CN1322564C - 硅锗双极型晶体管 - Google Patents

硅锗双极型晶体管 Download PDF

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CN1322564C
CN1322564C CNB018223753A CN01822375A CN1322564C CN 1322564 C CN1322564 C CN 1322564C CN B018223753 A CNB018223753 A CN B018223753A CN 01822375 A CN01822375 A CN 01822375A CN 1322564 C CN1322564 C CN 1322564C
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sige
source gas
collector region
bipolar transistor
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CN1502124A (zh
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J·O·徐
D·D·库尔鲍格
J·S·顿恩
D·格林伯格
D·哈拉梅
B·杰甘内森
R·A·约翰逊
L·兰泽罗蒂
K·T·舍恩伯格
R·W·沃斯里奇
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GlobalFoundries Inc
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Abstract

提供一种在发射区和集电区之间基本没有位错缺陷的SiGe双极型晶体管和其制造方法。该SiGe双极型晶体管包括第一导电类型的集电区(52);在所述集电区(52)的一部分上形成的SiGe基区(54);和在所述SiGe基区(54)的一部分上形成的所述第一导电类型的发射区(56),其中所述集电区(52)和所述基区(54)包括其中连续的碳。该SiGe基区(54)进一步用硼掺杂。

Description

硅锗双极型晶体管
本发明涉及双极型晶体管,特别是,涉及硅锗(SiGe)双极型晶体管,它包括含有碳的轻掺杂Si集电区和SiGe基区,碳连续的加入整个集电区和SiGe基区。这里还公开了一种将碳连续地加入SiGe双极型晶体管的轻掺杂Si集电区和SiGe基区中的方法。术语SiGe在这里用来表示硅锗合金,即,Si1-xGex
高频率有线和无线市场的显著增长已经引发了新的机遇,对此,例如SiGe的化合物半导体与体互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)技术相比有着独一无二的优势。随着外延层假晶SiGe淀积工艺的快速发展,基于外延的SiGe异质结双极型晶体管已经与主流先进的CMOS研制结合在一起以用于可接受的广阔市场,为模拟和射频(RF)电路提供SiGe技术的优势,同时保持全面利用先进的CMOS技术基础用于数字逻辑电路。
SiGe异质结双极型晶体管器件正在取代硅双极结型器件作为整个模拟应用方面的首要元件。典型的现有技术SiGe异质结双极型晶体管如图1所示。具体来说,现有技术的异质结双极型晶体管包括n+子集电极层10,其上面形成有一层n-Si集电(即,轻掺杂)区12。该晶体管还包括在轻掺杂Si集电区上形成的p+SiGe基区14。基区14的一部分包括n+Si发射区16,和另一部分包括通过间距20与发射区隔开的基极电极18。在发射区16的上面是发射极电极22。
关于图1所示类型的双极型SiGe晶体管的一个主要问题是在集电区和发射区之间存在位错。当这些位错在集电区和发射区之间扩展时,会发生双极管道例如CE短路;管道短路是在SiGe双极技术中主要的产量降低因素。
在现有技术中,已知将碳加入双极结构中用于仅在SiGe区内的基极上面形成碳层。这样的结构如图2所示,其中标号24表示生长的碳层。在SiGe区内的基极上面形成碳层的现有技术方法由于妨碍了本征基区的扩散,从而导致了狭窄的基极宽度。该结果例如图3所示。
在现有技术中典型的使用碳结合来阻止硼外扩散进入基区。例如,众所周知,在富含碳的硅层中可以强烈抑制硼的瞬时增强扩散,可见H.J.Osten等人的“Carbon Doped SiGe Heter junction BipolarTransistors for High Frequency Applications(用于高频领域的掺碳的SiGe异质结双极型晶体管)”,IEEEBTCM 7.1,109。硅中的硼扩散是通过填隙式机理发生,并且与硅自身间隙浓度成比例。从富含碳的区中碳的扩散会引起硅自身间隙的欠饱和。因此,这些区中的硼的扩散就会被抑制。尽管能够抑制硼的扩散,这种仅在SiGe区内的基极上面形成碳的现有技术方法在减少管道短路方面是无效的。
根据上述的双极型管道短路问题,一直存在需要发展一种新的、改善的制造SiGe双极型晶体管的方法的要求,其中无需变窄基极宽度(如现有技术方法中出现的情况),就基本上消除在发射区和集电区之间的位错。
本发明的一个方面是提供了一种制造SiGe双极型晶体管的方法,其中基本抑制了在发射区和集电区之间形成位错,由此避免了双极管道例如CE短路的问题。
本发明的另一个方面是提供了一种制造SiGe双极型结构的方法,其中提高了外延生长硅/锗区的晶体管的产量。
本发明的再一个方面是提供了一种制造双极型SiGe晶体管的方法,其中碳可被加入该结构中而无需变窄基极宽度。
本发明的又一个方面是提供了制造双极型SiGe晶体管的方法,其中成本有效降低,还可以轻松的利用现有的SiGe双极型技术来实现。
本发明的各方面和优点可以通过将碳加入到轻掺杂Si层和SiGe基区中来获得。根据本发明,通过使用淀积工艺,例如超高真空化学汽相淀积(UHVCVD)、快速热化学汽相淀积(RTCVD)、分子束外延(MBE)、或等离子体增强化学汽相淀积(PECVD),在SiGe层的外延生产期间产生碳结合,其中使用碳源气体。通过使用本发明的方法,碳在整个Si集电区和SiGe基区中连续形成。而且,申请人已经发现,本发明的这种方法提高SiGe的增加的产量并且抑制引起双极型管道短路的位错。
在本发明的第一实施例中,提供了一种制造呈现基本没有管道短路的SiGe双极型晶体管的方法。具体而言,制造这种SiGe双极型晶体管的本发明的方法包括下列步骤:
(a)提供一种结构,其至少包括双极型器件区,所述双极型器件区至少包括在半导体衬底内形成的第一导电类型的集电区;
(b)在所述集电区上淀积SiGe基区,其中在所述淀积期间,碳穿过集电区和SiGe基区连续生长;和
(c)在所述SiGe基区上形成图形化的发射区。
更合适的集电极由以下步骤形成:在半导体衬底的一表面上外延生长Si层;在外延生长的Si层上形成氧化层;将第一导电类型的掺杂剂注入进Si层中;去除氧化层,更合适地通过HF刻蚀工艺来去除氧化层。步骤(b)的淀积工艺可以选自于由超高真空化学汽相淀积(UHVCVD)、分子束外延(MBE)、快速热化学汽相淀积(RTCVD)、和等离子体增强化学汽相淀积(PECVD)构成的组,并优选UHVCVD工艺,更优选在约650℃或更低的温度下和大约250毫托或更低的工作压力下执行。UHVCVD工艺优选在从大约500℃-约650℃的温度下并在从大约0.1-约20毫托的工作压力下执行,并且优选包括混合气体,该混合气体包含Si源气体,Ge源气体,B源气体和C源气体。Si源气体优选是硅烷,Ge源气体优选是锗烷,硼源气体优选是B2H6,C源气体优选是乙烯、甲基硅烷(methylsilane)或甲烷。这些源气体可以未稀释使用或是结合惰性气体使用,惰性气体可以是氦、氩、氮或氢。这些源气体可以预混合或作为分开的料流引入到外延反应器内。
适当的上述步骤(c)包括步骤:在SiGe基区上形成绝缘体;在绝缘体内开一个发射极窗口;在发射极窗口中形成多晶硅;刻蚀多晶硅。
本发明的另一实施例涉及一种将碳加入到双极型晶体管的集电区和SiGe基区内的方法。根据本发明的这个实施例,该方法包括在轻掺杂Si集电区上淀积SiGe基区的步骤,其中在淀积期间,碳穿过集电区和SiGe基区连续生长。更适合,淀积步骤包括从由超高真空化学汽相淀积(UHVCVD)、分子束外延(MBE)、快速热化学汽相淀积(RTCVD)、和等离子体增强化学汽相淀积(PECVD)构成的组选择的淀积工艺,最优选淀积工艺是UHVCVD工艺。UHVCVD工艺优选在约650℃或更低的温度下和大约250毫托(millitorr)或更低的工作压力下执行,更优选在从大约500℃-约650℃的温度下和从大约0.1-约20毫托的工作压力下执行。UHVCVD工艺可以包括混合气体,该混合气体包含Si源气体,Ge源气体,B源气体和C源气体,优选其中Si源气体是硅烷,Ge源气体是锗烷,硼源气体是B2H6,C源气体是乙烯、甲基硅烷或甲烷。这些源气体可以未稀释使用或是结合惰性气体使用,惰性气体优选是氦、氩、氮或氢。这些源气体可以预混合或作为分开的料流引入到外延反应器内。
本发明的另一个实施例涉及SiGe双极型晶体管,其在发射区和集电区之间基本没有位错缺陷,所述结构包括:
第一导电类型的集电区;
SiGe基区;和
在所述基区的一部分上形成的所述第一导电类型的发射区,其中所述集电区和所述基区包括在所述集电区和所述SiGe基区内连续存在的碳,并且所述SiGe基区进一步用B掺杂。在SiGe基区内的C优选的浓度是从大约5×1017-约1×1021cm-3,更合适C在SiGe基区中的浓度是从约1×1019-约1×1020cm-3
最合适的SiGe双极型晶体管是其中由掺杂的多晶硅构成发射极。
通过参考附图将更加具体地描述本发明,其中:
图1是现有技术的SiGe双极型晶体管的片段图示。
图2是包括仅在SiGe区内的基极上面生长的C层的现有技术的SiGe双极型晶体管的片段图示。
图3是对于其中在SiGe基区上面加入C的现有技术方法,硼(B)、锗(Ge)和碳(C)的浓度对深度()的曲线图。
图4是包括在集电区和SiGe基区内连续生长的C层的本发明SiGe双极型晶体管的片段图示。
图5-10示出根据本发明的基本工艺步骤的本发明的SiGe双极型晶体管。
图11-13是对于其中在集电区和SiGe基区内连续加入C的本发明方法,硼(B)、锗(Ge)和碳(C)的浓度对深度()的曲线图。
通过结合本发明的附图来更加详细地说明涉及在轻掺杂Si集电区和SiGe基极层内连续加入C的方法和由此产生的SiGe双极型结构的本发明。
首先参考图4,它是本发明SiGe双极型晶体管片段的截面图。具体而言,图4所示的SiGe双极型晶体管包括在衬底50上形成的第一导电类型(掺杂n或p型)的集电区52。在集电区52的一部分的顶部上是SiGe基区54,基区54包括发射区56和发射极扩散56d。区60表示绝缘体。SiGe基区的特征在于用B掺杂。应该注意,图4所示的双极型晶体管仅代表双极型晶体管的一个片段。出于简化目的,该图省略了在双极型晶体管结构中典型形成的其它区。
根据本发明,SiGe基区和集电区(即轻掺杂Si)包括贯穿该双极型晶体管的这些层连续分布(即生长)的C。强调一下,图4所示结构不同于图2所示的其中仅在SiGe基区上面生长C的现有技术SiGe双极型晶体管。
根据本发明,在SiGe基区和集电区内的C的浓度是在从大约5×1017-约1×1021原子cm-3的范围,更加优选的是C浓度范围从大约1×1019-大约1020原子cm-3
形成图4所示本发明结构所使用的方法将通过参考图5-10和下面的讨论做更加详细地描述。具体而言,图5示出在形成SiGe双极型晶体管的本发明中使用的初始结构。图5的结构包括Si衬底50,其包括在衬底50的表面上形成的第一导电类型的集电区52。图5中所示结构可以使用本领域的技术人员熟知的常规工艺来形成。例如,通过在衬底上外延生长Si层(未示出),在衬底10的表面上形成集电区。然后氧化层(该图没有示出)在外延Si层的表面上形成,之后n或p型掺杂剂注入进外延Si层内,通过常规的激活退火工艺来激活该区。离子注入和退火之后,在其上形成SiGe层之前从该结构表面去掉氧化层。上面的过程使得在衬底内形成集电区。去掉氧化层的优选方法是使用HF刻蚀工艺。在形成子集电区过程中本发明中使用的另一个方法是使用常规的高能量P注入工艺。
接下来,如图6所示,使用合适的淀积工艺在集电区上形成SiGe层54,该淀积工艺可以外延生长SiGe基区同时在该基区和集电区内连续生长C。在本发明中形成的SiGe基区典型具有从大约10-约200nm的厚度。更优选的是,该SiGe基区具有从大约50-约70nm的厚度。应该注意,在本发明中,SiGe基区在晶格中包括C和B。也就是,SiGe基区是其中包括SiGe、B和C的合金的SiGe区。
根据本发明,可以通过使用UHVCVD、MBE、RTCVD、PECVD或其它类似的可以外延形成这种SiGe层的淀积工艺来形成SiGe基区层。在这些淀积工艺中,优选使用UHVCVD工艺。
在形成SiGe基区的本发明中使用的UHCVD工艺在低温外延(LTE)反应器中执行,外延反应器在大约650℃或更低的温度下和大约250毫托或更低的工作压力下工作。更优选的,该UHVCVD工艺在从大约500℃-约650℃的温度下和从大约0.1-约20毫托的工作压力下工作的外延反应器中执行。在本发明中,UHVCVD工艺可以用混合气体执行,该混合气体包含Si源,Ge源,B源和C源。尽管在本发明中可以使用各种Si、Ge、B和C源,但是优选使用混合气体,该混合气体包括硅烷或其它类似的含Si的源气体作为Si源,锗烷、GeH4作为Ge源,乙硼烷、B2H6作为B源,和乙烯、甲基硅烷或甲烷作为C源。前面提及的C源中,最优选使用乙烯作为C源气体。
这些源气体可以未稀释使用或者源气体可以结合例如氦、氮、氩或氢的惰性气体使用。例如,Ge源气体可以包括5%惰性气体中的锗烷,C源气体可以包括惰性气体中的上述C源气体中的一种(约0.5-约2%)。而且,这些源气体可以在引入外延反应器内之前预混合,或者这些源气体可以作为分开的料流被引入。
在本发明中使用的Si和Ge的浓度对于本发明来说不是至关重要的,只要Si和Ge的浓度足够形成SiGe基区层即可。
注意,上述的UHVCVD工艺(或有关的淀积工艺)能够贯穿双极型结构的基区和SiGe基区连续生长C。而且,申请人已发现,上述的UHVCVD工艺改善了SiGe基极的产量并抑制了引起双极型管道短路的位错。而仅在SiGe基区上面生长C的现有技术工艺中没有报道这些发现。因此,本发明的工艺提供了一种形成SiGe双极型晶体管的改进方法,其中C基本形成一个本征沉(intrinsic sink)。
图11-13示出在UHVCVD淀积外延生长SiGe基区和Si集电区加入C的工艺的SiGe轮廓图。图11中,在隔开SiGe基区和轻掺杂Si层(即集电极)的离散间隔内生长碳;图12中,碳贯穿这些区连续地形成。轻掺杂的Si中低浓度的C用作减少位错形成的本征沉。C的加入限制了Ge轮廓,因此,如图13所示,Ge轮廓有坡度并且不是固定的。
返回来参看本发明的工艺,如图7所示,使用本领域公知的常规淀积工艺在SiGe膜的表面形成绝缘体60。适合的淀积工艺包括但不限于:CVD,等离子体增强CVD,溅射,化学溶液淀积,和其它类似的淀积工艺。绝缘体60可以包括单一的绝缘材料,或它也可以包括一种以上的绝缘材料的组合,即,介质叠层。在本发明的这个步骤中使用的绝缘体可以包括氧化物、氮化物或它们的组合。
图8示出了穿过绝缘体60形成发射极窗口62之后,露出SiGe膜表面的结构。使用常规的光刻和例如反应离子刻蚀(RIE)的刻蚀来形成发射极窗口。
图9示出了在发射极窗口内和绝缘体层上面形成本征多晶硅64层之后的结构。形成双极型SiGe晶体管的发射区的本征多晶硅可以由本领域的技术人员熟知的任何常规原位掺杂淀积工艺来形成。
在该结构中形成多晶硅层之后,用常规光刻和刻蚀对该多晶硅层进行构图,形成图10所示的结构。然后执行能够去掉部分绝缘体和部分SiGe层的选择性刻蚀工艺,以提供图4所示的结构。本发明的方法也可以应用于本领域公知的工艺,例如自对准双极型工艺。
尽管已经通过优选实施例具体示出和描述了本发明,但是本领域的技术人员都明白,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下可以进行形式和细节方面的前述和其它变化。因此,本发明并不局限于所描述和示出的具体的形式和细节,本发明由附属的权利要求所保护。

Claims (27)

1.一种制造SiGe双极型晶体管的方法,该SiGe双极型晶体管包括在集电区和SiGe基区中的碳,其方法包括下列步骤:
(a)提供一种结构,其至少包括一双极型器件区,所述双极型器件区至少包括在半导体衬底内形成的第一导电类型的集电区;
(b)在所述集电区上淀积SiGe基区,其中在所述淀积期间,碳穿过集电区和SiGe基区连续生长;和
(c)在所述SiGe基区上面形成图形化的发射区。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中通过以下步骤形成集电极:
在半导体衬底的一表面上外延生长Si层;
在外延生长的Si层上形成氧化层;
将第一导电类型的掺杂剂注入Si层中;和
去除氧化层。
3.根据权利要求2的方法,其中通过HF刻蚀工艺来去除氧化层。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(b)的淀积工艺选自于由超高真空化学汽相淀积、分子束外延、快速热化学汽相淀积、和等离子体增强化学汽相淀积构成的组。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其中淀积工艺是超高真空化学汽相淀积工艺。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述超高真空化学汽相淀积工艺在650℃或更低的温度下和250毫托或更低的工作压力下执行。
7.根据权利要求6的方法,其中所述超高真空化学汽相淀积工艺在从500℃-650℃的温度下和从0.1-20毫托的工作压力下执行。
8.根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述超高真空化学汽相淀积工艺包括混合气体,该混合气体包含Si源气体,Ge源气体,B源气体和C源气体。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中所述Si源气体是硅烷,Ge源气体是锗烷,硼源气体是B2H6,和C源气体是乙烯、甲基硅烷或甲烷。
10.根据权利要求8的方法,其中所述源气体可以未稀释使用或是结合惰性气体使用。
11.根据权利要求10的方法,其中所述惰性气体是氦、氩或氮。
12.根据权利要求8的方法,其中所述源气体被预混合或作为分开的料流引入到外延反应器内。
13.根据权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(c)包括以下步骤:在SiGe基区上形成绝缘体;在绝缘体内开一发射极窗口;在发射极窗口中形成多晶硅;和刻蚀多晶硅。
14.一种将碳加入到双极型晶体管的集电区和SiGe基区内的方法,该方法包括在Si集电区上淀积SiGe基区,其中在淀积期间,碳穿过集电区和SiGe基区连续生长。
15.根据权利要求14的方法,其中所述淀积步骤包括选自由超高真空化学汽相淀积、分子束外延、快速热化学汽相淀积和等离子体增强化学汽相淀积构成的组中的淀积工艺。
16.根据权利要求15的方法,其中所述淀积工艺是超高真空化学汽相淀积工艺。
17.根据权利要求16的方法,其中所述超高真空化学汽相淀积工艺在650℃或更低的温度下和250毫托或更低的工作压力下执行。
18.根据权利要求17的方法,其中所述超高真空化学汽相淀积工艺在从500℃-650℃的温度下和从0.1-20毫托的工作压力下执行。
19.根据权利要求16的方法,其中所述超高真空化学汽相淀积工艺包括混合气体,该混合气体包含Si源气体,Ge源气体,B源气体和C源气体。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其中所述Si源气体是硅烷,Ge源气体是锗烷,硼源气体是B2H6,和C源气体是乙烯、甲基硅烷或甲烷。
21.根据权利要求19的方法,其中所述源气体可以未稀释使用或是结合惰性气体使用。
22.根据权利要求21的方法,其中所述惰性气体是氦、氩或氮。
23.根据权利要求19的方法,其中所述源气体被预混合或作为分开的料流引入到外延反应器内。
24.一种SiGe双极型晶体管,所述结构包括:
第一导电类型的集电区;
在集电区的一部分上形成的SiGe基区;和
在所述基区的一部分上形成的第一导电类型的发射区,其中所述集电区和所述基区包括在所述集电区和SiGe基区内连续存在的碳,和所述SiGe基极进一步包括其中掺杂的硼。
25.根据权利要求24的SiGe双极型晶体管,其中在SiGe基区内的C的浓度是5×1017-1×1021cm-3
26.根据权利要求25的SiGe双极型晶体管,其中在SiGe基区内的C的浓度是1×1019-1×1020cm-3
27.根据权利要求24的SiGe双极型晶体管,其中发射极由掺杂的多晶硅构成。
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