用于在环境温度下可充电的电池系统。可以采用液体阴极,允许容易地反应发生。液体阴极另外的优点在于在阴极表面上形成的薄膜或硬壳容易裂开,这样阴极活性保持高于循环过程。但是,阴极材料的迁移容易使阴极与阳极接触引起电池短路。因此,具有液体阴极的电化学电池需要在阳极上的保护性绝缘膜。
固体阴极在电解液中必须是不溶解的,必须能够以基本上可逆和快速的方式接受和释放电荷补偿离子。此类型固体阴极的基本例子是嵌入阴极。嵌入化学集中在离子或中性分子向无机或有机基质中的嵌入。在典型的嵌入阴极中,在电解液中溶解的阳离子插入到无机基质结构中。
特别重要的嵌入材料的一种类型是Chevrel相材料或Chevrel化合物。Chevrel化合物包含由钼和硫族-硫、硒、碲或者它们的混合物构成的不变部分。不变部分通式为Mo6Tn,其中T代表硫族,n通常是约8。Chevrel相材料的独特晶体结构允许一种或多种离子以可逆的、部分可逆的或不可逆的方式嵌入。嵌入化合物的化学计量比可以表示为MxMo6Tn,其中M代表嵌入金属,x可以依据特定金属的性能从0(没有嵌入金属)至4或更少之间变化。
金属离子向Chevrel化合物的嵌入释放能量。由于过程是部分地或完全可逆的,这些化合物尤其适用于在电化学电池中作电极。例如,锂、主要的嵌入离子可以通过施加电能从Chevrel化合物去除。在重新嵌入时,能量作为电能释放。
在高能量密度、可充电的电化学电池中的阴极活性材料必须与适合的阳极活性材料相配,所述阳极活性材料普遍由活性金属例如碱金属制成。但是,特定的阳极-阴极对的性能受电解质系统的性质的强烈影响。已知某种非水电解质与稳定阳极-阴极对配合良好,而与其他阳极-阴极对是无效的或者效力是明显减少的,这是由于在各成分之间随时间的反应会导致退化。结果,大部分现有技术涉及阴极活性材料、阳极活性材料和电解液不仅作为独立的个体,而且作为在适当电池系统中的单元。
Klemann等人的美国专利US4104451公开了具有碱金属阳极、硫族阴极以及在有机溶剂中的有机金属碱金属盐作为电解质系统的可逆电池。公开了含有有机硼基和铝基阴离子的碱金属盐的非水电解质系统。
其中R1-R4是从下述基中选出的有机基团:烃基、芳基、烯基、环烷基、烯丙基、杂环、氰基,M+代表碱金属离子。
美国专利US4139681描述了包含通式为ZMRnXi的电解活性金属盐配合物的电池,其中Z是来自含铝的基团中的一种金属,Rs是特定的卤代有机基团,Xs从各种卤化物、烃基、芳基、烷芳基、芳烷基选出。M指定为碱金属,锂是优选实施例。
Armand等人的美国专利US4542081描述了用于构成电化学发生器的固体电解质材料的溶液。该化合物的通式为
(R-C≡C)4Z-,M+其中Z是能够进入到4-配位的三价元素,例如铝,R代表非质子施主的基。M特指碱金属。
包括美国专利US4104451、4511642、4139681以及4542081在内的上述现有技术指定M是碱金属。因为碱金属阳极和碱土金属阳极相比更易于离子化,因此碱土金属阳极例如镁的采用相对于碱金属例如锂的采用显出了缺点。另外,在重新充电的情况下,电池必须能够重新沉积在放电期间以相对纯的状态溶解的、而在电极上没有沉积物形成的阳极金属。
但是,对于碱金属电池而言有许多缺点。碱金属尤其锂非常贵。碱金属是高反应性的。碱金属还是高易燃性的,由于碱金属与氧或其它活性材料的反应引起的火灾很难扑灭。锂是有污染的,已知锂化合物的严重生理影响,即使在很少量的情况下。结果,碱金属的采用需要专门的措施,例如干燥的室内,专门的设备和程序。
相比之下,金属镁和金属铝易于加工。所述金属是反应性的,但是表面迅速钝化,这样金属是高稳定性的。相对于碱金属而言,镁和铝都不贵。
Hoffman等人的美国专利US4894302公开了一种具有嵌入阴极、碱土阳极、含有有机溶剂和电解活性有机金属碱土金属盐的非水液体电解质的电化学电池,其中电解活性有机金属碱土金属盐的通式为其中Z是硼或铝;R1-R4是从下述基中选出的基团:烃基、芳基、烷芳基、芳烷基、烯基、环烷基、烯丙基、杂环烃、氰基;M代表碱土金属,例如镁。所述基团可以惰性地用取代基替代,所述取代基在考虑到电化学电池效力的电解质成分的电解性能方面没有不利影响,例如上述基的卤代或部分卤代衍生物。当采取全面考虑公开宽范围的有机基团和卤代有机基团时,没有考虑到将阴离子(Z)的金属种类结合到其它无机种类。
美国专利US5491039描述了含有固体聚合物基质和有机金属离子盐的固体单相电解质,此有机金属离子盐通式为:
Mc(ZRn)其中Z是硼、铝或钛;Rn是各种取代的或未取代的有机基团;M是锂、钠、钾或镁,c是1或2,n是从1至6的整数。在美国专利US4894302中公开了公开了宽范围的有机基团或卤代有机基团,但是没有报道将阴离子(Z)的金属种类结合到其它无机种类。
美国专利US5491039和US4894302都公开了具有碱土金属阳极例如镁的电化学电池。但是对于商业化应用来说,这些镁电池必须本质上是可充电的,并且必须具有合理的保存期限。利用通常的嵌入阴极和根据现有技术的电解质来维持1.5V的电压是有问题的或是不可能的。在1.5V下工作的镁电池尤其倾向于电解质的分解以及两个电极表面的结壳/钝化。
因此,广泛认识到需要一种改进的非水电解质是很有利的,这种非水电解质允许生产比迄今所知的镁电池更安全、更清洁、更稳定、更有效、更经济的实用可充电镁电池产品。
发明概述
本发明是一种在电化学电池中采用的新型电解质。电解质的性能包括高导电性以及对于Mg/Mg+2可以超过2V的电化学范围(窗口)。在适当电池中电解质的采用有助于嵌入金属的基本上可逆的沉积。
根据本发明的技术,提供一种用于电化学电池的非水电解质,所述电解质包括:(a)至少一种有机溶剂;(b)至少一种由下述通式表示的电解活性盐:
M’+m(ZRnXq-n)m
其中:M’是从由镁、钙、铝、锂和钠构成的组中选出的;Z是从铝、硼、磷、锑和砷构成的组中选出的;R代表从下述基中选出的基团:烃基、烯基、芳基、苯基、苄基和酰氨基;X是卤素(I,Br,Cl,F);m=1-3;在Z=磷、锑和砷的情况下,n=0-5以及q=6,在Z=铝、硼的情况下,n=0-3以及q=4。
根据下述本发明优选实施例中进一步的特点,将根据本发明的电解质结合到由所述电解质和适当阳极-阴极对构成的特定电化学电池之中。
根据优选实施例中的进一步的特点,一种这样的适当阳极-阴极对是镁金属阳极和镁嵌入化合物阴极。
还在另一个优选实施例中,镁嵌入化合物阴极是具有以下形式的镁-Chevrel嵌入阴极
CuxMgyMo6S8其中x=0-1,y=0-2。
本发明成功地克服了现有电解液的缺点,提供了用于生产可行的、具有超过1.5伏特的名义电压的可充电镁电池的基础。
附图的简要说明
仅通过例子的方式,参考附图,在此描述本发明。
图1a和图1b是显示利用金电极、在四氢呋喃(THF)中的镁盐溶液的典型循环伏安法(voltammograms)的曲线图;
图2a-2d是显示在铜电极上沉积的金属镁的不同形式的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的微观照片。
图3是由Chevrel相阴极、镁金属阳极、含有在THF中的Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2盐的电解质构成的电化学电池的电压图形的曲线,其中接着首先的五次循环(循环1-5)绘出循环340-345。
优选实施例的描述
本发明是在电化学电池中采用的新型电解质。电解质的性能包括高导电性和对于Mg/Mg+2能够超过2V的电化学窗口。在适当电池中电解质的采用有助于金属镁在阳极集流体上基本上可逆的沉积以及在阴极材料中镁的可逆嵌入。
虽然碱金属是很容易离子化的,但是其它金属阳极的采用例如镁和铝认为是有利的。镁和铝和碱金属相比非常的便宜。碱金属是高反应性的和高易燃性的,碱金属引起的火很难扑灭。特别是,锂是有毒的,已知它的化合物严重的生理影响,即使是少量的情况下。结果,碱金属的采用需要专门措施,例如干燥的空间、专门的设备以及专门的程序。
镁和铝是反应性的,但表面遭受迅速钝化,这样从实际应用的角度出发,所述金属是高稳定性的。镁和铝是易得而且便宜的,无毒,无害,因此,是用于电化学电池尤其是用于电解液的所希望的原料。
虽然已知基于镁的一次电化学电池,但是这种电池是非可充的,仅用于军事应用。利用通常的嵌入阴极和根据现有技术的电解质,维持1.5伏特的电压是有问题的甚至是不可能的。在1.5V下工作的镁电池尤其容易造成电解质分解以及电极表面的结壳/钝化。
本发明提供一种用于电化学电池中的非水电解质,所述电解质包括:(a)至少一种有机溶剂;(b)至少一种由下述通式表示的电解活性盐:
M’+m(ZRnXq-n)m
其中:M’是从由镁、钙、铝、锂和钠构成的组中选出的;Z是从铝、硼、磷、锑和砷构成的组中选出的;R代表从下述基中选出的基团:烃基、烯基、芳基、苯基、苄基和酰氨基;X是卤素(I,Br,Cl,F);m=1-3;在Z=磷、锑和砷的情况下,n=0-5以及q=6,在Z=铝、硼的情况下,n=0-3以及q=4。
如上所述,具有根据本发明的电解质和适当阳极-阴极对的电池的电化学窗口是2伏特,这样在没有电解质分解和电极结壳的条件下、电池可以以稳定、可逆的方式在1.5伏特下工作。
在本发明的优选实施例中,根据本发明的电解质用在具有金属阳极和嵌入阴极的电化学电池中。
已知特定的非水电解质与特定的阳极-阴极对配合良好,而与其它阳极-阴极对的配合是无效的或者效力明显减少,这或是因为电解质不是惰性的,或是因为它在循环过程中发生退化。因此,对于电解质不仅作为独立的实体,而且作为在含有合适的阳极-阴极对的系统中的单元来看待是重要的。
因此,根据下述本发明优选实施例的进一步的特点,根据本发明的电解质是结合到含有适当阳极-阴极对的特定电化学电池中的。
当包括镁、锂、铝、钙的各种金属用作电解液的阳极时,特定的适用电池包括根据本发明的电解液,镁金属阳极和镁嵌入化合物阴极。
还在另一个优选实施例中,镁嵌入化合物阴极是具有以下形式的镁-Chevrel嵌入阴极
CuxMgyMo6S8其中x=0-1,y=0-2。
具有根据本发明的改进电解质的电解电池的原理和工作可以参考附图和附带说明更好的理解。
本发明的电解质组合物包括有机溶剂和上述M’+m(ZRnXq-n)m形式的电化学活性有机金属盐。这种形式的有机金属盐可以与相容性的非有机金属盐结合,或与其它形式的相容性的有机金属盐结合。
许多和不同有机溶剂适用于本发明的电解质中,包括醚、有机碳酸酯、内酯、酮、腈、脂肪族和芳香族的烃溶剂和有机硝基溶剂。具体而言,可适用的溶剂包括乙腈、己烷、THF、二甘醇二甲醚、三甘醇二甲醚、四甘醇二甲醚、二甲氧基乙烷、二乙氧基乙烷、二乙醚、二甲氧基乙烷、二甲亚砜、二甲基亚硫酸酯、环丁砜以及硝基乙烷。
与根据本发明的电解质结合采用的嵌入阴极包括过渡金属氧化物、硫族化物、卤化物及其组合。具体而言,过渡金属氧化物包括V2O5、TiS2、MoS2、ZrS2、Co3O4、MnO2、Mn2O4,硫族化物包括Chevrel相化合物。例1
用于与根据本发明的电解质结合的镁-Chevrel嵌入阴极根据由Goecke,sch?lhorn等人研究的工序进行合成(Inorg.chem.26,p.1805(1987))。将高纯度的元素硫、钼和铜以4∶3∶1的化学计量比例添加。在紧密混合并压成丸片状之后,将混合物在10-5乇的真空度下密封在石英安瓿瓶中。将安瓿瓶放置在加热炉中,以400℃/h的速率将温度升到450℃。然后在450℃恒温24h。接着,以400℃/h的速率将温度升到700℃,在700℃恒温24h。然后以120℃/h的速率将温度升到1050℃,并在1050℃恒温48h。在以120℃/h的速率将温度降至室温之后,安瓿瓶破裂。用研钵和杵将所获得的铜钼硫化物(Cu2Mo6S8)研磨成细粉。
铜钼硫化物粉末与载有聚四氟乙烯的炭黑(CB)混合。所得的膏状物分散在不锈钢筛网上并挤压。所形成的复合电极以室温在真空下烘24h。
随后对电极进行电化学预处理,其中在宿主基质(Cu2Mo6S8)中的某些铜离子脱出。在非水介质中进行铜的电化学脱出,此非水介质为含有1MMg(ClO4)2的乙腈溶液。通过其中控制了电位上限的静电充电处理来进行脱出。
在通过乙腈中清洗接着将电极烘干之后,在含有1M Mg(ClO4)2的乙腈溶液中以各种扫描速率在相对于Ag/Ag+1参比电极的-1.6V和0.01V之间进行充放电循环。观察到显著的电化学氧化还原活性,具有相对于Ag/Ag+在-1.219V的主要氧化峰以及相对于Ag/Ag+在-1.41V的相对应主要还原峰。与嵌入-脱去过程有关的电荷分别是71mAh/g和72mAh/g,在下述通式中对应于y=1.09-1.12,
Cu0.13MgyMo6S8
嵌入过程的化学和电化学可逆性经多次循环证实。例2
现在参考附图,图1a和图1b是显示利用金电极、在四氢呋喃(THF)中的醚-镁有机-卤素铝酸盐溶液的典型循环伏安法(voltammograms)的曲线图。
图1a显示了利用金工作电极、利用THF溶液所获得的Mg(AlCl3Bu)2的动电位工作状态。在-1V的峰是由于金属镁的沉积,在0.9V附近的峰归因于随后的金属镁的电化学溶解。用此系统所获得的电化学窗口超过2.6V。由循环伏安法清楚地证明镁沉积和溶解是完全可逆的。
在THF溶液中的Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2的动电位响应在图1b中示出。随着镁沉积峰在-0.3V(相对于Mg/Mg+)开始,随后在0.4V镁再溶解峰出现,电化学窗口跨度超过2.3V。当在先前的情况下,从循环伏安法证明镁沉积和溶解是完全可逆的。
上述结果与Hoffman等人在美国专利US4894302所提出的电解质取得的结果相比更优。用现有技术的有机硼烷盐所获得的电化学窗口,利用二丁基-二苯硼酸镁(Mg(BBu2Ph2)2)以对照研究的方式测量,跨度仅约1.8-1.9V。利用根据本发明的电解质所获得的较宽电化学窗口表明了对于电解质改善的稳定性,允许采用更高能的阴极材料,这样电池的循环寿命和能量密度明显提高。
图2中提供的SEM微型照片显示出用于根据本发明的电解质和电化学电池的各种类型的镁沉积图形。图2a-2b对应于上述电化学电池,其中电解质是在TFT溶液中的Mg(AlCl3Bu)2;图2c-2d对应于上述电化学电池,其中电解质是在TFT溶液中的Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2。采用Mg(AlCl3Bu)2,与Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2相比取得了更宽的电化学窗口。但是,镁以球状或球形簇的方式沉积。在Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2情况下,该盐提供了稍微更窄一些的电化学窗口,但是考虑到金属镁的沉积更加均匀,这样循环性能明显增加。两种电解质与现有技术的电解质相比,显示出优异的电化学性能。
结合SEM显微镜方法,由EDAX(通过X射线荧光的能量分布分析)进行元素分析。元素分析证明金属镁的沉积基本上是纯的。例3
制备由Chevrel相阴极、金属镁阳极、含有在THF中的Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2盐的电解液的电化学电池。25.7mg阴极由含有10wt%炭黑和作为粘合剂的10wt%PVDF的浸提去铜的Chevrel相材料的混合物分散在不锈钢筛网上构成。由在THF中的0.25摩尔的Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2盐制备所述溶液。阳极是直径为16mm和厚为0.2mm的纯镁金属圆片。电池包装在不锈钢“硬币电池”结构中,具有由玻璃纤维制成的纸隔板。电池以23.3毫安/克的电流密度在标准充电器-放电器上进行循环。对于循环的电位限于在全放电状态的0.5V和对于全充电状态是1.8V之间。
将电池进行超过3个月的持续循环。从图3中清楚证明了电池的优异循环能力,其中接着首先的五次循环(循环1-5)绘出循环340-345。电池性能在整个试验阶段保持很强。在每次放电中获得的充电密度是每克阴极材料61mAh。例4
如下制备根据本发明的电解质:在庚烷中溶解市售、试剂级MgBu2。根据摩尔比将市售、试剂级AlEtCl2以滴入的方式加入到MgBu2溶液中。在惰性气体下搅拌混合物48小时,Mg(Bu2AlCl2)3从溶液中结晶出来。通过抽真空除去溶剂。醚溶剂非常慢地添加到有机镁盐以形成饱和溶液(在0.5M附近)。
饱和Mg(Bu2AlCl2)3溶液的离子导电性在平行电池结构中在100kHz是6.9*10-3Scm-1mol-1。
应理解上述说明仅作为例子,在本发明实质和范围内的其他许多实施例是可行的。
Claims (14)
1.一种用于电化学电池中的非水电解质,所述电解质包括:
(a)至少一种有机溶剂;以及
(b)至少一种由下述通式表示的电解活性盐:
M’+m(ZRnXq-n)m其中:M’是从由镁、钙、铝、锂和钠构成的组中选出的;Z是从铝、硼、磷、锑和砷构成的组中选出的;R代表从下述基中选出的基团:烷基、烯基、芳基、苯基、苄基和酰氨基;X是卤素(I,Br,Cl,F);m=1-3;在Z=磷和砷的情况下,n=0-5和q=6,以及在Z=铝、硼的情况下,n=0-3和q=4。
2.根据权利要求1的非水电解质,其中M’是从镁、钙、铝构成的组中选出的。
3.根据权利要求1的非水电解质,其中Z是铝。
4.根据权利要求1的非水电解质,其中M’是从镁和钙构成的组中选出的,其中Z是铝。
5.根据权利要求1的非水电解质,其中M’是从镁和钙构成的组中选出的,Z是铝,R和R’是烷基基团,m是2,n是1。
6.根据权利要求1的非水电解质,其中M’是镁,Z是铝,R和R’是烷基基团,m是2,n是1。
7.根据权利要求1的非水电解质,其中有机溶剂含有THF,M’是镁,Z是铝,R和R’是烷基基团,m是2,n是1。
8.根据权利要求1的非水电解质,其中电解活性盐是Mg(BuAlCl3)2。
9.一种电化学电池,包括:
(a)金属阳极;
(b)嵌入阴极;以及
(c)一种非水电解质,包括:
0 至少一种有机溶剂;以及
1 至少一种由下述通式表示的电解活性盐:
M’+m(ZRnXq-n)m其中:M’是从由镁、钙、铝、锂和钠构成的组中选出的;Z是从铝、硼、磷、锑和砷构成的组中选出的;R代表从下述基中选出的基团:烷基、烯基、芳基、苯基、苄基和酰氨基;X是卤素(I,Br,Cl,F);m=1-3;在Z=磷、锑和砷的情况下,n=0-5和q=6,以及在Z=铝和硼的情况下,n=0-3和q=4。
10.根据权利要求9的电化学电池,其中在所述电解质中M’是从由镁和钙构成的组中选出的,Z是铝,R和R’是烷基基团,m是2,n是1。
11.根据权利要求9的电化学电池,其中所述嵌入阴极是Chevrel-相嵌入阴极。
12.根据权利要求11的电化学电池,其中所述Chevrel-相嵌入阴极由通式表示为:
CuxMgyMo6S8其中x=0-1以及y=0-2。
13.根据权利要求9的电化学电池,其中所述金属阳极是镁。
14.根据权利要求9的电化学电池,其中所述金属阳极是锂。
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US09/419,940 US6316141B1 (en) | 1999-10-18 | 1999-10-18 | High-energy, rechargeable, electrochemical cells with non-aqueous electrolytes |
US09/419,940 | 1999-10-18 |
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EP (1) | EP1245053A4 (zh) |
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CN (1) | CN1214481C (zh) |
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CA (1) | CA2387863A1 (zh) |
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- 2000-10-17 BR BR0015052-5A patent/BR0015052A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-17 MX MXPA02003919A patent/MXPA02003919A/es unknown
- 2000-10-17 EP EP00973597A patent/EP1245053A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-10-17 AU AU12094/01A patent/AU783009B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-10-17 CN CNB008160481A patent/CN1214481C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-10-17 CA CA002387863A patent/CA2387863A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2000-10-17 WO PCT/US2000/028683 patent/WO2001029919A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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CN102651485A (zh) * | 2011-02-28 | 2012-08-29 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 可充镁电池、电解液在可充镁电池中的应用、以及用于可充镁电池的电解液 |
CN102651485B (zh) * | 2011-02-28 | 2016-03-30 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 可充镁电池、电解液在可充镁电池中的应用、以及用于可充镁电池的电解液 |
CN103858269A (zh) * | 2011-07-28 | 2014-06-11 | 和光纯药工业株式会社 | 电化学器件用电解液 |
CN103858269B (zh) * | 2011-07-28 | 2017-02-15 | 和光纯药工业株式会社 | 电化学器件用电解液 |
CN102916220A (zh) * | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-06 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 镁电池电解液 |
WO2013020463A1 (zh) * | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-14 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 镁电池电解液 |
CN102916220B (zh) * | 2011-08-05 | 2015-10-14 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 镁电池电解液 |
CN109616642A (zh) * | 2018-12-06 | 2019-04-12 | 桑顿新能源科技有限公司 | 复合正极材料、其制备方法及锂离子电池 |
CN109616642B (zh) * | 2018-12-06 | 2022-07-15 | 桑顿新能源科技有限公司 | 复合正极材料、其制备方法及锂离子电池 |
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CN1214481C (zh) | 2005-08-10 |
BR0015052A (pt) | 2002-09-24 |
MXPA02003919A (es) | 2002-10-23 |
WO2001029919A1 (en) | 2001-04-26 |
EP1245053A4 (en) | 2005-08-10 |
AU783009B2 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
KR20020060200A (ko) | 2002-07-16 |
CA2387863A1 (en) | 2001-04-26 |
JP2003512704A (ja) | 2003-04-02 |
IN2002CH00678A (zh) | 2005-05-20 |
RU2277272C2 (ru) | 2006-05-27 |
EP1245053A1 (en) | 2002-10-02 |
US6316141B1 (en) | 2001-11-13 |
AU1209401A (en) | 2001-04-30 |
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