CN110522505A - 通过受控冷却对脂肪组织进行选择性破坏的方法和装置 - Google Patents
通过受控冷却对脂肪组织进行选择性破坏的方法和装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及通过受控冷却对脂肪组织进行选择性破坏的方法和装置。本发明还涉及一种通过冷却对非婴儿人类受试者选择性减少富脂细胞的非侵袭性装置和一种自受试者皮肤的皮下富脂细胞移除热的冷却装置和系统。
Description
本申请是申请号为201510066314.6,申请日为2003年3月17日,发明名称为“通过受控冷却对脂肪组织进行选择性破坏的方法和装置”的中国专利申请的分案申请。申请号为201510066314.6的中国专利申请是申请号为200910146673.7的中国专利申请的分案申请。申请号为 200910146673.7的中国专利申请是申请号为03810938.7的中国专利申请的分案申请。
相关申请/专利引用于此以供参照
本发明请求美国专利申请序列号60/365,662,申请日2002年3 月15日的优先权,该申请的内容特别引入本发明以供参照。
本文引用的各专利申请及专利以及各专利申请及专利所引述的每份文件或参考文献(包括在每个发表专利的执行期间产生的文件或参考文献;“本案引用文件”),及对应任何这些专利申请及专利和/或请求这些专利申请及专利的优先权的PCT以及外国申请或专利,还有在本申请中引用文件所引述或参照的各文件,都特别引入本申请以供参照。总体而言,本文中引用的文件或参考文献,或者为权利要求之前的参考文献清单,或者存在于本申请文本的正文中;并且,每个这些文件和参考文献(“本文引述的参考文献”),还有每篇本文引述的参考文献中引用的每份文件和参考文献(包括任何制造商的说明书、指导书等),都特别地引入本文以供参照。
接受联邦赞助的研究的发明权利的陈述
不适用
技术领域
本发明关于通过控制冷却以选择性破坏富含脂质的细胞(后文称为“富脂细胞”)的方法。本发明进一步关于通过控制冷却以选择性破坏富含脂质细胞的方法的装置。本发明的其它各方面在下列的公开文献(并且在本发明的范围内)中有描述或可以看出。
背景技术
新生儿的皮下脂肪组织通常对冷敏感。对于新生儿,皮下脂肪细胞或称作“脂肪细胞”的胞内脂质含量包含较高比例的高饱和甘油三酯类。即使中等寒冷温度也可能对含有高饱和脂质含量的细胞造成不良影响,让新生儿皮下脂肪组织于暴露于冷后,容易出现脂肪细胞坏死。皮下脂肪组织温度过低,可能关联引起真皮发炎及/或表皮发炎。例如新生儿的冷脂层炎病症已知会造成疼痛性皮肤病变。
随着新生儿的成熟,脂肪细胞的胞内甘油三酯的饱和脂肪酸对不饱和脂肪酸比逐渐降低。含有较高含量不饱和脂肪酸对冷较具有保护效果,因此婴儿逐渐减少发生冷脂层炎。有关冷脂层炎主题的细节综论可参考Epstein等人(1970)新英格兰医药期刊(NewEngland J.of Med.) 282(17):966-67;Duncan等人(1966)Arch.Derm.94:722-724;Kellum等人(1968)Arch.Derm.97:372-380;Moschella,Samuel L.等人及Hurley, Harry J.(1985)真皮及皮下组织疾病,皮肤科学(Dermatology)(W.B. Saunders公司):1169-1181;John C Maize(1998)皮肤病理学中的脂层炎,(Churchill Livingstone):327-344;Bondei,Edward E.及Lazarus, Gerald S.(1993)皮下脂肪病症(冷脂层炎),一般内科的皮肤科学(麦克罗西尔公司,McGraw-Hill,Inc.):1333-1334。
对于成人,胞内脂质含量因细胞类别而各异。例如真皮细胞及表皮细胞相比于形成于皮下脂肪组织之下的下层脂肪细胞,不饱和脂肪酸含量比较低。有关哺乳类脂肪组织组成的细节综论可参考Renold, Albert E.及Cahill,Jr.,George F.(1965)脂肪组织,生理学手册(Handbook of Physiology)(美国生理学会):170-176。因此,不同细胞类别例如富脂细胞及非富脂细胞对寒冷具有不同的敏感程度。通常,非富脂细胞可忍受比富脂细胞更低的温度。
非常需要选择性地且非侵袭性地破坏皮下脂肪组织的脂肪细胞,而不对周围真皮组织及表皮组织造成伤害。已知健康和美容品方面的好处都来源于脂肪组织的减少,但目前采用的方法例如抽脂等,涉及采用侵袭性手术而可能有致命风险(例如过度出血、疼痛、败血性休克、感染及肿胀)。
目前用于非侵袭性去除皮下脂肪组织的方法包括使用辐射能及冷却液。美国专利第5,143,063、5,507,790及5,769,879号说明了使用辐射能来减少皮下脂肪组织的方法,但能量施加程度难以控制,经常连带造成真皮及/或表皮的损伤。WO 00/44346建议的冷却液无法稳定皮肤表面温度,也无法对附带真皮及/或表皮损伤产生充分保护效果。
先前于天竺鼠进行的研究,描述了通过低温损伤去除皮下脂肪组织。Burge,S.及Dawber,R.(1990)低温生物学(Cryobiology)27:153-163。但此项结果采用了相当激烈的冷却模型(例如液态氮)达成,结果诱生表皮损伤。理想上,通过冷却去除皮下脂肪组织不会造成表皮的相关损伤。
至目前为止,尚未知任何可选择性毁损破坏富脂细胞(例如组成皮下脂肪组织的脂肪细胞),而未对非富脂细胞(例如真皮及/或表皮)造成伤害的控温方法及装置。
现已表明包含富脂细胞的脂肪组织可经通过控制施加至个别组织的温度及/或压力,进行选择性破坏,而不对周围非富脂组织(例如真皮组织及表皮组织)造成伤害。
在一个方面,本发明关于一种用于对非婴儿人类受试者的富脂细胞进行选择性破坏的冷却方法,该方法包含将一个冷却组件施加到受试者皮肤附近,以在局部区域形成温度梯度,该温度梯度足以选择性破坏该区域的富脂细胞,因而减少该区的富脂细胞;以及于此同时,维持该受试者的皮肤在一定温度,在此温度下,在该冷却组件附近的非富脂细胞不会破坏。
在一个实施例中,本发明关于一种处理受试者身体的一个局部以实现所希望的皮下脂肪组织减少量的方法,该方法包含:a)将一个冷却组件放置在受试者皮肤上的希望减少皮下脂肪组织的区域附近,从而在该区形成一个温度梯度,该温度梯度足以选择性破坏其中的富脂细胞,并且在该处维持受试者的皮肤在一定温度,其中邻近冷却元件的非富脂细胞不被破坏;b)重复步骤(a)中将该冷却组件放置在受试者皮肤附近多次,直至完成皮下脂肪组织所期望减少的量为止。
在另一个方面,本发明关于一种对非婴儿人类受试者利用冷却选择性破坏富脂细胞的装置,该装置包含:于该受试者皮肤的一个局部区域形成一个温度梯度的装置,该温度梯度可选择性破坏该局部的富脂细胞,因而减少该局部的富脂细胞,于此同时,维持受试者皮肤在非富脂细胞不会破坏的温度。
在一个实施例中,本发明关于一种局部减少富脂细胞的装置,包含一个处理装置,该装置可运行接收一种冷却剂;一个冷却剂源,其连结至该处理装置以供给该冷却剂;一个冷却单元,其耦联至该处理装置及该冷却剂源,来控制该冷却剂的冷却温度,其中该处理装置将目标组织暴露于该冷却剂,其选择性地对位于该目标组织的富脂细胞诱生损伤。
在另一个实施例中,本发明进一步关于一种局部减少富脂细胞的装置,包含一个设定方式,来设定冷却剂到预定温度;以及一种施用方式,以应用该冷却剂至目标组织,这样该冷却剂对位于该目标组织的富脂细胞选择性的诱发损伤。
本发明公开的内容中,“包含”、“包括”、“含有”及“具有”等具有如美国专利法所规定的定义,表示“包括”、“包含”等;“主要组成”或“主要包含”等具有美国专利法所规定的定义且该术语为开放性含义,允许存在有多于所引述的组成,只要所引用内容的基本特性或新颖特性不会由于该引用之外的成员存在而造成改变即可,但排除现有技术的实施例。
通过下列详细的说明,这些及其它目的还有实施例描述于本发明的范围内,或者来自于和存在于本发明的范围是显然的。
发明内容
详细说明
本发明有关一种局部减少脂肪组织的方法,包含施用冷却组件至一受试者,该冷却组件的温度足够选择性破坏富脂细胞,其中该温度不会对非富脂细胞造成不期望的影响。优选该冷却组件耦联至冷却剂或含有冷却剂。
一方面,本发明关于一种对非婴儿人类受试者选择性破坏富脂细胞的冷却方法,该方法包含施加一冷却组件至受试者皮肤附近,从而在局部区域形成温度梯度,而该温度梯度足够选择性破坏该区域的富脂细胞,因而减少该区的富脂细胞;以及于此同时,维持该受试者皮肤于一定温度,在该温度下,该冷却组件附近的非富脂细胞不会破坏。
在一个实施例中,本发明关于一种处理受试者身体的某一局部实现期望的皮下脂肪组织减少的方法,该方法包含:a)施加冷却组件至受试者皮肤的希望减少皮下脂肪组织的区域附近,来于该局部形成一个温度梯度,该温度足够选择性破坏其中的富脂细胞,并且同时在此处维持受试者皮肤在一定温度,在该温度下接近冷却元件的非富脂细胞未被破坏;b)重复步骤(a),施用该冷却组件至受试者皮肤多次,直至达成期望的皮下脂肪组织的减少量为止。
本发明的冷却组件可含有呈固体、液体或气体形式的冷却剂。固体冷却剂可包含例如导热材料如金属、金属板、玻璃、凝胶及冰或冰浆液。液体冷却剂可包含例如食盐水、甘油、醇、或水/醇混合物。若冷却组件包括循环冷却剂,则优选冷却剂温度为恒定。盐类可与液体混合物组合以获得所需温度。气体冷却剂可包括例如冷空气或液态氮。
在一个实施例中,冷却组件可以通过冷却剂或冷却组件直接接触受试者。另在一个实施例中,直接接触仅通过冷却剂实现。又另在一个实施例中,未通过冷却剂或冷却组件进行直接接触;冷却通过冷却剂及/或冷却组件放置于附近位置而完成。
优选冷却剂温度低于约37℃,但不低于-196℃(亦即液态氮温度)。
优选若冷却剂为液体或固体,则应用的冷却组件的温度为约40℃至-15℃的范围,优选为4℃至-10℃的范围。通常冷却组件优选维持在平均温度约为-15℃至约35℃、30℃、25℃、20℃、15℃、10℃、或5℃;约-10℃至约35℃、30℃、25℃、20℃、15℃、10℃、或5℃;约-15℃至约20℃、15℃、10℃或5℃的范围。
冷却组件及/或冷却剂可应用长达2小时时间。优选冷却剂的作用时间为1分钟至30分钟。冷却组件可作用至少100毫秒(例如使用喷雾剂可预见只需要短时间)。例如液态氮可于极短时间间隔(例如约1秒) 重复施用(例如约10-100次),并且,在各次作用间隔维持不会造成表皮损伤的温度(例如依据暴露深度而定约0℃至-10℃)。于温和冷却疗程,例如液态氮可由一段距离(例如约10厘米至30厘米)喷雾,其中若干部分液态氮小滴在喷雾过程中蒸发,及/或混合周围空气。
本发明的冷却组件及/或冷却剂例如通过直接接触或间接接触而施用于皮肤表面。受试者皮肤包含表皮、真皮或其组合。冷却组件及/ 或冷却剂为直接施用于皮肤表面时无毒的冷却剂。
冷却组件及/或冷却剂可施用多于一次,例如以重复周期施用。冷却剂可脉冲式施用或连续式施用。冷却组件及/或冷却剂可通过本领域熟知的所有传统方法施用,若冷却剂呈液体、气体、或粒状固体材料形式,可通过喷雾进行局部作用。优选,施用采取外用手段施用,但本发明的冷却组件及/或冷却剂也可通过注射或其它传统手段于皮下施用。例如,冷却剂可直接施用于皮下组织,然后于接触后移开冷却剂,或冷却剂留在皮下组织中达到热平衡,因而冷却富含脂质的组织(例如皮下注射液体冷却剂,或皮下注射小型冷却粒子,如丸粒或微珠粒)。
优选,本发明方法为非侵袭性(例如表浅的、内视镜的或局部的处理程序,而无需侵袭性手术技术)。
冷却组件及/或冷却剂可施用至一个界定区或多区。冷却组件及/ 或冷却剂的空间分布可视需要加以控制。通常,表面积尺寸(例如在这个位置冷却剂与皮肤接触)须至少为被锁定的冷却目标的皮下脂肪组织深度的三倍。优选,表面积的最小直径至少为1平方厘米。更优选,表面积直径为3至20平方厘米。最佳表面积的测定需要例行改变几种参数来决定。例如低温通过其它方法不便实现,则根据本发明方法可冷却较大表面积,例如超过3500平方厘米表面积。温度过低可通过远离身体的其它部位(例如施用温水于一个或多个其它部位来补偿)的补偿传热来防止。例如可采用多个冷却组件及/或冷却剂来接触较大表面积(例如大于3500平方厘米表面积)。
冷却组件及/或冷却剂可随形于欲施用区域的轮廓。例如可使用可柔软装置来随形于施加冷却的表面区域轮廓。冷却装置也可修改接触面形状,让接触面在接触时包围冷却剂或在冷却剂或包含冷却剂的装置内部。冷却组件及/或冷却剂可一次接触表面多侧,例如当表面经皱折时,通过冷却元件和/或冷却剂接触两侧。优选,皮肤皱折处通过冷却组件及/或冷却剂接触两侧,来提高冷却效率。
优选,固体冷却组件及/或冷却剂的形状构造成提高接触面(例如皮肤表面)的热力学热交换(“热交换”)。为了提升传导效果,可在固体冷却剂与接触面间的界面使用液体。
在需要的情况下,冷却组件及/或冷却剂的施用可与疼痛处理剂例如麻醉剂或止痛剂(单独冷却有止痛效果,因此使用额外疼痛处理剂为可选对象)结合使用。例如局部麻醉剂可于冷却剂施用前、施用后或施用中局部作用于接触点。在需要的情况下,系统性使用麻醉剂可通过传统方法例如注射作用或口服作用而实现。例如处理期间,冷却剂温度可改变,让冷却速率下降,使处理产生较少的不适。此外,本发明方法可结合本领域已知的其它脂肪减少程序例如抽脂进行。
优选本发明的富脂细胞为皮下脂肪组织或蜂窝组织内部的脂肪细胞。如此构成皮下脂肪组织的富脂细胞为本发明方法锁定的破坏目标。此外于本发明的范围,还包括破坏构成动脉外膜包围器官或其它内部解剖结构的富脂细胞的锁定目标。
脂肪细胞的胞内脂质局限于细胞质空泡(paraplasmatic vaculole) 内部。皮下脂肪组织有单泡脂肪细胞及多泡脂肪细胞。大部分为单泡脂肪细胞,且直径大于约100微米。对于肥胖受试者由于胞内脂质含量增加,故脂肪细胞尺寸极大增加。
优选,本发明的富脂细胞具有总胞内脂质含量为20-99%。优选本发明的富脂细胞具有胞内脂质含量包含约20-50%饱和甘油三酯类,更优选约30-40%饱和甘油三酯类。胞内甘油三酯类包括(但非限制性) 饱和脂肪酸如肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸及硬脂酸;单不饱和脂肪酸如棕榈油酸及油酸;及多元不饱和脂肪酸如亚油酸及亚麻酸。
优选,本发明的富脂细胞位于皮下脂肪组织内部。皮下脂肪组织的饱和脂肪酸成分在人体的不同解剖位置各有不同。例如人类腹部皮下脂肪组织具有如下饱和脂肪酸组成:肉豆蔻酸(2.6%)、棕榈酸(23.8%)、棕榈油酸(4.9%)、硬脂酸(6.5%)、油酸(45.6%)、亚油酸(15.4%)及亚麻酸(0.6%)。腹部区的皮下脂肪组织包含约35%饱和脂肪酸。此种比例比臀部区更高,臀部区包含约32%饱和脂肪酸。于室温,由于脂肪酸含量较高结果,腹部区的饱和脂肪酸呈半固态。臀部区的饱和脂肪酸不会受到类似影响。Malcom G.等人(1989)Am.J.Clin.Nutr.50(2): 288-91。本领域的熟练技术人员可根据需要来修改施用的温度范围与施用时间,以解决对本发明的冷却方法有不同响应的解剖学差异。
优选,本发明的非富脂细胞具有总胞内脂质含量小于20%,及/ 或非富脂细胞不会被本发明的冷却方法破坏。优选,本发明的非富脂细胞包括具有胞内脂质含量包含低于约20%高度饱和甘油三酯,甚至优选低于约7-10%高度饱和甘油三酯的细胞。非富脂细胞包括(但不限于)包围皮下脂肪组织的细胞,例如血管床细胞、周边神经系统细胞、表皮细胞(例如黑素细胞)及真皮细胞(例如纤维细胞)。
通过本发明方法可避免的对真皮及/或表皮造成的伤害涉及例如发炎、刺激、肿胀、病变形成、以及黑素细胞的色素沉着或黑素细胞的色素不足。
不受特定理论所限,相信对富脂细胞的选择性破坏是由于在一定温度下冷却时高度饱和脂肪酸的局部结晶引起,而在该温度下不会引起非富脂细胞的高度饱和脂肪酸的结晶。晶体撕裂富脂细胞的双层膜,造成坏死。如此,在可引起富脂细胞晶体形成的温度下,可避免非富脂细胞例如真皮细胞的损伤。也认为冷却引起富脂细胞的脂肪分解(例如代谢作用),进一步促进皮下脂肪组织的减少。脂肪分解可经由局部暴露于冷环境,诱生交感神经系统兴奋来强化。
在一个实施例中,富脂细胞温度为不低于约-10℃。优选富脂细胞温度为-10℃至37℃。更优选富脂细胞温度为-4℃至20℃。又优选富脂细胞温度为-2℃至15℃。优选富脂细胞被冷却至低于37℃温度长达 2小时时间。通常富脂细胞优选维持于平均温度约-10℃至约37℃、 35℃、30℃、25℃、20℃、15℃、10℃或4℃;约-4℃至约35℃、30℃、 25℃、20℃、15℃、10℃或4℃;约-2℃至约35℃、30℃、25℃、20℃、 15℃、10℃或5℃的范围。
在另一实施例中,富脂细胞的温度范围在37℃至-10℃间震荡变化。脉冲式冷却方法之后有一段短时间温热期,可用来减少对非富脂细胞连带造成的损伤。更优选,富脂细胞的温度为-8℃至33℃范围间震荡变化。甚至更优选,富脂细胞的温度范围在-2℃至15℃间震荡变化。皮肤的暂时冷却模式可以一次连续冷却动作或多次冷却周期、或实际上以冷却与积极加热周期的组合进行。
本发明的冷却方法可有利地消除对表皮造成的非期望影响。在一个实施例中,表皮温度不低于约-15℃。优选表皮温度为约-10℃至35℃的范围。更优选表皮温度为约-5℃至10℃的范围。甚至更优选表皮温度为约-5℃至5℃的范围。
本发明的冷却方法可有利地消除对真皮造成的非期望影响。在一个实施例中,真皮温度不低于约-15℃。优选真皮温度为约-10℃至20℃的范围。更优选真皮温度为约-8℃至15℃的范围。甚至更优选真皮温度为约-5℃至10℃的范围。优选实施例中,富脂细胞冷却至约-5℃至 5℃长达2小时,而真皮细胞及表皮细胞维持于平均温度约0℃。最佳实施例中,富脂细胞冷却至约-5℃至15℃经历约1分钟至长达约2小时范围的时间。
本发明方法可以短时间间隔施用(例如1分钟、5分钟、15分钟、 30分钟及60分钟的时间间隔),或以长时间间隔施用(例如12小时及 24小时时间间隔)。优选间隔时间为5分钟至20分钟。介于各次冷却间隔可选择性加热。
可采用反馈机制来监视与控制皮肤(亦即真皮、表皮或其组合)皮下组织温度。反馈机制可监视受试者皮肤温度,确保皮肤温度不会降至低于预定最低温度,例如约-10℃至约30℃。于接触点及/或于接触点周围区,在外部施用非侵袭性装置来量测皮肤温度。侵袭性装置(例如热电偶)可用来量测内部温度。
反馈机制包括本领域已知用来监视温度及/或晶体形成的所有反馈机制。晶体形成例如可通过超声波成像及声波、光波及机械测量测定。机械量测法例如包括测定抗拉强度。
在一个实施例中,采用多层模型来估计在不同深度下温度随着时间变化的曲线。温度曲线设计用来于组织内部产生温度梯度,皮肤表面温度较低。优选实施例中,温度曲线设计用于冷却期间降低血流。反馈机制包含例如热电偶、超声波(例如用来检测皮下脂肪组织的相位变化)、或震波传播(例如若出现相位转变,则震波的传播改变)等反馈机制可用来达成最佳温度梯度。
通过皮肤表面冷却,以极大冷却皮下脂肪层,例如冷却至约-5℃至15℃的目标温度有若干要求。由皮肤表面释放的热量在皮肤内部形成温度梯度,该温度梯度顺序发生冷却,首先冷却表皮、真皮、以及最终冷却皮下脂肪层。真皮血流将身体内部热量带至真皮。因此真皮血流严重限制深部真皮与皮下脂肪的冷却。因此强烈期望在冷却处理时,例如通过局部施加大于收缩血压的压力到皮肤上来暂时限制皮肤血流或消除皮肤血流,来实现皮下脂肪的减少。一般要求为皮肤表面冷却时间须够长,足够让热量从真皮及皮下脂肪层流走,实现对其进行处理的预定温度。当皮下脂肪被冷却至低于皮下脂肪的脂质结晶的温度时,此等脂质的结晶潜热也须通过扩散去除。皮肤表面冷却温度及冷却时间可进行调整来控制处理深度,例如影响皮下脂肪的解剖深度。热扩散是一项被动过程,身体内部温度基本上总是维持在接近 37℃。因此另一项普遍性要求为冷却期间,皮肤表面温度须低于处理区的预定目标(例如脂肪细胞)温度,持续冷却过程的至少部分时间。
当冷却皮肤直径大于约2厘米且无血流时,一维热扩散对估计冷却期间,皮肤温度随着时间变化的情况给出了良好的近似。热扩散由普通扩散方程式控制δT/δt=κδ2T/δz2,此处T(z,t)为皮肤温度随深度z及时间t的函数,κ为热扩散率,皮肤的热扩散率约为1.3x10-3平方厘米/秒。已经对半无限平板的平面几何求热扩散方程式的解及近似解,以近似皮肤的情况。当皮肤表面(z=0)维持在指定较低温度时,有用的近似解为由深度z流出的热量需要约的时间才能达到最初差值的一半温差,此处t以秒数计而z以毫米计。如此,z2可被认为是热时间常数的近似值。例如若最初皮肤温度为30℃,0℃的冰牢靠放置于皮肤表面,则需时约1秒时间才能让1毫米深度的温度达到约15℃。皮下脂肪层典型始于约毫米,而延伸至数毫米至高达数厘米厚度。因此由皮下脂肪层顶端传热的热时间常数约为10秒。为了达成皮下脂肪的极大冷却,需要至少数个热时间常数的冷却时间,且优选大于10热时间常数的冷却时间。因此在没有真皮血流存在下,为了让皮下脂肪最顶部温度趋近于接受冷却的皮肤表面温度,冷却必须在皮肤表面至少维持约30-100秒时间。当脂肪温度降至低于结晶温度时,前述脂质结晶潜热也须被去除。因此,一般而言,需要超过1分钟的冷却时间,并且大于约1分钟的冷却时间可用来调整影响的脂肪细胞深度,直至长达1小时以上时间。
如此,在另一个实施例中,真皮以足够引起血管收缩的速率冷却。真皮内部血循环,将真皮温度稳定维持于接近体温。为了冷却皮下脂肪组织至低于体温的温度,可将血流最小化。快速冷却表皮表面可达成反射性血管收缩,而以适当方式限制血循环。
在另一个实施例中,施用血管收缩药物来诱生血管收缩。血管收缩药物例如可于冷却剂施用前、施用后、或施用中,局部应用于接触点。在需要的情况下,可通过已知方法例如注射给药或口服给药提供系统性投予血管收缩药物。血管收缩药物可为任意一种本领域已知药物。优选血管收缩药物为EMLA乳膏剂或肾上腺素。
在另一个实施例中,施加压力于表面,施加于与冷却剂接触点、或施加于其附近,因而限制侧向血流。例如可通过将皮肤表面压缩为皮肤皱折(包含单折或多折)来施加压力。也可通过在与冷却剂接触点或其附近施加真空来施加压力。
不受理论所限,认为富脂细胞的晶体生成速率可通过在冷却过程中施加压力来改变。突然结晶而非晶体缓慢累积,将对富脂细胞造成较大损伤。也认为施加压力可迫使富脂细胞内部的晶体移动,加强对双层膜的损伤。此外,皮下脂肪组织的不同腔室有不同黏度。通常低温度下的黏度较高(特别在接近相态转变点尤为如此)。原因在于富脂细胞的相态转变发生在高于非富脂细胞的温度,当施加压力时,在皮下脂肪组织内部形成不均匀的张力线。认为在该张力线内将引起明显损伤。
在另一方面,真皮及/或表皮温度介于35℃至-15℃间震荡变动。更优选真皮温度及/或表皮温度介于-10℃至10℃间震荡变动。甚至更优选真皮温度及/或表皮温度介于-8℃至8℃间震荡变动。皮肤表面温度震荡可提供间歇温热,从而抵消冷却过程可能带来的副作用(例如真皮细胞或表皮细胞的晶体生成)。
在另一方面,应用冷却剂结合施加电场或声波场(或恒定,或随时间而震荡)定位于真皮及/或表皮,来减少或消除真皮或表皮内部的晶体生成。
图1A显示根据本发明的一个实施例,用于冷却一个目标区域的处理系统100。如图1A所示,处理系统100包括一个控制单元105以及一个处理单元107,其包括冷却/加热组件110及处理界面115。
控制单元105包括一电源供应器,例如控制单元可耦合至一电源来供电给处理单元107。控制单元105也包括一个计算装置,其具有控制硬件及/或控制软件,来根据输入的性质及/或参数,而控制冷却/加热组件110及处理界面115。处理界面115可包括一检测器120。
图1B为略图,显示根据本发明的一个实施例,控制单元105的组配结构。如图1B所示,控制单元105包含一个运算装置125,其可为通用计算机(例如个人计算机)、工作站、主机计算机系统等。运算装置125包括一处理器装置(或中央处理单元“CPU”)130、一个内存装置135、一个储存装置140、一个使用者接口145、一系统总线150以及一个通讯接口155。CPU130可为用来执行指令、处理资料等的任何一种型号的处理装置。内存装置135可为任何一种型号的内存装置,包括一种或多种随机存取内存(“RAM”)、只读存储器(“ROM”)、闪存、电可擦可编程只读存储器(“EEPROM”)等。储存装置140可为任何一种数据储存装置,用来读/写于/至任何活动式及/或整合式光学、磁性及/或光-磁储存媒体等(例如硬盘、雷射光盘-只读存储器“CD- ROM”、可改写式CD“CD-RW”、数字多功能光盘(Digital Versatile Disc)ROM“DVD-ROM”、DVD-RW等)。储存装置140也包括一个控制器 /界面(图中未显示)来连结至系统总线150。如此内存装置135及储存装置140适合储存资料以及指导程序运行在CPU 130上执行。使用者接口145包括触屏幕、控制面板、键盘、数字小键盘、显示器或任何其它类型的接口,该使用者接口145可通过相应的输出/输入装置接口/ 配接器(图中未显示)来连结至系统总线150。通讯接口155适合与任何类型的外部装置包括处理单元107建立连接。通讯接口155进一步适合与任何系统或任何网络(图中未显示)建立连接,该等系统或网络例如为与局域网络(“LAN”)、广域网络(“WAN”)、网际网络等的一或多部运算装置通讯。通讯接口155可直接连结至系统总线150,或通讯接口155可经由适当接口(图中未显示)连结至系统总线150。如此,控制单元105本身提供执行处理,及/或控制单元105与一或多个额外装置合作来执行处理,额外装置包括根据本发明用于控制处理单元107的算法。控制单元105可被编程或接受指令来根据任何通讯规程、程序语言在任何平台上执行这种处理。如此,处理可以数据以及指令的具体形式储存于内存装置135及/或储存装置140中,或在通讯接口155及/或使用者接口145接收资料及指令供于CPU 130执行。
回头参照图1A,处理单元107可为手持装置、自动化装置等。冷却/加热组件110可包括任何类型的冷却/加热组件,例如热电冷却器等。
图1C为略图,显示根据本发明的一个实施例的冷却/加热组件 110。如图1C所示,冷却/加热组件110包括冷却/加热流体经过其中的通道网络。通道可由任何一种导热管等形成。冷却/加热流体可经由一输入口175而被导引入冷却/加热组件110,并且经过输出口180而被排放出。冷却/加热流体可为任一种具有受控温度的流体,例如冷却空气/气体或液体。例如使用冰或冷冻二氧化碳冷却的盐水或丙酮可用作冷却液来源,泵送通过冷却/加热组件110。如此形成循环系统,在该系统中,从输出口180排出的流体在流体源处再度冷却,且再度被导引入输入口175。流体源及/或元件110的温度,可能包括冷却流体泵送通过冷却/加热组件110的流速,可由控制单元105监控。如此,冷却/加热组件110的温度可使用控制单元105控制或程序化。于图1C 进一步显示,冷却/加热组件110各区间可有温差ΔT。例如来自目标组织的热可在处理期间移转给冷却流体,造成接近输出口180的流体具有比接近输入口175的冷却流体更高的温度。此种温差ΔT可通过缩小冷却/加热组件110的尺寸来减少。根据本发明的一个实施例,冷却/ 加热组件110的通道组配结构、以及对应的冷却/加热组件110应用至目标组织,可解决处理各种组织目标所需的任何温差。例如冷却/加热组件110接近输出口180的区域可应用于需要较高处理温度的处理区等。冷却/加热组件110的通道因此可根据需要各种不同处理温度的目标组织的尺寸、形状、形成等而组配。冷却/加热流体也可以脉冲方式泵送通过冷却/加热组件110。
再参照图1A,处理界面115可为任何一种型号的介于冷却/加热组件110与表皮160间,用来对表皮160、真皮165及脂肪细胞170 执行处理的界面。例如,处理界面115可包括冷却板(传导板)、冷却流体填充容器、自由形成膜(用于不均匀表皮的互补界面)、凸面冷却组件 (例如图3所示)等。优选,处理界面115包含导热材料,该导热材料与表皮160互补,以最大化冷却/加热组件110与表皮160、真皮165及/ 或脂肪细胞170间的传热。例如处理界面115可为流体填充容器或膜,因此由于冷却流体的脉冲流动而造成的来自冷却组件110的压力改变,可移转给目标组织。此外,处理界面115可单纯为腔室,于该处,冷却/加热流体例如可使用喷雾装置等而直接施用于目标组织(表皮160、真皮165及脂肪细胞170)。
检测器120可为温度监视器,例如热电偶、热敏电阻等。检测器 120可包括任何一种类型的热电偶,包括T、E、J、K、G、C、D、R、 S、B各型热电偶来监视组织的冷却。检测器120也包括热敏电阻,其包含电阻随温度的变化而改变的热敏电阻器。使用热敏电阻为特别有利的,原因在于热敏电阻的灵敏度高。根据本发明的一个实施例,可使用有大负值电阻温度系数(「NTC」)的热敏电阻。优选用于检测器 120的热敏电阻具有工作温度范围约-15℃(含)至40℃(含)。此外,检测器120也包括带有聚合物或陶瓷等激活组件的热敏电阻。陶瓷热敏电阻为最优选,由于陶瓷热敏电阻对温度的测量值有最高重复再现性。用于检测器120的热敏电阻可封装于保护性材料如玻璃内部。当然依据期望的大小、几何形状、及温度分辨率而定,也可使用多种其它温度监视装置。检测器120也包含电极,电极可用来测量皮肤表面电阻。于表浅皮肤结构例如表皮或真皮内部结冰,造成电阻增高。此种效应可用来监视真皮内部的结冰。检测器120可进一步由多种量测方法组合构成。
如此,检测器120可由表皮160、真皮165及/或脂肪细胞170提取出温度信息,作为控制单元105的反馈信息。检测得的温度信息可由控制单元105,基于输入的性质及/或参数加以分析。例如,脂肪细胞170的温度可通过基于检测器120检测得的表皮160温度,经由计算得知。如此,处理系统100可非侵袭性测量脂肪细胞170的温度。然后,此项信息由控制单元105用来连续反馈控制处理单元107,例如调整冷却/加热组件110及处理界面115的能量/温度而反馈控制处理单元107,如此维持目标脂肪细胞170的最佳处理温度,同时维持周围表皮160及真皮165的完好。如前文说明,冷却/加热组件110可提供于约-10℃至42℃范围的可调整温度。可重复自动化温度测量与控制顺序,维持此种温度范围直到该程序完成。
发现当组织冷却伴随有物理操作,例如按摩目标组织时,通过冷却富脂细胞来减少脂肪组织将更为有效。根据本发明的一实施例,处理单元107包括一组织按摩装置,如振动装置等。另外可对处理单元 107使用压电转换器,来提供冷却/加热组件107的机械振动或移动。检测器120包括反馈装置,该反馈装置用于检测皮肤黏度的变化,来监视处理效果,及/或防止任何周围组织的损伤。例如,振动检测装置可用来检测目标组织(或周围组织)的任何共振频率变化,该共振频率的改变表明组织黏度的变化,该目标组织通过处理单元107所含的振动装置被机械移动或振动。
为了进一步确保表皮160及/或皮165不会受冷却处理伤害,可使用光学检测器/反馈装置来监视表皮光学性质的变化(若结冰,则散射加强);可使用电反馈装置来监视因表皮结冰造成的表皮电阻抗变化;及/ 或超声波反馈装置可用于监视表皮的结冰(实际上是避免表皮结冰)。任何此等装置都可包括信号控制单元105,来中止或调整处理过程以防皮肤受损。
根据本发明的一个实施例,处理系统100包括一些组配结构及仪器。设计用于不同类型程序、组配结构及/或仪器的算法则可包含于控制单元105。
如图1D所示,处理系统100包括一个探针控制器185以及探针 190,用于脂肪细胞170的极小侵袭性的温度量测。有利的,探针190 可量测较准确的脂肪细胞170温度,通过它改良处理单元107的控制以及改良处理效果。
注意处理系统100可遥控。例如,控制单元105与处理单元107 间的连接可为远程连接(有线连接或无线连接),提供控制单元105对冷却/加热组件110、处理界面115、探针控制器185、及探针190的远程控制。
虽然前述处理系统110的范例是举例说明适合用于本发明的系统的基本组成组件,显示的构造不能理解为限制性的,因为对硬件构造的任何修改都可能不背离本发明的范围。
图2A显示根据本发明的实施例,通过折叠目标组织用于冷却脂肪细胞170的处理系统200。如图2A所示,处理系统200包括位于两侧的相应控制单元105及处理单元107,耦合到一个压缩单元205。压缩单元205适合将处理单元107拉在一起,因此将目标组织(表皮160、真皮165及脂肪细胞170)折叠(或“夹紧”)于处理单元107间。在目标组织两侧的个别处理单元107的处理界面115如前文说明,可通过多侧冷却脂肪细胞170,获得较高效果。可包括使用检测器120来测量与监视目标组织的温度。如图2A所示,控制单元105可连结而形成整合系统。根据本发明的实施例,处理系统200的各个组成组件可使用任何数目的控制单元控制。
如前文说明,目标组织的物理操作,可改良冷却处理功效。根据本发明的实施例,压缩单元205可改变让处理单元107包围目标组织(表皮160、真皮165及脂肪细胞170)拉在一起的力。例如压缩单元205 可施加脉冲力来交替松紧目标组织的皱折(或“夹紧”)。进一步可监视对夹紧的抵抗性,来检测目标组织特性(例如黏度)的任何变化,如此确保处理效果及安全性。
图2B显示处理系统200具有类似图1C所示处理系统100的探针190,用于以最低侵袭性测定脂肪细胞170温度。如前文说明,探针 190可更准确量测脂肪细胞170温度,通过它改良处理单元107的控制及改良处理效果。
图3A及图3B为略图,显示根据本发明的实施例的处理系统300。如图3A所示,处理系统300包括一个抽取单元305,以及处理单元107 可包括处理界面115,处理界面115具有曲面,例如形成圆顶,来形成或包含一个腔室310于表皮160上方。如图3B所示,抽取单元305可被激活以从腔室310抽取空气,让目标组织(表皮160、真皮165及脂肪细胞170)被向上牵拉而接触处理界面115。有利的,处理界面115 可环绕目标脂肪细胞170以进行更有效的冷却。处理界面115可以通过固体的坚硬或柔软材料组成,处理界面115接触皮肤,或接触皮肤表面与处理单元间的热电偶合剂。处理界面115的表面也可有许多开口连结至抽取单元305。皮肤部分进入这许多开口内部,可增加热接触处理界面的表皮160的总表面积(例如皮肤拉伸)。皮肤拉伸减小了表皮及真皮厚度,帮助脂肪细胞170的冷却。许多检测器120及/或探针190 可含括于处理系统300用于在处理过程中监视组织温度,如前文所述参照图1A、1C、2A及2B,在此不再重复说明其细节。
图4显示根据本发明实施例的处理系统400。如图4所示,抽取单元305可连结至环绕处理界面115周围的一环形开口,故当抽取单元305被激活时可与表皮160一起形成环绕处理界面115的抽取密封 410。结果可于处理界面115对隔离目标区执行处理。优选受试者或身体部分可浸泡于温热浴中,而于处理界面115的处理不受影响。结果,可增加处理面积,同时周围温热环境可防止全面性体温过低。
图5A及图5B为略图,显示根据本发明的一个实施例的处理系统500。如图5A及图5B所示,处理系统500可形成环绕目标组织质块515的一个作用带(或一个作用圆柱)。处理系统500可包含任何柔软材料或刚性材料。冷却/加热流体可透过输入口175及输出口180泵送通过处理系统500,如图5B所示。冷却/加热组件110可通过内部容器或通路网络例如管路等形成。目标组织质块515的传热可通过处理界面115执行,处理界面115可包括任何一种导热材料。处理系统500 进一步包括一个紧扣装置510例如钩与环扣件等,用来扣接且包裹于目标组织质块515周围。此外,处理界面115可包括柔软材料,因此泵送通过处理系统500的冷却流体压力可移转给目标组织质块515。例如参照图5A,处理系统500可施加向内压力至目标组织质块515。目标组织质块515可为受试者的任何区段、身体部分或四肢。例如目标组织质块515可为受试者的手臂、大腿或小腿、腰等。处理系统500 中的冷却流体压力及流速可通过控制单元105控制为最佳处理温度及/ 或压力。紧密嵌套于目标组织质块515,且增高向内压力,也让受试者浸泡于温热浴。如前述,流体流可为脉冲流。
通过下列举例说明的非限制性实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明,这些实施例可对本发明及其多项优点提供更好的理解。
附图说明
图1A显示一个处理系统。
图1B为一略图,显示控制单元的组配结构。
图1C为一略图,显示冷却/加热组件。
图1D显示带有一探针控制器的扁平冷却处理系统。
图2A显示用于冷却皮肤皱折内部的富脂细胞的处理系统。
图2B显示带有一探针控制器,用于冷却皮肤皱折内部的富脂细胞的处理系统。
图3A、B显示含括一抽取单元的处理系统。
图4显示一个与抽取系统结合的处理系统以提供隔离区的处理。
图5A、B显示一处理系统,其可包围一目标组织质块周围。
图6为皮肤表面影像,显示于若干匹配冷暴露位置区,于17日后表现出凹陷。
图7显示冷暴露17日后的皮下脂肪组织的组织学(II号猪,位置 E)。图7A显示低度放大视图,图7B显示高度放大视图。
图8A、B描述位置C;图8C、D描述位置E及图8E、F描述位置F的视图,其各自显示冷暴露17日后,皮下脂肪组织的组织学(II 号猪,位置C、E及F)。
图9显示用来对III号猪进行冷却的装置的图像。
图10A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I及J显示III号猪的冷暴露位置1、2、7、11、12、13、14、15、16及18在各组织深度的温度图。
图11显示试验位置11在冷暴露3.5个月后的超声波影像。
图12A、B显示在冷暴露6日后,试验位置8的组织学。图12C、 D显示试验位置9(对照组)的组织学。
图13A、B、C、D及E显示冷暴露3.5个月后,通过试验位置1、 3、11、12及18中心的宏观剖面图。
具体实施方式
实施例
实施例1
于活体内通过控制冷却方式来选择性损伤脂肪组织
本发明方法对一头6月龄白色雌性汉福(Hanford)迷你猪(“I号猪”) 及一头6月龄黑色雌性犹卡坦(Yucatan)迷你猪(“II号猪”)进行。迷你猪使用Telazol/Xylazine(4.4毫克/千克肌肉注射+2.2毫克/千克肌肉注射) 麻醉。只有在注射麻醉剂无法提供足够的躯体止痛效果时,才用通过面罩输送吸入性麻醉剂(氟烷或异氟烷(1.5-3.0%))和氧(3.0升/分钟),使用F-Air滤毒罐过滤。几个测试位置以微刺青标记,在测试位置的各个角应用墨汁。在标记测试位置后,使用冷却装置,如图1A所示,进行暴露于冷环境的处理。处理界面面积为尺寸2x4平方厘米的平坦区,有内建温度传感器。界面与电热冷却器作热接触,电热冷却器通过控制单元以电子方式调节,让界面表面温度维持恒定于预设温度。在冷暴露期间,冷却装置以微小压力至中等压力施用于皮肤,该压力不会造成血流的显著机械压缩。冷却组件施用至皮肤,而未对皮肤表面情况作任何操控。
试验多种预设冷却界面温度与暴露时间的组合。对于某些位置,介于皮肤与冷却界面间施用导热乳液。此种导热乳液主要含甘油。I号猪观察61天,接受切除,取得全部试验位置的活体检查标本,牺牲迷你猪。于第2日由试验位置C获得额外穿刺活体检查标本。
活体检查以常规光学显微镜处理,使用苏木素及曙红染色。指示的温度为施加的冷却组件温度。表1显示施用的冷却参数及于I号猪各个试验位置所得结果:
表1
II号猪观察50日,直到由全部试验位置取得切除的活体检查标本,牺牲迷你猪。在第17日,由试验位置E取得额外活体检查标本。活体检查标本接受前文说明的常规光学显微镜处理及使用苏木素与曙红染色。所示温度为施用的冷却组件温度。表2显示于II号猪各个试验位置施用的冷却参数及所得结果:
表2
图6显示II号猪试验位置D、E及F在暴露于冷处理后17日的皮肤表面影像。相应于暴露于冷环境的位置的凹陷可在1和2处观察到,1对应于试验位置D,而2对应于试验位置E。此等试验位置未见异常表皮变化。3对应于试验位置F,于该处施用激烈冷却方法,表皮的损伤显著(例如丧失色素,以及中心结痂)。
图7显示在-9℃冷暴露5分钟进行处理后17日,由暴露于冷环境的位置下方区域取得的标本的试验位置E的组织情况(II号猪)。图 7A显示该标本的低放大倍率(1.25倍),图7B显示该标本的中等放大倍率(5倍)特写。显示表皮701、真皮702、皮下脂肪703及肌肉层704。组织学显示于皮下脂肪703内部有叶状与隔膜状脂膜炎征象,表示脂肪组织发炎。脂肪细胞平均尺寸比未暴露于冷环境区取得的标本的脂肪细胞尺寸小。表皮、真皮或肌肉层未见组织变化。
通过在精确冷却位置临床观察皮肤表面凹陷以及通过组织学(苏木素及曙红染色)证实皮下脂肪组织减少。图8A、B、C、D、E及F 显示试验位置C(图8A及8B)、试验位置E(图8C及8D)及试验位置F(图 8E及8F)在暴露于冷环境后50日的组织学情况,分别为2.5倍的低放大倍率(图8A、8C及8E)及5倍的中等放大倍率(图8B、8D及8F)。试验位置C及E的表皮801及真皮802未受损,而对试验位置F施用较为激烈的冷却处理计划,结果导致表皮及真皮损伤(例如可见结痂及发炎)。皮下脂肪803显示脂肪细胞尺寸缩小及结构改变(例如脂肪细胞层明显凝聚,而凝聚的脂肪层内部含有纤维隔膜)。由于对试验位置F施用激烈冷却处理,结果几乎整层皆被去除,只留下若干残余细胞组织丛。如此当施用激烈冷却处理方案(试验位置F)时,于表皮及真皮观察到非选择性显著伤害。
总体来讲,结果证实使用本发明冷却方法,可达成皮下脂肪组织的选择性破坏,而未造成表皮及真皮的损伤。
在活猪体内,在足够停止皮肤血流的压力下施加-7℃的皮肤表面冷却期间,测量温度来举例说明冷却的时间和深度与冷却的关联性。使用插入深度0、2、4及8毫米的热电偶记录温度。虽然本实验条件不理想(皮肤冷却器无法于皮肤表面严格维持于-7℃),但显然基本上如所预期的出现了真皮(2毫米)及脂肪(4毫米、8毫米)的冷却效果(例如参考图10)。
实施例2
于各种组织深度的温度曲线量测
本研究使用6月龄黑色雌性无毛犹卡坦迷你猪进行(蒙大拿州,哥伦比亚,辛克莱研究中心)。迷你猪使用Telazol/Xylazine(4.4毫克/ 千克肌肉注射+2.2毫克/千克肌肉注射)麻醉。只有在注射麻醉剂无法提供足够的躯体止痛效果时,才通过面罩输送吸入性麻醉剂(氟烷或异氟烷(1.5-3.0%)含氧(3.0升/分钟)),以F-Air滤毒罐过滤。试验位置以微刺青作记号,各个试验位置的角落使用墨汁且将皮下注射针头插入试验位置角落。以凸面圆形铜片附着于热交换器,铜片通过温度为-7℃的循环冷却剂急冷,进行对冷环境的暴露。暴露时间为600秒至1200秒。表3显示冷施用参数,以及在III号猪各个试验位置所得结果。冷铜片有三个直径约1毫米的中央开口,热电偶经开口放置,以监视冷暴露期间于不同组织深度的温度情况。图9所示冷暴露装置于冷暴露期间牢固固定于试验位置。于两个不同试验日进行冷暴露,中间间隔1周。于第一实验日,热电偶偶尔于冷暴露期间移位,结果导致热电偶的深度测量值出现0.5毫米变化。于第二实验日于明确界限的深度,热电偶深度极少或无变化,使用热电偶进行另一组冷暴露。对试验位置1、2、 3、7、11及12而言,第一实验日的热电偶位置为深2.5、4.5及10毫米(+/-0.5毫米)深。于第二实验日,试验位置14、15、16及18,以热电偶深度2、4及8毫米试验,热电偶极少或无移位。由于冷暴露期间的组织压缩,故热电偶深度可能仍然存在有某种变化。含甘醇的溶液用来确保与皮肤表面有良好热接触。处理后观察迷你猪3.5个月,直到牺牲,取出试验位置组织进行分析。表3显示对于III号猪各个试验位置的冷施用参数及所得结果:
表3
试验位置暴露于装置,设定为冷却剂温度-7℃,以及暴露时间600 至1200秒。如触诊判定,冷暴露后,真皮即刻变硬,暴露后约1分钟,当其回复正常温度时变黏稠。冷暴露后数分钟,使用偏光放大镜作近距离检查,并无显著表皮伤害或变化。无大泡生成,尼可斯基(Nikolsky) 征象呈阴性。整体存活期间,表皮未见宏观损伤。未观察到结痂、大泡或显著色素沉着变化。若干试验位置的表皮色素沉着小有增加。此种轻度色素沉着现象可于数月后通过温和摩擦表皮去除。
热电偶的温度量测依赖于深度、皮肤所在部位、以及冷却施加压力决定。冷暴露期间,对各试验位置在不同组织深度的温度曲线,显示于图10A-J,也总结于表3。对若干试验位置,观察到温度摆动可能与附近血流有关。某些温度曲线不做考虑,原因在于热电偶的移动或热电偶放置位置错误(表3标示为“错误”)。深部真皮温度或表浅脂肪层温度在-2℃至-4℃的范围。依据接触压力及解剖区的不同,在4-5毫米深度以内的温度在约0℃至7℃的范围内。此位置说明不同温度图有较大变化。于8-10毫米深度相当于皮下脂肪层深度的温度为7-24℃的范围。
冷暴露后6日取得对照组(位置9)及冷暴露位置(位置8)(-7℃,600 秒)的组织,且由皮肤病理学家作分析。对对照组及冷暴露位置进行了下列描述。
二标本的表皮都正常,比较对照组有篓状交织的角质层,角质层厚度正常且有正常网脊。在冷暴露位置,存在有轻度血管周围淋巴细胞浸润。但在二标本中都不存在侧出血管炎症迹象。
对照组的皮下脂肪有正常形态。冷暴露位置的皮下脂肪有清晰叶状及隔膜状脂膜炎。大部分脂肪细胞包围有淋巴细胞浸润,偶尔有含巨噬细胞的脂质。皮下隔膜厚度增厚。出现轻度血管变化,但无血管炎症迹象。冷暴露后三个半月,牺牲迷你猪,经对选定部位进行20百万赫兹超声波成像后,全厚度切除并收集暴露位置的组织。活体超声波扫描影像,清晰的表明在皮肤冷却处理区的脂肪组织相对于非冷暴露的周围区的脂肪组织损失。冷暴露后3个半月的活体超声波影像显示于图11。
收集的组织沿试验部位作宏观切开,由宏观组织切面拍摄影像。试验位置1、3、11、12及18的宏观剖面图显示于图13A-E。对所有冷暴露位置都观察到比相邻非冷暴露脂肪层的皮下脂肪层厚度的减少。宏观剖面图与超声波影像匹配良好。识别出皮下脂肪的二种不同部分,一个表浅脂肪层以及一个深部脂肪层。冷处理位置的表浅脂肪层厚度大减,而深部脂肪层未显著改变。对某些试验位置的试验区内相对于试验区外的表浅脂肪层的减少百分比列举于表3。在冷暴露位置 1、11、12及18观察到皮下脂肪层变化。在接受评估试验位置内的表浅脂肪层厚度的平均减少值为47%。对于未经暴露的对照侧,对任何一个脂肪层都没有观察到厚度有明显减少。
这些实施例证实对于迷你猪模型在特定外部冷却温度范围及特定暴露时间范围内进行外部冷却,可实现皮下脂肪组织的选择性脂肪损伤,而未显著伤害表皮及真皮。也可以通过处理皮肤表面的明显凹陷说明皮下脂肪被去除,准确符合冷暴露,且准确符合涉及冷暴露点的脂肪层的超声波测量结果和牺牲后宏观剖面测量结果。冷暴露后6 日,观察到对皮下脂肪组织有选择性的显著组织学变化。观察到组织学上显示脂肪细胞缩小的脂层炎。有证据显示对冷的反应可依不同位置改变,较为表浅的脂肪层受到的组织耗损影响比深部脂肪层更大。III 号猪结果暗示对表浅脂肪层的去除效果比深部脂肪层高。其解释为:a)由于温度梯度,表浅脂肪层暴露于较冷温度,及/或b)猪的较深部脂肪层对选择性冷伤害较不敏感。
图9显示用于III号猪冷暴露的装置影像。冷铜片91接触皮肤。冷暴露期间皮肤内部的温度情况是通过插入组织不同深度的热电偶92 测定。装置装配有弹簧93以在冷暴露期间施加压力。
图10显示III号猪的冷暴露期间,对如下不同位置在不同深度的温度曲线:10A(位置1)、10B(位置2)、10C(位置7)、10D(位置11)、 10E(位置12)、10F(位置13)、10G(位置14)、10H(位置15)、10I(位置 16)及10J(位置18)。各深度的温度标示以T3-E(表面)、T0-B(2-2.5毫米)、 T1-C(4-5毫米)及T2-D(8-10毫米)。
图11显示暴露后3.5个月拍摄的试验位置11的超声波影像。1105 下方区段为冷暴露区域外,1106下方区段为冷暴露区域内。真皮1102 可与脂肪层1103及肌肉层1104有明显区分。脂肪层1103内部可识别明显二层:表浅脂肪层1103a及深部脂肪层1103b。超声波影像很好地匹配相同组织的宏观剖面图13C。
图12显示试验位置8(图12A及图12B)于冷暴露(-7℃,600秒)6 日后的组织学,以及试验位置9,其为未经冷暴露的对照组(图12C及图12D)的组织学。显微照片显示图12A及图12C的低放大倍率(1.25 倍)影像,以及图12B及图12D的中等放大倍率(5倍)影像。影像显示表皮701、真皮702及皮下脂肪703。未经冷暴露的对照组有正常组织形态,但冷暴露组织的皮下脂肪有清晰脂膜炎迹象。发炎细胞迁移入此区,脂肪细胞平均尺寸缩小。
图13A-E显示冷暴露后3.5个月,迷你猪牺牲后,穿过不同试验位置中心的宏观剖面图:图13A(位置1)、图13B(位置3)、图13C(位置11)、图13D(位置12)及图13E(位置18)。各图有一个量尺,量尺有 1厘米单位以及1毫米亚单位。表皮1301、真皮1302、表浅脂肪层1303及深部脂肪层1304。对未经冷暴露的对照组,图13B未见不同层厚度有任何变化。图13A、13C、13D及13E显示冷暴露区的剖面图,其匹配中心4-5厘米组织及周围未经冷暴露区。对全部冷暴露标本都观察到,冷暴露区相对于未经冷暴露区的表浅脂肪层厚度缩小。各标本的厚度变化百分比列举于表3。
已经说明多个本发明实施例。然而,应当理解可在不背离本发明的精神及范围的情况下对各实施例作多项修改。如此,其它实施例也落入下列权利要求的范围。
Claims (28)
1.一种自受试者区域的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的处理系统,所述系统包括:
处理系统,包括至少一个冷却/加热组件,该冷却/加热组件被配置为与需要有选择的减少脂肪组织的局部区域接触,并且所述系统被配置为围绕所述受试者的至少一个部分;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制所述至少一个冷却/加热组件的操作,以降低所述局部区域的温度,从而有选择的破坏所述局部区域中的皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述至少一个冷却/加热组件附近的非富脂细胞不受伤害。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述处理系统被配置为从所述受试者传送足够量的热量以将所述富脂细胞冷却至低于或等于10℃的温度。
3.一种自受试者区域的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的系统,所述系统包括:
处理系统,包括至少一个冷却/加热组件并被配置为围绕所述受试者的至少一个部分;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制所述至少一个冷却/加热组件的操作,以将所述至少一个冷却/加热组件维持在大约-15℃至大约5℃的平均温度,从而破坏所述皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述至少一个冷却/加热组件附近的非富脂细胞不受伤害。
4.一种自受试者的部分的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的系统,所述系统包括:
处理系统,包括柔性材料以及至少一个冷却/加热组件,所述至少一个冷却/加热组件被配置为与需要有选择的减少脂肪组织的局部区域接触,流体流动通过该局部区域;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制所述至少一个冷却/加热组件的操作,以降低所述皮下富脂细胞的温度,从而当所述处理系统环绕的包围所述受试者的所述部分的时候,有选择的破坏所述局部区域中的皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述至少一个冷却/加热组件附近的非富脂细胞不受伤害。
5.根据权利要求4所述的系统,其中所述控制单元被配置为将所述至少一个冷却/加热组件维持在大约-15℃至大约5℃的平均温度范围。
6.根据权利要求4所述的系统,其中所述处理系统被配置为将所述富脂细胞冷却到低于或等于10℃的温度。
7.一种自受试者的目标组织块移除热量的系统,所述目标组织块包括皮下富脂细胞,所述系统包括:
处理系统,被配置为在需要有选择的减少脂肪组织的位置处接触并在所述目标组织块周围形成筒体;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制所述处理系统的操作,以降低所述目标组织块中所述皮下富脂细胞的温度,从而有选择的破坏所述目标组织块中的皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述处理系统附近的非富脂细胞基本不受伤害。
8.根据权利要求7所述的系统,其中所述控制单元被编程以控制所述处理系统以将所述处理系统的冷却/加热组件维持在大约-15℃至大约5℃的平均温度范围。
9.根据权利要求7所述的系统,其中所述控制单元被编程以将所述富脂细胞冷却到低于或等于10℃的温度。
10.一种自具有皮肤的受试者的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的处理系统,包括:
流体源,配置为提供加热/冷却流体;
处理装置,配置为在需要有选择的减少脂肪组织的位置处与具有皮下富脂细胞的局部区域进行热连通,所述装置被配置为耦合到所述流体源;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制冷却/加热流体流动通过所述处理装置,以有选择的破坏所述局部区域中的皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述受试者的表皮和/或真皮中的非富脂细胞基本不受伤害。
11.一种自具有皮肤的受试者的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的处理系统,包括:
流体源,配置为提供加热/冷却流体;
处理装置,配置为与皮下富脂细胞进行热连通,并且耦合到所述流体源;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制冷却/加热流体流动通过所述处理装置,以破坏所述皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述受试者的表皮和/或真皮中的非富脂细胞基本不受伤害;
其中所述控制单元进一步被编程以控制流体从所述流体源到所述处理装置的传送,以将所述皮下富脂细胞冷却到低于或等于10℃的温度。
12.一种用于影响受试者目标区域的皮下富脂细胞的处理系统,包括:
处理装置,配置为在需要有选择的减少脂肪组织的位置处在皮下富脂细胞局部区域与所述受试者的皮肤进行热连通,并且包括至少一个通道,冷却剂通过所述通道流动以将热量从所述受试者传送到所述冷却剂,从而从所述皮下富脂细胞移除热量;
流体源,可操作的移除所述冷却剂携带的热量并且输出所述冷却剂以传输至所述处理装置;
控制单元,被编程以控制冷却剂至所述处理装置的传输,以有选择的破坏所述局部区域中的皮下富脂细胞,同时使得非富脂细胞基本不受伤害。
13.根据权利要求12所述的处理系统,其中所述控制单元被编程以控制所述处理装置的操作以从所述受试者传送足够量的热量至所述冷却剂,以将所述富脂细胞冷却到低于或等于10℃的温度。
14.根据权利要求12所述的处理系统,其中所述流体源输出所述冷却剂以将所述处理装置的冷却组件维持在大约-15℃至大约10℃的平均温度。
15.一种自具有皮肤的受试者的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的处理系统,包括:
流体源,配置为提供流体;
处理装置,配置为耦合到所述流体源,并且包括加热/冷却组件,所述处理装置配置为在需要有选择的减少脂肪组织的位置处与皮下富脂细胞的局部区域进行热连通,从而由所述流体源输出的所述流体流动通过所述处理装置;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制所述流体的流动以将所述加热/冷却组件维持在大约-15℃至大约10℃的温度,以有选择的破坏所述局部区域中的皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述受试者的表皮和/或真皮中的非富脂细胞基本不受伤害。
16.根据权利要求15所述的处理系统,其中所述流体源将所述流体传输至所述处理装置,以将所述富脂细胞冷却到低于或等于10℃的温度。
17.一种用于影响受试者目标区域的皮下富脂细胞的系统,包括:
处理单元,包括腔室,冷却组件,以及振动装置,其中所述腔室被配置为接收所述目标区域的组织;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制所述冷却组件的操作以降低所述目标区域的温度,从而破坏所述皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述受试者的非富脂细胞基本不受伤害;
其中所述振动装置可操作以向所述目标区域提供机械运动;并且
其中所述控制单元被进一步编程以在降低所述皮下富脂细胞的温度之后命令所述振动装置向所述目标区域提供所述机械运动。
18.一种用于影响受试者目标区域的皮下富脂细胞的系统,包括:
处理装置,包括冷却组件以及机械运动装置;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制所述冷却组件的操作以降低所述目标区域的温度,从而破坏所述皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述受试者的非富脂细胞基本不受伤害;
其中所述机械运动装置可操作以向所述目标区域提供机械运动;并且
其中所述控制单元被进一步编程以在降低所述皮下富脂细胞的温度之后命令所述机械运动装置向所述目标区域提供所述机械运动。
19.根据权利要求18所述的系统,其中所述控制单元被进一步编程以控制所述冷却组件的操作以将所述冷却组件维持在大约-15℃至大约5℃的平均温度。
20.一种自受试者区域的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的处理系统,包括:
处理单元,包括:
腔室,被配置为接收所述区域的目标组织;
至少一个处理界面;
至少一个冷却组件,可操作的耦合到所述至少一个操作界面;
控制单元,被编程以控制所述冷却组件的操作以降低所述区域的温度,从而破坏所述区域的目标组织中的富脂细胞,同时使得所述受试者的表皮和/或真皮中的非富脂细胞基本不受伤害;
机械运动装置,可操作以在所述腔体中机械的移动所述目标组织以影响所述皮下富脂细胞的破坏;
其中所述控制单元进一步被编程以在降低所述皮下富脂细胞的温度后命令所述机械运动装置向所述皮下富脂细胞提供机械运动。
21.根据权利要求20所述的系统,其中所述至少一个冷却组件被配置为维持大约-15℃至大约5℃的平均温度范围。
22.根据权利要求20所述的系统,所述系统被配置为将所述富脂细胞冷却到低于或等于10℃的温度。
23.一种自受试者目标区域的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的处理系统,所述处理系统包括:
处理单元,配置为产生位于所述受试者真皮和表皮中至少一个中的能量场,并且包括冷却/加热组件;以及
控制单元,被编程以控制所述处理单元的操作以降低所述目标区域的温度,从而破坏所述皮下富脂细胞,同时使得所述受试者的非富脂细胞基本不受伤害。
24.根据权利要求23所述的系统,其中所述控制单元被进一步编程以控制所述冷却/加热组件的操作以将所述富脂细胞冷却到低于或等于10℃的温度。
25.根据权利要求23所述的系统,所述控制单元被进一步编程以控制所述冷却/加热组件的操作以维持大约-10℃至大约5℃的平均温度范围。
26.一种自受试者目标区域的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的处理系统,包括:
处理单元,配置为在所述受试者的组织中产生能量场,并且包括冷却/加热组件,冷却/加热组件配置为降低所述目标区域的温度,从而破坏所述皮下富脂细胞,而所述受试者的非富脂细胞基本不被破坏;以及
反馈机制,配置为监控所述皮下富脂细胞中的晶体形成。
27.一种自受试者目标区域的皮下富脂细胞移除热量的处理系统,所述处理系统包括:
处理单元;以及
控制单元,被编程为控制所述处理单元的操作以输出位于所述受试者真皮和表皮中至少一个处的能量,并且降低所述目标区域的温度,从而破坏所述皮下富脂细胞,而所述受试者的非富脂细胞基本不被破坏。
28.根据权利要求27所述的系统,所述控制单元被进一步编程以控制所述处理单元的操作以将所述目标区域的富脂细胞冷却至大约-10℃至大约10℃的温度。
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