CN1351677A - 从钽卤化物前体得到的钽氮化物膜的等离子增强的化学气相沉积方法 - Google Patents

从钽卤化物前体得到的钽氮化物膜的等离子增强的化学气相沉积方法 Download PDF

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CN1351677A
CN1351677A CN00806856A CN00806856A CN1351677A CN 1351677 A CN1351677 A CN 1351677A CN 00806856 A CN00806856 A CN 00806856A CN 00806856 A CN00806856 A CN 00806856A CN 1351677 A CN1351677 A CN 1351677A
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约翰·J·豪塔拉
约翰内斯·F·M·韦斯滕多普
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Abstract

本文描述了用等离子体增强处理的化学气相沉积方法(PECVD),从无机卤化物(TaX5)前体和氮气中沉积得到高质量的、保形的钽氮化物(TaNx)膜。无机钽卤化物前体是五氟化钽(TaF5)、五氯化钽(TaCl5)和五溴化钽(TaBr5)。TaX5蒸气被输送至加热室(11)内。蒸气与含氮的工艺气体混合,在加热至300-500℃的基片上沉积形成TaNx膜。沉积形成的TaNx膜可以用作尤其是较小面积、高纵横比特性的含铜膜的集成电路。这些膜的高保形性优于由物理气相沉积(PVD)方法沉积形成的膜。

Description

从钽卤化物前体得到钽氮化物膜的等离子增强的化学气相沉积方法
发明领域
本发明涉及集成电路的形成,特别涉及由钽卤化物前体得到的钽氮化物膜的化学气相沉积形成法。
背景技术
集成电路(IC)提供了在电气设备中的信号传输通道。设备中的IC由许多在半导体基片硅基层上有源的晶体管所组成。为了提高IC的容量,在基片硅基层上一个有源的晶体管与另一个有源的晶体管之间用金属“导线”建立了大量的连接。这些连接,通称为电路的金属互连,是通过将孔、通路和沟槽等刻入基片中形成的。金属互连与硅基发生实际接触的特定点,称为触点。其余的孔、通路和沟槽用导电材料填充,称为接触插头。由于晶体管的密度不断地提高,构成更高级的集成电路,因此接触插头的直径必须减小,以允许增加更多的互连、多层的金属化结构和高纵横比的通路。
铝已经被作为集成电路的触点和互连的标准。但是,由于铝的电迁移及其高电阻率的问题,需要新材料来适应具有亚微尺寸的更新的结构。铜有希望成为下一代超大规模集成(ULSI)电路元件的集成电路的互连材料,但是在低温下形成的铜硅(Cu-Si)化合物以及通过氧化硅(SiO2)的电迁移成为其使用的不利因素。
作为互连元件的选择,从铝到铜的变迁,需要新材料作为阻挡层,以阻止铜扩散到基片的底介电层中。同样也需要新材料作为衬垫,将其后所沉积形成的铜粘附到基片上。衬垫必须能在铜和阻挡材料之间提供一个低电阻界面。以前与铝一起使用的阻挡层,例如通过物理蒸气沉积(PVD)如溅射和/或化学气相沉积(CVD)得到的钛(Ti)和钛氮化物(TiN)阻挡层,作为铜的阻挡是无效的。另外,在相对低的温度下使用PVD和/或CVD法,Ti与铜反应生成铜钛(Cu-Ti)化合物。
溅射的钽(Ta)和活性溅射的钽氮化物(TaN)在铜和硅基片之间显示出好的扩散阻挡作用,这是由于它们的高传导性、高热稳定性和对外来原子的扩散阻力。但是,沉积形成的Ta和/或TaN膜由于其遮蔽效应而具有固有的较差的台阶覆盖。因此,溅射方法被限制用于相对较大零件尺寸(>0.3μm)、较小纵横比的触点通路。CVD方法比PVD方法提供了其固有的更好的保形优点,甚至对高纵横比的较小结构(<0.25μm)也一样。但是,在有金属有机源例如叔丁基亚氨三(二乙基酰氨基)钽(TBTDET)、五(二甲基酰氨基)钽(PDMAT)和五(二乙基酰氨基)钽(PDEAT)的Ta和TaN的CVD方法中产生了混合的结果。Ta和TaN的另一个问题是所有生成的膜中氧和碳杂质的浓度都比较高,且需要使用载气。
使用载气带来的不利因素是,对在载气中的前体气体的浓度没有确切的了解。结果,对进入CVD反应室的载气和前体气体的混合物的准确测量,并不能确保对进入反应器的单独的前体气体的准确测量。这可能导致CVD反应室内的反应物太浓或太稀。载气的使用还带来的不利之处是,微粒被载气频繁地带入和输送至CVD反应室而成为污染物。在加工过程中的半导体晶片表面的微粒会导致半导体器件产生缺陷。
因此,PECVD方法所使用的在相对较低的温度(<500℃)下沉积形成TaN的工艺,在用于下一代IC的铜阻挡的构成上具有优势。理想的卤沉积形成膜应该是:具有较高的台阶覆盖(零件底部涂层厚度与零件侧面或基片的上表面或与该零件邻接的晶片的上表面的涂层厚度之比)、良好的扩散阻挡性质、最少的杂质、低电阻率、好的保形性(甚至具有高纵横比特征的复杂拓扑结构的表面),并且理想的是,所述的工艺能得到高沉积速率。
发明概述
本发明涉及一种在基片上从钽卤化物前体沉积形成钽氮化物(TaNX)膜的方法。钽卤化物前体,在足以使该前体气化以提供输送钽蒸气所需的汽化压力的温度下,被输送到装有基片的反应室。汽化压力至少为约3托。该蒸气与含有氮的工艺气混合,通过等离子增强的化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法,将TaNx沉积形成在基片上。钽卤化物前体是钽氟化物(TaF)、钽氯化物(TaCl)或钽溴化物(TaBr)。优选使用五氟化钽(TaF5)、五氯化钽(TaCl5)或五溴化钽(TaBr5)。基片的温度在300~500℃的范围内。
本发明还涉及一种通过升高前体的温度至足以使其汽化的温度而在基片上由TaF5或TaCl5前体沉积形成钽氮化物(TaNx)膜的方法。该蒸气与含有氮的工艺气混合,用PECVD工艺沉积形成TaNx膜。
本发明进一步涉及一种不使用载气而在基片上由TaBr5前体沉积形成钽氮化物(TaNx)膜的方法。通过提高前体温度使其足以汽化产生钽蒸气。该蒸气与含有氮的工艺气混合,用PECVD工艺,将TaNx沉积在基片上。
本发明更进一步涉及一种由铜(Cu)层和TaNx集成的基片,其中TaNx层抑制了铜的扩散。
按照本发明的方法TaNx层具有最少的杂质和较低的电阻率。该膜对高纵横比零件提供了良好的台阶覆盖(step coverage)、良好保形性、以及对铜膜良好的扩散阻挡。
应理解的是,本发明公开的方法和基片能在多种场合下应用。参考下面的图示和详细描述,这些及其它优点将会得到进一步了解。
附图简要说明
图1是用于等离子体增强化学气相沉积法(PECVD)装置示意图。
图2是钽卤化物的蒸气压力-温度函数图。
图3是由五氟化钽(TaF5)前体沉积形成的钽氮化物(TaNx)膜的扫描电子显微图(SEM)。
图4是由五氯化钽(TaCl5)前体沉积形成的钽氮化物(TaNx)膜的扫描电子显微图(SEM)。
图5是五溴化钽(TaBr5)前体沉积形成的钽氮化物(TaNx)膜的扫描电子显微图(SEM)。
图6是五氟化钽(TaF5)基膜叠片的扫描电子显微图(SEM)。
图7五氯化钽(TaCl5)基膜叠片的扫描电子显微图(SEM)。
图8是由TaBr5前体沉积形成在SiO2上的TaNX膜的扫描电子显微图(SEM)的俄歇能谱图。
图9是由TaBr5前体沉积形成在PECVD钽膜上的TaNx膜的扫描电子显微图(SEM)的俄歇能谱图。
详细描述
难熔的过渡金属如钽(Ta)和它们的氮化物膜(TaN)是有效的铜(Cu)的扩散阻挡。它们的有效性是由于它们具有较高的热稳定性、高传导性和对外部因素或杂质扩散的阻力。Ta和TaN由于对铜的化学惰性,因此特别具有吸引力;因在Cu和Ta或Cu和N之间没有化合物形成。
钽卤化物为Ta和TaN提供了方便的无机物来源。特别是,无机物前体是钽的五卤化物(TaX5),其中,X代表卤素氟(F)、氯(Cl)和溴(Br)。表1显示了相关的钽卤化物前体的热力学性质,尤其是五氟化钽(TaF5)、五氯化钽(TaCl5)和五溴化钽(TaBr5),使用五碘化钽(TaI5)作为参照物。在室温(18~22℃)下,五氟化钽(TaF5)、五氯化钽(TaCl5)和五溴化钽(TaBr5)都是固体。
                       表1
前体 熔点 沸点  生成热的变化(ΔHf)kcal/mol
   TaF5     97℃     230℃     -455
   TaCl5     216℃     242℃     -205
   TaBr5     265℃     349℃     -143
   TaI5     367℃     397℃     -82
在化学气相沉积(CVD)工艺中,用热能或电能将气态前体激活。在活化状态下,气态前体发生化学反应形成膜。优选的CVD方法如图1所示,其公开于与本申请同一天提交的、已转让给东京电子株式会社、由Westendorp等人作为申请人、发明名称为“从固体物质输送蒸气至CVD室中的装置和方法”的同时在审的申请中,在此将该申请的全文引为参考文献。化学气相沉积(CVD)系统10包括CVD反应室11和前体输送系统12。在反应室内进行反应,将前体蒸气如钽氯化物(TaCl)或其它钽卤化物转化为膜如钽的阻挡层膜或钽的氮化物(TaN)膜。TaN膜并不局限于任何一种特定的化学计量(TaNx),因为TaNx可以通过改变任何给定的沉积气体的比率而不断地变化。因此此处所用的TaNX包括任一个化学计量的钽的氮化物膜。
前体输送系统12包括带有一个气体出口14的前体气体源13,气体出口14通过带有一个气体入口16的计量系统15与CVD反应室11相连。气体源13产生前体气体,例如由钽卤化物产生钽卤化物蒸气。该化合物在标准温度和压力下以固体形式存在。优选对加热进行控制,以使前体源的温度保持在能产生期望的前体蒸气压的温度。优选的是,所述的蒸气压是优选不使用载气就足以输送前体蒸气至反应室11的蒸气压值。计量系统15要保持这样一个流动,即,使前体蒸气从源13以一定的速率流入反应室,该速率足以维持工业CVD工艺在反应室内实施。
反应室11是常规的传统CVD反应器,包括一个由真空密封墙22围绕的真空室20。在室20内放置支撑基片如半导体晶片23的基片支架或基座22。室20保持适当的真空,以进行CVD反应,即在半导体晶片基片23上沉积形成膜,如Ta/TaNx的阻挡层。CVD反应室11的压力范围优选在0.2~5.0托。通过对真空泵24和入口气体源25的操作进行控制以保持真空,气体源25包括传输系统12,还可以包括如氢气(H2)、氮气(N2)或氨气(NH3)等用于进行钽还原反应的还原气体源26,及如氩(Ar)或氦(He)的惰性气体源27。来自源25的气体,通过喷头28进入室20,喷头28在室20的另一端,位于基片23的对面,通常平行并面对基片23安装。
前体气体源13包括密封的蒸发器30,蒸发器30包括一个圆柱形的具有垂直方向轴32的蒸发容器31。容器31被限定在由耐高温防腐材料,如合金INCONEL 600做成的圆柱墙33内,其内表面34是高度磨光和光滑的。墙33有一个平滑圆形封闭的底35和一个敞开的顶部,被与墙33同样的耐热防腐材料做成的封盖36密封。源13的出口14位于上盖36之上。对于要求高温的材料,如TiI4或TaBr5,上盖36用法兰环37密封,法兰环37与墙33的顶部用耐高温真空相容的金属封条38连接在一起,如HELICOFLEX封条,其由C型镍管环绕INCONEL线圈弹簧制成。对于TiCl4和TaF5,可以用传统的弹性O型环封条38来密封顶盖。
通过顶盖36连接到容器31的是载气源39,载气优选是惰性气体如He或Ar。源13包括大量的前体材料例如钽的氟化物、氯化物或溴化物(TaX),优选为五卤化物(TaX5),在容器31的底部,在标准温度和压力下将源13以固体状态装入容器31。通过将该室与其中的固态TaX密封,使容器31充满了钽卤化物蒸气。提供卤化物作为前体物质40,放置在容器31的底部,在此处优选将其加热至液体状态,但产生的蒸气压要在可接受的范围内。此时物质40是液体,蒸气存在于液体40的液面之上。因为墙33是垂直圆柱体,TaX物质40如果是液体,其表面积保持为常数,与TaX消耗的程度无关。
输送系统12并不局限于直接输送前体40,还可用于选择输送前体40和载气,载气可以从气体源39输入容器31。这种气体可以是氢气(H2)或惰性气体如氦(He)或氩(Ar)。当使用载气时,可以将其引入容器31,使其通过前体物质40的上表面分布,或将载气引入容器31,使其从容器31的底部35渗透过物质40,向上扩散以使物质40的最大表面积暴露在载气中。而另一种选择是气化容器31中的液体。然而,这些选择方案增加了不想要的微粒,并且不提供由直接输送前体所得到的受控的输送速率,亦即,没有使用载气的输送。因此,优选直接输送。
为了保持容器31中的前体40的温度,墙33的底部35与加热器44保持热交换,该加热器可使前体40保持在控制的温度下,优选高于其熔点,这样在没有载气存在时将产生大于约3托的蒸气压(例如直接输送系统),在使用载气时产生较低的蒸气压如大约为1托。准确的蒸气压取决于其它变量如载气的数量和基片的面积等等。在钽的直接输送系统中,通过在95~205℃的范围内加热钽卤化物前体,蒸气压可以保持在5托或以上的优选压力下,如图2所示。对于TaX5来说,TaF5的理想温度至少为大约95℃,TaCl5的理想温度至少为大约145℃,而TaBr5的理想温度至少为大约205℃。钽的五价卤化物如氟化物、氯化物和溴化物的熔点在97~265℃的范围内。对于五碘化钽(TaI5),要在容器31中产生足够的蒸气压力,需要高得多的温度。而温度不宜太高,否则在接触晶片23之前在喷头28或其它地方将引起过早的气体反应。
举例言之,可以将180℃定为用于加热容器31的底部35的控制温度。该温度适合于用四碘化钽(TaI4)前体产生期望的蒸气压力。在容器31的底部35给定此温度时,为防止前体蒸气在容器31的墙壁33和顶盖36处冷凝,通过与顶盖36的外侧热接触的另一个受控的加热器45以保持顶盖温度高于墙壁33底部35的加热器44的温度,例如为190C。室壁33的侧面用环状的空气层46围绕,空气层保持在室壁33和同心的外部铝墙或容器47之间。容器47再用环状的硅泡沫绝缘层48包围。这种保温度的设计可使围在顶盖36、墙壁33的侧面和前体物质40的表面之间的容器31内的蒸气,在期望的举例温度范围180~190℃内,压力大于约3托,优选大于5托。适合于维持期望压力的温度将随前体材料的不同而变化,该材料首先选自钽或钛的卤化物。
蒸气流量计量系统15包括一个直径至少为1/2英寸或内径至少为10毫米的输送管50,优选为大到在期望的流速,至少约为2~40标准立方厘米/分钟(sccm),下观察不到明显的压降。输送管50从前体气体源13延伸,在其上游端与气体源13的出口14相连、在其下游端与反应室的入口16相连。从蒸发器13的出口14至反应器11入口16的管50的整个长度和反应器室20的喷头28,优选也被加热至前体材料40的气化温度之上,例如至195℃。
在管50中,提供了一个挡板51。在其中央设置了一个环状的孔52,其直径优选约为0.089英寸。表156至表257的压力降由控制阀53调节。在控制阀53后通过孔52进入反应室11的压力降约大于10毫托,并且与流速成正比。在管线50上的蒸发器13的出口14和控制阀53之间,提供了一个截止阀54,用于关闭蒸发器13的容器31。
在系统10中提供了压力传感器55~58,以向控制器60提供信息,用于控制系统10,包括控制从输送系统15进入CVD反应室11的室20的前体气体的流速。压力传感器包括连接在管50上的蒸发器13的出口14和截止阀54之间、用于监测容器31中的压力的传感器55。压力传感器56连接在管线50上的控制阀53和挡板51之间,用于监测孔52上游的压力,而压力传感器57连接在管线50上的挡板51和反应器入口16之间,用于监测孔52下游的压力。另有一个压力传感器58连接在反应室11的室20上,用于监测CVD室20内的压力。
通过控制器60响应由传感器55~58测量到的压力,特别是传感器56和57测量到的压力(其决定通过孔52的压力降),来控制进入反应室11的CVD室20的前体蒸气的流动。当通过孔52的前体蒸气流动在未滞塞的条件下,实际通过管线52的前体蒸气流量是由传感器56和57监测到的压力的函数,可由在孔52上游的传感器56测量的压力与由在孔52下游的传感器57测量的压力的比值确定。
当通过孔52的前体蒸气的流动在有滞塞的条件下,通过孔52的前体蒸气的实际流量只是由传感器57测量的压力的函数。在任一情况下,滞塞或未滞塞流动的存在可由控制器60通过分析工艺条件确定。当控制器60作出确定后,前体气体的流速可由控制器60通过计算来确定。
优选的是,前体气体的实际流速的精确确定,可通过控制器从储存在可进入的永久存储器61中的查阅或倍增表中检索出流速数据进行计算。当前体蒸气的实际流速确定后,可以通过可变孔控制阀53的一个或多个闭环反馈控制回路、通过真空泵24的CVD室压力或控制还原气体或来自源26和27的惰性气体、或通过控制加热器44和45来控制容器31中的前体气体的温度和蒸气压力来保持期望的流速。
如图1所示,将固态的TaF5、TaCl5和TaBr5前体材料40密封在一个圆柱形防腐金属容器31中,使有效的前体材料的表面积最大化。直接输送任一来自TaF5、TaCl5或TaBr5的蒸气,亦即不使用载气,由高传导性的输送系统送至反应室11。将反应室11加热到至少为100℃的温度,以防止蒸气的冷凝或沉积形成副产品。
控制钽卤化物蒸气直接输送至反应室11内,可通过加热固态钽卤化物前体40至大约为95~205℃的温度范围内来完成,温度选择取决于特定的前体。所选的温度须足以使前体40气化,以提供输送钽卤化物蒸气进入反应室11所需的蒸气压力。因此,载气不是必需的,优选不用。足够的蒸气压力为大于约3托。当以50sccm的速率将钽卤化物前体输送至操作压力在0.1~2.0托范围内的反应器11时,此压力是在较高传导性的输送系统中使通过给定孔的压力降保持为恒定所必需的。在直接输送系统中,对于TaF5,获得期望压力的温度大约在83~95℃的范围内,优选为95℃左右;对于TaCl5,大约在130~150℃的范围内,优选为145℃左右;对于TaBr5,大约在202~218℃的范围内,优选为205℃左右。在这些条件下,TaF5是液体,而TaCl5和TaBr5仍为固体。
对于前体TaF5、TaCl5和TaBr5,测定的蒸气压力和温度之间的关系如图2所示,用TaI5作参照物。如前所述,期望的压力大于约3托,优选大于约5托。另外如前所述,希望TaF5、TaCl5和TaBr5的蒸气压足够低以使在无载气时能卤沉积形成钽,但当以50sccm的速率将钽卤化物前体输送至操作压力在0.1~2.0托范围内的反应器11时,此压力仍然必须保证在较高传导性的输送系统中使通过给定孔的压力降保持为恒定。测定的TaI5蒸气压太低,不适于在所描述的装置中实施。对于TaBr5,空心圈代表文献值,而对于TaF5、TaCl5、TaBr5和TaI5,实心方块代表本发明人的实验数据。
使用一个平行板RF放电器,驱动电极是气体输送喷头,而感受器22或晶片的台架或基片23是RF的地线。所选择的TaX5蒸气与其它工艺气体如H2在基片上混合,基片已经被加热至大约300~500℃之间的温度。也可单独或混合使用Ar和He作为除H2之外的工艺气。
沉积形成得到高质量的PECVD的TaNx膜的工艺条件列于表2中,其中,slm为每分钟标准升,W/cm3为每平方厘米瓦特。
                      表2
基片温度 300~500℃
TaX5温度 95℃(TaF5)、145℃(TaCl5)、205℃(TaBr5)
TaX5流速 1~50sccm
H2流速 1~10slm
N2流速 0.1~10slm
Ar,He流速 0~10slm
工艺压力 0.2~5.0托
RF功率 0.1~5.0W/cm2
在使用本发明方法的工艺条件下,基于TaF5,TaCl5和TaBr5的PECVD TaNx膜的性质如表3所示。代表性的数值选自从TaX5前体(TaF5试验数n=15,TaCl5 n=8,TaBr5 n=8)在200毫米硅和二氧化硅基片上用PECVD法沉积得到的TaNx。此外,用PECVD法也沉积得到了Ta/TaNx双层(TaF5 n=3,TaCl5 n=1,TaBr5 n=1)。列于表3中的沉积得到的钽膜的性质在晶片的正负20%范围内表现出一致性。
                                       表3
前体  TaX5流速(sccm)   N2流速(slm)  H2流速(slm)    压力(托) 温度(℃)    RF(瓦特)   沉积速率(/min)   电阻率(μΩcm) 台阶覆盖
  TaN   TaF5     14     0.5     7     1.1     430   200     305    505    0.2
TaN TaF5 14 2.5 7 1.4 400 200 755 1120 0.2
  TaN   TaF5     14     5     5     1.6     400   200     1900    2160    0.2
  TaN   TaCl5     14     0.5     7     1.1     350   200     525    945    0.2
  TaN   TaCl5     14     2.5     7     1.4     400   500     613    1564    0.25
  TaN   TaCl5     14     5     5     1.6     400   500     953    7865    0.13
  TaN   TaBr5     2.5     0.5     7     1.1     375   100     107    1177    0.5
  TaN   TaBr5     2.5     1.5     7     1.3     375   100     200    2300    0.2
由本发明方法沉积形成的膜显示了对IC集成电路的形成的重要意义。对于低互连阻抗,该膜在足够低的电阻率范围内(小于1000μΩcm,优选小于500μΩcm),并且该膜有较好的保形性和台阶覆盖(大于0.3)。此外,杂质水平低(小于2%(原子百分比))。同时,沉积速率(大于100埃/分钟)足以实现批量生产,并且该工艺中的晶片温度较低(小于450℃),因而与用于设备中其他的薄膜材料包括介电常数低于SiO2的材料相容。
膜的电阻率对沉积温度的依赖性在三种前体中不同。在430℃的温度和0.5slm的氮气流速下,TaF5基膜的电阻率大约为505μΩcm,在400℃的温度和2.5slm的氮气流速下,该膜的电阻率增加到1120μΩcm。当氮气流速增加到5.50slm而温度保持为400℃时,电阻率进一步增加到2160μΩcm。对于采用TaCl5作前体沉积形成的PECVDTaNx膜,其电阻率也随氮气流速的增加而增加。在350℃温度和0.5slm的氮气流速下,电阻率为945μΩcm。在400℃温度和2.5slm的氮气流速下,电阻率增加到1564μΩcm。当氮气流速增加到5.0slm而温度保持为400℃时,电阻率进一步增加到7865μΩcm。对于采用TaBr5作前体沉积形成的TaNx膜,在保持375℃温度而氮气流速从0.5slm增加到1.5slm时,其电阻率从1177μΩcm增加到2300μΩcm。因而,对所有的三种前体,当氮气在混合气中的流速增加时,TaNx膜的电阻率也增加。电阻率的增加可能是由于膜中氮气浓度的增加所导致。这一点与前面所述的通过物理气相沉积方法如溅射沉积形成的TaNx膜,或者通过有机金属化学气相沉积(OMCVD)法沉积形成的TaNx膜的结果相一致,其中,氮与钽的比例的增加急剧增加了TaNx膜的电阻率。
根据本发明由PECVD沉积形成的TaNx膜的扫描电子显微图(SEM)示于图3-5中。图3是使用TaF5作前体的TaNx膜的SEM,图4为使用TaCl5作前体的TaNx膜的SEM,图5为使用TaBr5作前体的TaNx膜的SEM。
图3-5显示了对三种前体,当纵横比为3∶1时的代表性的底部台阶覆盖和侧壁覆盖。台阶覆盖表示零件底部的膜厚和与该零件相邻(也称为场)的基片表面的膜厚的比例,一个理想的台阶覆盖为1.0或100%,表示在底部和场处的膜厚相同。基于TaCl5和TaBr5的PECVDTaNx膜一般比基于TaF5的PECVD TaNx膜表现出更好的台阶覆盖。如表3所示,对于TaBr5,其台阶覆盖为0.50和0.20,对TaCl5为0.20,0.25和0.13,而对TaF5,其台阶覆盖为常数,0.20。
如图3-5所示,所述的TaNx膜通常显示出良好的致密的无定形性。使用TaCl5和TaBr5作前体得到的TaNx膜一般比较光滑,而使用TaF5作前体得到的TaNx膜比较粗糙。
本发明的PECVDTaNx成膜工艺与铜的相容性已被确定。因为在实际中,TaNx膜将是整体式的,也就是与铜直接接触,所以在TaNx沉积过程中,很少或不发生对铜的冲击或刻蚀。TaNx与铜的相容性通过将一个含PVD沉积形成的500埃厚的TaNx层以及一个由PVD沉积形成的2000埃厚的铜层的硅晶片置于反应室11内来进行测试。采用本发明的工艺以TaF5或TaCl5作前体由PECVD沉积到铜层的顶部而形成TaNx膜。
所得膜的SEM图示于图6和7中。图6显示在SiO2/TiN/Cu/TaNx叠层上的基于TaF5的TaNx膜。图7显示在SiO2/TiN/Cu/TaNx叠层上的基于TaCl5的TaNx膜。铜层的厚度相同,为约2000埃。图7-8也显示了所述的膜对所有的层有相对尖锐的界面。因而可以得出结论,基于TaF5或TaCl5前体的PECVD TaNx膜的形成过程中,冲击或刻蚀很少或不发生。
所选择的膜也通过俄歇电子能谱进行了评价。俄歇分析谱的结果是示于图8-9中,且以TaBr5作为前体在二氧化硅层上沉积TaNx膜(图8)或者在基于PECVD TaBr5的钽膜上沉积TaNx膜(图9)的前体。以TaBr5作为前体在前面提到的由PVD沉积形成的铜层上沉积形成TaNx膜的俄歇分析谱示于图9。俄歇谱的分析证实了TaNx和铜层之间清洁的界面以及其向铜层的极少的扩散。该分析也证实了膜中杂质的低水平。这两个图表明这些TaNx膜贫氮(x<1.0),这一点与表2所显示的结果一致。这些膜以低N2∶H2比,即0.5∶7的比例沉积形成,因此可以预计将得到较低氮含量的膜。当x>1.0时,由PVD和CVD沉积形成的TaNx膜的电阻率按正常指数规律上升。这两个图显示所有层,包括铜层之间具有一相对尖锐的界面。溴化物浓度小于2%(原子百分比)。
因此,对一种生产高质量的、适用于与含铜的IC内部互连元件集成的PECVD TaNx膜的方法已经进行了说明。该方法是基于TaF5、TaCl5和TaBr5中的任一种前体的蒸气输送。所有生成的TaNx膜均展示了优良的台阶覆盖、低残留杂质浓度、足够高的沉积速率和没有蚀刻铜的迹象。
应该理解的是,说明书中显示和描述的本发明的实施例仅仅是本发明的优选实施方案,而不是对发明的任何形式的限制。例如,Ta膜可以用PECVD法沉积形成,而TaN膜可单独用热CVD法或等离子体增强的CVD法沉积形成,这些方法分别在“由钽卤化物前体形成钽膜的PECVD法”、“由钽卤化物前体形成钽膜的热CVD法”和“由钽卤化物前体形成钽膜的等离子体处理的热CVD法”中进行了说明,所有这些都是由Hautala和Westendorp发明的、并已转让给东京电子株式会社、与本申请在同一天递交的同时在审的申请,在此,将其全文引入作为本发明的参考文献。此外,可用于本发明的插座的TaNx公开于由Hautala和Westendorp发明、转让给东京电子株式会社、名称为“由钽卤化物前体形成的CVD TaNx插座”的同时在审的专利申请中,该申请与本申请在同一天递交。在此,将其全文引入作为本发明的参考文献。因此,在不脱离本发明的精神和权利要求保护的范围的的前提下,可以对这些实施方案进行各种各样的变化、改进或改变。

Claims (30)

1.一种在基片上沉积形成钽氮化物(TaNx)膜的方法,包括,通过加热钽卤化物前体至足以使该前体气化的温度而向含有所述的基片的反应室提供钽卤化物前体的蒸气,然后,将所述的蒸气与含氮的工艺气体混合,在所述的基片上用等离子体增强的化学气相沉积(PECVD)工艺沉积形成所述的TaNX
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的钽卤化物前体选自由五氟化钽、五氯化钽和五溴化钽组成的一组。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的蒸气的提供包括产生压力至少为约3托的蒸气。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述的前体是五氟化钽,所述的温度为大约95℃。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述的前体是五氯化钽,所述的温度为大约145℃。
6.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述的前体是五溴化钽,所述的温度为大约205℃。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中加热所述的前体是达到足以使所述的钽卤化物前体的蒸气压至少为约3托的温度。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中将所述的基片加热至大约为300~500℃的范围。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的钽卤化物前体的输送速率在大约1~50sccm的范围内。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的工艺气体选自由氢气、氩气、和氦气及其混合物组成的一组。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述的氢气的流速大约在0.1~10slm的范围内。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的含氮气体的流速大约在0.1~10slm的范围内。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的沉积是在压力大约为0.2~5.0托的所述的室中发生。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的膜与所述的基片上的铜层形成一个整体。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的TaNx以至少约100/min的速率沉积。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的基片包括一个具有高纵横比特征的集成电路。
17.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述的钽卤化物前体是不使用载气而被输送至所述的反应室中。
18.如权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括连续地沉积形成所述的TaNx膜。
19.一种在基片上沉积形成钽氮化物(TaNx)膜的方法,包括,向含有所述的基片的反应室输送一种选自由钽氟化物、钽氯化物组成的一组的钽卤化物前体蒸气,所述的前体蒸气是通过将所述的前体的温度升高到足以产生该前体的蒸气的温度而产生的,并提供了输送钽蒸气所需的压力,将含有氮气的工艺气体与所述的蒸气混合,在所述的基片上用等离子体增强的化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法沉积形成所述的TaNx
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述的高温度低于引起所述的前体蒸气和工艺气体之间发生反应的温度。
21.如权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述的用于输送所述的钽蒸气的压力至少为大约3托。
22.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述的前体是五氟化钽,所述的温度为大约95℃。
23.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述的前体是五氯化钽,所述的温度为大约145℃。
24.一种在基片上沉积形成钽氮化物(TaNx)膜的方法,包括,不用载气向含有所述的基片的反应室提供五溴化钽前体的蒸气,通过将所述的前体的温度升高至足以产生蒸气的温度而产生蒸气,将所述的蒸气与含有氮气的工艺气体混合,在所述的基片上用等离子体增强的化学气相沉积方法沉积形成所述的TaNx
25.如权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述的前体是五溴化钽,所述的温度在大约190~208℃的范围内。
26.如权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述的前体是五溴化钽,所述的温度为大约205℃。
27.一种具有底介电层并包括铜(Cu)层和钽氮化物(TaNx)层的基片,其中,所述的TaNx层阻止所述的铜扩散入所述的介电层,并含有少于大约2%(原子百分比)的杂质。
28.如权利要求27所述的基片,其中,所述的TaNx层对高纵横比零件提供了保形的覆盖率。
29.如权利要求27所述的基片,其中,所述的TaNx层的电阻率小于1000μΩcm。
30.如权利要求27所述的基片,其中,所述的TaNx层是这样沉积形成的:向含有所述的基片的反应室输送一种选自由五氟化钽、五氯化钽和五溴化钽组成的一组的钽卤化物前体,所述的输送是通过将加热所述的前体至足以使其蒸发的温度而实现的,将含有氮气的工艺气体与所述的蒸气混合,在所述的基片上用等离子体增强的化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法沉积形成所述的TaNx
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