CN114981298A - 用于预防和治疗听力损失的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
描述了使用EGFR信号传导抑制剂来预防或治疗听力损失的方法、药盒和药物组合物。
Description
引言
本发明根据美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)授予的授权号DC006471、DC015010、DC015444、DC013879、DC013232和CA021765以及美国海军研究办公室(Office of Naval Research)授予的授权号N00014-09-V-1014、N00014-12-V-0191、N00014-12-V-0775和N00014-16-V-2315在政府支持下完成。政府享有本发明的某些权利。
背景技术
耳朵是由负责听力和平衡结构的迷宫组成的复杂器官。听力和平衡两者的感知在于内耳结构将机械刺激转换成大脑能识别的脉冲的能力。负责听力的感觉感受器位于耳蜗中,耳蜗是充满流体的螺旋形管。耳蜗内是柯蒂氏器,其排列有桥接基底膜和盖膜的柱状感觉毛细胞。当声波通过柯蒂氏器时,基底膜振动,引起毛细胞来回弯曲。该运动使毛细胞去极化,导致向听觉神经释放神经递质,听觉神经将冲动带到大脑。
内耳耳蜗感觉上皮细胞在出生后是有丝分裂后的,并且在小鼠中,在出生后第一周内仅表现出有限的自发再生。在成年哺乳动物中,毛细胞不能自发再生,因此对感觉毛细胞的损伤导致哺乳动物的永久性听力损失。
内耳感觉毛细胞易于受到由噪音、抗生素、化疗期间的顺铂或衰老引起的损伤。目前还没有FDA批准的用于预防和治疗听力损失的耳保护剂。
发明内容
本发明提供了通过向有需要的动物施用表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂来治疗或预防听力损失的方法。在其他实施例中,所述方法进一步包括施用一种或多种耳保护剂。具体地,本发明主题包括:表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂用于治疗或预防听力损失的用途,其中EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制PAN-AUR、ErBb-2、MEK或由以下项组成的细胞周期相关蛋白激酶中的至少一者的表达或活性:Her-2、极光激酶(Aurora Kinase)、B-Raf或PDGFR。
在其他实施例中,EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制EGFR、Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK、JAK、STAT、PI3K、AKT、mTOR、NCK、PAK、JNK、PLC、PKC或细胞周期相关蛋白激酶抑制剂(例如,Her-2、极光激酶、B-Raf或PDGFR)的表达或活性。在其他实施例中,抑制剂是抑制性RNA、抗体或小有机分子。
在另一个实施例中,提供了由至少两种表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂的协同组合制成的药物组合物,其中EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制EGFR、Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK、JAK、STAT、PI3K、AKT、NCK、PAK、JNK、PLC、PKC或细胞周期相关蛋白激酶抑制剂的表达或活性。
本发明主题的另一方面包括药盒,所述药盒由以下部分制成:第一分离的EGFR信号传导抑制剂;其中所述第一EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制EGFR、Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK、JAK、STAT、PI3K、AKT、NCK、PAK、JNK、PLC、PKC或细胞周期相关蛋白激酶抑制剂的表达或活性;和第二分离的EGFR信号传导抑制剂;其中所述EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制EGFR、Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK、JAK、STAT、PI3K、AKT、NCK、PAK、JNK、PLC、PKC或细胞周期相关蛋白激酶抑制剂的表达活性,其中所述第一抑制剂不同于所述第二抑制剂。
附图说明
图1示出了EGFR抑制剂木利替尼(MUBRITINIB)(示出其结构)防止小鼠耳蜗外植体中顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失,其中IC50为2.5nM并且LD50>500nM(治疗指数>200)。外植体数量:每剂1-4个;用150μM顺铂处理FVB小鼠耳蜗外植体,并分析耳蜗中转;曲线拟合,R2为0.86。注意,木利替尼的IC50值在所有测定(HEI-OC1细胞和外植体)中是一致的,证明了其特异性和效力。
图2示出了EGFR抑制剂培利替尼(Pelitinib)(示出其结构)防止顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失。培利替尼是EGFR的不可逆抑制剂,其在HEI-OC1细胞中表现出针对顺铂诱导的半胱天冬酶-3/7活性的保护作用,其中IC50为0.6μM(顺铂-半胱天冬酶-Glo 3/7),并且LD50>40μM(CELLTITER-GLO)。
图3示出了达拉菲尼(dabrafenib)(Dab)在用或不用顺铂处理的小鼠耳蜗外植体中的剂量-响应。Dab单独地或Dab在顺铂(150μM)之前1小时添加到P3 FVB耳蜗外植体中保持24小时。示出了每剂达拉菲尼的外植体数量。***:p<0.001;**:p<0.01;*:与单独的顺铂(Cis)相比,P<0.05(学生T检验)。
图4A示出了顺铂诱导的毛细胞死亡中RTK(受体酪氨酸激酶)、RAS、RAF、MEK和ERK的信号级联和耳保护中RAF、MEK和ERK的当前小分子抑制剂。图4B-图4E示出了除达拉菲尼外,三种B-Raf抑制剂(示出了维莫非尼(Vemurafenib)、PLX-4720和RAF-265)和一种MEK1/2抑制剂(示出了曲美替尼(trametinib))在耳蜗外植体培养测定中防止顺铂诱导的毛细胞死亡。示出了用或不用顺铂处理的P3FVB小鼠耳蜗外植体中化合物的剂量-响应。其他标签的含义见图3。
图5A和图5B示出了达拉菲尼减轻HEI-OC1细胞中顺铂激活的B-Raf信号级联。蛋白印迹示出了在特定剂量(5B)和时间(5A)下顺铂和Dab处理后每种信号传导分子的代表性变化。
图6A示出了向成年FVB小鼠(雄性和雌性)施用达拉菲尼(100mg/kg)和顺铂(30mg/kg)的时间表。
图6B示出了通过双向ANOVA随后是Bonferroni比较,与单独的顺铂相比,在第一天顺铂(30mg/kg)和达拉菲尼(100mg/kg)共同处理后第21天记录到ABR阈值偏移平均降低11.8-15.0dB,平均值±SEM,*,P<0.05。
图7A示出了成年FVB小鼠(雄性和雌性)的达拉菲尼(100mg/kg)施用时间表和噪音暴露。
图7B示出了通过双向ANOVA随后是Bonferroni比较,与载剂相比,在第一天达拉菲尼(100mg/kg)和噪音暴露后第14天记录到ABR阈值偏移平均降低18.1-21.9dB,平均值±SEM,**,P<0.01,***,P<0.001。
图8A示出了成年FVB小鼠(雄性和雌性)的达拉菲尼(每天60mg/kg×2)施用时间表和噪音暴露。
图8B示出了通过双向ANOVA随后是Bonferroni比较,与载剂相比,在第一天达拉菲尼(每天60mg/kg×2)和噪音暴露后第14天记录到ABR阈值偏移平均降低13.5-21.2dB,平均值±SEM,**,P<0.01,***,P<0.001。
图9示出了在小鼠耳蜗外植体培养物中测试B-Raf/MEK1/2抑制剂组合。将单独的化合物或化合物的组合在顺铂(150μM)之前1小时添加到P3 FVB耳蜗外植体中保持24小时,并且通过未配对双尾学生t检验与单独的顺铂相比,通过鬼笔环肽染色对耳蜗的每160μm中转区的外毛细胞数量进行计数,平均值±SEM,P=*<0.05,P=***<0.001。所测试的化合物之间的初始摩尔比通过目前给予癌症患者的比率(每天两次150mg达拉菲尼加上每天一次2mg曲美替尼)来确定。
图10A和图10B示出了来自小鼠耳蜗外植体的许多抑制剂(木利替尼、SNS-314和克莱拉尼(Crenolanib))的数据。
图11A、图11B、图11C和图11D示出了化合物在斑马鱼中的保护作用(达拉菲尼、木利替尼、克莱拉尼和SNS-314)。对斑马鱼的侧线神经丘染色并对每个神经丘的毛细胞数量进行计数。顺铂(CP):400μM。*、**和***:与单独的CP相比,P<0.05、0.01和0.001。
图12示出了化合物达拉菲尼(B-Raf激酶抑制剂,30nM)和AZD5438(CDK2激酶抑制剂,0.34nM)在小鼠耳蜗外植体中对顺铂的保护优于单独的抑制剂。
图13A-图13D示出了通过口服递送抑制剂的组合(达拉菲尼60mg/kg×2每天,AZD5438 35mg/kg×2每天)在小鼠中针对噪音损伤的保护作用。
具体实施方式
现已发现EGFR及其下游或相关蛋白的抑制剂保护被顺铂、抗生素、噪音、衰老或其他耳毒性损伤损害的毛细胞。因此,本发明提供了使用EGFR抑制剂预防和治疗听力损失的组合物和方法。理想地,本发明方法预防性或治疗性地治疗动物、优选地哺乳动物(例如人)的至少一种与感觉毛细胞损失或损伤相关的障碍,例如与感觉毛细胞损伤相关的耳障碍(诸如听力损失或平衡障碍)。本发明方法还可用于维持感官知觉水平,即控制由例如衰老过程或耳毒性剂引起的对环境刺激的感知的损失。EGFR及其下游或相关蛋白的抑制剂提供如表1中总结的治疗作用。
表1
EGFR信号传导。表皮生长因子受体(EGFR;ErbB-1;人体中的HER1)是通过结合其特异性配体而激活的细胞表面受体,所述配体包括表皮生长因子(EGF)、转化生长因子α(TGFα)、HB-EGF、双调蛋白、β细胞素、表皮分裂原(epigen)和表皮调节素(epiregulin)。EGFR是ErbB受体家族的成员,其为以下四种密切相关的受体酪氨酸激酶的亚家族:EGFR、HER2/c-neu(ErbB-2)、Her3(ErbB-3)和Her4(ErbB-4)。在通过其生长因子配体激活后,EGFR经历从无活性单体形式向活性同源二聚体的转变。除了在配体结合后形成同源二聚体之外,EGFR还可与ErbB受体家族的另一成员诸如ErbB2/Her2/neu配对,以产生激活的异源二聚体。EGFR二聚化刺激其内在的细胞内蛋白-酪氨酸激酶活性。结果,EGFR的C-末端结构域中的几个酪氨酸(Y)残基发生自磷酸化。这些包括Y992、Y1045、Y1068、Y1148和Y1173。这种自磷酸化引发Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK/MAPK、JAK/STAT、PI3K/AKT/mTOR、NCK-PAK-JNK、PLC-DAG-PKC和/或许多细胞周期相关蛋白激酶蛋白/途径的下游激活、信号传导和/或表达。这些信号传导事件启动若干信号转导级联,导致DNA合成和细胞迁移、粘附和增殖。因此,“EGFR信号传导”或“EGFR信号传导途径”在本文中指通过EGFR本身以及Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK/MAPK、JAK/STAT、PI3K/AKT/mTOR、NCK-PAK-JNK、PLC-DAG-PKC、细胞周期相关蛋白激酶途径/其下游蛋白的信号传导。
Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK/MAPK途径。Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK/MAPK途径(也称为MAPK/ERK途径)是本领域公知的,并且通过传递来自配体结合的细胞表面酪氨酸激酶受体诸如EGFR的细胞外信号而在调节哺乳动物细胞生长中起关键作用。MAPK/ERK(促分裂原激活蛋白激酶/细胞外信号调节激酶)途径的激活是经由磷酸化事件的级联进行的,所述级联始于Ras,例如HRas(GENBANK登录号NP_001123914、NP_001304983或NP_789765)、KRas(GENBANK登录号NP_004976或NP_203524)或NRas(GENBANK登录号NP_002515)的激活。Ras的激活导致Raf例如c-Raf或Raf-1(GENBANK登录号NP_002871)、A-Raf(GENBANK登录号NP_001243125、NP_001645或NP_001243126)或B-Raf(GENBANK登录号NP_004324)的募集和激活。激活的Raf随后将MEK1/2(即MAPK/ERK激酶-1和-2;GENBANK登录号分别为NP_002746和NP_109587)磷酸化并激活,其随后将ERK1/2(即MAPK3/MAPK1;UniProt登录号分别为P28482和P27361)磷酸化并激活。从Ras到ERK的这条蛋白链将信号从细胞表面受体传递到DNA。ERK在由转录因子介导的基因表达中产生广泛的变化,所述转录因子控制细胞周期进程、分化、蛋白合成、代谢、细胞存活、细胞迁移以及侵袭和衰老。
JAK/STAT途径。Janus激酶/信号转导子和转录激活子(JAK/STAT)途径刺激细胞增殖、分化、细胞迁移和凋亡。在机理上,JAK/STAT信号传导由几个主要组成部分组成。在哺乳动物中,JAK家族包括四个成员:JAK1(GENBANK登录号NP_001307852)、JAK2(GENBANK登录号NP_001309123或NP_001309127)、JAK3(GENBANK登录号NP_000206)和Tyk2(GENBANK登录号NP_003322)。JAK激活发生在配体介导的受体多聚化之后,从而允许反式磷酸化。激活的JAK随后将另外的靶,特别是STAT磷酸化。STAT是存在于细胞质中直到被激活的潜在转录因子。哺乳动物STAT(即,STAT1,GENBANK登录号NP_009330或NP_644671;STAT2,GENBANK登录号NP_005410或NP_938146;STAT3,GENBANK登录号NP_003141、NP_644805或NP_998827;STAT4,GENBANK登录号NP_001230764或NP_003142;STAT5A,GENBANK登录号NP_001275647、NP_001275648或NP_001275649;STAT5B,GENBANK登录号NP_036580;和STAT6,GENBANK登录号NP_001171549、NP_001171550、NP_001171551或NP_001171552)在靠近被JAK磷酸化的C-末端携带保守的酪氨酸残基。该磷酸酪氨酸通过与保守的SH2结构域相互作用允许STAT二聚化。磷酸化的STAT进入细胞核并结合特异性调节序列以激活或抑制靶基因的转录。因此,JAK/STAT级联提供了将细胞外信号翻译成转录应答的直接机制。
PI3K/AKT/mTOR途径。PI3K/AKT/mTOR途径是在调节细胞周期中重要的细胞内信号传导途径。EGFR的配体结合激活导致PI3K(磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸3-激酶,例如1类酶诸如PIK3CA、PIK3CB、PIK3CG、PIK3CD、PIK3R1、PIK3R2、PIK3R3、PIK3R4、PIK3R5和PIK3R6;2类酶诸如PIK3C2A、PIK3C2B和PIK3C2G;和3类酶PIK3C3)的激活。PI3K随后磷酸化Akt(即蛋白激酶B或PKB,包括AKT1,UniProt登录号P31749;AKT2,UniProt登录号P31751;和AKT3,UniProt登录号Q9Y243)。PIK3随后激活mTOR复合物,即mTORC1和mTORC2,它们各自参与细胞生长。由mTOR、Raptor、GβL(哺乳动物致死SEC13蛋白8)和含结构域mTOR-相互作用蛋白(DEPTOR)组成的mTORC1统一了指示生长因子、营养物和能量的可用性的多种信号,以促进应激期间的细胞生长和分解代谢过程。活性mTORC1发挥许多下游生物作用,包括通过将下游靶(诸如4E-BP1和p70 S6激酶)磷酸化而翻译mRNA、通过Atg13和ULK1抑制自噬、核糖体生物发生,以及导致线粒体活性或脂肪生成增加的转录激活。由mTOR、Rictor、GβL、Sin1、PRR5/Protor-1和DEPTOR组成的mTORC2通过激活Akt来促进细胞存活。mTORC2通过激活PKCα并使SGK1磷酸化来调节细胞骨架动力学、离子转运和生长。
NCK-PAK-JNK途径。Nck(酪氨酸激酶衔接蛋白1的非催化区域;GENBANK登录号NP_001177725或NP_001278928)已知通过其SH2结构域与激活的EGFR结合。Nck通过PAK1的第一N-末端聚脯氨酸结构域和Nck的SH3结构域与PAK1(p21/CDC42/Rac1-激活激酶-1;GENBANK登录号NP_001122092或NP_002567)相关联。Nck激活PAK,其随后经由MEKK1(MAP/ERK激酶激酶-1;GENBANK登录号NP_005912)和MKK4/7(MAP激酶激酶-4/7;GENBANK登录号NP_1268364、NP_003001、NP_001284484或NP_001284485)激活JNK(c-Jun激酶)。激活的JNK进入细胞核并引起转录因子诸如c-Fos和c-Jun的磷酸化。
PLC-DAG-PKC途径。磷脂酶C(PLC)将EGFR激活与第二信使的产生和钙代谢联系起来。EGFR募集PLC-γ1(GENBANK登录号NP_002651或NP_877963)并将其磷酸化,随后从PtdIns(4,5)P2产生二酰基甘油(DAG)和肌醇-1,4,5-三磷酸(IP3)。DAG激活蛋白激酶C(PKC)的许多同种型,包括常规同种型α、β和γ,以及PKC-ε和PKC-θ。PKC-α、PKC-β、PKC-γ和PKC-ε将c-Raf-1磷酸化并激活,从而放大HRas/MEK1和MEK2/ERK1/2激酶级联。PKC-θ激活核因子NF-κ-B抑制剂激酶β(IKK-β),从而导致核因子NF-κ-B(NF-kB)的激活。
细胞周期相关蛋白激酶。EGFR下游或与EGFR相互作用的蛋白激酶在真核细胞周期的调节中起关键作用。更具体地,这些蛋白激酶参与信号转导、染色体凝聚、中心体成熟、纺锤体组装、纺锤体定向、减数分裂成熟和胞质分裂。因此,“细胞周期相关蛋白激酶”是指调节细胞周期进程、细胞分裂、细胞增殖和细胞周期机制中的一种或多种的EGFR下游或与EGFR相互作用的激酶。在某些实施例中,本发明的细胞周期相关蛋白激酶为Her2/neu、极光激酶、B-Raf(如本文所讨论的)或血小板衍生生长因子受体(PDGFR)。
Her2/neu激酶。Her2/neu是由位于染色体17q21-22上的erbB2癌基因编码的185-kDa跨膜蛋白(GENBANK登录号NP_001005862、NP_001276865、NP_001276866、NP_001276867或NP_004439)。Her2/neu在细胞表面的正常表达对于调节细胞生长和上皮细胞存活是必需的。虽然尚未鉴定Her2/neu的天然配体,但已知Her2/neu是与EGFR和Her3形成有效异源二聚体的优选二聚配偶体(Lenferink等人(1998)EMBO J.[欧洲分子生物学学会会刊]17:3385-97)。
极光激酶。极光激酶是高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶家族,这些激酶对于通过有丝分裂的忠实过渡非常重要(Bischoff等人(1998)EMBO J.[欧洲分子生物学学会会刊]17:3052-65;Carmena和Earnshaw(2003)Nat.Rev.Mol.Cell Biol.[自然综述:分子细胞生物学]4:842-54;Giet和Prigent(1999)J.Cell Sci.[细胞科学杂志]112:3591-601)。极光激酶A的基因映射到染色体区域20q13.2,已发现所述区域在不同的人类癌症中扩增。极光激酶A(GENBANK登录号NP_001310232、NP_001310233、NP_001310234、NP_003591或NP_940835)在中心体成熟、纺锤体组装、减数分裂成熟和中期I纺锤体定向中起重要作用(Carmena和Earnshaw(2003)Nat.Rev.Mol.Cell Biol.[自然综述:分子细胞生物学]4:842-54)。极光激酶A功能受降解、磷酸化和去磷酸化的调节,其激酶活性依赖于激活环中的苏氨酸288(Thr288)的磷酸化。对极光激酶A的选择性抑制导致对极光激酶A在Thr288处的自磷酸化的抑制、单极纺锤体和G2-M停滞(Girdler等人(2006)J.Cell Sci.[细胞科学杂志]119:3664-75;Carpinelli和Moll(2008)Expert Opin.Ther.Targets[治疗靶点专家见解]12:69-80)。极光激酶B(GENBANK登录号NP_001243763、NP_001271455、NP_001300879、NP_001300880或NP_001300881)基因映射到染色体区域17p13.1,并且该激酶形成具有以下三个非酶亚基的染色体乘客复合物(CPC)的一部分:内着丝粒蛋白(INCENP)、存活蛋白和Borealin(Vader等人(2006)J.Cell Biol.[细胞生物学杂志]173:833-7)。高度动态的CPC对于染色体凝聚、染色体在有丝分裂纺锤体上的定向、纠正染色体-微管附着错误和纺锤体-组装检查点(SAC)以及胞质分裂的最后阶段至关重要(Sampath等人(2004)Cell[细胞]118:187-20;Terada等人(1998)EMBO J.[欧洲分子生物学学会会刊]17:667-76;Carmena等人(2012)Nat.Rev.Mol.Cell Biol.[自然综述:分子细胞生物学]13:789-803;Tanenbaum等人(2011)Curr.Biol.[当代生物学]21:1356-6)。已报道了极光激酶C(GENBANK登录号NP_001015878、NP_001015879或NP_003151)在睾丸、甲状腺和胎盘中以及在减数分裂配子中的表达(Ulisse等人(2006)Int.J.Cancer[国际癌症期刊]119:275-82;Bernard等人(1998)Genomics[基因组学]53:406-9;Kimura等人(1999)J.Biol.Chem.[生物化学杂志]274:7334-40;Yang等人(2010)Mol.Biol.Cell[细胞分子生物学]21:2371-83)。此外,已显示与STAT5相关的核EGFR结合并增加极光激酶-A基因表达(Hung等人(2008)Nucl.Acids Res.[核酸研究]36(13):4337-51)。极光激酶C的过表达已被认为诱导异常细胞分裂,从而导致细胞中的中心体扩增和多核化。
PDGFR激酶。PDGFR参与控制脊椎动物各种组织中的细胞增殖、分化和存活。激活的PDGFR使其自身和其他蛋白磷酸化,从而参与触发细胞应答诸如迁移和增殖的胞内信号传导途径。PDGFRα(UniProtKB登录号P16234)和PDGFRβ(GENBANK登录号NP_002600)在胚胎第12-14天快速生长的耳囊中高度表达,此后微弱表达(Lee等人(2004)Acta Oto-Laryng.[耳鼻喉科学报]124:558-62)。基于该分析,提示PDGF信号传导的完整性是发育中的耳蜗毛细胞增殖所必需的(Lee等人(2004)Acta Oto-Laryng.[耳鼻喉科学报]124:558-62)。此外,以前的研究表明,PDGF信号传导是新生小鼠内耳中血管和间充质区室的营养作用所必需的,并且间接是感觉上皮存活所必需的(Hayashi等人(2008)Hear.Res.[听力研究]245:73-81)。值得注意的是,PDGFRβ与EGFR之间的异二聚化和串扰已经表明EGFR在PDGF刺激的细胞迁移中的反式激活作用(Saito等人(2001)Mol.Cell Biol.[分子与细胞生物学]21(19):6387-94)。
EGFR信号传导抑制剂。EGFR信号传导抑制剂旨在表示降低、阻断或减少EGFR蛋白或与EGFR相互作用或处于EGFR下游途径的蛋白(例如Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK、JAK、STAT、PI3K、AKT、mTOR(包括mTOR复合物的蛋白)、NCK、PAK、JNK、PLC、PKC或细胞周期相关蛋白激酶(例如,Her-2、极光激酶、B-Raf或PDGFR))的表达或活性的任何分子。EGFR信号传导抑制剂还包括阻断EGFR配体诸如EGF、TGF-α、HB-EGF、AR、BTC、EPR或表皮分裂原的表达或活性的抑制剂。在某些实施例中,EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制或降低EGFR、PLC、STAT3、JAK2、PI3K、MEK、Her-2、极光激酶、B-Raf或PDGFR的表达或活性。
本发明的抑制剂可选择性地降低或阻断EGFR信号蛋白的表达(即,蛋白的转录或翻译),降低或阻断EGFR信号蛋白的活性(即,与配体结合、酪氨酸激酶活性、磷酸化、蛋白-蛋白相互作用和/或下游信号传导),降低或阻断EGFR信号蛋白的生物效应,和/或改变EGFR信号蛋白的半衰期或亚细胞定位(膜对细胞质或核定位、内化和再循环)。具体地,EGFR信号传导抑制剂是选择性地减少或阻断以下中的一种或多种的活性剂:转录或翻译、配体结合、磷酸化、多聚化、酪氨酸激酶活性、内化和/或易位到细胞核中。
理想地,EGFR信号传导被EGFR信号传导抑制剂的抑制剂完全阻断,或与正常生理水平相比降低至少10%、至少20%、至少30%、至少40%、至少50%、至少60%、至少70%、至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少92.5%、至少95%、至少97%、至少98%、至少98.5%、至少99%、至少99.25%、至少99.5%或至少99.75%。
本发明的EGFR信号传导抑制剂典型地具有1pM至100μM范围内的半数最大(50%)抑制浓度(IC50)。优选地,EGFR信号传导抑制剂具有小于10μM、小于5μM、小于1μM或小于100nM的IC50值。此外,在一些实施例中,EGFR信号传导的抑制剂对一种或多种感兴趣的EGFR信号传导蛋白是特异性的/选择性的,并且不能抑制或抑制至显著较低程度的其他非EGFR途径蛋白。在这方面,优选EGFR信号传导抑制剂是EGFR信号传导的选择性抑制剂。优选地,选择性是针对一种、两种、三种或四种EGFR信号传导蛋白,并且不能抑制或抑制至显著较低程度的其他非EGFR途径蛋白。作为说明,抑制剂可以是EGFR和ERBB2双重抑制剂,两者都是EGFR信号传导蛋白。用于评估抑制剂的选择性的方法是本领域已知的并且可基于任何常规测定,包括但不限于确定IC50、抑制剂的结合亲和力(即Ki)和/或与另一蛋白(比较蛋白)相比抑制剂对感兴趣的EGFR信号传导蛋白的半最大有效浓度(EC50)。在具体实施例中,EGFR信号传导的选择性抑制剂是对感兴趣的EGFR信号传导蛋白的IC50值比对比较蛋白的对应IC50值低至少两倍、或更理想地至少三倍、四倍、五倍或六倍的抑制剂。最理想地,EGFR信号传导的选择性抑制剂对EGFR信号传导蛋白的IC50值比对比较蛋白的IC50值低至少一个数量级或至少两个数量级。
本发明的抑制剂可以是基于核酸的抑制剂,诸如抑制性RNA分子(例如反义分子、核酶、siRNA、shRNA、miRNA等);诸如通过介导mRNA积累或转运的改变速率或转录后调节的改变来影响剪接或3’加工(例如,聚腺苷酸化)或细胞内另一基因的表达水平(即,其中基因表达被广泛地认为包括从转录起始到产生过程蛋白的所有步骤)的蛋白;抗体(包括片段或模拟物);肽;小有机分子;或它们的组合。
术语siRNA是指双链RNA或RNA和DNA种类,它们具有降低靶基因表达的活性。这些分子被不同地称为“小干扰RNA”、“短干扰RNA”或“沉默RNA”。siRNA链通常为20-25个核苷酸长,但在体内经受裂解以形成活性物质的较大前体分子也在如本文所用的该术语的范围内。
如本文所用,“miRNA分子”或“miRNA”是由动物基因组编码的或用与动物基因组编码的序列对应的序列合成产生的小RNA分子,典型地约20至25个核苷酸。如本文所用,miRNA分子可以是单链或双链的。
当抑制剂是例如抑制性RNA、肽或蛋白时,编码这种抑制剂的核酸分子可由编码EGFR抑制剂的相同核酸分子携带,或者可以是存在于相同表达载体上或不同表达载体的一部分上的单独的核酸分子。基于本文所披露的核酸序列可容易地制备抑制性RNA分子。替代性地,抑制性RNA分子诸如siRNA可从商业来源诸如达摩康公司(Dharmacon)(参见例如ON-TARGET加siRNA SMART池)、英杰公司(Invitrogen)或齐亚根公司(Zyagen)获得。可使用常规技术诸如斑点印迹、RNA印迹、ELISA或蛋白印迹分析来测量蛋白表达的降低。
EGFR抑制剂。选择性降低或阻断EGFR本身表达的EGFR抑制剂包括但不限于EGFR反义物、siRNA和miRNA分子。降低EGFR表达的示例性反义和siRNA披露于例如US 2011/0046067和Kang等人(2006)Cancer Gene Ther.[癌症基因治疗]13(5):530-8中。降低EGFR表达的示例性miRNA披露于例如US 8,673,872中,该文献通过援引以其全文并入本文。
EGFR抑制剂也可以是特异性结合EGFR并通过例如阻断配体结合、激活、磷酸化或蛋白-蛋白相互作用而拮抗其活性的抗体、抗体片段或抗体模拟物。西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab)(IgG1)和帕尼单抗(Panitumumab)(IgG2)是EGFR的单克隆抗体抑制剂的实例。其他拮抗性单克隆抗体包括扎鲁木单抗(Zalutumumab)、尼妥珠单抗(Nimotuzumab)、马土木单抗(Matuzumutab)、ICR62和mAb806。参见US 6,506,883、US 6,235,883、US 5,891,996、US 4,943,533、WO 2004/056847、WO 2002/092771、WO 2002/66058和WO 1995/20045。此类抗体阻断细胞外配体结合结构域,从而阻断酪氨酸激酶激活。
调节EGFR多聚化和激活的EGFR肽抑制剂也用于本发明。EGFR的示例性肽抑制剂可基于以下来自EGFR的近膜序列:LLLWALGIGLFMRRRHIVRKRTLRRLLQERELVEPLTPS(SEQ ID NO:1)并且可任选地包括细胞穿透组分诸如蛋白转导结构域(PTD),以促进向细胞中的递送。参见US 2016/0311884。
更进一步,EGFR抑制剂可以是抑制EGFR的酪氨酸激酶活性的小分子。没有激酶活性,EGFR便不能自身激活,这是下游衔接蛋白结合的先决条件。EGFR的小分子抑制剂的实例包括但不限于厄洛替尼(erlotinib)(CAS 183321-74-6)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)(CAS184475-35-2)、拉帕替尼(lapatinib)(CAS 231277-92-2,EGFR和ERBB2双重抑制剂)、来那替尼(neratinib)(CAS 698387-09-6)、卡奈替尼(canertinib)(CAS 267243-28-7)、凡德他尼(vandetanib)(CAS 443913-73-3)、阿法替尼(afatinib)(CAS 439081-18-2)、AG 1478(CAS 153436-53-4)、TAK-285(CAS 871026-44-7,HER2和EGFR双重抑制剂)、ARRY334543(CAS 845272-21-1,双重EGFR磷酸化抑制剂)、达克替尼(Dacomitinib)(CAS 1110813-31-4,EGFR和ERBB2抑制剂)、AZD3759(CAS 1626387-80-1)、NT113(CAS 1398833-56-1,泛ERBB抑制剂)、OSI-420(去甲基厄洛替尼,CAS 183321-86-0,EGFR抑制剂)、AZD8931(CAS848942-61-9,EGFR、HER2和HER3抑制剂)、AEE788(CAS 497839-62-9,EGFR、HER2和VEGFR1/2抑制剂)、培利替尼(EKB-569,CAS 257933-82-7,泛ErbB抑制剂)、CUDC-101(CAS 1012054-59-9,EGFR、HER2和HDAC抑制剂)、XL647(CAS 651031-01-5,HER2和EGFR双重抑制剂)、BMS-599626(CAS 714971-09-2,EGFR和HER2双重抑制剂)、PKC412(CAS 120685-11-2,EGFR、PKC、环AMP依赖性蛋白激酶和S6激酶抑制剂)、BIBX1382(CAS 196612-93-8,EGFR抑制剂)和AP26113(CAS 1197953-54-0,ALK和EGFR抑制剂),以及它们的衍生物和组合。在一些实施例中,所述EGFR抑制剂不是培利替尼。
Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK/MAPK抑制剂。选择性降低或阻断Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK表达的该途径的抑制剂包括但不限于反义、siRNA和miRNA分子。作为说明,MEK1的反义抑制披露于US 6,096,543中,该文献通过援引以其全文并入本文。
Ras抑制剂的实例包括但不限于R115777(CAS 192185-72-1)、BMS-214662(CAS195987-41-8)、SCH66336(CAS 193275-84-2)、FTI-277(CAS 1217447-06-7)、手霉素A(CAS52665-74-4)、FTI-276(CAS 170006-72-1)、RasCAAX(拟肽)、L-744,832(CAS 1177806-11-9)以及它们的衍生物和组合。
在本发明中使用的Raf抑制剂包括但不限于Bay43-9006(索拉非尼(sorafenib),CAS 284461-73-0,B-Raf和C-Raf的选择性抑制剂)、维莫非尼(CAS 918504-65-1,B-Raf抑制剂)、达拉菲尼(CAS 1195764-45-7,B-Raf抑制剂;还参见US 7,994,185和US 8,415,345)、LY3009120(CAS 1454682-72-4,泛Raf抑制剂)’GW 5074(CAS 220904-83-6,C-Raf-1抑制剂)、ZM 336372(CAS 208260-29-1,Raf-1抑制剂)、2-溴二甲胺(2-bromoaldisine)(CAS 96562-96-8,RAF/MEK-1/MAPK途径抑制剂)、L-779,450(CAS 303727-31-3)、AZ628(CAS 878739-06-1,Raf-1抑制剂)、RAF265(CAS 927880-90-8,B-Raf和VEGFR-2抑制剂)、恩科菲尼(encorafenib)(LGX818,CAS 1269440-17-6,B-Raf抑制剂、以及它们的衍生物和组合。
MEK抑制剂包括但不限于SL-327(CAS 305350-87-2,MEK1和MEK2抑制剂)、PD 184,352(CAS 212631-79-3)、2-溴二甲胺(CAS 96562-96-8,Raf/MEK-1/MAPK途径)、PD 198306(CAS 212631-61-3,MEK1/2的非ATP竞争性抑制剂)、PD 0325901(CAS 391210-10-9,MEK抑制剂和ERK磷酸化抑制剂)、MEK抑制剂II(CAS 623163-52-0)、PD 184161(CAS 212631-67-9,MEK1和MEK2的选择性抑制剂)、U-0126(CAS 109511-58-2,MEK1/2的抑制剂)、PD 98059(CAS 167869-21-8,MEK1的选择性抑制剂)、AS703026(CAS 1236699-92-5,MEK1/2抑制剂)、BAY 869766(CAS 923032-37-5,MEK-1和MEK-2的非ATP竞争性抑制剂)、PD 318088(CAS391210-00-7,MEK1/2的抑制剂)、司美替尼(selumetinib)(CAS 606143-52-6,MEK-1非ATP竞争性抑制剂)、TAK-733(CAS 1035555-63-5,MEK的变构抑制剂)、曲美替尼(CAS 871700-17-3,MEK1/MEK2的变构抑制剂)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。另外的MEK抑制剂还参见WO1998/037881、WO 1999/901426、WO 2000/041505、WO 2000/041994、WO 2000/042002、WO2000/042003、WO 2000/042022、WO 2000/042029、WO 2001/068619和WO 2002/036570。
ERK抑制剂包括例如SCH772984(CAS 942183-800-4,ERK1/2抑制剂)、DEL-22379(CAS 181223-80-3,ERK二聚化抑制剂)、VX-11e(CAS 896720-20-0,ERK2抑制剂)、多能素(Pluripotin)(SC1,CAS 839707-37-8,ERK1和RasGAP双重抑制剂)、乌利替尼(Ulixertinib)(BVD-523,VRT752271,CAS 869886-67-9,ERK1/ERK2抑制剂)、FR 180204(CAS 865362-74-9,ATP竞争性ERK抑制剂)、GDC-0994(CAS 1453848-26-4,ERK1/2抑制剂)、KO-947(库拉肿瘤学公司(Kura Oncology),ERK1/2抑制剂)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。另外的ERK抑制剂还参见JP 2005-330265。
JAK/STAT抑制剂。选择性降低或阻断JAK或STAT表达的抑制剂包括但不限于反义、siRNA和miRNA分子。作为说明,STAT-2、STAT-3、STAT-4、STAT-5和STAT-6的反义抑制分别披露于US 2004/0101853、US 6,159,694、US 6,479,465、US 8,722,873和WO 1998/040478中。同样,用于降低STAT-1和STAT-2表达的siRNA披露于US 9,198,911中。STAT-3siRNA描述于US 2010/0298409中,STAT-5siRNA描述于WO 2009/039199中,并且STAT-6siRNA描述于US7,566,700中。用于抑制Jak1和Jak3表达的siRNA分子披露于US 9,198,911中,该文献通过援引以其全文并入本文。
STAT抑制剂的非限制性实例包括但不限于WP-1034(CAS 857064-42-7,Jak-Stat抑制剂)、氟达拉滨(CAS 21679-14-1,STAT1抑制剂)、S3I-201(CAS 501919-59-1,STAT3DNA结合活性抑制剂)、Stattic(CAS 19983-44-9,STAT3抑制剂)、APTSTAT3-9R(STAT结合肽)、STA-21(CAS 28882-53-3,STAT3抑制剂)、SH-4-54(CAS 1456632-40-8)、那帕布新(Napabucasin)(CAS 83280-65-3,STAT3抑制剂)、隐丹参酮(CAS 35825-57-1,STAT3抑制剂)、氯硝柳胺(niclosamide)(CAS 50-65-7,STAT3抑制剂)、NSC 74859(CAS 501919-59-1、STAT3抑制剂)、HO-3867(CAS 1172133-28-6,STAT3抑制剂)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。
Jak1/Jak2抑制剂包括但不限于AG-490(CAS 133550-30-8)、CYT387(CAS1056634-68-4)、SB1518(帕克替尼(Pacritinib),CAS 937272-79-2)、LY3009104(INCB28050,巴瑞克替尼(Baricitinib),CAS 1187594-09-7)、TG101348(CAS 936091-26-8)、BMS-911543(CAS 1271022-90-2)、AZD1480(CAS 935666-88-9)、鲁索利替尼(Ruxolitinib)(INCB018424,CAS 941678-49-5)、CEP-701(CAS 111358-88-4)、TG101348(费德拉替尼(Fedratinib),CAS 936091-26-8)、SD 1008(CAS 960201-81-4,JAK2/STAT3抑制剂)、WP-1066(CAS 857064-38-1,JAK2/STAT3抑制剂)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。JAK3抑制剂包括但不限于Janex 1(WHI-P131,CAS 202475-60-3)、PF-956980(CAS 1262832-74-5)、WHI-P154(CAS 211555-04-3)、VX-509(得森替尼(Decernotinib),CAS 944842-54-0)、JAK3抑制剂IV(ZM-39923,CAS 1021868-92-7)、托法替尼(tofacitinib)(CP-690550,CAS540737-29-9)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。
PI3K/AKT/mTOR抑制剂。选择性降低或阻断PI3K、AKT或mTOR表达的抑制剂包括但不限于反义、siRNA和miRNA分子。作为说明,PI3K、AKT和mTOR的siRNA抑制分别披露于例如US 2005/0272682、US 2008/0161547和US 9,012,622中。
用于抑制PI3K的小分子包括但不限于SF1101(LY 294002,CAS 154447-36-6)、BKM120(CAS 944396-07-0)、BYL719(CAS 1217486-61-7)、XL-147(CAS 956958-53-5)、ZSTK-474(CAS 475110-96-4)、PX-866(CAS 502632-66-8)、PI-103(CAS 371935-74-9)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。
示例性AKT抑制剂包括例如AZD5363(CAS 1143532-39-1)、GDC-0068(CAS1001264-89-6,ATP竞争性泛AKT抑制剂)、MK-2206(CAS 1032350-13-2)、哌立福辛(CAS157716-52-4)、PBI-05204(夹竹桃苷(Oleandrin),CAS 465-16-7)、GSK2141795(CAS1047634-65-0)和SR13668(CAS 637774-61-9)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。另外的AKT抑制剂描述于US 2010/0009397、US 2007/0185152、US 6,960,584、US 7,098,208、US 7,223,738、US 7,304,063、US 7,378,403、US 7,396,832、US 7,399,764、US 7,414,055、US 7,544,677、US 7,576,209、US 7,579,355、US 7,589,068、US 7,638,530、US 7,655,649、US7,705,014、US 7,750,151、US 7,943,732、US 8,003,643、US 8,003,651、US 8,008,317、US8,168,652、US 8,263,357、US 8,273,782和US 8,324,221中。
示例性双重mTOR/PI3K抑制剂包括例如SF1126(CAS 936487-67-1)、BEZ235(CAS915019-65-7)、BGT-226(CAS 1245537-68-1)、PF-04691502(CAS 1013101-36-4)、GNE-477(CAS 1032754-81-6)、XL765(CAS 1349796-36-6)、GDC-0941(CAS 957054-30-7)、GDC-0980(CAS 1032754-93-0)、PF-05212384(CAS 1197160-78-3)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。
mTOR的抑制可使用以下抑制剂中的一种或多种来实现,例如OSI-027(CAS936890-98-1)、INK-128(CAS 1224844-38-5)、AZD-8055(CAS 1009298-09-2)、AZD-2014(CAS 1009298-59-2)、Palomid 529(CAS 914913-88-5)、Pp-242(CAS 1092351-67-1)、GSK2126458(CAS 1086062-66-9)、PF-04691502(CAS 1013101-36-4)、渥曼青霉素(wortmannin)(CAS 19545-26-7)、Ku-0063794(CAS 938440-64-3)、WAY-600(CAS 1062159-35-6)、WYE-687(CAS 1062161-90-3)、WYE-354(CAS 1062169-56-5)、雷帕霉素(CAS 53123-88-9)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。雷帕霉素衍生物进一步描述于例如US 5,258,389、US 5,100,883、US 5,118,678、US 5,151,413、US 5,256,790、US 5,120,842、US 2011/0178070、WO 1994/09010、WO 1992/05179、WO 1993/11130、WO 1994/02136、WO 1994/02485、WO1994/02136、WO 1995/16691、WO 1996/41807、WO 1996/41807、WO 1998/02441、WO 2001/14387和WO 1995/14023中。另外的PI3K/AKT/mTOR抑制剂还参见US 2016/0244424。
NCK-PAK-JNK抑制剂。选择性降低或阻断NCK、PAK或JNK表达的抑制剂包括但不限于反义、siRNA和miRNA分子。作为说明,Pak1的siRNA抑制披露于例如WO 2013/135745中。类似地,JNK1、JNK2和JNK3的siRNA抑制披露于例如US 2015/0361184中。
PAK激酶的抑制剂是本领域已知的,包括但不限于2-氨基吡啶并[2,3-d]嘧啶-7(8H)-酮,诸如WO 2009/086204、WO 2010/071846、WO 2011/044535、WO 2011/156646、WO2011/156786、WO 2011/156640、WO 2011/156780、WO 2011/156775和WO 2011/044264中披露的那些;如WO 2004/007504、WO 2007/023382、WO 2007/072153和WO 2006/072831中所披露的1H-噻吩并[3,2-c]吡唑、3-氨基-四氢吡咯并[3,4-c]吡唑和N4-(lH-吡唑-3-基)嘧啶-2,4-二胺;如US 8,637,537中所述的N4-(lH-吡唑-3-基)嘧啶-2,4-二胺的N2-双环吲哚基、吲唑基和苯并咪唑基衍生物;PF-3758309(CAS 898044-15-0);IPA-3(CAS 42521-82-4);FRAX597(CAS 1286739-19-2);FRAX486(CAS 1232030-35-1);FRAX1036(CAS 1432908-05-8);以及它们的衍生物和组合。
JNKl、JNK2和/或JNK3的非限制性实例包括但不限于JNK抑制剂V(CAS 345987-15-7)、JNK抑制剂VII(TAT-TI-JIPi53-163,CAS 305350-87-2)、JNK抑制剂VIII(CAS 894804-07-0)、JNK-IN-7(CAS 1408064-71-0)、JNK抑制剂IX(CAS312917-14-9)、JNK抑制剂XI(CAS2207-44-5)、JNK抑制剂XVI(CAS 1410880-22-6)、AEG 3482(CAS 63735-71-7)、多拉莫德(doramapimod)(CAS 285983-48-4,p38αMAPK和JNK2抑制剂)、CC-401(CAS 395104-30-0)、SP600125(CAS 129-56-6)、AS601245(CAS 345987-15-7)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。在一些实施例中,所述抑制剂不是来氟米特(leflunomide)。
PLC-DAG-PKC抑制剂。选择性降低或阻断PLC或PKC表达的抑制剂包括但不限于反义、siRNA和miRNA分子。作为说明,PLC的siRNA抑制披露于US 9,546,367中,其siRNA分子通过援引并入本文。
抗PLCγ抗体在本领域中还已知用于调节PLCγ的结合和/或催化活性。抗PLCγ抗体的实例描述于例如Lee等人(2002)Mol.Vis.[分子视觉]8:17-25和Buckley等人(2004)[生物化学杂志]279:41807-14中。
PLC的小分子抑制剂的实例包括但不限于D609(CAS 83373-60-8)、依地福新(edelfosine)(ET-18-OCH3,CAS 77286-66-9,PLC/PKC双重抑制剂)、马诺利德(manoalide)(CAS 75088-80-1)、NCDC(CAS 10556-88-4)、U-73122(CAS 112648-68-7)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。
Her2/neu抑制剂。选择性降低或阻断Her2/neu表达的抑制剂包括但不限于反义、siRNA和miRNA分子。作为说明,Her2/neu的siRNA抑制披露于例如Faltus等人(2004)Neoplasia[肿瘤形成]6(6):786-95;Choudhury等人(2004)Int.J.Cancer[国际癌症期刊]108:71-77中。
抗Her2/neu抗体在本领域中还已知用于调节Her2/neu的活性。抗Her2/neu抗体的实例包括但不限于曲妥单抗(HERCEPTIN,CAS 180288-69-1)和帕妥珠单抗(PERJETA,CAS380610-27-5)。参见schroeder等人(2014)Molecules[分子]19:15196-15212以供审查。
Her2/neu的小分子抑制剂的实例包括但不限于拉帕替尼(TYKERP,CAS 231277-92-2,EGFR/Her2双重抑制剂)、阿法替尼(GIOTRIF,CAS 439081-18-2,不可逆泛抑制剂)、AZD8931(CAS 848942-61-0,EGFR/Her2/ErbB3抑制剂)、AST-1306(CAS 897383-62-9,不可逆EGFR和Her2抑制剂)、AEE-788(CAS 497839-62-0,EGFR和Her2激酶双重抑制剂)、CI-1033(卡奈替尼,CAS 289499-45-2,EGFR和Her2抑制剂)、TAK-165(木利替尼,CAS 366017-09-6,Her2抑制剂,参见US 6,716,863和US 7,005,526)、CP-724714(CAS 383432-38-0、Her2抑制剂)、CUDC-101(CAS 1012054-59-9、不可逆HDAC/EGFR/Her2抑制剂)、TAK-285(CAS 871026-44-7,EGFR/Her2双重抑制剂)、AC-480(BMS-599626,CAS 714971-09-2、可逆EGFR/Her2/HER4抑制剂)、PF299804或PF299(达可替尼(Dacomitinib),CAS 1110813-31-4,不可逆EGFR/Her2/Her4抑制剂)和EKB-569(培利替尼,CAS 257933-82-7,EGFR/Her2双重抑制剂)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。在某些实施例中,抑制剂对Her2具有选择性,并且对其他激酶表现出很少或没有活性。
极光激酶抑制剂。选择性降低或阻断极光激酶表达的抑制剂包括但不限于反义、siRNA和miRNA分子。作为说明,极光激酶的siRNA抑制披露于例如Tao等人(2007)Br.J.Cancer[英国癌症杂志]97(12):1664-1672;Umene等人(2015)Int.J.Oncol.[国际肿瘤学杂志]46(4):1498-1506中。
极光激酶的小分子抑制剂的实例包括但不限于SNS314甲磺酸酯(CAS 1146618-41-8,泛极光激酶抑制剂,参见US 2016/0287602、US 2015/0329828和US 2011/0014191)、PHA-680632(CAS 398493-79-3,泛极光激酶抑制剂)、VE-465(陶扎色替(Tozasertib)、VX-680或MK0457,CAS 639089-54-6)、巴拉塞替(Barasertib)(AZD1152,CAS 722544-51-6,极光激酶B激酶抑制剂)、阿立塞替(Alisertib)(MLN8237,CAS 1028486-01-2,极光激酶A激酶抑制剂)、达鲁舍替(Danusertib)(PHA-739358,CAS 827318-97-8,泛极光激酶抑制剂)、PF-03814735(CAS 942487-16-3,双重极光激酶A/B抑制剂)、AMG 900(CAS 945595-80-2,泛极光激酶抑制剂)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。在某些实施例中,抑制剂对极光激酶具有选择性,并且对其他激酶表现出很少的活性或没有活性。
PDGFR抑制剂。选择性降低或阻断PDGFR表达的抑制剂包括但不限于反义、siRNA和miRNA分子。作为说明,PDGFR的siRNA抑制披露于例如Chen等人(2008)Liver Int.[国际肝杂志]28(10):1446-1457;Kaulfuβ等人(2013)Oncotarget[肿瘤标靶]4(7):1037-49;Yeh等人(2011)BMC Cancer[BMC癌症]11:139中。
抗PDGFR抗体在本领域中还已知用于调节PDGFR的活性。抗PDGFR抗体的实例包括但不限于IMC-3G3(抗PDGFRα抗体;EP 2100618)和IMC-2C5(PDGFRβ抗体;Shen等人(2009)Neoplasia[肿瘤形成]11(6):594-604)。
PDGFR的小分子抑制剂的实例包括但不限于Ki11502(CAS 347155-76-4)、伊马替尼(imatinib)(GLEEVEC/ST571,CAS 220127-57-1,PDGFRα/BCR-ABL/c-kit抑制剂)、帕纳替尼(Ponatinib)(AP24534,CAS 943319-70-8,Abl/PDGFRα/VEGFR2/FGFR1/Src抑制剂)、替拉替尼(Telatinib)(CAS 332012-40-5,VEGFR/c-Kit/PDGFRα抑制剂)、阿姆替尼(Amuvatinib)(MP-470,CAS 850879-09-3,c-Kit/PDGFRα/Flt3抑制剂)、克莱拉尼(CP-868596,CAS 670220-88-9,PDGFRα/β的选择性抑制剂,参见US 7,071,337、US 7,183,414、US 2015/0238479和US 2010/0016353)、阿西替尼(Axitinib)(CAS 319460-85-0,VEGFR1/VEGFR2/VEGFR3/PDGFRβ/c-Kit抑制剂)、CP-673451(CAS 343787-29-1,PDGFRα/β抑制剂)、尼达尼布(Nintedanib)(BIBF 1120,CAS 656247-17-5,VEGFR/FGFR/PDGFRα/β抑制剂)、马赛替尼(Masitinib)(CAS 790299-79-5,Kit/PDGFRα/β抑制剂)、舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)(SUTENT/SU11248,CAS 557795-19-4,VEGFR2/PDGFRβ抑制剂)、TSU-68(SU6668或奥兰替尼(Orantinib)、CAS 252916-29-3)、利尼伐尼(Linifanib)(ABT-869,CAS 796967-16-3,VEGFR/PDGFR抑制剂)、AC 710(CAS 1351522-04-7,选择性PDGFR家族抑制剂)、DMPQ二盐酸盐(CAS 137206-97-4,PDGFRβ抑制剂)、GSK 1363089(CAS 849217-64-7,PDGFR/MET/VEGFR2/Ron/AXL抑制剂)、PD 166285(CAS 212391-63-4,PDGFRβ/FGFR/Src抑制剂)和托西尼布(Toceranib)(CAS 356068-94-5,PDGFR和VEGFR抑制剂)、以及它们的衍生物和组合。
感官知觉。本发明提供了通过向内耳施用EGFR信号传导抑制剂和任选地携带编码耳保护剂的核酸分子的表达载体(例如表达病毒载体)来调节动物的感官知觉。“调节感官知觉”是指至少部分地实现识别和适应环境变化的能力。就感觉毛细胞功能而言,感官知觉的调节与感觉毛细胞的产生或保护有关,这些感觉毛细胞将内耳中的机械刺激转换成神经冲动,然后在脑中进行处理,使得动物意识到环境变化,例如声音、语言或身体/头部位置。感觉毛细胞优选地在柯蒂氏器和/或前庭器中产生。在预防的情况下,通过施用EGFR信号传导抑制剂和任选的耳保护剂来保护最初或进一步由于例如耳毒性剂而被损伤或损失的感觉毛细胞免受损伤或损失。
通过实施简单的听力检测,诸如通常由听力学家实施的音调检测,可容易地实现对象检测声音的能力的改变。在大多数哺乳动物中,对不同频率的反应表明感官知觉的变化。在人类中,对语言的理解也是适当的。例如,对象可能听到而不能理解语音。感知的变化由区分不同类型的声音刺激(诸如区分语言和背景噪音)以及理解语音的能力来指示。语音阈值和辨别测试对于此类评估是有用的。
平衡、运动意识和/或对运动刺激的响应定时的变化的评估也使用各种技术来实现。前庭功能也可通过比较对运动刺激的响应幅度(增益)或响应开始的定时(相位)来测量。可使用巩膜搜索线圈测试动物的前庭眼反射(VOR)增益和相位,以评价感官知觉的改善。眼震电描记术(ENG)记录响应于刺激诸如移动或闪烁的光、身体重新定位、半圆管内的流体运动等的眼睛运动。在这方面,使用旋转椅或移动平台评估移动期间的平衡也是有用的。
为了检测感官知觉的变化,在本发明方法之前使用任何合适的感官测试来记录基线值。在本发明方法之后的适当时间段(例如,在本发明方法之后1小时、6小时、12小时、18小时、1天、3天、5天、7天、14天、21天、28天、2个月、3个月或更长时间)重新评估受试者,将其结果与基线结果进行比较以确定感官知觉的变化。
预防或治疗方法。本发明的方法促进了允许感知刺激的感觉毛细胞的保护和/或产生。因此,本发明提供了通过向需要治疗的受试者施用EGFR信号传导抑制剂和/或一种或多种耳保护/再生剂来预防、治疗、控制、改善或降低听力损害、损失和障碍的风险的方法。理想地,本发明的方法预防性地或治疗性地治疗动物至少一种与感觉毛细胞损失、损伤、缺失相关的障碍,诸如听力损失和平衡障碍。听力损失可由由于细菌或病毒感染、遗传、物理损伤、听觉创伤、耳毒性药物(例如氨基糖苷抗生素或顺铂)等引起的柯蒂氏器的毛细胞损伤引起。虽然容易识别听力损失,但平衡障碍表现为容易归因于其他疾病的多种并发症。平衡障碍的症状包括定向障碍、头晕、眩晕、恶心、视力模糊、笨拙和频繁跌倒。通过本发明的方法治疗的平衡障碍优选地涉及外周前庭障碍(即前庭器的紊乱),其涉及由于感觉毛细胞的损伤或缺乏而导致的机械刺激向神经冲动的功能失调性翻译。
在一个方面,提供了防止或预防听力损失或损害的方法。按照此类方法,向需要治疗的受试者施用有效量的EGFR信号传导抑制剂。在一些实施例中,EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制EGFR、Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK/MAPK蛋白、JAK/STAT蛋白、PI3K/AKT/mTOR蛋白、NCK-PAK-JNK蛋白、PLC-DAG-PKC蛋白或者与EGFR相关或在其下游的细胞周期相关蛋白激酶的表达或活性。在其他实施例中,通过向需要治疗的受试者施用与EGFR相关或在其下游的细胞周期相关蛋白激酶抑制剂来实现听力损失的预防。在某些实施例中,通过向需要治疗的受试者施用Her-2、极光激酶、B-Raf或PDGFR表达或活性的抑制剂来实现听力损失的预防。EGFR信号传导抑制剂可单独施用或与一种或多种耳保护剂组合施用。术语“耳保护剂”是指减少或预防噪音诱导的听力损失、化学诱导的听力损失或年龄诱导的听力损害或以其他方式防止听力损害的药剂。耳保护剂的实例包括但不限于PARP-1抑制剂;哌仑西平LS-75、奥腾折帕(otenzepad)、AQ-RA741、奈韦拉平(viramune)、BIBN 99、DIBD、替仑西平(参见US 2011/0263574);甲硫氨酸(参见US 7,071,230);IGF-1、FGF-2、阿司匹林、还原型谷胱甘肽、N-甲基-(D)-葡糖胺二硫代氨基甲酸酯,以及铁螯合剂诸如酒石酸盐和马来酸盐。另外的耳保护剂还参见US 2005/0101534。
防止和预防或治疗听力损失或损害可以是在下列情况下,包括但不限于耳鸣、鸣响、老年性耳聋、听觉神经病、听觉创伤、听觉神经瘤、Pendred综合征、Usher综合征、Wardenburg综合征、非综合征性感觉神经性耳聋、中耳炎、耳硬化症、美尼尔氏病、耳毒性、迷路炎以及由感染(即麻疹、腮腺炎或脑膜炎)、药物诸如抗生素和一些癌症治疗(即化疗和放疗)引起的听力损害。
在某些实施例中,听力损害是药物诱导的。在更进一步的方面,所述药物是化学治疗剂。更具体地,所述药物是基于铂的化学治疗剂,诸如卡铂、顺铂、反铂、奈达铂、奥沙利铂、吡铂、沙铂、反铂和三铂、或其药学上可接受的盐。在具体实施例中,基于铂的化学治疗剂是顺铂或其药学上可接受的盐。在另一个实施例中,所述药物是抗生素,包括但不限于柔红霉素、多柔比星、表柔比星、伊达比星、放线菌素-D、博来霉素、丝裂霉素-C、阿米卡星、安普霉素、阿贝卡星、阿司米星、贝卡那霉素、地贝卡星、新霉素B(framycetin)、庆大霉素、潮霉素B、异帕米星、卡那霉素、新霉素、奈替米星、巴龙霉素、红链霉素(rhodostreptomycin)、核糖霉素、西索米星、大观霉素(spectinomycin)、链霉素、妥布霉素(tobramycin)和维达霉素(verdamicin)、或其药学上可接受的盐。
在另一方面,听力损害是年龄相关的、噪音诱发的或者平衡或定向相关的障碍。平衡障碍的实例包括但不限于诱发性或自发性眩晕、平衡失调、晕动病易感性增加、恶心、呕吐、共济失调、迷路炎、振动幻视、眼球震颤、晕厥、头晕、眩晕、跌倒增加、夜间行走困难、美尼尔氏病以及视觉跟踪和处理困难。此外,噪音诱导的听力损失可以是暂时的或永久的。
如世界卫生组织最近所报道的,全世界超过十亿的青少年和年轻成人由于暴露于大声的音乐而处于听力损失的风险中。许多其他噪音暴露,包括职业环境和消费者操作的装置,也引起噪音诱导的听力损失,这是最常见的身体不适之一,并且显著降低了交谈、交流和参与日常生活的能力(因此降低了个人和家庭的一般生活质量)。急性或慢性声学过度暴露已使超过4千万美国工人处于永久性听力损失的风险中(Kopke等人(2007)Hear.Res.[听力研究]226:114-125)。
创伤性脑损伤(TBI)和爆炸相关损伤最常发生在无法预测爆炸暴露、创伤强度超过保护装置有效性或保护装置不可用的军事情况下。TBI通常伴随着对听觉感官系统的不同范围的破坏或损伤,而听觉感官系统极易受到爆炸性伤害。极端的物理爆炸力可引起各种类型的对周围听觉系统的损伤,包括鼓膜(TM,耳膜)破裂、中耳骨骨折、感觉毛细胞从基底膜脱位以及使毛细胞受神经支配的螺旋神经节损失。在人体爆炸损伤研究中,大约17%-29%的病例涉及严重的TM破裂,而33%-78%涉及中度至严重的感觉神经性听力损失(毛细胞和神经节损失)。因此,TBI和爆炸损伤是听力损失的虽极端但常见的原因。
听力的生物保护比目前可用的机械保护装置更有前途。助听器由于其高成本和许多技术问题而经常是有问题的。理想地,服役的男性和女性在进入高风险或高噪音环境之前可服用保护性药物,然后将被保护免受噪音伤害而不会影响工作表现。迄今为止,还没有FDA批准的药物用于防止噪音和TBI相关的听力损失。
根据本发明的方法,EGFR信号传导抑制剂可局部施用,例如施用至受试者的内耳。替代性地,EGFR信号传导抑制剂可全身性施用。此外,EGFR信号传导抑制剂可通过注射到鼓阶、耳蜗管、耳蜗前庭阶中的一者或多者中,注射到内耳道的听神经干中,或注射到跨鼓膜/耳鼓的中耳间隙中来施用。此外,当组合使用时,EGFR信号传导可经由相同或不同的途径施用。
在各个方面,所披露的分子可与一种或多种其他药物组合用于治疗、预防、控制、改善听力损害和障碍或降低其风险,所披露的分子或其他药物可对这些听力损害和障碍具有实用价值,其中这些药物一起的组合比任一单独药物更安全或更有效。此类其他药物可通过其通常使用的途径和量与本发明的化合物同时或依次施用。当本发明的分子与一种或多种其他药物同时使用时,优选含有此类其他药物和所披露的化合物的单位剂型的药物组合物。然而,组合疗法还可包括其中所披露的分子和一种或多种其他药物以不同的重叠时间表施用的疗法。还设想了当与一种或多种其他活性成分组合使用时,所披露的分子和其他活性成分可以比各自单独使用时更低的剂量使用。
本文的方法可用于预防或治疗与功能性感觉毛细胞缺乏或损伤相关的急性和持续性、进行性障碍。对于急性疾病,本文的药物可在短时间内单次施用或多次施用。对于持续性疾病,诸如听力损失或由感觉毛细胞大量丧失引起的障碍,可能需要施用本文药物的多轮以实现治疗效果。
在适当的情况下,在治疗后,可测试受试者(例如,人或其他动物)的听力或与听力障碍相关的其他症状的改善。受益于治疗的受试者包括那些处于毛细胞损失风险中的受试者。例如,患有听力损失或处于发展听力损失风险中的受试者的听力可不如一般受试者(例如,一般人),或不如经历听力损失之前的受试者。例如,听力可降低至少5%、10%、30%、50%或更多。用于测量听力的方法是公知的,并且包括纯音测听、空气传导和骨传导测试。这些检查测量人可听到的响度(强度)和音调(频率)的极限。人类听力测试包括行为观察测听法(适用于婴儿至七个月大)、视觉强化定向测听法(适用于7个月至3岁的儿童)和大于3岁的儿童的游戏测听法。耳声发射测试可用于测试耳蜗毛细胞的功能,并且耳蜗电图提供关于耳蜗和到大脑的神经通路的第一部分的功能的信息。在各个方面,治疗可在进行修改或不进行修改的情况下继续进行,或者可停止治疗。
表达载体。本领域普通技术人员将理解,本领域已知的许多表达载体中的任何一种都适于将核酸序列引入内耳。合适的表达载体的实例包括例如质粒、质粒-脂质体复合物和病毒载体,例如基于细小病毒的载体(即基于腺相关病毒(AAV)的载体)、逆转录病毒载体、基于单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)的载体、AAV-腺病毒嵌合载体和基于腺病毒的载体。这些表达载体中的任何一种都可使用例如以下文献中所述的标准重组DNA技术制备:Sambrook等人(1989)Molecular Cloning,A Laboratory Manual,2nd Ed.[分子克隆实验手册,第2版],冷泉港出版社(Cold Spring Harbor Press),纽约冷泉港;和Ausubel等人(1994)CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology[最新分子生物学实验方法汇编],格林出版合伙公司(Greene Publishing Associates)和约翰·威利父子出版公司(John Wiley&Sons),纽约州纽约市。
质粒(经遗传工程化的环状双链DNA分子)可被设计成含有用于将核酸序列递送至内耳的表达盒。尽管质粒是描述用于施用治疗性核酸的第一载体,但与其他技术相比转染效率水平较差。通过将质粒与脂质体复合,通常提高了基因转移的效率。尽管用于质粒介导的基因转移策略的脂质体具有各种组成,但它们典型地是合成的阳离子脂质。质粒-脂质体复合物的优点包括它们转移编码治疗性核酸的大片段DNA的能力和它们相对低的免疫原性。质粒也可被修饰以延长转基因表达,如US 6,165,754中所述。已经描述了使用质粒在耳中表达转基因(参见,例如,Jero等人(2001)Human Gene Ther.[人类基因治疗]12:539-549)。尽管质粒适用于本发明的方法,但优选地表达载体是病毒载体。
AAV载体是用于基因治疗方案的特别感兴趣的病毒载体。AAV是一种DNA病毒,它不会引起人类疾病。AAV需要与辅助病毒(即腺病毒或疱疹病毒)共同感染,或需要辅助基因的表达,才能有效复制。用于施用治疗性核酸的AAV载体具有约96%的亲本基因组缺失,使得仅保留含有用于DNA复制和包装的识别信号的末端重复序列(ITR)。这消除了由于病毒基因表达引起的免疫或毒性副作用。含有整合的AAV基因组的宿主细胞在细胞生长或形态上没有显示出变化(参见例如US4,797,368)。尽管是有效的,但对辅助病毒或辅助基因的需要可能是该载体广泛使用的障碍。
逆转录病毒是一种能感染多种宿主细胞的RNA病毒。感染后,逆转录病毒基因组整合到其宿主细胞的基因组中,并与宿主细胞DNA一起复制,从而不断产生掺入逆转录病毒基因组中的病毒RNA和任何核酸序列。当使用致病性逆转录病毒,例如人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)或人T细胞淋巴营养病毒(HTLV)时,必须小心改变病毒基因组以消除毒性。逆转录病毒载体可另外被操纵以使病毒无复制能力。因此,逆转录病毒载体被认为对于体内稳定的基因转移特别有用。慢病毒载体,诸如基于HIV的载体,是用于基因递送的逆转录病毒载体的示例。与其他逆转录病毒不同,已知基于HIV的载体将其过客基因掺入非分裂细胞中,因此在感觉细胞不再生的内耳感觉上皮中特别有用。
基于HSV的病毒载体适合用作将核酸引入内耳以转导靶细胞的表达载体。成熟的HSV病毒体由包膜的二十面体衣壳和病毒基因组构成,所述病毒基因组由152kb的线性双链DNA分子构成。大多数复制缺陷型HSV载体含有缺失以去除一个或多个中间早期基因来防止复制。疱疹病毒载体的优点是其能够进入潜伏期,从而可导致DNA的长期表达,并且其病毒DNA基因组大,可容纳多达25kb的外源DNA。当然,这种能力在短期治疗方案方面也是不利的。关于适用于本发明方法的基于HSV的载体的描述,参见例如US 5,837,532、US 5,846,782、US 5,849,572、US 5,804,413、WO 1991/02788、WO 1996/04394、WO 1998/15637和WO1999/06583。
腺病毒(Ad)是一种36kb的双链DNA病毒,其在体内有效地将DNA转移到多种不同的靶细胞类型。为了用于本发明的方法,优选地通过缺失病毒复制所需的选定基因使病毒变成复制缺陷型。也经常缺失消耗性非复制必需E3区域以允许用于更大DNA插入的额外空间。载体可以高滴度产生,并可有效地将DNA转移到复制和非复制细胞中。通过腺病毒载体转移到细胞的遗传信息仍然是染色体外的,因此消除了随机插入诱变和靶细胞基因型永久改变的风险。然而,如果需要,可通过构建AAV-Ad嵌合载体赋予腺病毒AAV的整合特性。例如,AAV反向末端重复序列(ITR)和编码Rep蛋白的核酸掺入腺病毒载体中,使得腺病毒载体能够整合到哺乳动物细胞基因组中。因此,AAV-Ad嵌合载体是用于本发明上下文中的令人感兴趣的选择。
优选地,本发明方法的表达载体是病毒载体,更优选地,表达载体是腺病毒载体。来自任何来源、任何亚型、亚型混合物的腺病毒或任何嵌合腺病毒可用作本发明腺病毒载体的病毒基因组来源。人腺病毒优选地用作复制缺陷型腺病毒载体的病毒基因组来源。腺病毒可以是任何亚群或血清型。例如,腺病毒可以是A亚群(例如,血清型12、18和31)、B亚群(例如,血清型3、7、11、14、16、21、34、35和50)、C亚群(例如,血清型1、2、5和6)、D亚群(例如,血清型8、9、10、13、15、17、19、20、22-30、32、33、36-39和42-48)、E亚群(例如,血清型4)、F亚群(例如,血清型40和41)、未分类的血清群(例如,血清型49和51)或任何其他腺病毒血清型。腺病毒血清型1至51可从美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC,弗吉尼亚州马纳萨斯(Manassas,VA))获得。优选地,腺病毒载体是C亚群,尤其是血清型2或甚至更理想地是血清型5。
然而,非C群腺病毒,甚至非人腺病毒可用于制备复制缺陷型腺病毒基因转移载体,用于将DNA递送至内耳中的靶细胞。用于构建非C群腺病毒基因转移载体的优选腺病毒包括Ad12(A群)、Ad7和Ad35(B群)、Ad30和Ad36(D群)、Ad4(E群)和Ad41(F群)。非C群腺病毒载体、产生非C群腺病毒载体的方法和使用非C群腺病毒载体的方法披露于例如US 5,801,030、US 5,837,511、US 5,849,561、WO 1997/12986和WO 1998/53087中。优选的非人腺病毒包括但不限于猿(例如SAV 25)、牛、犬、猪腺病毒。
腺病毒载体优选地是复制缺陷型的。“复制缺陷型”是指腺病毒载体包含缺乏至少一种复制必需基因功能的腺病毒基因组(即,使得腺病毒载体不在典型宿主细胞中复制,尤其是在根据本发明的治疗过程中可能被腺病毒载体感染的人类患者中的那些宿主细胞)。如本文所用,基因、基因功能、或基因或基因组区域的缺陷被定义为病毒基因组的足够遗传物质的缺失,以削弱或消除其核酸序列全部或部分缺失的基因的功能。虽然遗传物质的缺失是优选的,但通过添加或取代使遗传物质突变也适于破坏基因功能。复制必需基因功能是复制(例如增殖)所需的那些基因功能,并且由例如腺病毒早期区域(例如E1、E2和E4区域)、晚期区域(例如L1-L5区域)、参与病毒包装的基因(例如IVa2基因)和病毒相关RNA(例如VA-RNA1和/或VA-RNA-2)编码。更优选地,复制缺陷型腺病毒载体包含在腺病毒基因组的一个或多个区域的至少一种复制必需基因功能方面有缺陷的腺病毒基因组。优选地,腺病毒载体在病毒复制所需的腺病毒基因组的E1区域或E4区域的至少一种基因功能方面是有缺陷的(表示为E1缺陷型腺病毒载体或E4缺陷型腺病毒载体)。除了E1区中的缺陷之外,重组腺病毒还可在主要晚期启动子(MLP)中具有突变,如WO 2000/00628中所讨论的。最优选地,腺病毒载体在E1区域的至少一种复制必需基因功能(理想地所有复制必需基因功能)方面和非必需E3区域的至少一部分(例如,E3区域的XbaI缺失)上是有缺陷的(表示为E1/E3缺陷型腺病毒载体)。关于E1区域,腺病毒载体可在部分或全部E1A区域和部分或全部E1B区域中是有缺陷的,例如在E1A和E1B区域中的每一个区域的至少一种复制必需基因功能方面是有缺陷的。当腺病毒载体在腺病毒基因组的一个区域中的至少一种复制必需基因功能方面是有缺陷的(例如,E1-或E1/E3-缺陷型腺病毒载体)时,腺病毒载体被称为“单复制缺陷型”的。
本发明的腺病毒载体可以是“多重复制缺陷型”的,意指是腺病毒载体在腺病毒基因组的两个或更多个区域中的每一个区域中的一种或多种复制必需基因功能方面是有缺陷的。例如,上述E1-缺陷型或E1/E3-缺陷型腺病毒载体可进一步在E4区域(表示为E1/E4-或E1/E3/E4-缺陷型腺病毒载体)和/或E2区域(表示为E1/E2-或E1/E2/E3-缺陷型腺病毒载体)、优选E2A区域(表示为E1/E2A-或E1/E2A/E3-缺陷型腺病毒载体)中的至少一种复制必需基因功能方面是有缺陷的。理想地,腺病毒载体仅缺乏由腺病毒基因组早期区域编码的那些复制必需基因功能中的复制必需基因功能,尽管这在本发明的所有上下文中不是必需的。优选的多重缺陷型腺病毒载体包含具有E1区域的核苷酸457-3332、E3区域的核苷酸28593-30470、E4区域的核苷酸32826-35561和任选地编码VA-RNA1的区域的核苷酸10594-10595缺失的腺病毒基因组。然而,其他缺失也是合适的。核苷酸356-3329或356-3510可被去除以在复制必需的E1基因功能中产生缺陷。核苷酸28594-30469可从腺病毒基因组的E3区域中缺失。虽然上述具体核苷酸名称对应于腺病毒血清型5基因组,但本领域普通技术人员可容易地确定非血清型5腺病毒基因组的对应核苷酸。
当是多重复制缺陷型的,尤其是在E1和E4区域的复制必需基因功能方面,腺病毒载体优选地包括间隔子元件,以在互补细胞系中提供类似于通过单复制缺陷型腺病毒载体(特别是E1缺陷型腺病毒载体)获得的病毒生长。间隔子元件可含有所需长度的任何一个或多个序列,诸如长度为至少约15个碱基对(例如,在约15个碱基对与约12,000个碱基对之间)、优选地约100个碱基对至约10,000个碱基对、更优选地约500个碱基对至约8,000个碱基对、甚至更优选地约1,500个碱基对至约6,000个碱基对并且最优选地约2,000个碱基对至约3,000个碱基对的序列。间隔子元件序列对于腺病毒基因组可以是编码的或非编码的和天然的或非天然的,但不恢复缺陷区域的复制必需功能。US 5,851,806描述了在腺病毒载体中使用间隔子。在本发明方法的一个实施例中,复制缺陷型或条件复制型腺病毒载体是E1/E4缺陷型腺病毒载体,其中保留了L5纤维区域,并且间隔子位于L5纤维区域与右侧ITR之间。更优选地,在这种腺病毒载体中,E4聚腺苷酸化序列单独地或最优选地与另一序列组合地存在于L5纤维区域与右侧ITR之间,以便将保留的L5纤维区域与右侧ITR充分分离,使得这种载体的病毒生产接近单复制缺陷型腺病毒载体,特别是E1缺陷型腺病毒载体的病毒生产。
腺病毒载体可在仅腺病毒基因组的早期区域、仅腺病毒基因组的晚期区域、以及腺病毒基因组的早期和晚期区域两者的复制必需基因功能方面是有缺陷的。腺病毒载体也可基本上去除整个腺病毒基因组,在这种情况下优选的是使至少病毒ITR和一个或多个启动子或病毒ITR和包装信号保持完整(即,腺病毒扩增子)。包含ITR和包装序列的腺病毒基因组的5’或3’区域不需要与病毒基因组的其余部分源自相同的腺病毒血清型。例如,腺病毒血清型5基因组的5’区域(即,腺病毒E1区域5’的基因组区域)可用腺病毒血清型2基因组的对应区域替换(例如,腺病毒基因组的E1区域5’的Ad5基因组区域用Ad2基因组的核苷酸1-456替换)。合适的复制缺陷型腺病毒载体,包括多重复制缺陷型腺病毒载体,披露于US5,837,511、US 5,851,806、US 5,994,106、US 2001/0043922、US 2002/0004040、US 2002/0031831、US 2002/0110545、WO 1995/34671、WO 1997/12986和WO 1997/21826中。理想地,复制缺陷型腺病毒载体存在于几乎不含可复制型腺病毒(RCA)污染的药物组合物中(例如,药物组合物包含小于约1%的RCA污染)。最理想地,药物组合物不含RCA。无RCA的腺病毒载体组合物和原种描述于US 5,944,106、US 6,482,616,US 2002/0110545和WO 1995/34671中。
因此,在优选的实施例中,本发明方法的表达载体是缺乏全部或部分E1区域、全部或部分E3区域、全部或部分E4区域和任选地全部或部分E2区域的多重复制缺陷型腺病毒载体。据信,多重缺陷型载体特别适用于将外源核酸序列递送至耳部。在E1区域的至少一种复制必需基因功能方面有缺陷的腺病毒载体最常用于体内基因转移。然而,目前使用的单复制缺陷型腺病毒载体可能对内耳上皮的敏感细胞有害,从而正好对待治疗的细胞产生损伤。在E4区域的至少一种复制必需基因功能方面有缺陷的腺病毒载体,特别是在E4区域和E1区域的复制必需基因功能方面有缺陷的腺病毒载体,比E1缺陷型腺病毒载体对细胞的毒性更低(参见,例如,Wang等人(1996)Nature Med.[自然医学]2(6):714-716和US 6,228,646)。因此,通过使用E1,E4缺陷型腺病毒载体将编码EGFR抑制剂的核酸序列传递至内耳细胞,可使对现有毛细胞和支持性细胞的损伤最小化。
在这方面,已经观察到至少E4缺陷型腺病毒载体在体内有限的时间内以高水平表达转基因,并且转基因在至少E4缺陷型腺病毒载体中的持续表达可通过反式作用因子的作用来调节,所述反式作用因子诸如HSV ICPO、Ad pTP、CMV-IE2、CMV-IE86、HIV tat、HTLV-tax、HBV-X、AAV Rep 78、来自U205骨肉瘤细胞系的起类似HSV ICPO作用的细胞因子、或PC12细胞中由神经生长因子诱导的细胞因子等。鉴于上文,多重缺陷型腺病毒载体(例如,至少E4缺陷型腺病毒载体)或第二表达载体包含编码反式作用因子的核酸序列,所述反式作用因子调节编码EGFR抑制剂的核酸序列的持续表达。
复制缺陷型腺病毒载体典型地在互补细胞系中产生,所述互补细胞系以适当的水平提供在复制缺陷型腺病毒载体中不存在但病毒繁殖所需的基因功能,以便产生高滴度的病毒载体原种。优选的细胞系补充了复制缺陷型腺病毒中不存在的至少一种并且优选地所有复制必需基因功能。互补细胞系可补充由早期区域、晚期区域、病毒包装区域、病毒相关RNA区域或它们的组合编码的至少一种复制必需基因功能的缺陷,包括所有腺病毒功能(例如,以使腺病毒扩增子能够增殖)。最优选地,互补细胞系补充腺病毒基因组的E1区域的至少一种复制必需基因功能(例如,两种或更多种复制必需基因功能)的缺陷,特别是E1A和E1B区域中的每一者的复制必需基因功能的缺陷。此外,互补细胞系可补充腺病毒基因组的E2(特别是关于腺病毒DNA聚合酶和末端蛋白)和/或E4区域的至少一种复制必需基因功能的缺陷。理想地,补充E4区域的缺陷的细胞包含E4-ORF6基因序列并产生E4-ORF6蛋白。这种细胞理想地包含腺病毒基因组的E4区域的至少ORF6而不含其他ORF。所述细胞系优选地进一步的特征在于它以非重叠方式含有与腺病毒载体的互补基因,这使载体基因组与细胞DNA重组的可能性最小化,并实际上消除了这种可能性。因此,如果在载体原种中不避免,则可复制型腺病毒(RCA)的存在被最小化,因此,其适用于某些治疗目的,尤其是基因治疗目的。载体原种中RCA的缺乏避免了腺病毒载体在非互补细胞中的复制。这种互补细胞系的构建涉及标准分子生物学和细胞培养技术,诸如以下中所述的那些:Sambrook等人(1989)Molecular Cloning,a Laboratory Manual,2d edition[分子克隆实验手册,第2版],冷泉港出版社,纽约冷泉港和Ausubel等人(1994)Current Protocols in Molecular Biology[最新分子生物学实验方法汇编],格林出版合伙公司和约翰·威利父子出版公司,纽约州纽约市。
用于产生腺病毒载体的互补细胞系包括但不限于293细胞(参见例如,Graham等人(1977)J.Gen.Virol.[普通病毒学杂志]36:59-72)、PER.C6细胞(参见例如WO 1997/00326、US 5,994,128和US 6,033,908)和293-ORF6细胞(参见例如WO 1995/34671和Brough等人(1997)J.Virol.[病毒学杂志]71:9206-9213)。在一些情况下,互补细胞将不能补充所有需要的腺病毒基因功能。辅助病毒可用于提供不是由细胞或腺病毒基因组编码的反式基因功能,以使腺病毒载体能够复制。腺病毒载体可使用例如US 5,965,358、US 5,994,128、US 6,033,908、US 6,168,941、US 6,329,200、US 6,383,795、US 6,440,728、US 6,447,995、US6,475,757、US 2002/0034735、WO 1998/53087、WO 1998/56937、WO 1999/15686、WO 1999/54441、WO 2000/12765、WO 2001/77304和WO 2002/29388以及本文确定的其他参考文献中阐述的材料和方法进行构建、繁殖和/或纯化。非C群腺病毒载体,包括腺病毒血清型35载体,可使用例如US 5,837,511、US 5,849,561、WO 1997/12986和WO 1998/53087中阐述的方法来产生。此外,许多腺病毒载体是可商购获得的。
可修饰腺病毒载体的外壳蛋白,以便降低腺病毒载体被针对野生型外壳蛋白的中和抗体识别的能力或不能被识别。此类修饰对于多轮施用是有用的。类似地,可操纵腺病毒载体的外壳蛋白以改变腺病毒载体对潜在宿主细胞上的病毒受体的结合特异性或识别。此类操纵可包括纤维、五邻体、六邻体、pIIIa、pVI和/或pIX的区域的缺失或取代,将各种天然或非天然配体插入外壳蛋白的部分中,等等。外壳蛋白的操纵可拓宽被腺病毒载体感染的细胞的范围,或者使腺病毒载体能够靶向特定的细胞类型。可在不对外壳蛋白进行遗传操作的情况下,即通过使用双特异性分子来调节腺病毒载体识别潜在宿主细胞的能力。例如,将腺病毒与双特异性分子复合,所述双特异性分子包含五邻体基座或纤维结合结构域和选择性结合特定细胞表面结合位点的结构域,使得腺病毒载体能够靶向特定细胞类型。
优选地,腺病毒衣壳被修饰以展示非天然氨基酸序列。非天然氨基酸序列可插入内部外壳蛋白序列中或代替内部外壳蛋白序列(例如,在腺病毒纤维蛋白的暴露环内)或融合至腺病毒外壳蛋白的末端(例如,融合至腺病毒纤维蛋白的C-末端,任选地使用接头或间隔子序列)。非天然氨基酸序列可与腺病毒外壳蛋白中的任一种缀合,以形成嵌合外壳蛋白。因此,例如,本发明的非天然氨基酸序列可缀合、插入或附着于纤维蛋白、五邻体基座蛋白、六邻体蛋白、蛋白IX、VI或IIIa等。此类蛋白的序列以及在重组蛋白中使用它们的方法是本领域公知的(参见例如US 5,543,328、US 5,559,099、US 5,712,136、US 5,731,190、US5,756,086、US 5,770,442、US 5,846,782、US 5,962,311、US 5,965,541、US 5,846,782、US6,057,155、US 6,127,525、US 6,153,435、US 6,329,190、US 6,455,314、US 6,465,253、US6,576,456、US 2001/0047081、US 2003/0099619、WO 1996/07734、WO 1996/26281、WO1997/20051、WO 1998/07877、WO 1998/07865、WO 1998/40509、WO 1998/54346、WO 2000/15823、WO 2001/58940和WO 2001/92549)。嵌合外壳蛋白的外壳蛋白部分可以是附加了配体结构域的全长腺病毒外壳蛋白,或者它可例如在内部或在C-末端和/或N-末端被截短。外壳蛋白部分本身不必是腺病毒载体天然的。
当配体附着于纤维蛋白时,优选地它不干扰病毒蛋白或纤维单体之间的相互作用。因此,非天然氨基酸序列优选地本身不是寡聚化结构域,因为这样可不利地与腺病毒纤维的三聚化结构域相互作用。优选地,将配体添加到病毒体蛋白中,并以易于暴露于底物的方式掺入(例如,在蛋白的N-末端或C-末端、附着于面向底物的残基、位于肽间隔子上以接触底物等),从而使非天然氨基酸序列最大程度地呈现给底物。理想地,将非天然氨基酸序列在纤维蛋白的C-末端掺入腺病毒纤维蛋白中(并经由间隔子附着)或掺入纤维的暴露环(例如HI环)中以产生嵌合外壳蛋白。当非天然氨基酸序列附着于或替换五邻体基座的一部分时,优选地它在高变区内以确保其与底物接触。当非天然氨基酸序列附着于六邻体时,优选地它在高变区内(Miksza等人(1996)J.Virol.[病毒学杂志]70(3):1836-44)。使用间隔子序列使非天然氨基酸序列延伸远离腺病毒颗粒的表面可能是有利的,因为非天然氨基酸序列可更多地用于结合受体,并且非天然氨基酸序列与腺病毒纤维单体之间的任何空间相互作用减少。
包含非天然配体的嵌合病毒外壳蛋白理想地能够引导包含外壳蛋白的病毒(即腺病毒)载体进入细胞比引导比包含野生型病毒外壳蛋白而不是嵌合病毒外壳蛋白的相同载体进入细胞更有效。优选地,嵌合病毒外壳蛋白结合存在于细胞表面上的新的内源性结合位点,所述内源性结合位点不被包含野生型外壳蛋白的载体识别或识别较差。
此外,可改变腺病毒衣壳蛋白以减少或消除与天然腺病毒受体(即,被野生型腺病毒结合的受体)的结合。特别地,与柯萨奇病毒和腺病毒受体(CAR)相互作用的腺病毒纤维蛋白的部分可通过在纤维蛋白内缺失、取代、重新定位等而突变,使得腺病毒纤维蛋白不结合CAR。同样,可改变与整联蛋白相互作用的腺病毒五邻体蛋白的部分以消除天然整联蛋白结合。为了减少复制缺陷型或条件复制型腺病毒载体的天然结合和转导,不存在或破坏位于介导细胞进入的腺病毒外壳蛋白上的天然结合位点,例如纤维和/或五邻体基座。据信两种或多种腺病毒外壳蛋白介导与细胞表面(例如,纤维和五邻体基座)的附着。可采用任何合适的技术来改变与宿主细胞(例如,间皮细胞或肝细胞)的天然结合。例如,利用不同的纤维长度来消融与细胞的天然结合可以通过将结合序列添加到五邻体基座或纤维结上来实现。这种添加可直接进行或通过双特异性或多特异性结合序列间接进行。替代性地,可修饰腺病毒纤维蛋白以减少纤维轴中的氨基酸数目,从而产生“短轴”纤维(如例如US 5,962,311中所述)。一些腺病毒血清型的纤维蛋白比其他类型短,并且这些纤维蛋白可用于代替天然纤维蛋白以减少腺病毒与其天然受体的天然结合。例如,衍生自血清型5腺病毒的腺病毒载体的天然纤维蛋白可用来自腺病毒血清型40或41的纤维蛋白进行交换。
在这方面,腺病毒载体可被修饰以包括来自不同血清型腺病毒的腺病毒外壳蛋白(例如,纤维、五邻体或六邻体蛋白)。例如,腺病毒血清型5腺病毒可被修饰以展示腺病毒血清型35纤维,其进而可任选地包含一个或多个非天然氨基酸配体。可利用不天然感染内耳细胞类型的腺病毒载体将载体靶向特定细胞类型。替代性地,天然转导内耳细胞的腺病毒载体可被修饰以展示衍生自对靶细胞没有天然嗜性的腺病毒的腺病毒纤维蛋白和/或腺病毒五邻体基座,所述腺病毒载体可展示能够转导靶细胞的非天然氨基酸序列。
在另一个实施例中,与天然底物结合相关的核酸残基可被突变(参见例如WO2000/15823;Einfeld等人(2001)J.Virol.[病毒学杂志]75(23):11284-11291;vanBeusechem等人(2002)J.Virol.[病毒学杂志]76(6):2753-2762),使得掺入有突变核酸残基的腺病毒载体不太能够结合其天然底物。例如,腺病毒血清型2和5通过腺病毒纤维蛋白与柯萨奇病毒和腺病毒受体(CAR)的结合以及五邻体蛋白与位于细胞表面的整联蛋白的结合来转导细胞。因此,本发明方法的复制缺陷型或条件复制型腺病毒载体可缺乏与CAR的天然结合和/或表现出与整联蛋白的天然结合降低。为了减少复制缺陷型或条件复制型腺病毒载体与宿主细胞的天然结合,去除或破坏天然CAR和/或整联蛋白结合位点(例如,位于腺病毒五邻体基座中的RGD序列)。
对腺病毒外壳蛋白的修饰可增强所得腺病毒载体逃避宿主免疫系统的能力。在一个实施例中,通过消融腺病毒载体与CAR和/或整联蛋白的天然结合并将一种或多种非天然配体掺入腺病毒衣壳中,将腺病毒载体选择性地靶向瘢痕上皮细胞(例如,缺少内源性功能性毛细胞的上皮区域)。可使用常规文库展示技术(诸如噬菌体展示)来确定介导经由特定受体转导的合适配体,并且包括例如由EGF结合的配体和来自FGF肽家族的配体。非天然氨基酸序列及其底物的其他实例包括但不限于由整联蛋白识别的氨基酸的短(例如6个氨基酸或更少)线性延伸,以及聚氨基酸序列诸如聚赖氨酸、聚精氨酸等。用于产生嵌合腺病毒外壳蛋白的非天然氨基酸序列进一步描述于US 6,455,314和WO 2001/92549中。
对腺病毒载体的合适修饰描述于US 5,543,328、US 5,559,099、US 5,712,136、5,731,190、US 5,756,086、US 5,770,442、US 5,846,782、US 5,871,727、US 5,885,808、US5,922,315、US 5,962,311、US 5,965,541、US 6,057,155、US 6,127,525、US 6,153,435、US6,329,190、US 6,455,314、US 6,465,253、US 2001/0047081、US 2002/0099024、US 2002/0151027、WO 1996/07734、WO 1996/26281、WO 1997/20051、WO 1998/07865、WO 1998/07877、WO 1998/40509、WO 1998/54346、WO 2000/15823、WO 2001/58940和WO 2001/92549中。腺病毒载体的构建是本领域熟知的。腺病毒载体可使用例如US 5,965,358、US 6,168,941、US 6,329,200、US 6,383,795、US 6,440,728、US 6,447,995、US 6,475,757、WO 1998/53087、WO 1998/56937、WO 1999/15686、WO 1999/54441、WO 2000/12765、WO 2001/77304和WO 2002/29388以及本文确定的其他参考文献中所述的方法进行构建和/或纯化。此外,许多表达载体,包括腺病毒载体,是可商购获得的。腺相关病毒载体可使用例如US 4,797,368和Laughlin等人(1983)Gene[基因]23:65-73中所述的方法进行构建和/或纯化。
用于本发明方法的表达载体的选择取决于多种因素,诸如例如宿主、载体的免疫原性、蛋白产生的期望持续时间、靶细胞等。由于每种类型的表达载体具有不同的特性,本发明的方法可适应任何特定的情况。此外,可使用多于一种类型的表达载体将核酸序列递送至靶细胞。因此,本发明提供了改变动物的感官知觉和预防或治疗听力损失的方法,其中所述方法包括向内耳施用至少两种不同的表达载体,所述至少两种不同的表达载体包含编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的核酸序列。优选地,内耳中的靶细胞(例如支持性细胞)与腺病毒载体和HSV载体接触,因为腺病毒载体有效转导支持性细胞并且HSV载体有效转导神经元。本领域普通技术人员将理解利用多个递送系统的有利特性来治疗或研究内耳的感觉障碍的能力。
核酸分子。本发明的表达载体包含核酸分子。理想地,所述核酸分子编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂。本领域普通技术人员将理解,任何转录因子,例如EGFR信号传导抑制剂,可被修饰或截短并保留活性。因此,治疗性片段(即,具有足以例如激活转录的生物活性的那些片段)也适于掺入表达载体中。同样,由转录因子或其治疗性片段和例如稳定肽构象的部分组成的融合蛋白也可存在于表达载体中。
核酸分子(即,编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂)理想地作为表达盒的一部分存在,即具有促进核酸分子的亚克隆和恢复(例如,一个或多个限制性位点)或核酸分子的表达(例如,聚腺苷酸化或剪接位点)的功能的特定碱基序列。当表达盒是腺病毒载体时,感兴趣的核酸分子(例如,编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂)可位于E1区域中(例如,全部或部分替换E1区域)或可位于腺病毒基因组的E4区域中。当位于E4区域中时,不需要间隔子序列。表达盒优选地以3’->5’方向插入,例如,定向为使得表达盒的转录方向与周围腺病毒基因组的转录方向相反。尽管可将单个表达盒插入腺病毒载体中以表达EGFR信号传导抑制剂,但在其他实施例中,腺病毒载体可包括携带编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的核酸分子的多个表达盒,其中所述表达盒可替换腺病毒基因组的任何缺失区域。表达盒向腺病毒基因组(例如,基因组的E1区域)的插入可通过已知方法来促进,例如通过在腺病毒基因组的给定位置引入独特的限制性位点。如上所述,优选地,腺病毒载体的E3区域被缺失,并且E4区域被间隔子元件替换。
为了进行表达,将感兴趣的核酸分子可操作地连接至所述表达所必需的调节序列,例如启动子。“启动子”是指导RNA聚合酶结合并由此促进RNA合成的DNA序列。当启动子能够指导核酸分子的转录时,核酸分子与启动子“可操作地连接”。启动子对于与其可操作连接的核酸分子可以是天然的或非天然的。任何启动子(即,无论是从自然界分离的还是通过重组DNA或合成技术产生的)都可与本发明结合使用,以提供核酸分子的转录。启动子优选能够指导真核(理想地哺乳动物)细胞中的转录。启动子的功能可通过一种或多种增强子(例如CMV立即早期增强子)和/或沉默子的存在而改变。
本发明优先采用病毒启动子。合适的病毒启动子是本领域已知的,并且包括例如巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子诸如CMV立即早期启动子、衍生自人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的启动子诸如HIV长末端重复启动子、劳斯肉瘤病毒(RSV)启动子诸如RSV长末端重复序列、小鼠乳腺肿瘤病毒(MMTV)启动子、HSV启动子诸如Lap2启动子或疱疹胸苷激酶启动子(Wagner等人(1981)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA[美国国家科学院院刊]78:144-145)、衍生自SV40或爱泼斯坦巴尔病毒的启动子、腺相关病毒启动子诸如p5启动子等。优选地,病毒启动子是腺病毒启动子诸如Ad2或Ad5主要晚期启动子和三联前导序列、CMV启动子(鼠或人来源)、或RSV启动子。
启动子不必是病毒启动子。例如,启动子可以是细胞启动子,即驱动细胞蛋白表达的启动子。用于本发明的优选细胞启动子将取决于产生治疗剂所需的表达谱。在一个方面,细胞启动子优选地是在多种细胞类型中起作用的组成型启动子。合适的组成型启动子可驱动编码转录因子的基因、管家基因或真核细胞共有的结构基因的表达。例如,Ying Yang 1(YY1)转录因子(也称为NMP-1、NF-E1和UCRBP)是普遍存在的核转录因子,它是核基质的内在组分(Guo等人(1995)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA[美国国家科学院院刊]92:10526-10530)。JEM-1(也称为HGMW和BLZF-1;Tong等人(1998)Leukemia[白血病]12(11):1733-1740;Tong等人(2000)Genomics[基因组学]69(3):380-390),泛素启动子,特别是UbC(Marinovic等人(2002)J.Biol.Chem.[生物化学杂志]277(19):16673-16681),β-肌动蛋白启动子,诸如衍生自鸡的启动子等,适用于本发明的方法。
许多上述启动子是组成型启动子。启动子可以是诱导型启动子,即响应于适当信号而被上调和/或下调的启动子,而不是组成型启动子。例如,合适的诱导型启动子系统包括但不限于IL-8启动子、金属硫蛋白诱导型启动子系统、细菌lacZYA表达系统、四环素表达系统和T7聚合酶系统。此外,可使用在不同发育阶段选择性激活的启动子(例如,珠蛋白基因从胚胎和成体中的珠蛋白相关启动子差异转录)。调节核酸分子表达的启动子序列可含有至少一种对外源试剂的调节有响应的异源调节序列。调节序列优选地对外源试剂诸如但不限于药物、激素或其他基因产物有响应。例如,调节序列,例如启动子,优选地对糖皮质激素受体-激素复合物有响应,这继而增强治疗性肽或其治疗性片段的转录水平。
优选地,启动子是组织特异性启动子,即在给定组织中优先激活并导致基因产物在被激活的组织中表达的启动子。用于本发明的组织特异性启动子可由普通技术人员根据靶组织或细胞类型来选择。合适的启动子包括但不限于BRN.3C、BRN3.1、POU ORF3因子启动子、BRK1、BRK3、脊索发生素启动子、头蛋白启动子、jagged1启动子、jagged2启动子和notch1启动子。用于本发明的优选的组织特异性启动子是对支持性细胞或感觉毛细胞特异性的,例如在毛细胞中起作用的肌球蛋白VIIa启动子,或在支持性细胞中起作用的hes-1启动子。理想地,选择在瘢痕上皮中促进转基因表达的启动子。
也可通过将启动子的特定活性模式与期望蛋白的期望模式和表达水平相匹配来选择用于本发明的启动子。替代性地,可构建组合了多种启动子的期望方面的杂合启动子。例如,将CMV启动子的初始活性急升与RSV启动子的高活性维持水平组合的CMV-RSV杂合启动子尤其优选用于本发明方法的许多实施例中。也可选择具有可由研究者操纵的表达谱的启动子。
沿着这些路线,为了优化蛋白生产,优选地,核酸分子在核酸分子编码区之后进一步包括聚腺苷酸化位点。可使用任何合适的聚腺苷酸化序列,包括合成的优化序列,以及BGH(牛生长激素)、多瘤病毒、TK(胸苷激酶)、EBV(爱泼斯坦巴尔病毒)和乳头瘤病毒(包括人乳头瘤病毒和BPV(牛乳头瘤病毒))的聚腺苷酸化序列。优选的聚腺苷酸化序列是SV40(人肉瘤病毒-40)聚腺苷酸化序列。而且,优选地,所有适当的转录信号(和翻译信号,如果合适的话)被正确排列,使得核酸分子在其被引入的细胞中正确表达。如果需要,核酸分子也可掺入剪接位点(即剪接受体和剪接供体位点)以促进mRNA产生。此外,如果核酸分子编码蛋白或肽,其是加工的或分泌的蛋白或在细胞内起作用,优选地,核酸分子进一步包括用于加工、分泌、细胞内定位等的合适序列。
在某些实施例中,调节EGFR信号传导抑制剂的表达可能是有利的。调节核酸分子表达的特别优选的方法包括在表达载体上添加位点特异性重组位点。通过重组事件使具有位点特异性重组位点的表达载体与重组酶接触将上调或下调编码序列的转录,或同时上调一个编码序列的转录并下调另一个编码序列的转录。使用位点特异性重组调节核酸序列的转录描述于例如US 5,801,030、US 6,063,627和WO 97/09439中。
有几种选择可用于将编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的核酸分子递送至内耳。所述多个编码序列可以可操作地连接至不同的启动子,例如具有不同水平和活性模式的不同启动子。替代性地,多个编码序列可以可操作地连接至相同启动子以形成多顺反子元件。本发明还设想了向内耳施用表达载体的混合物,其中每种表达载体编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂。表达载体的混合物可进一步包括不同类型的表达载体,例如腺病毒载体和腺相关病毒载体。
鉴于上文,本发明进一步提供了携带编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的核酸分子的腺病毒载体,其中所述核酸分子可操作地连接至表达EGFR信号传导抑制剂所必需的调节序列。腺病毒载体在至少E4区域的至少一种复制必需基因功能方面是有缺陷的。核酸分子可从任何来源获得,例如从自然界分离、合成产生、从基因工程生物体分离等。本文讨论了合适的腺病毒载体和调节序列。
此外,本发明进一步提供了在体内分化的感觉上皮中产生毛细胞的方法。所述方法涉及使分化的感觉上皮细胞与腺病毒载体接触,所述腺病毒载体(a)在E1区域、E4区域的一种或多种复制必需基因功能和任选地E3区域的一种或多种基因功能方面是有缺陷的,(b)在E4区域中具有间隔子,以及(c)携带编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的核酸分子。表达所述核酸分子以产生EGFR信号传导的抑制剂。
施用途径。本领域技术人员将理解,将药物或表达载体诸如腺病毒载体施用于内耳的合适方法是可用的。尽管可使用多于一种途径来施用特定的药物或表达载体,但特定的途径可提供比另一途径更直接和更有效的反应。因此,所描述的施用途径仅是示例性的而绝不是限制性的。
无论施用途径如何,本发明方法的药物或表达载体理想地到达内耳的感觉上皮。因此,最直接的施用途径需要允许进入内耳结构内部的外科手术。经由耳蜗造口术接种允许将表达载体直接施用至与听力相关的内耳区域。耳蜗造口术涉及穿过耳蜗壁钻孔,例如如Kawamoto等人((2001)Molecular Therapy[分子治疗]4(6):575-585)所述在镫骨动脉下方的耳囊中,并释放含有药物或表达载体的药物组合物。向内淋巴区室的施用对于将腺病毒载体施用至负责听力的内耳区域特别有用。替代性地,药物或表达载体可经由管造口术施用至半规管。管造口术在前庭系统和耳蜗中提供转基因表达,而耳蜗造口术在前庭间隙中不提供有效的转导。使用管造口术降低了损伤耳蜗功能的风险,因为直接注射到耳蜗间隙中可导致对毛细胞的机械损伤(Kawamoto等人,同上)。施用程序也可在流体(例如人工外淋巴)下进行,其可包括减轻治疗或施用程序的副作用的因素,诸如细胞凋亡抑制剂或抗炎剂。
施用至内耳的另一种直接途径是通过圆窗进行,方式是通过注射或局部方式施用至圆窗。经由圆窗施用对于将药物或腺病毒载体递送至外淋巴隙是特别优选的。在经由圆窗施用表达载体后,已经观察到在耳蜗和前庭神经元以及耳蜗感觉上皮中的转基因表达(Staecker等人(2001)Acta Otolaryngol.[耳鼻喉科学报]121:157-163)。值得注意的是,表达载体,特别是非靶向腺病毒载体,向内耳细胞中的摄取似乎可能不是受体介导的。换句话讲,内耳细胞的腺病毒感染似乎不是由CAR或整联蛋白介导的。为了在施用至外淋巴区室后增加柯蒂氏器中细胞的转导,腺病毒载体可展示增强腺病毒载体向靶细胞(例如支持性细胞、血管纹细胞等)中的摄取的一种或多种配体。在这方面,腺病毒载体可编码一种或多种腺病毒外壳蛋白,所述蛋白被修饰以减少天然结合(例如,CAR结合和/或整联蛋白结合)并携带增强内耳靶细胞对腺病毒载体的摄取的非天然氨基酸序列。
药物或表达载体(例如腺病毒载体)可存在于药物组合物中,用于施用至内耳。在某些情况下,可能适合的是施用多次和/或采用多种途径,例如管造口术和耳蜗造口术,以确保支持性细胞充分暴露于药物或表达载体。
药物或表达载体可存在于允许药物或表达载体受控或持续释放的装置中或装置上,诸如海绵、网状物、机械贮库或泵、或机械植入物。例如,将浸泡在含有药物或表达载体的药物组合物中的生物相容性海绵或凝胶状体放置在圆窗附近,药物或表达载体通过所述圆窗渗透以到达耳蜗(如Jero等人中所述,同上)。微型渗透泵提供药物或表达载体在延长的时间段(例如,五至七天)内的持续释放,从而允许施用含有药物或表达载体的少量组合物,这可防止对内源性感觉细胞的机械损伤。药物或表达载体也可以含有例如明胶、硫酸软骨素、聚磷酸酯诸如双-2-羟乙基对苯二甲酸酯(BHET)或聚乳酸-乙醇酸的缓释配制品的形式施用(参见例如US 5,378,475)。
替代性地,药物或表达载体可以肠胃外、肌内、静脉内、口服或腹膜内施用。如本文所讨论的,可修饰表达载体以改变表达载体对潜在宿主细胞上的受体的结合特异性或识别。对于腺病毒,此类操纵可包括纤维、五邻体或六邻体区域的缺失,各种天然或非天然配体向外壳蛋白的部分中的插入等。本领域普通技术人员将理解,肠胃外施用可能需要大剂量或多次施用以有效地将表达载体递送至合适的宿主细胞。用于组合物的药学上可接受的载剂是本领域普通技术人员公知的(参见Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice[制药学与药学实践],(1982)利平科特公司(J.B.Lippincott Co.),宾夕法尼亚州费城,Banker和Chalmers编辑,第238-250页;ASHP Handbook on Injectable Drugs[可注射药物的ASHP手册](1986)Toissel,第4版,第622-630页)。尽管不太优选,表达载体也可通过粒子轰击即基因枪在体内施用。
本领域普通技术人员还将理解,可选择剂量和施用途径以使由于宿主的免疫系统引起的表达载体的损失最小化。例如,为了在体内接触靶细胞,在进行本发明的方法之前向宿主施用空表达载体(即,不携带感兴趣的核酸分子的表达载体)可能是有利的。空表达载体的先前施用可用于在宿主中产生针对表达载体的免疫性,从而阻碍身体的先天清除机制,由此减少被免疫系统清除的载体的量。
剂量。根据本发明,施用于动物(特别是人)的药物或表达载体的剂量应足以在合理的时间范围内影响动物中的期望响应。本领域技术人员将认识到,剂量将取决于多种因素,包括年龄、物种、受损感觉上皮的位置、所讨论的病理学(如果有的话)以及病症或疾病状态。剂量还取决于EGFR信号传导抑制剂和/或细胞周期相关蛋白激酶抑制剂,以及待转导的感觉上皮的量。剂量的大小也将由施用的途径、时间和频率以及可能伴随施用特定表达载体(例如,手术创伤)或药物的任何不良副作用的存在、性质和程度以及期望的生理效果来确定。本领域普通技术人员将理解,各种病症或疾病状态,特别是慢性病症或疾病状态,可能需要涉及多次施用的延长治疗。
合适的剂量和给药方案可通过本领域普通技术人员已知的常规测距技术来确定。当表达载体是病毒载体,最优选腺病毒载体时,将约105个病毒颗粒至约1012个病毒颗粒递送至患者。换句话讲,可施用包括约105个颗粒/ml至约1013个颗粒/ml(包括在约105个颗粒/ml至约1013个颗粒/ml范围内的所有整数)、优选地约1010个颗粒/ml至约1012个颗粒/ml的表达载体浓度的药物组合物,并且将典型地涉及将约0.1μl至约100μl的这种药物组合物直接施用至内耳。鉴于上文,一次施用的剂量优选地是至少约1×106个颗粒(例如约4×106-4×1012个颗粒)、更优选地至少约1×107个颗粒、更优选地至少约1×108个颗粒(例如约4×108-4×1011个颗粒)并且最优选地至少约1×109个颗粒至至少约1×1010个颗粒(例如约4×109-4×1010个颗粒)的腺病毒载体,所述腺病毒载体携带编码EGFR抑制剂和/或辅因子和/或基因沉默复合物抑制剂的核酸分子。替代性地,药物组合物的剂量包括不超过约1×1014个颗粒、优选地不超过约1×1013个颗粒、甚至更优选地不超过约1×1012个颗粒、甚至更优选地不超过约1×1011个颗粒并且最优选地不超过约1×1010个颗粒(例如,不超过约1×109个颗粒)。换句话讲,单剂药物组合物可以是约1×106个颗粒单位(pu)、4×106pu、1×107pu、4×107pu、1×108pu、4×108pu、1×109pu、4×109pu、1×1010pu、4×1010pu、1×1011pu、4×1011pu、1×1011pu、4×1011pu、1×1012pu或4×1012pu的腺病毒载体(例如,复制缺陷型腺病毒载体)。当表达载体是质粒时,优选地施用约0.5ng至约1000μg的DNA。更优选地,施用约0.1μg至约500μg、甚至更优选地施用约1μg至约100μg的DNA。最优选地,向内耳施用约50μg的DNA。当然,其他施用途径可能需要较小或较大的剂量以达到治疗效果。剂量和施用途径的任何必要变化可由普通技术人员使用本领域已知的常规技术来确定。
内耳结构的内部间隙是有限的。应仔细监测直接施用到内耳结构中的药物组合物的体积,因为强行施用太多的组合物将损伤感觉上皮。对于人类患者,施用的体积优选地是约10μl至约2ml(例如,约25μl至约1.5ml)的组合物。例如,可施用约50μl至约1ml(例如,约100μl、200μl、300μl、400μl、500μl、600μl、700μl、800μl或900μl)的组合物。在一个实施例中,用药物组合物替换内耳结构(例如耳蜗或半规管)的全部流体内容物。在另一个实施例中,本发明的药物组合物缓慢释放到内耳结构中,使得机械创伤最小化。
施用两剂或更多剂(即多剂)携带编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的核酸分子的药物或表达载体可能是有利的。本发明的方法提供了施用多剂药物或表达载体以改变动物的感官知觉。例如,可将至少两剂药物或表达载体施用至同一只耳朵。优选地,在保持基因表达高于背景水平的同时施用多剂。还优选地,内耳的感觉上皮在约30天内与两剂或更多剂的药物或表达载体接触。更优选地,在约90天内向内耳进行两次或更多次施用。然而,可在任何时间范围内施用三、四、五、六或更多剂(例如,剂量之间2、7、10、14、21、28、35、42、49、56、63、70、77、85或更多天)。
药物组合物。本发明的药物或表达载体理想地以药物组合物的形式施用,所述药物组合物包含药学上可接受的载剂和所述药物或表达载体。在本发明的上下文中可使用任何合适的药学上可接受的载剂,并且此类载剂是本领域公知的。载剂的选择将部分地由组合物所施用至的特定部位和用于施用组合物的特定方法来确定。理想地,在腺病毒载体的情况下,药物组合物优选地不含可复制型腺病毒。
合适的配制品包括水性和非水性溶液、等渗无菌溶液,其可含有抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、抑菌剂和使配制品与预期接受者内耳的血液或流体等渗的溶质,以及可包含悬浮剂、增溶剂、增稠剂、稳定剂和防腐剂的水性和非水性无菌悬浮液。配制品可包括可商购获得的人工内淋巴或外淋巴。配制品可呈现在单位剂量或多剂量密封容器中,诸如安瓿和小瓶,并且可储存在冷冻干燥(冻干)条件下,仅需要在临用前添加无菌液体载剂,例如水。临时溶液和悬浮液可由前述类型的无菌粉末、颗粒和片剂制备。优选地,药学上可接受的载剂是缓冲盐水溶液。更优选地,用于本发明方法的表达载体以药物组合物的形式施用,所述药物组合物被配制以保护表达载体在施用前免受损伤。例如,可配制药物组合物以减少表达载体在用于制备、储存或施用表达载体的装置诸如玻璃器皿、注射器或针上的损失。可配制药物组合物以降低表达载体的光敏感性和/或温度敏感性。为此,药物组合物优选地包括药学上可接受的液体载剂,例如上述那些,和选自由聚山梨醇酯80、L-精氨酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、海藻糖以及它们的组合组成的组的稳定剂。这种药物组合物的使用将延长载体的保存期限,促进施用,并提高本发明方法的效率。在这方面,还可配制药物组合物以增强转导效率。此外,本领域普通技术人员将理解,表达载体,例如病毒载体,可与其他治疗剂或生物活性剂一起存在于组合物中。例如,可存在可用于治疗特定适应症的治疗因子。控制炎症的因子,诸如布洛芬或类固醇,可以是组合物的一部分,以减少与体内施用病毒载体相关的肿胀和炎症。免疫系统抑制剂可与本发明方法组合施用以减少对载体本身或与内耳障碍相关的任何免疫应答。血管生成因子、神经营养因子、增殖剂等可存在于药物组合物中。类似地,可共同施用维生素和矿物质、抗氧化剂和微量营养素。可存在抗生素,即杀微生物剂和杀真菌剂,以降低与基因转移程序和其他障碍相关的感染风险。
如本文所讨论的,有几种选项可用于将多个编码序列递送至内耳。编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的核酸分子可编码另外的基因产物。表达载体可替代性地或另外地包括编码不同基因产物的多个表达盒。多个编码序列可以可操作地连接至不同的启动子,例如具有不同水平和活性模式的不同启动子。替代性地,多个编码序列可以可操作地连接至相同启动子以形成多顺反子元件。本发明还设想了向内耳施用表达载体的混合物,其中每种表达载体编码有益于感官知觉的基因产物。表达载体的混合物可进一步包含不同类型的表达载体,例如腺病毒载体和腺相关病毒载体。
替代性地,或除了施用EGFR信号传导抑制剂之外,本发明的方法还包括施用携带编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的核酸分子的表达载体,所述核酸分子不是由表达载体编码的。在这方面,本文所披露的方法和药物组合物可被修改为包括携带编码某因子的核酸分子的表达载体与抑制EGFR信号传导的分离的抑制性RNA分子、蛋白、肽、抗体或小有机分子的组合。此外,本文所披露的方法和药物组合物可被修改为包括(i)携带编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的一个或多个核酸分子的一个或多个表达载体与(ii)抑制EGFR信号传导的分离的抑制性RNA分子蛋白、肽、抗体或小有机分子的组合。
为了进行本文所披露的方法,本发明还提供了药盒。理想地,药盒包括编码EGFR抑制剂的核酸分子,和(i)编码表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂的核酸分子;(ii)分离的EGFR信号传导抑制剂(例如,抑制EGFR、Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK、JAK、STAT、PI3K、AKT、mTOR、NCK、PAK、JNK、PLC、PKC或细胞周期相关激酶中的一种或多种的抑制性RNA或小有机分子);或(iii)(i)和(ii)的组合。此外,药盒可包括含有冻干或液体形式的活性成分的容器(例如小瓶、瓶、注射器或管)以及使用药盒组分的说明书,包括关于剂量、施用、施用时间等信息。药盒可进一步包括活性成分的适应症、参考科学文献、包装材料、临床试验结果等。所述信息可基于各种研究的结果,例如,使用涉及体内模型的实验动物的研究和基于人类临床试验的研究。
在一个优选的实施例中,本发明的方法还设想了递送编码至少一种神经营养剂的核酸分子。理想地,神经营养剂是神经生长刺激剂,其诱导神经过程的生长、发育和/或成熟。也可施用神经营养因子以保护或维持现有的和发育中的神经元。为了使新产生的毛细胞正确地起作用,应建立神经网络以将神经冲动传递至大脑。因此,保护与内耳的感觉上皮相关的现有神经元、诱导新神经过程的生长和成熟和/或简单地将现有神经过程引导至感觉毛细胞是有利的。神经营养因子分为三个亚类:神经生成细胞因子;神经营养蛋白;和成纤维细胞生长因子。睫状神经营养因子(CNTF)是神经生成细胞因子的示例。CNTF促进睫状神经节神经元的存活,并支持某些对NGF有响应的神经元。神经营养因子包括例如脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和神经生长因子(NGF),它们刺激神经突生长。其他神经营养因子包括例如转化生长因子、胶质细胞系衍生的神经营养因子(GDNF)、神经营养蛋白3、神经营养蛋白4/5和白介素1-β。神经营养因子增强神经元存活,并且也适用于本发明的方法。已经假定神经营养因子实际上可逆转神经元的降解。可以想象,此类因子可用于治疗与年龄、感染或创伤相关的神经元变性。优选的神经营养因子是色素上皮衍生因子(PEDF)。PEDF进一步描述于Chader(1987)Cell Different.[细胞分化]20:209-216;Pignolo等人(1998)J.Biol.Chem.[生物化学杂志]268(12):8949-8957;US 5,840,686、WO 1993/24529、WO1999/04806和WO 2001/58494中。
本发明的方法可以是涉及其他治疗方式的治疗方案的一部分。因此,如果采用本发明的方法来预防性或治疗性地治疗已被治疗、正在治疗或将用许多其他疗法(例如药物疗法或手术)中的任一种治疗的感觉障碍,即听力障碍或平衡障碍,则是合适的。本发明的方法也可结合听力装置的植入(诸如耳蜗植入)来执行。本发明的方法还特别适用于涉及干细胞在内耳内再生细胞群的程序。在这方面,本发明的方法可离体实施以转导干细胞,然后将其植入内耳。
优选地在已确定动物(诸如哺乳动物,特别是人)处于感觉毛细胞变性的风险中(预防性治疗)或已证明感觉毛细胞数量减少或损伤(治疗性治疗)后尽可能快地施用表达载体。治疗将部分取决于所用的特定核酸分子、所表达的特定EGFR信号传导抑制剂、表达载体、施用途径和实现的毛细胞损失或损伤的原因和程度(如果有的话)。
可将携带编码EGFR信号传导抑制剂的核酸分子的表达载体离体引入先前从给定动物(特别是人)中取出的细胞中。此类转导的自体或同源宿主细胞可以是祖细胞,其被重新引入动物或人的内耳以表达EGFR信号传导抑制剂并在体内维持成熟毛细胞。本领域普通技术人员将理解,此类细胞不需要从患者分离,而是可以从另一个体分离并植入患者体内。
本发明方法还可涉及其他药物活性化合物的共同施用。“共同施用”意指在施用如上所述的表达载体之前、同时(例如,与同一配制品或单独配制品中的表达载体组合)、或之后施用。例如,可共同施用控制炎症的因子,诸如布洛芬或类固醇,以减少与施用表达载体相关的肿胀和炎症。可共同施用免疫抑制剂以减少与内耳障碍或本发明方法的实施相关的不适当的免疫应答。类似地,可共同施用维生素和矿物质、抗氧化剂和微量营养素。可共同施用抗生素,即杀微生物剂和杀真菌剂,以降低与外科手术相关的感染风险。
提供以下非限制性实例以进一步说明本发明。
实例1:用于防止听力损失的EGFR抑制剂
对由75种激酶抑制剂组成的文库进行筛选以鉴定防止顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失的抑制剂。此筛选鉴定了四种化合物:(1)Her2抑制剂木利替尼(TAK 165),(2)Pan-AUR抑制剂SNS314,(3)BRAF-V600E抑制剂GSK2118436A(达拉菲尼),和(4)PDGFR抑制剂克莱拉尼,它们有效地防止小鼠耳蜗衍生细胞系(HEI-OC1)中顺铂诱导的细胞死亡以及小鼠耳蜗外植体中顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失。
Her2抑制剂木利替尼(TAK 165)表现出在HEI-OC1细胞中针对顺铂诱导的半胱天冬酶-3/7活性的保护作用,其中IC50为4nM并且LD50>55μM;并且防止小鼠耳蜗外植体中顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失,其中IC50为2.5nM并且LD50>500nM(治疗指数>200)(图1)。类似地,发现泛ErbB抑制剂培利替尼在HEI-OC1细胞损失中表现出针对顺铂诱导的半胱天冬酶-3/7活性的保护作用,其中IC50为0.6μM并且LD50为40μM(图2)。此外,在1小时预温育的情况下,培利替尼在小鼠耳蜗外植体中表现出49%的针对顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失的外毛细胞保护作用(N=3)。
类似地,发现泛ErbB抑制剂培利替尼在HEI-OC1细胞损失中表现出针对顺铂诱导的半胱天冬酶-3/7活性的保护作用,其中IC50为0.6μM并且LD50为40μM(图2)。此外,在1小时预温育的情况下,培利替尼在小鼠耳蜗外植体中表现出49%的针对顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失的外毛细胞保护作用(N=3)。
B-Raf抑制剂在小鼠耳蜗外植体中保护外毛细胞免受顺铂损伤。B-Raf抑制剂达拉菲尼(BRAF)(图3A)在小鼠耳蜗外植体中表现出保护顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失,其中IC50为0.0300μM并且LD50为13.47μM(治疗指数大于2000)。另外,达拉菲尼(BRAF)在0.100μM下显示出在斑马鱼中化合物对顺铂的保护作用(图11A)。
另外,B-Raf抑制剂维莫非尼(BRAF)(图4B)在小鼠耳蜗外植体中表现出保护顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失,其中IC50为约0.2μM并且LD50大于3μM(治疗指数大于15)。B-Raf抑制剂PLX-4750(BRAF)(图4D)在小鼠耳蜗外植体中表现出保护顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失,其中IC50为0.2μM并且LD50大于3μM。(治疗指数大于15)。B-Raf抑制剂RAF-265(BRAF)(图4E)在小鼠耳蜗外植体中表现出保护顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失,其中IC50为0.02μM并且LD50大于3μM(治疗指数大于150)。
如图4C所示MEK抑制剂在耳蜗外植体中保护外毛细胞免受顺铂损伤,MEK抑制剂曲美替尼(MEK)在小鼠耳蜗外植体中表现出保护顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失,其中IC50为0.05μM并且LD50大于3μM(治疗指数大于60)。
如图4A所示,抑制剂沿信号级联减轻顺铂的作用。
实例2抑制剂减轻顺铂激活的B-Raf信号级联。
如图5A和图5B所示,在50μM顺铂处理后,B-Raf、ERK和MEK在HEL-OC1细胞中以时间依赖性方式变得磷酸化和激活。达拉菲尼治疗以剂量依赖性方式减轻顺铂介导的B-RAF、ERK和MEK在HEL-OC1细胞中的50μM、1小时激活。
实例3达拉菲尼在体内口服递送时在成年小鼠中防止顺铂诱导的听力损失。
图6A示出了向成年FVB小鼠(雄性和雌性)施用达拉菲尼和顺铂的时间表。图6B示出了通过双向ANOVA随后是Bonferroni比较,与单独的顺铂相比,在第一天顺铂和达拉菲尼共同处理后第21天记录到ABR阈值偏移平均降低11.8-15.0dB,平均值±SEM,*,P<0.05。
实例4达拉菲尼在体内口服递送时在成年小鼠中防止噪音诱导的听力损失。
图7A示出了FVB小鼠(雄性和雌性)的达拉菲尼施用时间表和噪音暴露。图7B示出了通过双向ANOVA随后是Bonferroni比较,与载剂相比,在第一天达拉菲尼和噪音暴露后第14天记录到ABR阈值偏移平均降低18.1-21.9dB,平均值±SEM,**,P<0.01,***,P<0.001。
现在参考图8A和图8B,当在噪音暴露前四十五分钟口服递送时,达拉菲尼在成年小鼠中防止噪音诱导的听力损失。(A)FVB小鼠(雄性和雌性)的达拉菲尼施用时间表和噪音暴露。(B)通过双向ANOVA随后是Bonferroni比较,与载剂相比,在第一天达拉菲尼和噪音暴露后第14天记录到ABR阈值偏移平均降低18.1-21.9dB,平均值±SEM,**,P<0.01,***,P<0.001。
实例5:抑制剂的组合协同作用。
现在参考图9,在小鼠耳蜗外植体培养物中测试B-Raf/MEK1/2抑制剂组合。将单独的化合物或化合物的组合在顺铂(150μM)之前1小时添加到P3 FVB耳蜗外植体中保持24小时,并且通过未配对双尾学生t检验与单独的顺铂相比,通过鬼笔环肽染色对耳蜗的每160μm中转区的外毛细胞数量进行计数,平均值±SEM,P=*<0.05,P=***<0.001。所测试的化合物之间的初始摩尔比通过目前给予癌症患者的比率(每天两次150mg达拉菲尼加上每天一次2mg曲美替尼)来确定。
实例6在斑马鱼侧线神经丘中显示出体内保护作用。
提供了使用斑马鱼模型系统来评价能够减少、抑制或预防感觉毛细胞损伤或死亡的小分子的方法。斑马鱼是一种与哺乳动物模型系统相比用于研究听力损失的原因和预防的有利的动物模型系统。毛细胞在哺乳动物生物体中的相对不可及性限制了它们作为鉴定会防止毒素介导的和其他形式的毛细胞死亡发生的化合物的高通量模型的用途。斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的侧线神经丘毛细胞在结构上和功能上类似于哺乳动物感觉毛细胞。化合物SNS-314(图10A)和克莱拉尼(图10B)在耳蜗外植体培养测定中防止了顺铂诱导的毛细胞死亡。化合物SNS-314和克莱拉尼在用或不用顺铂处理的小鼠耳蜗外植体中的剂量-响应。化合物单独地或化合物在顺铂(150μM)之前1小时添加到P3 FVB耳蜗外植体中保持24小时,并且通过未配对双尾学生t检验与单独的顺铂相比,通过鬼笔环肽染色对耳蜗的每160μm中转区的外毛细胞数量进行计数,平均值±SEM,P=*<0.05,P=**<0.005,P=***<0.0005。
斑马鱼侧线神经丘毛细胞的体内保护。受精后五天,将Tg(brn3c:GFP)幼体与单独的媒介物(DMSO)、400μM顺铂(CP)一起温育6小时或用以下化合物中的一者预处理1小时:达拉菲尼(图11A)、木利替尼(图11B)、克莱拉尼(图11C)或SNS-314(图11D),随后与测试化合物和CP 400μM共温育6小时。处理后,将动物转移到新鲜鱼水中恢复1小时,然后固定并对GFP和耳畸蛋白进行免疫染色。不同处理后每个神经丘的毛细胞数量的定量表示为平均值+/-SEM。进行学生t检验,与CP 400μM相比,*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001。检查以下神经丘:来自至少3只不同动物的SO3(眶上线神经丘)和O1-2(耳线神经丘)。
实例7两种抑制剂的协同作用
图12示出了化合物达拉菲尼(B-Raf激酶抑制剂)和AZD5438(CDK2激酶抑制剂)在小鼠耳蜗外植体和小鼠体内对顺铂和噪音耳毒性的保护优于单独的抑制剂。B-Raf/CDK2抑制剂组合在小鼠耳蜗外植体中防止顺铂诱导的毛细胞损失。将单独的化合物(紫色条)或化合物的组合在顺铂(150μM)之前1小时添加到P3 FVB耳蜗外植体中保持24小时,并且通过未配对双尾学生t检验与单独的顺铂相比,通过鬼笔环肽染色对耳蜗的每160μm中转区的外毛细胞数量进行计数,平均值±SEM,P=*<0.05,P=**<0.005。所测试的初始AZD5438/达拉菲尼组合具有相同的摩尔比(0.34/30)。
图13A-图13D示出了抑制剂组合的口服递送提供了显著优于使用单独化合物的保护作用。
B-Raf/CDK2抑制剂组合在口服递送时在小鼠中完全防止噪音诱导的听力损失。在本实例中,将用于口服递送的化合物溶解在载剂10%DMSO、40%PEG300、5%吐温-80和45%盐水(0.9%NaCl)中,并以10ml/kg的体积给予。药物时间表和噪音水平示于图13A中。在图13B中,在噪音后通过口服递送连续3天给予达拉菲尼(2×60mg/kg/天)。在图13C中,在噪音后通过口服递送连续3天给予AZD5438(2×35mg/kg/天)。在图13D中,通过未配对双尾学生t-检验与单独的载剂相比,在噪音后使用两种药物的组合持续3天(达拉菲尼(2×60mg/kg/天)和AZD5438(2×35mg/kg/天))实现了对噪音的完全保护,平均值±SEM,*,P<0.05,**,P<0.01)。
序列表
<110> 听治疗有限责任公司(Ting Therapeutics LLC)
<120> 用于预防和治疗听力损失的组合物和方法(Compositions and Methods forthe Prevention and Treatment of Hearing Loss)
<130> 30006.003
<150> 62947059
<151> 2019-12-12
<160> 1
<170> PatentIn version 3.5
<210> 1
<211> 39
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列(artificial sequence)
<220>
<223> 合成肽(synthetic peptide)
<400> 1
Leu Leu Leu Trp Ala Leu Gly Ile Gly Leu Phe Met Arg Arg Arg His
1 5 10 15
Ile Val Arg Lys Arg Thr Leu Arg Arg Leu Leu Gln Glu Arg Glu Leu
20 25 30
Val Glu Pro Leu Thr Pro Ser
35
Claims (17)
1.表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂用于治疗或预防听力损失的用途,其中所述EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制以下项中的至少一者的表达或活性:PAN-AUR、ErBb-2、MEK或由以下项组成的细胞周期相关蛋白激酶:Her-2、极光激酶、B-Raf或PDGFR。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述用途进一步包括施用携带编码EGFR抑制剂的核酸分子的表达载体。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,所述方法进一步包括施用一种或多种耳保护剂或再生剂。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂是:SNS-314。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂是达拉菲尼。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂是克莱拉尼。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂是曲美替尼。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂是维莫非尼。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂是PLX-4750。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂是RAF-265。
11.一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含至少两种表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)信号传导抑制剂的协同组合,其中所述EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制EGFR、Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK、JAK、STAT、PI3K、AKT、NCK、PAK、JNK、PLC、PKC或细胞周期相关蛋白激酶抑制剂的表达或活性。
12.如权利要求11所述的药物组合物,其中所述至少两种抑制剂的协同组合是用于口服递送的配方。
13.一种药盒,所述药盒包括:第一分离的EGFR信号传导抑制剂;其中所述第一EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制EGFR、Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK、JAK、STAT、PI3K、AKT、NCK、PAK、JNK、PLC、PKC或细胞周期相关蛋白激酶抑制剂的表达或活性;和第二分离的EGFR信号传导抑制剂;其中所述EGFR信号传导抑制剂抑制EGFR、Ras、Raf、MEK、ERK/MAPK、JAK、STAT、PI3K、AKT、NCK、PAK、JNK、PLC、PKC或细胞周期相关蛋白激酶抑制剂的表达活性,其中所述第一抑制剂不同于所述第二抑制剂。
14.如权利要求13所述的药盒,所述药盒进一步包括一种或多种保护剂或再生剂。
15.如权利要求13所述的药盒,其中所述第一EGFR信号传导抑制剂是达拉菲尼。
16.如权利要求13所述的药盒,其中所述第二EGFR信号传导抑制剂是曲美替尼。
17.如权利要求13所述的药盒,其中所述第二EGFR信号传导抑制剂是AZD5438。
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US20220265660A1 (en) | 2022-08-25 |
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