CN1348192A - 具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷和负温度系数热敏电阻 - Google Patents
具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷和负温度系数热敏电阻 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,该单元包括约0.1~20mol%的AMnO3,其中A代表Ca、Sr、Ba、La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy与Ho中的至少一种;和一种由Mn固溶液与Ti、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mg与Al中至少一种元素组成的尖晶石复合氧化物。作为一种钙钛矿Mn复合氧化物,可以使用CaMnO3、SrMnO3、BaMnO3、LaMnO3、PrMnO3、NdMnO3、SmMnO3、EuMnO3、GdMnO3、TbMnO3、DyMnO3与HoMnO3中的一种或多种。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷和负温度系数热敏电阻。
背景技术
近年来,一直要求更精密的负温度系数热敏电阻,它们主要用作温度传感器,同时还要求将电阻变化控制在±1%左右。通常,在这类负温度系数热敏电阻中,一直把用Mn固溶液与Zn、Mg和Al中至少一种元素组成的尖晶石复合氧化物和除了Mn以外的过渡元素(Ti、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu)用作半导体陶瓷,用于这种负温度系数热敏电阻。然而一般知道,复合氧化物会造成耐环境性能的问题。据信,该问题是Mn离子在环境温度与氧分压变化时改变其氧化态并在格点间迁移而造成的。
为解决这一问题,开展了研究工作,而在B.Gillot等人的论文(SolidState Ionics,48,93-99,1991)和A.Rousset等人的论文(Journal of theEuropean Ceramic Society,13,185-95,1994)中,报道了一种在输入原料时加钡的方法。根据这些论文,由于钡的离子半径大于过渡元素的离子半径,钡并不固溶成尖晶石相而存在于晶粒边界,在三相点形成不同的相。由于形成了这种结构,因而在125℃的高温环境中,大大抑制了电阻变化。
另据日本审查专利申请公报No.6-48641报道,通过对由Mg与Ni的氧化物组成的热敏电阻元件添加稀土元素氧化物或铝与稀土元素氧化物,可在125℃高温环境中控制电阻变化。
然而,根据上述论文和专利申请公报所描述的方法,由于自由可水溶钡离子容易留在原料与烧结物中,粘合剂产生胶化会劣化可塑性,而且未发生作用的稀土元素的氧化物会留下来,因此会因吸潮而产生模制体的胀大,在高湿环境中产生新的性能问题。本发明人和其它人所作的试验认清了这些事实。
发明内容
因此,本发明一个目的是提供一种具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷和一种负温度系数热敏电阻,它们在高湿度环境中具有良好的可塑性与高可靠性。
为达到上述目的,在本发明的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷中,对包含Mn固溶液与Ti、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mg和Al元素中至少一种元素的尖晶石复合氧化物,添加了约0.1~20mol%的AMnO3(A代表Ca、Sr、Ba、La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy与Ho中的至少一种)。
另外,在本发明的负温度系数热敏电阻中,在包含半导体陶瓷的单元组件的表面或内部设置了至少一对电极。
在生产半导体陶瓷时添加Ca、Sr、Ba、La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy与Ho方面,由于通过选择钙钛矿Mn复合氧化物,自由可水溶离子与稀土元素氧化物在烧制绕结后还原,所以能得到特性变化很小的负温度系数热敏电阻,其中由粘合剂与吸水反应造成的模制体的胀大得以抑制,高湿度环境下的可靠性良好。
根据本发明的,可将CaMnO3、SrMnO3、BaMnO3、LaMnO3、PrMnO3、NdMnO3、SmMnO3、EuMnO3、GdMnO3、TbMnO3、DyMnO3和HoMnO3用作钙钛矿Mn复合氧化物,可以使用其中的一种或两种或多种。
添加AMnO3限于约0.1~20mol%的理由在于,当添加量小于约0.1mol%时,就不能实现添加效果,当添加量大于约20mol%时,则电阻值与B常数变得过大,此外,电阻在高湿度环境下有更大变化。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明第一种负温度系数热敏电阻的透视图;和
图2是表示本发明第二种负温度系数热敏电阻的剖视图。
具体实施方式
下面描述本发明半导体陶瓷与负温度系数热敏电阻的实施例。第一种负温度系数热敏电阻,图1
图1示出本发明的第一种负温度系数热敏电阻10,其中用具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷形成单元组件11,并在该组件11的两个主表面上设置电极12与13。
在该具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷中,对包含Mn固溶液和Ti、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mg与Al当中至少一种的尖晶石族复合氧化物,添加约0.1~20mol至少一种下列氧化物:CaMnO3、SrMnO3、BaMnO3、LaMnO3、PrMnO3、NdMnO3、SmMnO3、EuMnO3、GdMnO3、TbMnO3、DyMnO3和HoMnO3。下面在实施例1~4中详细描述这些材料与制造方法。
电极12与13以应用厚膜材料的印刷等方法或应用薄膜材料的蒸发、溅射等方法形成,其中使用了一般众所周知的电极材料,而形成电极的材料与方法可随意选用。第二种负温度系数热敏电阻,图2
图2示出本发明的第二种负温度系数热敏电阻20,其中内部电极22与23设置在单元组件21里面,而组件21由多片具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷构成,外部电极24与25设置在单元组件21的表面上。
具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷与第一种负温度系数热敏电阻10中的相同,在实施例5中详细描述该材料和方法。
例如,通过在一块陶瓷片上添覆导电材料膏,可形成内部电极22与23,其它陶瓷片经压力接合形成层迭体,并将该层迭体焙烘。另外,在层迭体两端部涂敷银膏并作焙烘,可形成外部电极24与25。此外,制造商可自行选择形成电极22~25的材料与方法。
实施例1
Mn3O4与BaCO3经混合,使Ba/M的原子比变成1而制备成原料。在以1300℃烧制2小时后,原料用粉碎机压碎,再用球磨机精磨20小时,得到BaMnO3细粉。
接着如表1所列,将BaMnO3粉加到重量比为50∶30∶20的Mn3O4、NiO和Fe2O3里,用球磨机混合16小时。原料以900℃烧制2小时,并用粉碎机压碎。接着将10%重量聚乙烯醇作为有机粘合剂、0.5%重量甘油作为增塑剂和1.0%重量聚乙烯分散剂加到压碎的原料里并混合16小时。然后,用250目筛网除去粗粒,得到片形浆料。用刮刀将该浆料形成50μm厚的陶瓷生片。
把陶瓷生片冲压成固定尺寸,并把生片迭成1mm厚,以厚度方向加压2顿/cm2。以1150℃烧制2小时后,将层迭体光制成厚度为0.5mm,并在层迭体两主表面涂上银膏,以700℃焙烘10分钟。然后,用切锯将层迭体切成2×2mm大小的片,得到尺寸为2.0×2.0×0.5mm的负温度系数热敏电阻单元(见图1)。另外,为作比较,也可制备添加BaCO3而不是添加BaMnO3的样品。标星号的样品与本发明的样品不同。
通过随机取样,选出一百片以此方法得到的负温度系数热敏电阻单元,测量它们在25℃温度时的阻值(R25)和在50℃温度时的阻值(R50),并根据测得的值计算比电阻(ρ25)与B常数(B25/50)。另外,用25℃温度的阻值(R25)与单元尺寸确定比电阻。此外,通过下述公式(表达式)用25℃的阻值(R25)和50℃的阻值(R50)确定B常数。
接着,把被测试小片置于125℃的恒温炉和设置为60℃与95%RH的恒温恒湿池中历时1000小时,再测量阻值变化率。测量值列于表1。
由表1可理解,通过添加BaMnO3而不是BaCoO3,明显改善了高湿环境条件下的电阻变化率。再者,当BaMnO3的添加量约为0.1mol%或更少时,看不出添加效果,而当添加量约为20mol%或更多时,可看出电阻急剧增大,电阻变化率在高湿环境条件下增大了。
实施例2
表1 | ||||||
No | BaMnO3(mol%) | BaCO3(mol%) | 初始特性 | 高温环境试验 | 高湿环境试验 | |
ρ25/Ω.cm | B常数/K | ΔR25(%) | ΔR25(%) | |||
1* | 0 | 0 | 3852 | 3457 | +5.1 | +0.2 |
2* | 0.05 | 0 | 3860 | 3458 | +4.4 | +0.2 |
3 | 0.1 | 0 | 3863 | 3458 | +0.8 | +0.4 |
4 | 0.5 | 0 | 3868 | 3460 | +0.8 | +0.4 |
5 | 1 | 0 | 3868 | 3460 | +0.7 | +0.3 |
6 | 5 | 0 | 3880 | 3465 | +0.2 | +0.1 |
7 | 10 | 0 | 3886 | 3466 | +0.2 | +0.2 |
8 | 20 | 0 | 3892 | 3468 | +0.3 | +0.5 |
9* | 25 | 0 | 5723 | 3563 | +1.9 | +2.9 |
10* | 0 | 1 | 3924 | 3480 | +0.6 | +2.1 |
11* | 0 | 10 | 4020 | 3495 | +0.3 | +2.8 |
12* | 0 | 20 | 4106 | 3520 | +0.4 | +3.7 |
混合Mn3O4、CaCO3、SrCO3与BaCO3,使Ca/Mn、Sr/Mn与Ba/Mn的原子比变成1而制备成原料。以1300℃烧制2小时后,用粉碎机压碎原料,再用球磨机细磨20小时而得到CaMnO3、SrMnO3、BaMnO3细粉。
接着如表2所列,将CaMnO3、SrMnO3与BaMnO3粉加到重量比为45∶25∶30的Mn3O4、NiO、CoO4里,用球磨机混合16小时。将原料以900℃烧制2小时,并用粉碎机压碎。接着,将10%重量聚乙烯醇作为有机粘合剂、0.5%重量甘油作为增塑剂和1.0%重量聚乙烯分散剂加到压碎的原料里并混合16小时。然后,用250目筛网除去粗粒而得到片形浆料,用刮刀将该桨料形成50μm厚的陶瓷生片。
陶瓷生片被冲压成固定尺寸,生片层迭到1mm厚,以厚度方向加压2顿/cm2。以1200℃烧制2小时后,将层迭体光制成0.5mm厚度,在层迭体两表面上涂布银膏,以700℃焙烘10分钟。然后,用切锯将层迭切成2×2mm的小片尺寸,得到尺寸为2.0×2.0×0.5mm的负温度系数热敏电阻单元(见图1)。另外,还制备添加CaCO3、SrCO3与BaCO3而不添加CaMnO3、SrMnO3与BaMnO3的样品。标有星号的样品不同于本发明的样品。
通过随机取样,选出一百片这样得到的负温度系数热敏电阻单元,测量它们在25℃温度时的阻值(R25)和在50℃温度时的阻值(R50),并根据测得的值计算比电阻(ρ25)与B常数(B25/50)。接着用25℃温度的阻值(R25)与单元尺寸确定比电阻。于是,通过上述公式(表达式)用25℃的阻值(R25)和50℃的阻值(R50)确定B常数。
接着,将被测试小片置于125℃恒温炉和置成60℃与95°%RH的恒温恒湿池中1000小时,然后测量电阻变化率,测量结果也列于表2。
从表2可见,通过添加CaMnO3、SrMnO3与BaMnO3而不是CaCO3、SrCO3与BaCoO3,明显改善了高湿环境条件下的电阻变化率。另外,当CaMnO3、SrMnO3与BaMnO3的添加量约为0.1mol%或更少时,看不出添加效果,而当CaMnO3、SrMnO3与BaMnO3的添加量超过约20mol%时,可看出电阻增大了,而且在高湿环境条件下增大了电阻变化率。
实施例3
表2 | |||||||
No | CaMnO3(mol%) | SrMnO3(mol%) | BaMnO3(mol%) | 初始特性 | 高温环境试验 | 高湿环境试验 | |
ρ25/Ω.cm | B常数/K | ΔR25(%) | ΔR25(%) | ||||
1* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1247 | 3820 | +7.5 | +0.3 |
2* | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 1247 | 3819 | +7.1 | +0.3 |
3 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0 | 1250 | 3822 | +0.9 | +0.3 |
4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1253 | 3223 | +0.7 | +0.4 |
5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1260 | 3826 | +0.4 | +0.4 |
6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1258 | 3825 | +0.4 | +0.3 |
7 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 1270 | 3830 | +0.3 | +0.3 |
8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1284 | 3835 | +0.3 | +0.4 |
9 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 1281 | 3833 | +0.3 | +0.4 |
10 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 1296 | 3846 | +0.4 | +0.4 |
11* | 10 | 10 | 5 | 2689 | 4030 | +1.1 | +1.7 |
12* | 10 | 20 | 0 | 2814 | 4102 | +1.1 | +1.9 |
La2O3与Mn3O4经混合,使La/Mn的原子比变成1而制备成原料。以800℃烧制2小时后,用粉碎机压碎原料,再用球磨机细磨20小时得到LaMnO3细粉。
接着,按表3所示比率将LaMnO3粉加到重量比为50∶30∶20的Mn3O4、NiO与Fe2O3里,用球磨机混合16小时。该材料以900℃烧制2小时,用粉碎机压碎。接着,将10%重量聚乙烯醇作为有机粘合剂、0.5%重量甘油作为增塑剂与1.0%重量聚乙烯分散剂加到压碎的原料里混合16小时。然后,用250目筛网除去粗粒而得到片形浆料,再用刮刀将该浆料形成50μm厚的陶瓷生片。
将该陶瓷生片冲压成固定尺寸,生片层迭成一共1mm厚,以厚度方向加压2顿/cm2。以1150℃烧制2小时后,将层迭体光制成0.5mm厚度,并在层迭体两表面上涂布银膏,以700℃焙烘10分钟。然后,用切锯将层迭体切成2×2mm小片尺寸,得到尺寸为2.0×2.0×0.5mm的负温度系数热敏电阻单元(见图1)。另外,为作比较,还制备了以La2O3代替LaMnO3的样品。表3中标星号的样品不同于本发明的样品。
通过随机取样,选出一百片这样得到的负温度系数热敏电阻单元,测量它们在25℃温度时的阻值(R25)和在50℃温度时的阻值(R50),并根据测得的值计算比电阻(ρ25)与B常数(B25/50)。接着用25℃温度的阻值(R25)与单元尺寸确定比电阻。于是,通过上述公式用25℃的阻值(R25)和50℃的阻值(R50)确定B常数。
接着,将被测试小片放在125℃恒温炉和设置成60℃与95°%RH的恒温恒湿池中1000小时,然后测量电阻变化率,测量值列于表3。
表3 | ||||||
No | LaMnO3(mol%) | La2CO3(mol%) | 初始特性 | 高温环境试验 | 高湿环境试验 | |
ρ25/Ω.cm | B常数/K | ΔR25(%) | ΔR25(%) | |||
1* | 0 | 0 | 3852 | 3457 | +5.1 | +0.2 |
2* | 0.05 | 0 | 3839 | 3457 | +3.5 | +0.4 |
3 | 0.1 | 0 | 3826 | 3456 | +0.9 | +0.4 |
4 | 0.5 | 0 | 3727 | 3443 | +0.5 | +0.4 |
5 | 1 | 0 | 3610 | 3427 | +0.4 | +0.3 |
6 | 5 | 0 | 2885 | 3330 | +0.2 | +0.2 |
7 | 10 | 0 | 2306 | 3251 | +0.2 | +0.2 |
8 | 20 | 0 | 1646 | 3158 | +0.3 | +0.5 |
9* | 25 | 0 | 1439 | 3129 | +0.4 | +2.1 |
10* | 0 | 1 | 3924 | 3480 | +0.5 | +3.1 |
11* | 0 | 10 | 4020 | 3495 | +0.4 | +3.8 |
12* | 0 | 20 | 4106 | 3520 | +0.7 | +3.9 |
由表3可知,通过加LaMnO3代替La2O3,在高湿环境条件下明显改善了电阻变化率。另外,当LaMnO3添加量约为0.1mol%或更少时,看不出有添加效果,而当LaMnO3添加量约为20mol%或更多时,可看出阻值急剧增大,而且电阻变化率在高湿环境条件下增大了。
实施例4
La2O3、SrCO3与MnCO4经混合,使原子比Sr∶La∶Mn=0.05∶0.95∶1而制备成原料。以800℃烧制2小时后,用粉碎机压碎原料,再用球磨机细磨20小时而得到Sr0.5La0.95MnO3细粉。
接着,将表4列出的Sr0.5La0.95MnO3粉加到重量比为45∶25∶30的Mn3O4、Fe2O3与Co3O4里,并用球磨机混合16小时。该原料以900℃烧制2小时,并用粉碎机压碎。接着,将10%重量聚乙烯醇作为有机粘合剂,0.5%重量甘油作为增塑剂与1.0%重量聚乙烯分散剂加到压碎的原料里混合16小时。然后,用250目筛网除去粗粒而得到片形浆料,再用刮刀将该浆料形成50μm厚的陶瓷生片。
把该陶瓷生片冲压成固定尺寸,几块生片层迭成一共厚1mm,并以厚度方向加压2顿/cm2。以1200℃烧制2小时后,将层迭体光制成0.5mm厚度,在层迭体两表面上涂布银膏,以700℃焙烘10分钟。然后,用切锯将层迭体切成2×2mm小片尺寸,得到尺寸为2.0×2.0×0.5mm的负温度系数热敏电阻单元(见图1)。另外,为作比较,还制备了添加La2O3而不是LaMnO3的样品。表4中标星号的样品不同于本发明的样品。
通过随机取样,选出一百片这样得到的负温度系数热敏电阻单元,测量它们在25℃温度时的阻值(R25)和在50℃温度时的阻值(R50),并根据测得的值计算比电阻(ρ25)与B常数(B25/50)。另外,用25℃温度的阻值(R25)与单元尺寸确定比电阻。此外,通过上述公式用25℃的阻值(R25)和50℃的阻值(R50)确定B常数。
接着,将被测试小片放在125℃恒温炉和设置成60℃与95°%RH的恒温恒湿池中1000小时,然后测量电阻变化率,测量值列于表4。
由表4可知,通过添加Sr0.5La0.95MnO3代替La2O3,在高湿环境条件下,明显改善了电阻变化率。另外,当Sr0.5La0.95MnO3的添加总量约为0.1mol%或更少时,看不出添加的效果,而当Sr0.5La0.95MnO3的添加量约为20mol%或更多时,阻值减少了,而且在高湿环境条件下,电阻变化率增大了。
实施例5
表4 | |||||
No | Sr0.5La0.95MnO3(mol%) | 初始特性 | 高温环境试验 | 高湿环境试验 | |
ρ25/Ω.cm | B常数/K | ΔR25(%) | ΔR25(%) | ||
1* | 0 | 3852 | 3457 | +5.1 | +0.2 |
2* | 0.05 | 1557 | 3455 | +2.5 | +0.7 |
3 | 0.1 | 1545 | 3451 | +0.7 | +0.3 |
4 | 0.5 | 1453 | 3420 | +0.4 | +0.2 |
5 | 1 | 1353 | 3387 | +0.3 | +0.4 |
6 | 5 | 871 | 3231 | +0.3 | +0.1 |
7 | 10 | 602 | 3147 | +0.2 | +0.3 |
8 | 20 | 373 | 3077 | +0.5 | +1.5 |
9* | 25 | 313 | 3059 | +0.7 | +3.2 |
Mn3O4与CaCO3经混合,使Ca/M原子比为1而制备成原料。以1300℃烧制2小时后,原料用粉碎机压碎,再用球磨机细磨20小时而得到CaMnO3细粉。
接着,将表5列出的CaMnO3粉加到重量比为65∶30∶5的Mn3O4、NiO与Al2O3里,并用球磨机混合16小时。以900℃烧制原料2小时并用粉碎机压碎。接着,将10%重量聚乙烯醇作为有机粘合剂,0.5%重量甘油作为增塑剂与1.0%重量聚乙烯分散剂加到压碎的原料里混合16小时。然后,用250目筛网除去粗粒而得到片形浆料,再用刮刀将该浆料形成50μm厚的陶瓷生片。
把该陶瓷生片冲压成固定尺寸,在陶瓷生片表面丝网印刷Pt膏构成内部电板。在其上印刷了Pt膏并以厚度方向位于中心的陶瓷生片的上下层迭多块生片,总厚度达1mm,并加压2顿/cm2。以1200℃烧制2小时后,层迭体经滚筒抛光而形成尺寸为2.0×1.25×0.85mm的陶瓷单元组件。将银膏涂在该单元组件两端部并以850℃焙烘10分钟而形成外部电极,由此得到负温度系数热敏电阻单元(见图2)。另外,为作比较,还制备了添加CaCO3而不是CaMnO3的样品。标星号的样品不同于本发明的样品。
通过随机取样,选出一百片这样得到的负温度系数热敏电阻单元,测量它们在25℃温度时的阻值(R25)和在50℃温度时的阻值(R50),并根据测得的值计算比电阻(ρ25)与B常数(B25/50)。另外,用25℃温度的阻值(R25)与单元尺寸确定比电阻。此外,通过上述公式用25℃的阻值(R25)和50℃的阻值(R50)确定B常数。
接着,将被测试小片放在125℃恒温炉和设置成60℃与95°%RH的恒温恒湿池中1000小时,然后测量电阻变化率,测量值列于表5。
由表5可知,即使在层迭型片状热敏电阻单元中,当添加CaMnO3而不是CaCO3时,在高湿环境下仍然明显改善了电阻变化率。
表5 | ||||||
No | CaMnO3(mol%) | CaCO3(mol%) | 初始特性 | 高温环境试验 | 高湿环境试验 | |
ρ25/Ω.cm | B常数/K | ΔR25(%) | ΔR25(%) | |||
1* | 0 | 0 | 68210 | 4084 | +3.4 | +0.2 |
2 | 5 | 0 | 71540 | 4098 | +0.1 | +0.2 |
3* | 0 | 5 | 70920 | 4095 | +0.3 | +2.1 |
由上述可知,在烧制与烧结以后,水溶离子并不留在具有本发明负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷中,因而能抑制粘合剂在模制时的反应和电阻在高湿环境下的变化。此外,可靠性有很大提高,且用本发明的负温度系数热敏电阻可得到电阻偏移小的高度精密的设备。
Claims (12)
1、一种具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于包括:
尖晶石复合氧化物,包括Mn固溶液和选自Ti、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mg与Al组成的组中的至少一种元素;和
约0.1~20mol%的AMnO3,其中A是至少一种选自Ca、Sr、Ba、La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy与Ho的元素。
2、如权利要求1所述的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,
所述尖晶石复合氧化物包括Mn固溶液和至少一种选自Fe、Co、Ni和Al的元素;和
A代表Ca、Sr、Ba和La中的至少一种成分。
3、如权利要求1所述的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,
所述尖晶石复合氧化物包括Mn、Ni的固溶液和至少一种选自Fe、Co与Al的元素;和
A代表Ca、Sr、Ba与La中的至少一种元素。
4、如权利要求1所述的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,AMnO3是BaMnO3、LaMnO3、Sr0.5La0.95MnO3、CaMnO3、SrMnO3或它们的混合物。
5、如利要求4所述的以单元组件形式的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述单元组件有一表面和在单元组件表面上的一对间隔开的电极,由此形成一种负温度系数热敏电阻。
6、如权利要求4所述的以单元组件形式的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述单元组件有一表面和在单元组件里面的一对间隔开的电极,由此形成一种负温度系数热敏电阻。
7、如权利要求3所述的以单元组件形式的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述单元组件有一表面和在单元组件表面上的一对间隔开的电极,由此形成一种负温度系数热敏电阻。
8、如权利要求3所述的以单元组件形式的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述单元组件有一表面和在单元组件里面的一对间隔开的电极,由此形成一种负温度系数热敏电阻。
9、如权利要求2所述的以单元组件形式的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述单元组件有一表面和在单元组件表面上的一对间隔开的电极,由此形成一种负温度系数热敏电阻。
10、如权利要求2所述的单元组件形式的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述单元组件有一表面和在单元组件里面的一对间隔开的电极,由此形成一种负温度系数热敏电阻。
11、如权利要求1所述的单元组件形式的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述单元组件有一表面和在单元组件表面上的一对间隔开的电极,由此形成一种负温度系数热敏电阻。
12、如权利要求1所述的以单元组件形式的具有负电阻温度系数的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述单元组件有一表面和在单元组件里面的一对间隔开的电极,由此形成一种负温度系数热敏电阻。
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