CN111883815A - 可再充电锂电池 - Google Patents
可再充电锂电池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111883815A CN111883815A CN202010332560.2A CN202010332560A CN111883815A CN 111883815 A CN111883815 A CN 111883815A CN 202010332560 A CN202010332560 A CN 202010332560A CN 111883815 A CN111883815 A CN 111883815A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- positive electrode
- lithium battery
- rechargeable lithium
- electrode active
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
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- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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Abstract
公开了一种可再充电锂电池,所述可再充电锂电池包括:负极,包括负极集流体、设置在负极集流体上的负极活性物质层和设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层;正极,包括正极集流体和设置在正极集流体上的正极活性物质层,其中,负极功能层包括片状聚乙烯颗粒,正极活性物质层包括第一正极活性物质、第二正极活性物质和碳纳米管,第一正极活性物质包括从钴、锰、镍和它们的组合中选择的金属与锂的复合氧化物中的至少一种,第二正极活性物质包括由化学式1表示的化合物,碳纳米管具有30μm至大约100μm的平均长度。[化学式1]LiaFe1‑x1Mx1PO4在化学式1中,0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤x1≤0.7,M为Mn、Co、Ni或它们的组合。
Description
本申请要求于2019年5月3日在韩国知识产权局提交的第10-2019-0052571号韩国专利申请的优先权和权益,该韩国专利申请的全部内容通过引用包含于此。
技术领域
本公开涉及一种可再充电锂电池。
背景技术
诸如蜂窝电话、膝上型计算机、智能电话等的便携式信息装置或者电动车辆已经使用具有高能量密度和容易携带性的可再充电锂电池作为驱动电源。此外,最近已经积极地进行了通过利用高能量密度特性将可再充电锂电池用作混合动力车辆或电动车辆的电源或者电力储存器的研究。
这种可再充电锂电池的主要研究任务之一是改善可再充电锂电池的安全性。例如,如果可再充电锂电池由于内部短路、过充电和过放电等而放热,并且发生电解质分解反应和热失控现象,则电池内的内部压力会快速升高而引起电池爆炸。在这些之中,当发生可再充电锂电池的内部短路时,因为存储在每个电极中的高电能在短路的正极和负极中传导,所以存在爆炸的高风险。
除了可再充电锂电池的损坏之外,爆炸还可能引起对用户致命的伤害。因此,亟需开发一种能够改善可再充电锂电池的稳定性的技术。
另一方面,可以应用细粉碎的活性物质以增加能量密度。然而,当应用细粉碎的活性物质时,导电性降低,从而会使功率特性降低。为了改善这些,可以添加导电材料,但是会使电池容量劣化。
发明内容
提供了一种具有高容量和高功率的可再充电锂电池。
实施例提供了一种可再充电锂电池,所述可再充电锂电池包括:负极,包括负极集流体、设置在负极集流体上的负极活性物质层和设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层;正极,包括正极集流体和设置在正极集流体上的正极活性物质层,其中,负极功能层包括片状聚乙烯颗粒,正极活性物质层包括第一正极活性物质、第二正极活性物质和碳纳米管,第一正极活性物质包括从钴、锰、镍和它们的组合中选择的金属与锂的复合氧化物中的至少一种,第二正极活性物质包括由化学式1表示的化合物,碳纳米管具有30μm至大约100μm的平均长度。
[化学式1]
LiaFe1-x1Mx1PO4
在化学式1中,0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤x1≤0.7,M为Mn、Co、Ni或它们的组合。
由于根据温度改善了反应速率,因此可以实现早期闭孔功能,从而实现可再充电锂电池的高容量特性和高功率特性。
附图说明
图1示意性地示出了根据本公开的实施例的可再充电锂电池的结构。
图2是根据实施例的负极功能层的聚乙烯颗粒的SEM照片。
图3是根据实施例的负极组合物的SEM照片。
具体实施方式
在下文中,参照附图,详细地描述本发明的实施例。在本公开的以下描述中,为了阐明本公开,将不描述公知的功能或构造。
为了清楚地说明本公开,省略了描述和关系,并且在整个公开中,相同或相似的构造元件由相同的附图标记表示。而且,由于为了更好地理解和便于描述而任意地示出了附图中所示的每个构造的尺寸和厚度,所以本公开不必限于此。
根据隔膜和电解质的种类,可再充电锂电池可以分类为锂离子电池、锂离子聚合物电池和锂聚合物电池。根据形状,可再充电锂电池也可以分类为圆柱形、棱柱形、硬币型、袋型等。此外,根据尺寸,可再充电锂电池可以是块体型和薄膜型。关于本公开的锂离子电池的结构和制造方法在本领域中是公知的。
在下文中,作为可再充电锂电池的示例,例如描述了圆柱形可再充电锂电池。图1示意性地示出了根据实施例的可再充电锂电池的结构。参照图1,根据实施例的可再充电锂电池100包括:电池单体,包括正极114、面对正极114的负极112、设置在正极114与负极112之间的隔膜113以及浸渍正极114、负极112和隔膜113的电解质(未示出);电池壳体120,容纳电池单体;以及密封构件140,密封电池壳体120。
在下文中,描述根据本发明的实施例的可再充电锂电池100的详细构造。
根据实施例的可再充电锂电池包括正极和负极,正极包括正极集流体和设置在正极集流体上的正极活性物质层,正极活性物质层可以包括第一正极活性物质、第二正极活性物质和碳纳米管。
碳纳米管可以包括单壁碳纳米管、双壁碳纳米管和多壁碳纳米管中的至少一种。其中,单壁碳纳米管和双壁碳纳米管可以使包括其的浆料的分散性增大,并且当形成为活性物质层时,可以确保诸如活性物质层的涂覆等的优异的可加工性并且同时确保活性物质层的优异的导电性。
碳纳米管可以具有在大约30μm至大约100μm的范围内的平均长度。
例如,碳纳米管的平均长度可以具体地在大约30μm至大约90μm的范围内,例如大约30μm至大约80μm的范围内。
当碳纳米管的平均长度在该范围内时,可以降低电极板电阻,从而可以实现长循环寿命的可再充电锂电池。
在实施例中,碳纳米管可以具有在大约1nm至大约20nm(具体地,大约1nm至大约15nm,例如大约10nm至大约15nm)的范围内的平均直径。
当碳纳米管的平均直径在所述范围内时,存在降低电极板电阻的效果。
可以通过使用场发射扫描电子显微镜来测量碳纳米管的平均长度和平均直径。
在实施例中,碳纳米管的平均长度/平均直径比(或称为纵横比)可以在大约1000至大约5400(具体地大约2000至大约5400,或者例如大约3000至大约5400)的范围内。
平均长度/平均直径比被定义为与碳纳米管单元的中心交叉的长轴长度和碳纳米管单元的与长轴垂直的直径之比,在此,根据实施例的碳纳米管具有在该范围内的平均长度/平均直径比,因此可以是具有相对高的平均长度/平均直径比的碳纳米管,即,在长度方向上延伸的碳纳米管。
当包括具有高平均长度/平均直径比的这些碳纳米管时,碳纳米管的比表面积可以增大,从而碳纳米管的与活性物质的接触面积可以增大,结果导电性可以得以改善,因此功率特性可以得以改善。
此外,碳纳米管可以替代导电材料,因此,导电材料的使用量减少,从而防止由活性物质的减少的分数引起的容量劣化。
在实施例中,基于正极活性物质层的总重量,被包括的碳纳米管的量可以为大约0.1wt%至大约2wt%,例如大约0.5wt%至大约1.2wt%。
当碳纳米管的量在上述范围内时,可以适当地调节使碳纳米管分散的分散剂的量,并且可以缓解由于分散剂的量的增加而导致的电阻增加,从而防止电池性能的降低。
正极活性物质层还可以可选地包括正极导电材料和正极粘合剂。
基于正极活性物质层的总重量,正极导电材料和正极粘合剂的量可以各自为大约1wt%至大约5wt%。
正极导电材料用于对正极赋予导电性,只要是不在电池中引起化学变化的电子传导性材料,就可以使用。导电材料的示例可以包括:碳基材料,诸如天然石墨、人造石墨、炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、碳纤维等;金属粉末或金属纤维的金属基材料,包括铜、镍、铝、银等;导电聚合物,诸如聚亚苯基衍生物;或者它们的混合物。
在实施例中,正极导电材料可以与碳纳米管一起被包括,并且具体地,基于正极活性物质层的总重量,被包括的正极导电材料的量可以小于大约1wt%,例如大约0.1wt%至大约0.6wt%。
根据实施例,当具有高平均长度/平均直径比的碳纳米管与正极导电材料一起使用时,与具有低平均长度/平均直径比的碳纳米管时相比,正极活性物质的使用量缓慢减少(换言之,正极活性物质的使用量被减少地少),因此,可以改善容量劣化。
第一正极活性物质可以包括从钴、锰、镍及它们的组合中选择的金属与锂的至少一种复合氧化物,第二正极活性物质可以包括由化学式1表示的化合物。
[化学式1]
LiaFe1-x1Mx1PO4
在化学式1中,0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤x1≤0.7,M为Mn、Co、Ni或它们的组合。
在实施例中,基于正极活性物质层的总重量,被包括的第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质的量可以为大约80wt%至大约99wt%,具体地,大约80wt%至大约98wt%,例如大约80wt%至大约97wt%。
在这种情况下,被包括的第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质的重量比可以为大约97:3至大约80:20,具体地,大约95:5至大约85:15或者大约95:5至大约90:10。
当第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质的量满足上述范围时,可以改善安全性而不降低容量。
正极活性物质层还可以包括设置在正极活性物质层上的正极功能层。
第一正极活性物质可以被包括在正极活性物质层中,第二正极活性物质可以被包括在正极活性物质层和正极功能层中的至少一者中。
第一正极活性物质可以具体地包括LiCoO2、LibM1 1-y1-z1M2 y1M3 z1O2(0.9≤b≤1.8,0≤y1≤1,0≤z1≤1,0≤y1+z1≤1,并且M1,M2和M3独立地为Ni、Co、Mn、Al、Sr、Mg或La的金属)以及它们的组合中的一种。
例如,第一正极活性物质可以包括LiCoO2,但不限于此。
例如,M1可以是Ni,M2和M3可以独立地为诸如Co、Mn、Al、Sr、Mg或La的金属。
更具体地,M1可以是Ni,M2可以是Co,M3可以是Mn或Al,但不限于此。
第二正极活性物质可以包括LiFePO4。
第一正极活性物质的平均粒径可以为大约10μm至大约30μm,具体地大约10μm至大约25μm,例如大约13μm至大约20μm。
第二正极活性物质的平均粒径可以为大约300nm至大约700nm,具体地大约300nm至大约600nm,例如大约300nm至大约500nm。
当第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质的平均粒径在上述范围内时,能量密度可以提高,从而实现可再充电电池的高容量。
正极集流体可包括铝、镍等,但不限于此。
正极粘合剂很好地粘着到正极活性物质颗粒,并且也用于使正极活性物质良好地粘着到集流体的作用。正极粘合剂的示例可以为聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、二乙酰基纤维素、聚氯乙烯、羧化的聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、含氧化乙烯的聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、丙烯酸酯化的苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、环氧树脂、尼龙等,但不限于此。
电解质包括非水有机溶剂和锂盐。
非水有机溶剂用作用于传输参与电池的电化学反应的离子的介质。
非水有机溶剂可以包括碳酸酯类溶剂、酯类溶剂、醚类溶剂、酮类溶剂、醇类溶剂或非质子溶剂。碳酸酯类溶剂可以包括碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸甲丙酯(MPC)、碳酸乙丙酯(EPC)、碳酸甲乙酯(MEC)、碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸亚丁酯(BC)等,酯类溶剂可以包括乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸正丙酯、乙酸二甲酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、γ-丁内酯、癸内酯、戊内酯、甲瓦龙酸内酯(mevalonolactone)、己内酯等。醚类溶剂可以包括二丁醚、四甘醇二甲醚、二甘醇二甲醚、二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲基四氢呋喃、四氢呋喃等,酮类溶剂可以包括环己酮等。醇类溶剂包括乙醇、异丙醇等,非质子溶剂的示例包括腈(诸如R-CN(其中R是可以包括双键、芳环或醚键的C2至C20直链、支链或环状烃))、酰胺(诸如二甲基甲酰胺)、二氧戊环(诸如1,3-二氧戊环)、环丁砜等。
非水有机溶剂可以单独使用或以两种或更多种的混合物使用。当有机溶剂以混合物使用时,可以根据期望的电池性能来控制混合比。
碳酸酯类溶剂可以包括环状碳酸酯和链状碳酸酯的混合物。环状碳酸酯和链状碳酸酯以大约1:1至大约1:9的体积比混合在一起,当混合物用作电解质时,可以增强电解质性能。
除了包括碳酸酯类溶剂之外,本公开的非水有机溶剂还可以包括芳香烃类有机溶剂。在这种情况下,碳酸酯类溶剂和芳香烃类有机溶剂可以以大约1:1至大约30:1的体积比混合。
作为芳香烃类有机溶剂,可以使用化学式2的芳香烃类化合物。
[化学式2]
在化学式2中,R1至R6相同或不同,并且从氢、卤素、C1至C10烷基、卤代烷基和它们的组合中选择。
芳香烃类有机溶剂的具体示例可以从苯、氟苯、1,2-二氟苯、1,3-二氟苯、1,4-二氟苯、1,2,3-三氟苯、1,2,4-三氟苯、氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2,3-三氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、碘苯、1,2-二碘苯、1,3-二碘苯、1,4-二碘苯、1,2,3-三碘苯、1,2,4-三碘苯、甲苯、氟甲苯、2,3-二氟甲苯、2,4-二氟甲苯、2,5-二氟甲苯、2,3,4-三氟甲苯、2,3,5-三氟甲苯、氯甲苯、2,3-二氯甲苯、2,4-二氯甲苯、2,5-二氯甲苯、2,3,4-三氯甲苯、2,3,5-三氯甲苯、碘甲苯、2,3-二碘甲苯、2,4-二碘甲苯、2,5-二碘甲苯、2,3,4-三碘甲苯、2,3,5-三碘甲苯、二甲苯和它们的组合中选择。
为了改善电池的循环寿命,非水电解质还可以包括碳酸亚乙烯酯或化学式3的碳酸亚乙酯类化合物。
[化学式3]
在化学式3中,R7和R8可以相同或不同,并且可以从氢、卤素基团、氰基(CN)、硝基(NO2)和氟代C1至C5烷基中选择,其中,R7和R8中的至少一个从卤素基团、氰基(CN)、硝基(NO2)和氟代C1至C5烷基中选择,前提条件是R7和R8不都是氢。
碳酸亚乙酯类化合物的示例可以包括碳酸二氟亚乙酯、碳酸氯代亚乙酯、碳酸二氯亚乙酯、碳酸溴代亚乙酯、碳酸二溴亚乙酯、碳酸硝基亚乙酯、碳酸氰基亚乙酯或碳酸氟代亚乙酯。可以在适当范围内使用循环寿命改善添加剂的量。
溶解在有机溶剂中的锂盐为电池提供锂离子,使可再充电锂电池基本上工作,并改善锂离子在正极与负极之间的传输。锂盐的示例包括从LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAsF6、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、Li(CF3SO2)2N、LiN(SO3C2F5)2、LiC4F9SO3、LiClO4、LiAlO2、LiAlCl4、LiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CyF2y+1SO2)(其中,x和y是自然数)、LiCl、LiI和LiB(C2O4)2(二(草酸)硼酸锂,LiBOB)中选择的至少一种支持盐。锂盐的浓度可以在大约0.1M至大约2.0M的范围内。当包括上述浓度范围的锂盐时,由于最佳的电解质电导率和粘度,电解质可以具有优异的性能和锂离子迁移率。
负极可以包括负极集流体、设置在负极集流体上的负极活性物质层和设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层,并且负极功能层可以包括片状聚乙烯颗粒。
聚乙烯通常是HDPE(高密度聚乙烯,密度:大约0.94g/cc至大约0.965g/cc)、MDPE(中密度聚乙烯,密度:大约0.925g/cc至大约0.94g/cc)、LDPE(低密度聚乙烯,密度:大约0.91g/cc至大约0.925g/cc)、VLDPE(极低密度聚乙烯,密度:大约0.85g/cc至大约0.91g/cc)等。
片状聚乙烯颗粒可以单独使用或者以两种或更多种聚乙烯聚合物(诸如HDPE、MDPE或LDPE)的组合使用。
设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层中包括的片状聚乙烯颗粒的平均粒度(D50)可以为大约1μm至大约8μm,并且具体地为大约2μm至大约6μm。
如在此所使用的,当没有另外提供定义时,平均粒度(D50)可以通过本领域普通技术人员公知的方法测量,例如作为粒度分析仪或者从TEM或SEM照片测量。可选地,动态光散射测量装置用来执行数据分析,并且对每个粒度范围计数颗粒的数量。由此,可以通过计算容易地获得D50值。
另一方面,片状聚乙烯颗粒的长轴长度相对于短轴长度的比可以为大约1至大约5,具体地大约1.1至大约4.5,例如大约1.2至大约3.5。
另外,片状聚乙烯颗粒的厚度可以为大约0.2μm至大约4μm,具体地,大约0.3μm至大约2.5μm,例如可以为大约0.3μm至大约1.5μm。
根据本公开的聚乙烯颗粒是片状的,如图2中所示,并且平均粒度可以定义为上述(D50)。
当片状聚乙烯颗粒的尺寸和厚度在上述范围内时,即使少量也可以有效地封闭离子通道。
当提供包括片状聚乙烯颗粒的负极功能层时,与包括球形聚乙烯颗粒的情况相比,在相同的反应条件下,反应速率可以根据温度而增加,从而改善可再充电锂电池的稳定性改善效果。在熔融前的片状聚乙烯颗粒的情况下,覆盖孔的区域比熔融前的球形聚乙烯颗粒的覆盖孔的区域薄和宽。当聚乙烯颗粒在预定温度或更高温度下熔融以封闭离子通道时,因为片状聚乙烯颗粒具有比由熔融的球形聚乙烯颗粒封闭的电极板的面积更大的面积,所以反应速率更快。
也就是说,在电池热失控期间包括在负极功能层中的聚乙烯颗粒熔融以封闭离子通道,从而限制离子的移动以实现关闭功能(即,闭孔功能)可以防止附加的电化学反应。
例如,如图3中所示,由于根据实施例的片状聚乙烯颗粒以薄且宽的形状设置在用于负极功能层的组合物中的孔上,因此片状聚乙烯颗粒在由于热冲击/物理冲击引起的热失控期间更快速地熔融,从而抑制离子的通过。
负极功能层还可以包括无机颗粒和粘合剂。
片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒的总量:粘合剂的量(即,片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒的总量与粘合剂的量之比)可以以大约80:20至大约99:1的重量比(具体地以大约85:15至大约97:3的重量比)而被包括。
可以以大约95:5至大约10:90(具体地,大约30:70至大约70:30)的重量比包括片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒。
当片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒的量在上述范围内时,可以确保电池的循环寿命特性和功率特性。
无机颗粒可以包括例如Al2O3、SiO2、TiO2、SnO2、CeO2、MgO、NiO、CaO、GaO、ZnO、ZrO2、Y2O3、SrTiO3、BaTiO3、Mg(OH)2、勃姆石或它们的组合,但不限于此。除了包括无机颗粒之外,还可以包括有机颗粒,诸如丙烯酸化合物、酰亚胺化合物、酰胺化合物或它们的组合,但有机颗粒不限于此。
无机颗粒可以是球形、片状、立方体或无定形的。无机颗粒的平均粒径可以为大约1nm至大约2500nm,例如大约100nm至大约2000nm、大约200nm至大约1000nm或者大约300nm至大约800nm。无机颗粒的平均粒径可以是累积尺寸分布曲线中体积比为50%时的平均粒度(D50)。
负极功能层可以具有大约1μm至大约10μm(具体地,大约3μm至大约10μm)的厚度。
另外,负极活性物质层的厚度与负极功能层的厚度的比可以为大约50:1至大约10:1,具体地,大约30:1至大约10:1。
当负极功能层的厚度在上述范围内时,可以显著改善热稳定性同时保持优异的循环寿命特性。
具体地,当负极功能层的厚度的比例被包括在上述范围内时,可以改善热安全性同时使能量密度的降低最小化。
负极集流体包括从铜箔、镍箔、不锈钢箔、钛箔、泡沫镍、泡沫铜、涂覆有导电金属的聚合物基底和它们的组合中选择的一种。
负极活性物质可以包括可逆地嵌入/脱嵌锂离子的材料、锂金属、锂金属合金、能够掺杂/去掺杂锂的材料、或者过渡金属氧化物。
能够可逆地嵌入/脱嵌锂离子的材料的示例可以包括碳质材料,即,通常用在可再充电锂电池中的碳基负极活性物质。碳基负极活性物质的示例可以是结晶碳、无定形碳或它们的组合。结晶碳可以是例如无定形、板状、片状、球形的石墨,或者纤维状天然石墨或人造石墨,无定形碳可以是软碳、硬碳、中间相沥青碳化产物、烧制焦炭等。
锂金属合金的示例包括锂与从Na、K、Rb、Cs、Fr、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Si、Sb、Pb、In、Zn、Ba、Ra、Ge、Al和Sn中选择的金属的合金。
能够掺杂/去掺杂锂的材料可以是硅基材料或锡基材料,例如Si、SiOx(0<x<2)、Si-Q合金(其中,Q是从碱金属、碱土金属、第13族元素、第14族元素、第15族元素、第16族元素、过渡金属、稀土元素和它们的组合中选择的元素,但不是Si)、Si-碳复合物、Sn、SnO2、Sn-R合金(其中,R是从碱金属、碱土金属、第13族元素、第14族元素、第15族元素、第16族元素、过渡金属、稀土元素和它们的组合中选择的元素,但不是Sn)、Sn-碳复合物等。这些材料中的至少一种可以与SiO2混合。元素Q和R可以从Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ra、Sc、Y、Ti、Zr、Hf、Rf、V、Nb、Ta、Db、Cr、Mo、W、Sg、Tc、Re、Bh、Fe、Pb、Ru、Os、Hs、Rh、Ir、Pd、Pt、Cu、Ag、Au、Zn、Cd、B、Al、Ga、Sn、In、Ge、P、As、Sb、Bi、S、Se、Te、Po和它们的组合中选择。
过渡金属氧化物可以包括锂钛氧化物。
在负极活性物质层中,基于负极活性物质层的总重量,负极活性物质的量为大约95wt%至大约99wt%。
负极活性物质层还可以可选地包括负极导电材料和负极粘合剂。
基于负极活性物质层的总重量,负极导电材料和负极粘合剂中的每个的量可以为大约1wt%至大约5wt%。
负极导电材料用于赋予负极导电性,负极导电材料的类型与上述正极导电材料的类型相同。
负极粘合剂改善负极活性物质颗粒彼此之间以及与集流体的粘合性质。负极粘合剂可以是非水溶性粘合剂、水溶性粘合剂、两亲性粘合剂(水溶性/非水溶性粘合剂)或它们的组合。
非水溶性粘合剂可以是聚氯乙烯、羧化的聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、含氧化乙烯的聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺或它们的组合。
水溶性粘合剂可以是苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、丙烯酸酯化的苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸钠、丙烯和C2至C8烯烃的共聚物、(甲基)丙烯酸和(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的共聚物、或者它们的组合。
两亲性粘合剂可以是丙烯酸酯化的苯乙烯类橡胶。
当水溶性粘合剂用作负极粘合剂时,还可以使用纤维素类化合物作为增稠剂来提供粘度。纤维素类化合物包括羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素或它们的碱金属盐中的一种或更多种。碱金属可以是Na、K或Li。基于100重量份的负极活性物质,活性物质可以以大约0.1重量份至大约3重量份的量包括增稠剂。
根据本发明实施例的可再充电锂电池同时包括包含第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质与平均长度/平均直径比高的碳纳米管的正极活性物质层以及设置在负极上的负极功能层,因此具有降低根据热冲击/物理冲击的热增加速率和帮助片状聚乙烯颗粒熔融并完全阻断离子通道的效果。此外,可以实现高容量和高功率的可再充电锂电池。
另一方面,如上所述,隔膜113可以设置在正极111与负极112之间。隔膜113可以例如从玻璃纤维、聚酯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚四氟乙烯或它们的组合中选择。隔膜113可以具有非织造织物或织造织物的形式。例如,在可再充电锂电池中,主要使用聚烯烃类聚合物隔膜,诸如聚乙烯和聚丙烯。为了确保耐热性或机械强度,可以使用包括陶瓷组分或聚合物材料的涂覆隔膜。可选地,隔膜113可以具有单层结构或多层结构。
在下文中,参照示例更详细地说明本公开的上述方面。然而,这些实施例是示例性的,并且本公开不限于此。
(可再充电锂电池单体的制造)
示例1:
将96wt%的正极活性物质、3wt%的聚偏二氟乙烯粘合剂和1wt%的CNT1(平均直径:15nm,平均长度:60μm,平均长度/平均直径比:4000)在N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶剂中混合以制备正极活性物质浆料,其中,通过将LiCoO2(以下简写为LCO,平均粒径(D50)=17μm)/LiFePO4(以下简写为LFP,平均粒径(D50)=400nm)以9:1的重量比作为第一正极活性物质/第二正极活性物质的混合来制备所述正极活性物质。将正极活性物质浆料涂覆在铝集流体的两个表面上,然后对其干燥并压缩以制造具有正极活性物质层的正极。
将98wt%的石墨、0.8wt%的羧甲基纤维素和1.2wt%的苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶在纯水中混合以制备负极活性物质浆料。将负极活性物质浆料涂覆在铜集流体的两个表面上,然后对其干燥并压缩以制造具有负极活性物质层的负极。
将48wt%的2μm片状PE颗粒(长轴长度/短轴长度=大约2,厚度=大约0.6μm)、47wt%的氧化铝(平均粒径(D50)=0.7μm)和5wt%的丙烯酸酯化的苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶粘合剂在醇类溶剂中混合以制备PE/氧化铝浆料。
将PE/氧化铝浆料涂覆在负极的两个表面上,然后对其干燥并压缩以制造具有包括片状PE颗粒的涂层的负极。
顺序地堆叠正极、由PE/PP多层组成的隔膜和具有包括片状PE颗粒的涂层的负极以制造具有图1中所示的结构的电极组件,将电解质(在EC/DEC=50:50v/v中的1.0MLiPF6)注入到电极组件中以制造可再充电电池单体。
示例2:
除了使用95.6wt%的正极活性物质、3wt%的聚偏二氟乙烯粘合剂、1wt%的CNT1和0.4wt%的科琴黑导电材料来制造正极之外,根据与示例1相同的方法来制造可再充电电池单体,其中,通过将LCO(平均粒径(D50)=17μm)/LFP(平均粒径(D50)=400nm)以9:1的重量比作为第一正极活性物质/第二正极活性物质混合来制备所述正极活性物质。
示例3:
除了使用CNT2(平均直径:15nm,平均长度:40μm,平均长度/平均直径比:2667)来制造正极之外,根据与示例1相同的方法制造可再充电电池单体。
比较示例1:
除了使用CNT3(平均直径:30nm,平均长度:20μm,平均长度/平均直径比:667)代替CNT1来制造正极之外,根据与示例1相同的方法制造可再充电电池单体。
比较示例2:
除了使用1wt%的CNT3、1wt%的科琴黑导电材料、3wt%的聚偏二氟乙烯粘合剂和95wt%的正极活性物质来制造正极之外,根据与示例1相同的方法制造可再充电电池单体。
(评估示例)
1、电极板的电阻率
将四个探针尖端以1mm的距离对齐在一条直线上以与电极板的表面接触,将预定电流供应到外部探针尖端以测量内部探针尖端的电势差并因此获得电阻。将电阻与电极板的厚度和校正因子相乘以获得电阻率。结果示于表1中。
[计算式1]
电阻=电压/电流
片电阻(Ω/sq)=电阻×校正因子
电阻率(Ω·m)=薄层电阻×电极板厚度
[表1]
电阻率(Ω·m) | |
比较示例1 | 73.52 |
示例1 | 41.28 |
参照表1,使用平均长度/平均直径比高的CNT的示例1由于比使用平均长度/平均直径比低的CNT的比较示例1低的电阻率而对正极材料赋予导电特性,并且因此可以确保可再充电电池单体的高功率特性以及减小的电极板电阻。
2、能量密度
在表2中示出了通过使用相对于预定体积(17cm3)实现了3.6V的平均放电电压的电池单体的放电容量(mAh)计算出的能量密度(Wh/L)。
[计算式2]
能量密度(Wh/L)=电池容量(mAh)×平均放电电压(V)/电池体积(L)
[表2]
参照表2,当导电材料与平均长度/平均直径比高的CNT一起使用时,使导电材料的量减少而不降低导电性,并且正极活性物质可以被多使用的量与导电材料的减少的分数一样多来更多地使用活性物质,因此可以实现高能量密度。
在上文中,已经描述和说明了本发明的某些示例,然而,对于本领域普通技术人员来说明显的是,本发明不限于所描述的实施例,并且可以在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下进行各种修改和变型。因此,如此修改或变型的示例不会与本发明的技术思想和方面分开理解,并且修改的实施例在本发明的权利要求的范围内。
Claims (20)
1.一种可再充电锂电池,所述可再充电锂电池包括:
负极,包括负极集流体、设置在负极集流体上的负极活性物质层和设置在负极活性物质层上的负极功能层;以及
正极,包括正极集流体和设置在正极集流体上的正极活性物质层,
其中,负极功能层包括片状聚乙烯颗粒,
正极活性物质层包括:第一正极活性物质,包括从钴、锰、镍和它们的组合中选择的金属与锂的复合氧化物中的至少一种;第二正极活性物质,包括由化学式1表示的化合物;以及碳纳米管,
碳纳米管具有30μm至100μm的平均长度,
[化学式1]
LiaFe1-x1Mx1PO4
其中,在化学式1中,0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤x1≤0.7,M为Mn、Co、Ni或它们的组合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,碳纳米管具有1nm至20nm的平均直径。
3.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,碳纳米管的纵横比为1000至5400。
4.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,基于正极活性物质层的总重量,以0.1wt%至2wt%的量包括碳纳米管。
5.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,正极活性物质层还包括正极导电材料。
6.根据权利要求5所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,基于正极活性物质层的总重量,以小于1wt%的量包括正极导电材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,基于正极活性物质层的总重量,以0.1wt%至0.6wt%的量包括正极导电材料。
8.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,基于正极活性物质层的总重量,以80wt%至99wt%的量包括第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质。
9.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,以97:3至80:20的重量比包括第一正极活性物质和第二正极活性物质。
10.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,正极活性物质层还包括设置在正极活性物质层上的正极功能层。
11.根据权利要求10所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,
第一正极活性物质被包括在正极活性物质层中,并且
第二正极活性物质被包括在正极活性物质层和正极功能层中的至少一者中。
12.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,第一正极活性物质包括LiCoO2、LibM1 1-y1-z1M2 y1M3 z1O2和它们的组合中的一种,其中,0.9≤b≤1.8,0≤y1≤1,0≤z1≤1,0≤y1+z1≤1,M1、M2和M3独立地为金属Ni、Co、Mn、Al、Sr、Mg或La。
13.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,第二正极活性物质包括LiFePO4。
14.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,片状聚乙烯颗粒具有1μm至8μm的平均粒度D50。
15.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,片状聚乙烯颗粒的长轴长度和短轴长度的比为1至5。
16.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,片状聚乙烯颗粒的厚度为0.2μm至4μm。
17.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,负极功能层还包括无机颗粒和粘合剂。
18.根据权利要求17所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒的总量:粘合剂的量以80:20至99:1的重量比被包括。
19.根据权利要求17所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,以95:5至10:90的重量比包括片状聚乙烯颗粒和无机颗粒。
20.根据权利要求1所述的可再充电锂电池,其中,负极功能层具有1μm至10μm的厚度。
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Also Published As
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EP3734702B1 (en) | 2022-03-30 |
US20200350566A1 (en) | 2020-11-05 |
EP3734702A1 (en) | 2020-11-04 |
KR102492832B1 (ko) | 2023-01-26 |
CN111883815B (zh) | 2024-07-05 |
US11658287B2 (en) | 2023-05-23 |
KR20200127787A (ko) | 2020-11-11 |
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