CN1227702A - 导电性材料及其制造方法 - Google Patents
导电性材料及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1227702A CN1227702A CN97197057A CN97197057A CN1227702A CN 1227702 A CN1227702 A CN 1227702A CN 97197057 A CN97197057 A CN 97197057A CN 97197057 A CN97197057 A CN 97197057A CN 1227702 A CN1227702 A CN 1227702A
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Abstract
本发明的目的是提供一种适作电磁波屏蔽密封材料的导电性材料,除了能防止电子设备泄漏电磁波外,还能防止对电子设备诱发误动作,对通讯设备产生电波危害等,以及该导电性材料的制造方法。将合成纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片通过粘接形成一个整体,再将该复合薄片体进行镀金属处理,为了提高最终用途中的作业性,在任何一个薄片面上设有用离型纸复盖的粘合剂层。
Description
技术领域
本发明是关于适于屏蔽电子设备泄漏电磁波的电磁波屏蔽用密封材料的导电性材料,及其制造方法。
背景技术
近年来,计算机、电子游艺机、携带电话等所谓电子设备已广泛利用,也普及到一般家庭生活中。这些设备随着工业用途向一般用途的扩大,这些设备泄漏的电磁波常常引起对其它电子设备的误操作,也引起通讯设备的电磁波障碍等等问题,这在大众传播中也产生很大的反响。
在这样的社会环境中,就电子设备工业相关领域内,要求能发挥相当卓越屏蔽效果的电磁波屏蔽材料,以防止这些设备泄漏电磁波引起的各种危害。
特别是因由使用电子元件的设备产生的电磁波带来的问题,是由构成设备外壳的各元件接缝处和安装在该外壳上开关门等间隙处泄漏的电磁波,为了屏蔽这种泄漏的电磁波,提出了具有各种形式的密封材料。
在这些密封材料中,作为能满足屏蔽要求结构的屏蔽材料,具有耐压缩性和与金属同有导电性的制品,在实际应用中获得的效果大致相同。该制品,如图1所示,在由方柱状形成的不镀金属的合成树脂多孔体薄片1,即聚氨酯泡沫材料上,粘接卷绕上镀金属布帛2,在该布帛的整个表面或部分表面上设置粘接剂层3后,再在该表面上叠层上离型纸4,由于实际使用的聚氨酯泡沫体本身富有柔软性和缓冲性,导致刚挺性差,对该材料在规定方向上按规定宽度细切时的操作,技术上很困难。实际情况是为了保持该材料具有耐压缩性,将该泡沫加热压缩到规定的厚度,成为赋予了永久变形的泡沫压缩成形体后,再使用之。
然而,这种密封材料,其制造方法是,在预先用机械切屑加工的方柱形聚氨酯泡沫体上,涂布粘接剂,再卷绕上镀金属处理的纤维布帛,产生的问题是不仅要花费工时,而且导致生产成本的提高。
本发明的目的
本发明目的是鉴于这种现状,提供一种导电性材料,与过去的电磁波屏蔽材料相比,消除了繁杂的制造作业,可大批量生产廉价、质量均匀、信赖性高的密封材料,以及其制造方法。
发明概要
本发明者们为解决上述课题,经过大量研究,结果完成了本发明。
本发明的第一点是将有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片进行叠层,形成一个整体复合薄片,再使其金属化的适作电磁波屏蔽密封材料的导电性材料。
本发明第二点是导电性材料的制造方法,其特征在于,将有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片进行层压粘接,接着将得到的复合薄片进行镀金属处理的适用作电磁波屏蔽密封的导电材料的制造方法。
附图的简单说明
图1是表示过去的电磁波屏蔽密封材料的简要斜视图。
图2是表示根据本发明的,由有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片构成的复合体的多孔体薄片面上,设置了粘合剂层的电磁波屏蔽密封材料的简要斜视图。
图3是表示根据本发明的,由有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片构成的复合体的纤维结构薄片面上,设置了粘合剂层的电磁波屏蔽密封材料的简要斜视图。
图4是根据本发明的,由有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片构成的复合薄片体简要断面图。
图5是本发明的图4复合薄片体中,在合成树脂多孔体面上实施部分粘接加工的电磁波屏蔽密封材料简要断面图。
图6是本发明的图4复合薄片体中,在有机纤维结构薄片面上实施部分粘接加工的电磁波屏蔽密封材料简要断面图。
图7是本发明的图4复合薄片体中,在合成树脂多孔体整个表面上实施导电性粘合剂的电磁波屏蔽密封材料的简要断面图。
图8是本发明的图4复合薄片体中,在有机纤维结构体面上,对整个表面实施导电性粘合剂的电磁波屏蔽密封材料的简要断面图。
图9是表示在图8导电性粘合剂层上配置了离型纸的复合薄片体,进行部分切割状态的简要斜视图。
图10是表示图6的部分地赋予了粘接剂的层上配置了离型纸的复合薄片体,进行部分切割状态的简要斜视图。
另外,图9和图10是为说明部分切割状态的图,简化了各种结构部分的表示方式,与其它图不同,是表示状态的简要斜视图。
图中,1表示没有镀金属处理的合成树脂多孔体薄片,1′表示进行了镀金属处理的合成树脂多孔体薄片,2表示镀金属处理的布帛,3表示粘接剂层,3′表示导电性粘接剂层,4表示离型纸,5表示进行镀金属处理的有机纤维结构薄片,6表示粘接部分。
优选方案的说明
本发明的适作电磁波屏蔽密封材料的导电性材料典型实例,具有如图4所示的断面结构。如图5~图8所示,通过在金属化的复合薄片体整个外表面或部分外表面上,设置用离型纸4复盖的粘接剂层3,形成适作电磁波屏蔽密封材料的导电性材料。通过将有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片预先叠层粘接,将得到的复合薄片体进行镀金属处理,再将得到的复合薄片体的整个外表面或部分外表面涂敷粘合剂后,用离型纸复盖,以形成适作各种电磁波屏蔽导电性材料。
图2是表示从图5所示屏蔽密封材料切割下规定大小形态的一例电磁波屏蔽密封材料斜视图。而图3是表示从图6所示屏蔽密封材料切割下同样形态的一例电磁波屏蔽密封材料斜视图。
作为本发明中使用的纤维结构薄片,有纺织物、编织物、无纺布等纤维布帛。作为构成这些布帛的纤维可以使用有机纤维,即合成纤维、半合成纤维、再生纤维等化学纤维,和植物纤维、动物纤维等天然纤维,最好是聚酰胺纤维、聚酯纤维和丙烯酸纤维等合成纤维,其中聚酯(聚对苯二甲酸乙酯)纤维特别好。这些纤维,例如单纤维为0.1~5旦尼尔的复丝更好。作为纤维布帛的种类,无纺布更好。纤维布帛的目付(织物每平方米的重量)最好为10~100g/m2左右。
为了确实能将金属固着在这些纤维结构薄片上,最好预先将附着在该纤维薄片表面上的糊剂、油剂、杂质等杂物利用精练处理将其完全去除。
作为本发明中使用的合成树脂多孔体薄片,最好是柔软的,由实质上无单元(セル)膜的、富有压缩复原性的连续气泡形成的三元网状结构的泡沫薄片。作为具有这些特性的泡沫实例,有聚乙烯泡沫、聚丙烯泡沫、聚氯乙烯泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫、聚酰亚胺泡沫、聚丁二烯泡沫等。特别好的是聚酯系或聚醚系的聚氨酯泡沫。
这种泡沫薄片,就其轻质、半硬质、硬质,进而根据气泡密度来划分,种类很多,但为使所镀金属能均匀地进到泡沫的内部,气泡密度不太高的最好。根据最终用途的功能,最好选择气泡密度最适宜的。一般讲,单元密度最好为20~100个/英寸左右。
合成树脂多孔体薄片的厚度,以其用途确定为好,但通常为0.5~5mm左右。
作为获得有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片复合体的方法有在该薄片的任何一个表面上涂布粘接剂后,再叠层粘接上其它薄片的方法和将该多孔体薄片的一部分表面热熔融后,立刻直接叠层粘接上该纤维结构薄片等方法,在对得到的复合体进行镀金属处理时,为充分确保有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片之间粘接部分的导电性,推荐使用后者热熔融粘接的方法。进行熔合,可将聚氨酯泡沫薄片的表面部分,利用气体火焰直接熔融后,再和纤维布帛薄片的表面进行叠层粘接,形成复合薄片体。此时利用火焰熔融泡沫薄片的深度,从表面算起,最好为0.3~1mm左右。在0.3mm以下时,得不到足够的粘接强度,在1mm以上时,又增加了制造费用。对上述复合薄片体进行镀金属时,不仅仅是有机纤维结构薄片的内部、合成树脂多孔体薄片的内部,而且,泡沫熔融层部分的内部也要镀上金属,使有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片之间的粘接部分具有良好的导电性。
使复合薄片体达到金属化,可按通常的电镀处理进行,在付与催化剂和活化等前处理后,再对Ag、Ni、Cu、Au、Cu+Ni等所要金属实施无电解电镀处理/或电镀处理。
付与复合薄片体的金属镀膜厚度最好为0.01~2μm。
对上述方法电镀处理的复合薄片体,为了易于用作电磁波屏蔽密封材料,可在该薄片的任何一个表面上实施粘合加工。作为此时涂布的粘合剂可使用通常用的合成树脂粘合剂。作为最好的粘合剂实例,有天然橡胶、合成橡胶等橡胶系粘合剂、丙烯酸酯共聚物等丙烯酸系粘合剂、硅酮橡胶/树脂等硅酮系粘合剂、乙烯醚聚合物等乙烯系粘合剂等。最好的粘合剂是丙烯酸系粘合剂。付与导电性的粘合剂可用一层。对薄片的涂布,除了利用凹印涂敷机产生点状,利用印花机产生线条状等部分涂布方法外,也可适当使用薄片全面涂布方法。涂布了这种粘合剂的薄片,利用干燥使所含溶剂蒸发后,再在粘合剂层的表面上叠层上离型纸。也可以在离型纸侧涂布粘合剂后,进行和上述同样处理,叠层上薄片。
图7~图9表示的是在整个表面上涂布了导电性粘合剂的,将该屏蔽密封材料的任何部分进行切割使用,都具有均匀粘接力和被粘接物之间充分导电性的效果,得到可信度相当高的制品。这种密封材料,虽然制造费用提高了,但涂布方法容易,加之,作为电磁波屏蔽密封材料,在切割成与最终用途相匹配的任意细条时,其广泛应用性得到进一步提高。
发明效果
本发明的导电性材料,特别是电磁波屏蔽密封材料,极易制造,价格便宜,而且质量稳定,在预成形的方柱形聚氨酯泡沫周围卷绕涂布了粘合剂的金属化布帛,排除了所说的手工操作,并能获得和上述相同的性能。就镀金属的聚氨酯泡沫单体来说,切割成细条时,由于长度方向(横向)的拉伸强度非常低,实际使用中存在的问题,就是不耐用,而根据本发明的制造方法,在电镀工序和粘合剂涂布工序中,对于纵向上的这种拉伸力,不存在任何问题,而且加工容易。
即使将得到的制品切割成细条后,在长度方向上的强度能得到充分保证,在整个工序中都可连续加工。
以下利用实施例证实本发明。
实施例中使用的测定方法如下。
1.压缩变形(%)
将每边为100mm的正方形试验片测定厚度后,用两面平行的铝制压缩板,将试验片压缩固定在50%的厚度上,在70±5℃的恒温槽中加热22小时后,取出,从压缩板中取出试验片,在常温下放置30分钟后,测定其厚度。压缩变形度(%)按下式计算。
C:压缩变形度(%)
t0:初始的试验片厚度
t1:试验后的试验片厚度
2.电阻(Ω)
厚度方向:将宽10mm,长60mm的试料片的2点用2块100mm2的铜板夹持住,测定压缩50%时铜板之间的电阻值。
长度方向:用电极夹住宽10mm,长60mm试料片的两端,测定40mm之间的电阻。
3.屏蔽性(dB)
准备2块中央有5×25mm长方形穴的1mm厚铜板(200×200mm),将试料片安装在中央穴中,利用KEC法测定屏蔽性。即将试料片设置安装在屏蔽箱中接收和发送天线之间,测定接收时的电场强度,与不存在试验片时的强度比较,求出衰减率(dB)。
4.拉伸强度
抓住1英寸宽、30厘米的试料片,间隔20cm,以30cm/分的拉伸速度,用拉伸试验机测定,并到试料片断裂时为止。
实施例1
将由聚酯长纤维(单丝旦尼尔2.0d)形成的纺粘型无纺布(目付40g/m2),熔着在厚度为1.6mm,单元密度40个/英寸的聚氨酯泡沫薄片上,得到1.3mm厚的复合体。
接着,将该复合体充分洗净后,在含有0.3g/l氯化钯、30g/l氯化锡、300ml/l36%的盐酸的40℃水溶液中浸渍2分钟后,进行水洗。接着在30℃下10%硫酸中浸渍5分钟后,进行水洗。
在由7.5g/l硫酸酮、30ml/l 37%福尔马林、85g/l罗谢尔盐形成的无电解铜镀液中,30℃下,浸渍5分钟后,进行水洗。接着在由30g/l硫酸镍、20g/l次磷酸钠、50g/l柠檬酸铵形成的无电解镍液,35℃下,浸渍10分钟后,进行水洗。得到纤维和泡沫的单元表面电镀均匀的复合薄片体。
其性能示于表1,强度和电磁波屏蔽性、导电性都很优良。
实施例2
将人造丝长纤维(单丝旦尼尔2.0d)形成的无纺布(目付50g/m2)熔着在1.6mm厚,密度40个/英寸的聚氨酯泡沫薄片上,得到1.3mm厚的复合薄片体。
进行实施例1相同的处理,得到纤维和泡沫的单元内表面均匀电镀的复合薄片体。
其性能示于表1,强度和电磁波屏蔽性、导电性都很优良。
实施例3
将由聚酯长纤维(单丝旦尼尔2.0d)形成的纺粘型无纺布(目付40g/m2)熔着在3.5mm厚、密度50个/英寸的聚氨酯泡沫薄片上,得到3.0mm厚的复合薄片体。
进行和实施例1相同的处理,得到纤维和泡沫单元内表面电镀均匀的复合薄片体。
其性能如表1所示,强度和电磁波屏蔽性、导电性都很优良。
实施例4
将由聚酯长纤维(单丝旦尼尔2.0d)形成的纺粘型无纺布(目付40g/m2)熔着在厚1.6mm、密度40个/英寸的聚氨酯泡沫薄片上,得到1.3mm厚的复合薄片体。
接着,将该复合薄片体充分洗净后,在含有0.3g/l氯化钯、30g/l氯化锡、300ml/l36%盐酸的40℃水溶液中,浸渍2分钟后,进行水洗,接着在30℃下,10%硫酸中浸渍5分钟后,进行水洗。
在35℃下,由30g/l硫酸镍、20g/l次磷酸钠、50g/l柠檬酸铵形成的无电解镍液中,浸渍10分钟后,进行水洗。得到纤维和泡沫的单元内表面电镀均匀的复合薄片体。
其性能如表1所示,强度和电磁波屏蔽性、导电性都很优良。
实施例5
将由聚酯长纤维(单丝旦尼尔1d)形成的纺织物(经丝、纬丝均为50d/48f、目付60g/m2)熔着在1.6mm厚、密度40个/英寸的聚氨酯泡沫薄片上,得到1.4mm厚的复合薄片体。
进行和实施例1相同的处理,得到纤维和泡沫的单元内表面电镀均匀的复合薄片体。
其性能如表1所示,强度和电磁波屏蔽性、导电性都很优良。
实施例6
用凹印涂布机,将粘度为5500 CPS的丙烯酸粘合剂(东亚ペイントXA-3732)以点状涂布在硅硐剥离纸(本州制纸制64GS)上,接着进行干燥后,与实施例1得到的复合薄片体压合成一个整体。同样评价其性能,结果示于表1。实施例7
将由聚酯长纤维(30d/24f)形成的双幅塞尔经编针织物(目付135g/m2)熔着在1.6mm厚、密度40个/英寸的聚氨酯泡沫薄片上,得到1.6mm厚的复合薄片体。
进行和实施例1相同的处理,得到纤维和泡沫的单元内表面电镀均匀的复合薄片体。
其性能如表1所示,强度和电磁波屏蔽性、导电性都很优良。
实施例8
将使用了经纱、纬纱都为36支的棉纱平织物(密度经丝115根/英寸,纬丝76根/英寸)熔着在1.8mm厚、密度40个/英寸的聚氨酯泡沫薄片上,得到1.4mm的厚的复合薄片体。
进行和实施例1相同的处理,得到纤维和泡沫的单元内表面电镀均匀的复合薄片体。
其性能如表1所示,强度和电磁波屏蔽性,导电性都很优良。
比较例1
将由聚酯长纤维(单丝旦尼尔1d)形成的纺织物(经丝、纬丝都为50d/48f、目付60g/m2)充分洗净后,在含有0.3g/l氯化钯、30g/l氯化锡、300ml/l 36%盐酸的40℃水溶液中浸渍2分钟后,进行水洗。接着,30℃下10%硫酸中浸渍5分钟后,进行水洗。
再在由7.5g/l硫酸铜、30ml/l37%福尔马林、85g/l罗谢尔盐的无电解铜镀液中,30℃下,浸渍5分钟后,进行水洗。接着在由30g/l硫酸镍、20g/l次磷酸钠、50g/l柠檬酸铵形成的无电解镍液中,35℃下,浸渍10分钟后,进行水洗,得到纤维表面电镀均匀的纤维薄片。
将具有10mm宽,1.5mm高的方柱状聚氨酯泡沫体,用上述得到的电镀纤维薄片卷绕粘接成一个整体,得到图1所示电磁波屏蔽密封材料。对它进行相同的性能评价。
比较例2
使用比较例1相同的纤维,充分洗净后,在含有0.3g/l氯化钯、30g/l氯化锡、300ml/l 36%盐酸的水溶液中,40℃下浸渍2分钟,水洗后,在30℃下,10%硫酸中浸渍5分钟,之后进行水洗。
接着,在由30g/l硫酸镍、20g/l次磷酸钠、50g/l柠檬酸铵形成的无电解镍液中,35℃下,浸渍10分钟后,进行水洗,得到表面电镀均匀的纤维薄片。
将具有10mm宽,1.5mm高方柱状的聚氨酯泡沫体,用上述得到的电镀纤维薄片卷绕粘接成一个整体。得到如图1所示的电磁波屏蔽密封材料,对此进行相同的性能评价。比较例3将1.6mm厚、单元密度40个/英寸的聚氨酯泡沫薄片充分洗净后,在含有0.3g/l氯化钯、30g/l氯化锡、300ml/l 36%盐酸的40℃水溶液中浸渍2分钟后,进行水洗。接着30℃下10%硫酸中浸渍5分钟,之后水洗。再在由30g/l硫酸镍、20g/l次磷酸钠、50g/l柠檬酸铵形成的无电解镍液中,35℃下浸渍10分钟后,水洗,对聚氨酯表面进行电镀。
性能评价结果示于表1。
表1
压缩变形 度(%) | 横向拉伸强 度kg/英寸 | 电阻(Ω) | 屏蔽性(dB) | |||||
厚度方向 | 长度方向 | 50MHZ | 100MHZ | 500MHZ | 1000MHZ | |||
实施例1 | 20 | 10Kg以上 | 0.1Ω | 0.2Ω | 98 | 99 | 96 | 86 |
实施例2 | 20 | 10Kg以上 | 0.1Ω | 0.2Ω | 97 | 98 | 97 | 85 |
实施例3 | 20 | 10Kg以上 | 0.1Ω | 0.2Ω | 99 | 99 | 97 | 87 |
实施例4 | 20 | 10Kg以上 | 0.8Ω | 1.0Ω | 50 | 47 | 30 | 30 |
实施例5 | 20 | 10Kg以上 | 0.1Ω | 0.2Ω | 98 | 98 | 96 | 85 |
实施例6 | 20 | 10Kg以上 | 0.1Ω | 0.2Ω | 97 | 99 | 97 | 84 |
实施例7 | 20 | 10Kg以上 | 0.1Ω | 0.2Ω | 98 | 98 | 96 | 85 |
实施例8 | 20 | 10Kg以上 | 0.1Ω | 0.2Ω | 98 | 98 | 96 | 86 |
比较例1 | 18 | 0.1Ω | 0.2Ω | 99 | 98 | 97 | 87 | |
比较例2 | 19 | 0.7Ω | 1.0Ω | 46 | 36 | 27 | 25 | |
比较例3 | 20 | 1Kg | 0.1Ω | 0.2Ω | 97 | 98 | 96 | 85 |
* | - | - | - | - | 20 | 25 | 23 | 25 |
*:聚氨酯泡沫体
Claims (18)
1.一种适作电磁波屏蔽密封材料的导电性材料,其特征是使有机纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片的层压整体复合薄片进行金属化。
2.根据权利要求1记载的导电性材料,其特征是有机纤维结构薄片是有机纤维无纺织布、纺织布或编织物。
3.根据权利要求1记载的导电性材料,其特征是有机纤维为合成纤维。
4.根据权利要求3记载的导电性材料,其特征是合成纤维为聚酯纤维。
5.根据权利要求1记载的导电性材料,其特征是合成树脂多孔体薄片是由具有连续气泡的柔软三元网状结构的泡沫薄片所形成。
6.根据权利要求1记载的导电性材料,其特征是合成树脂多孔体薄片是由连续气泡的聚氨酯泡沫薄片所形成。
7.根据权利要求1记载的导电性材料,其特征是合成纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片的层压一体化是通过将合成树脂多孔体薄片的被粘合面进行熔融,附着上合成纤维结构薄片进行的。
8.根据权利要求1记载的导电性材料,其特征是金属化要遍及到构成复合薄片体的纤维表面和多孔体的内部孔表面的整个表面上。
9.根据权利要求1记载的导电性材料,其特征是金属化是通过无电解镀处理或电镀处理进行的。
10.根据权利要求1记载的导电性材料,其特征是金属是由银、镍、铜和金中至少选出1种。
11.根据权利要求1记载的导电性材料,其特征是通过粘合剂将离型纸配置在复合薄片的一个表面上。
12.根据权利要求11记载的导电性材料,其特征是粘合剂是由导电性粘合剂形成。
13.根据权利要求11记载的导电性材料,其特征是除离型纸之外的层压材料,分别按具有一定面积的小区域进行切割。
14.根据权利要求13记载的导电性材料,其特征是粘合剂进行部分涂布。
15.一种适作电磁波屏蔽密封用的导电性材料制造方法,其特征是将合成纤维结构薄片和合成树脂多孔体薄片进行层压粘接,接着对得到的整个复合薄片体进行镀金属处理。
16.根据权利要求15记载的方法,其特征是为得到复合薄片体而进行的粘接是将合成树脂多孔体薄片表面,至少一部分进行热熔融。
17.根据权利要求15记载的方法,其特征是在进行镀金属处理得到的复合薄片一个表面上或离型纸的表面上涂布粘合剂,还包括制作带离型纸的导电性材料的工序。
18.根据权利要求17记载的方法,其特征是还包括将带离型纸的导电性材料的除离型纸之外的层压部分,按可分割成具有一定面积的小区域地进行切断的工序。
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CN104175615A (zh) * | 2014-08-21 | 2014-12-03 | 四川大学 | 一种轻质高导电高电磁屏蔽的复合材料及其制备方法 |
CN112105250A (zh) * | 2016-05-30 | 2020-12-18 | 阿莫绿色技术有限公司 | 超薄型电磁波屏蔽片及具有其的电子设备 |
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CN1094030C (zh) | 2002-11-06 |
WO1998006247A1 (fr) | 1998-02-12 |
DE69723560T2 (de) | 2004-06-09 |
EP0917419B1 (en) | 2003-07-16 |
EP0917419A1 (en) | 1999-05-19 |
US6569789B1 (en) | 2003-05-27 |
EP0917419A4 (en) | 2000-04-12 |
JP3306665B2 (ja) | 2002-07-24 |
DE69723560D1 (de) | 2003-08-21 |
TW448452B (en) | 2001-08-01 |
AU2044397A (en) | 1998-02-25 |
KR100396279B1 (ko) | 2003-08-27 |
KR20000029805A (ko) | 2000-05-25 |
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