CN1279172C - 转化水稻植物的方法 - Google Patents

转化水稻植物的方法 Download PDF

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CN1279172C
CN1279172C CNB998167665A CN99816766A CN1279172C CN 1279172 C CN1279172 C CN 1279172C CN B998167665 A CNB998167665 A CN B998167665A CN 99816766 A CN99816766 A CN 99816766A CN 1279172 C CN1279172 C CN 1279172C
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edaphic bacillus
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田中宥司
萱野晓明
宇垣正志
盐原文绪
涩谷直人
小野寺治子
小野和子
田切明美
西泽八重子
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
    • A01H1/06—Processes for producing mutations, e.g. treatment with chemicals or with radiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8201—Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation
    • C12N15/8202—Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation by biological means, e.g. cell mediated or natural vector
    • C12N15/8205—Agrobacterium mediated transformation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H5/10—Seeds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H6/46—Gramineae or Poaceae, e.g. ryegrass, rice, wheat or maize
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H6/46—Gramineae or Poaceae, e.g. ryegrass, rice, wheat or maize
    • A01H6/4636—Oryza sp. [rice]

Abstract

单子叶植物的土壤杆菌转化方法，它包含用含有所需的重组基因的土壤杆菌感染无伤种子的步骤。

Description

转化水稻植物的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及土壤杆菌介导的单子叶植物的转化方法。
技术背景
“转化技术”是改良植物的手段之一，它将用于改变性状的所需的重组基因导入植物。高效、快速的转化方法对有用植物的分子育种极为重要，尤其对谷物，它是作为主食的重要粮食。
大多数谷物(例如水稻、小麦、大麦及玉米)属于单子叶植物。目前为止已开发出多种转化单子叶植物的转化方法。这些转化方法大体分为直接转化法和间接转化法。
直接转化法包括，如电穿孔法(Shimamofo等，Nature，338：274-276，1989；Rhodes C.A.等，Science，240：204-207，1989)、粒子枪法(ChristouP.等，Bio/Technology 9：957-962，1991)及聚乙二醇(PEG)法(Datta，S.K.等，Bio/Technology 8：736-740，1990)。电穿孔法和粒子枪法通常用于转化单子叶植物，它们是较为有效的导入基因地方法。
间接转化法包括土壤杆菌介导的转化方法(以下叫做土壤杆菌转化法)。土壤杆菌是植物病原菌的一种。土壤杆菌的性质是一旦感染植物，就将自身质粒(例如，Ti质粒或Ri质粒)上存在的T-DNA区域整合到植物中。土壤杆菌转化法利用T-DNA区域整合到植物中作为将基因导入植物的手段。简单地说就是用包含所需的重组基因的土壤杆菌感染植物。感染后，目的基因从土壤杆菌移到植物细胞内，从而整合到植物基因组中。
土壤杆菌转化法对于双子叶植物已建立了有效的方法，到目前为止已建立了大量稳定表达目的基因的转化植物。
与此相对，一般认为土壤杆菌转化法用于单子叶植物很困难。例如，Portrykus等，(Bio/Technology，535-542，1990)报道，土壤杆菌不感染单子叶植物。但是，另一方面，大量尝试了使用土壤杆菌转化单子叶植物，结果发现土壤杆菌转化法适用于单子叶植物的可能性。
例如，Ranineri等取出水稻的胚盘部分，造成损伤，放置到诱导去分化的培养基上，数日后，用土壤杆菌感染其胚盘部分。结果，未得到正常再生个体，但成功诱导了导入外来基因的愈伤组织(RanineriD.M.等，Bio/Technology，8：33-38，1990)。
国际公开WO94/00977号公开了水稻和玉米的土壤杆菌转化法。该方法中有必要应用去分化过程中的或去分化了的培养组织(例如，愈伤组织)作为用土壤杆菌进行转化的植物样品。用土壤杆菌感染前，为了从要被转化的植物样品(例如叶子切片)制备去分化了的培养组织，通常要用3-4周诱导去分化。
国际公开WO95/06722号公开了用土壤杆菌转化水稻和玉米的未成熟胚的方法。但是，取出未成熟胚很麻烦。
因此，若能利用更快速、有效的单子叶植物的土壤杆菌转化法，对包含水稻等谷物的有用单子叶植物的分子育种将是一大贡献。
发明内容
本发明意在解决上述问题。本发明的目的是改良单子叶植物的土壤杆菌转化法。依据本发明的方法可比以往的土壤杆菌转化法更有效地或迅速地制备出转化植物。
本发明涉及单子叶植物的转化方法，它包括用包含所需的重组基因的土壤杆菌感染无伤种子的步骤。本发明的方法中是在无伤状态下感染种子，没必要将要进行转化的植物样品进行去分化处理。
用于被土壤杆菌感染的种子是播种后第4-5天的种子。另外，感染的时间是，种子处于发芽状态。
被转化的单子叶植物优选为禾本科植物，更优选水稻(Oryza sativaL.)。
附图简述
图1是表示生物状态的照片，它表示感染土壤杆菌之前的水稻种子的状态。
图2是表示生物状态的照片，它表示播种后第50天，用本发明的方法而得到的水稻再生个体。
图3(a)是表示生物状态的照片，它比较了播种后第90天用以往的方法得到的转化体与播种后第50天用本发明的方法得到的转化体；图3(b)是表示生物状态的照片，它比较了播种后第50天用以往的方法得到的转化体与播种后第50天用本发明的方法得到的转化体。
本发明的最佳实施方式
以下对本发明进行详细说明。
本发明的方法适用的“植物”为单子叶植物。优选的单子叶植物包括禾本科植物(例如水稻和玉米)。本发明的方法适用的最佳植物是水稻，尤其是Japonica水稻。另外，如无其它说明，“植物”指植物体及由植物体而得到的种子。
(植物表达用载体的构建)
为了将所需的重组基因导入单子叶植物，构建包含所需的重组基因的植物表达用载体。这种植物表达用载体可应用业内人士熟知的基因重组技术进行制备。例如pBI系的载体适用于构建土壤杆菌转化方法中应用的植物表达用载体，但并不限定于此。
“所需的重组基因”是指所希望的导入植物的任何多聚核苷酸。本发明的所需的重组基因并不限定于从天然物分离出的基因，它还包含合成的多聚核苷酸。合成的多聚核苷酸可以这样获得，如用该领域的技术人员所熟知的方法合成或修饰序列已知的基因。本发明的所需的重组基因包括，例如：希望能在转化的植物中表达的、对于植物来讲是内源性的或外源性的任意多聚核苷酸，或者在希望调控植物内某种内源性基因的表达时，包含该目的基因的反义序列的多聚核苷酸。
意图在植物内表达时，所需的重组基因包含可操作方式的自己的启动子(即，与该基因天然可操作性连接到启动子)，或不包含自己的启动子时，或者希望还包含自己启动子之外的启动子时，与任意合适的启动子可操作性连接。所使用的启动子包括组成性启动子，在植物的一部分选择性表达的启动子，及诱导性启动子。
植物表达用载体中还可以在宿主植物细胞内可操作的方式连接各种调控元件。调控元件包括选择性标记基因、植物启动子、终止子及增强子。所使用的植物表达用载体的类型及调控元件的种类要根据转化的目的进行变动，这是业内人士众所周知的事情。
“选择性标记基因”是为了容易筛选转化植物而使用的。可选择性使用赋予潮霉素抗性的潮霉素磷酸转移酶(HPT)基因及赋予新霉素抗性的新霉素磷酸转移酶II(NPTII)这样的耐药基因，但并不限定于此。
“植物启动子”是指可与选择性标记基因可操作性连接、在植物中表达的启动子。这样的启动子的例子有，花椰菜花叶病毒(CaMV)的35S启动子，胭脂碱合成酶基因的启动子，但并不限定于此。
“终止子”指位于基因编码蛋白质区域的下游，DNA转录成mRNA时与转录的终结及polyA序列的添加相关的序列。终止子的例子包括CaMV 35S终止子和胭脂碱合成酶基因的终止子(Tnos)等，但并不限定于此。
“增强子”是为了提高目的基因的表达效率而应用的。作为增强子优选应用包含CaMV 35S启动子上游序列的增强子区域。每一个植物表达用载体可应用多个增强子。
(植物的转化)
用于单子叶植物转化的土壤杆菌可是任意的土壤杆菌属细菌，优选根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)。用包含所需的重组基因的植物表达用载体(例如通过电穿孔法)转化土壤杆菌。用转化了的土壤杆菌感染种子，从而得到导入了所需的重组基因的植物。导入的重组基因整合到植物的基因组中存在。植物中的基因组不单指核染色体，还包含植物细胞中的各种细胞器(例如线粒体、叶绿体等)中的基因组。
将用于转化的植物的种子去皮后，在无伤状态下预培养。种子“无伤”是指：种子不接受去除种子的胚珠及损伤其胚盘等人为操作的状态。
预培养是将种子撒到含适当浓度植物生长激素(例如2，4-D)的培养基(例如N6D培养基)中，一般保温4-5天，优选5天。预培养在种子组织进入去分化过程以前停止。此时的温度，一般25-35℃，优选27-32℃。预培养结束后，给种子灭菌，然后用水充分洗涤。接着，无菌操作下，用转化的土壤杆菌感染种子。
用土壤杆菌感染种子(共培养)期间，黑暗处将种子一般保温2-5天，优选3天。此时的温度，一般26-38℃，优选28℃。接着，为了去除培养基中的土壤杆菌，用适当的除菌剂(例如羧苄青霉素)处理种子。以选择标记(例如潮霉素抗性等抗药性)为基准筛选转化了的种子。
在适当的除菌条件和筛选条件下培养后，将筛选出的转化种子转移到含适当植物调节物质的再生培养基(例如MS培养基)中，适当的时间内保温。为了让植物体再生，将再生了的转化体移到发根培养基(例如不含植物调节物质的MS培养基)。确定发根后，将转化体入盆。
导入植物的目的重组基因在植物体内发挥预期的目的(例如表达期望的新性状，或者调控某内源性基因的表达)。
可用该领域的技术人员所熟知的方法确认目的重组基因是否导入植物。例如，可用Northern blot分析进行确认。具体而言，从再生植物的叶中提取总RNA，经变性琼脂糖电泳后，点到适当的膜上。该斑点上，导入基因的一部分与互补的标记的RNA探针杂交，由此检测出目的基因的mRNA。或者，希望通过导入目的重组基因来控制植物中内源性基因的表达时，可用上述的Northern blot分析来检测内源性目的基因的表达。当内源性目的基因的表达与非转化的对照植物中该基因的表达被显著抑制时，可确认目的重组基因导入了植物，发挥表达调控的作用。
以往的方法中，在用土壤杆菌感染之前，通常有必要进行3-4周的去分化诱导。与此相对，本发明的方法，没必要进行去分化诱导过程，所以可缩短制备转化的单子叶植物所必要的时间。再者，依照本发明的方法，可缩短以往方法中筛选所需的时间，因此可减低培养变异的影响。
在本发明方法的一个优选实施方案中，制备转化的单子叶植物所需的时间为50天，是以往土壤杆菌转化法(例如参照下述实施例2)所必需时间(约90天)的三分之二以下。另外，依照本发明的方法，应用日本晴的种子时，转化率为10-15％。用Dontokol、Kitaake等其它品种时也能得到同样高的转化率。因此，通过使用本发明的方法，可比以往的转化方法更有效、迅速地制备出转化植物。
(实施例)
列举以下实施例对本发明进行具体说明。本发明并不限定于此。若无其它特殊说明，实施例中所使用的试剂、材料等源自商业渠道。
实施例1：应用本发明的方法进行水稻植物的转化
水稻的代表性品种为日本晴，将日本晴种子去皮后，在无伤状态下，在2.5％次氯酸钠(NaCIO)溶液中灭菌。用水充分洗涤后，将水稻进行以下无菌操作。
1.1预培养
将种子撒到含2，4-D的N6D的培养基(30g/l蔗糖，0.3g/l酪蛋白氨基酸，2.8g/l脯氨酸，2mg/l2，4-D，4g/l gellite，pH 5.8)上，27-32℃保温5天。这期间种子发芽(图1)。
1.2植物表达用载体
用质粒pIG 121Hm(中村等，植物生物技术II，现代化学增刊，pp123-132，(1991))作转化土壤杆菌用的植物表达用载体，该载体是将包含Ricinus的过氧化氢酶第1内含子的GUS基因与潮霉素抗性基因连接的质粒。用pIG121Hm转化土壤杆菌EHA101(Hood等，J.Bacteriol.，168：1291-1301(1986))。EHA101是辅助性质粒的vir区域来自强病原性土壤杆菌A281的细菌。
1.3土壤杆菌感染
将预培养的上述种子浸渍到转化的土壤杆菌的悬浮液中，移植到2N6-AS培养基(，10g/l葡萄糖，0.3g/l酪蛋白氨基酸，2mg/l 2，4-D，10mg/l acetosyringon，4g/l gellite，pH 5.2)中，暗处28℃保温共培养3天。
1.4除菌及筛选
共培养完了后，用含羧苄青霉素的N6D培养基从种子中洗去土壤杆菌。接着在以下条件下筛选转化了的种子。
第一次筛选：将种子放置到含2mg/l补充了羧苄青霉素(500mg/l)和潮霉素(25mg/l)的2，4-D的N6D培养基上，再在27-32℃保温7天。
第二次筛选：将种子放置到含2-4mg/l补充了羧苄青霉素(500mg/l)和潮霉素(25mg/l)的2，4-D的N6D培养基上，再在27-32℃保温7天。
1.5再生
在以下条件下使筛选出的转化种子再生。
第一次再生：将筛选的种子放到再生培养基(补充了羧苄青霉素(500mg/l)和潮霉素(25mg/l)的MS培养基(30g/l蔗糖，30g/l山梨糖醇，2g/l酪蛋白氨基酸，2mg/l激动素，0.002mg/lNAA，4g/l gellite，pH5.8))，27-32℃保温2周。
第二次再生：使用与第一次再生相同的再生培养基，27-32℃再保温2周。
1.6入盆
将再生的转化体移到发根培养基(补充了潮霉素(25mg/l)不含激素的MS培养基)上，确认发根后，入盆(图2)。
实施例2：用以往的方法转化水稻植物
为了与实施例1的方法进行比较，使用日本晴作为转化材料，以往转化水稻植物的方法如下进行。
2.1诱导愈伤组织
将日本晴种子去皮后，灭菌，播种到愈伤组织诱导培养基(含2mg/l2.4-D的N6D培养基)上，在亮处30℃保温。从诱导开始大约4周后，使用来源于胚盘的增殖的愈伤组织进行转化。
2.2转化
如实施例1那样用植物表达用载体pIG121Hm转化土壤杆菌EHA 101，用它感染所得愈伤组织，在2N6-AS培养基上，暗处28℃保温共培养3天。
2.3除菌及筛选
用含500mg/l羧苄青霉素的N6D培养基从愈伤组织中洗去土壤杆菌。接着在以下条件下筛选转化了的愈伤组织。
第一次筛选：将愈伤组织放置到含2-4mg/l补充了羧苄青霉素(500mg/l)和潮霉素(25mg/l)的2，4-D的N6D培养基上，再在27-32℃保温2周。
第二次筛选：将愈伤组织放置到含2-4mg/l补充了羧苄青霉素(500mg/l)和潮霉素(25mg/l)的2，4-D的N6D培养基上，再在27-32℃保温2周。
2.4再生、发根及入盆
在与实施例1同样的条件下使筛选出的转化种子再生、入盆。
2.5结果
用以往的方法进行转化的实施例与用本发明的方法进行转化的实施例进行比较的结果如图3所示。播种后到入盆所必需的日期是，以往的方法中约90天，而本发明的方法中约50天(图3(a))。在播种后第50天的时间点进行比较，本发明方法中的转化体已达到可入盆的状态，而以往的方法中，转化体还处于再生过程(图3(b))。总之，本发明的方法将转化所需的时间缩短到以往的约三分之二以下。
产业实用性
本发明提供改良的、土壤杆菌介导的单子叶植物的转化方法。本发明的方法中，用包含所需的重组基因的土壤杆菌感染打算用于转化的植物的无伤的种子。通过使用本发明，可更有效且迅速地制备出转化植物。

Claims (4)

1转化水稻植物的方法，它包括以下步骤：
用含有所需重组基因的土壤杆菌感染无伤种子；
培养感染的种子；并且
筛选转化了的种子。
2权利要求1的方法，其中的种子在播种后培养4-5天。
3权利要求2的方法，其中的种子培养5天。
4权利要求1的方法，其中种子是发芽的种子。
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