CN104476864A - 浸渍布 - Google Patents

浸渍布 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104476864A
CN104476864A CN201410661617.8A CN201410661617A CN104476864A CN 104476864 A CN104476864 A CN 104476864A CN 201410661617 A CN201410661617 A CN 201410661617A CN 104476864 A CN104476864 A CN 104476864A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
surface layer
cloth
space
fiber
fabric
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201410661617.8A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
威廉·堪培尔·克劳福特
彼得·艾瑞克·布瑞温
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Concrete Canvas Ltd
Original Assignee
Concrete Canvas Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Concrete Canvas Ltd filed Critical Concrete Canvas Ltd
Publication of CN104476864A publication Critical patent/CN104476864A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04B—KNITTING
    • D04B21/00—Warp knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
    • D04B21/14—Fabrics characterised by the incorporation by knitting, in one or more thread, fleece, or fabric layers, of reinforcing, binding, or decorative threads; Fabrics incorporating small auxiliary elements, e.g. for decorative purposes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
    • D06M11/83—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with metals; with metal-generating compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls; Reduction of metal compounds on textiles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/24—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B19/00—Machines or methods for applying the material to surfaces to form a permanent layer thereon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B23/00—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects
    • B28B23/0006—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects the reinforcement consisting of aligned, non-metal reinforcing elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C53/00—Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening or flattening; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C53/005—Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening or flattening; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
    • B32B13/14—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
    • B32B3/12—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by a layer of regularly- arranged cells, e.g. a honeycomb structure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
    • B32B3/18—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by an internal layer formed of separate pieces of material which are juxtaposed side-by-side
    • B32B3/22—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by an internal layer formed of separate pieces of material which are juxtaposed side-by-side of spaced pieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/026—Knitted fabric
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/06—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by a fibrous or filamentary layer mechanically connected, e.g. by needling to another layer, e.g. of fibres, of paper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
    • C04B40/0067—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability making use of vibrations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
    • C04B7/32—Aluminous cements
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B1/00—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating
    • D06B1/10—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by contact with a member carrying the treating material
    • D06B1/12—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by contact with a member carrying the treating material by rubbing contact, e.g. with brushes or pads
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B3/00—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating
    • D06B3/10—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating of fabrics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
    • D06M23/08—Processes in which the treating agent is applied in powder or granular form
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
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    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
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    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/92—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers
    • E04B1/94—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers against fire
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
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    • E04C5/07—Reinforcing elements of material other than metal, e.g. of glass, of plastics, or not exclusively made of metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种可固化为刚性或半刚性的织物，包括第一面层；第二面层，通过一空间与第一面层隔开；连接纤维，遍布在第一和第二面层之间；和粉末材料，位于第一和第二面层间的空间内，添加液体或暴露于辐射时固化成刚性或半刚性的固体。其中，两面层之间的空间的体积由连接纤维约束的两面层之间分开的距离限制；而连接纤维在固化时可为粉末材料提供增强作用。

Description

浸渍布
技术领域
本发明涉及一种浸渍有某种材料的布，当该材料与水混合时能固化，或者，在一个实施例中，当该材料暴露于辐射时也会固化。这种布有许多用途。
背景技术
WO 2005/124063描述了一种帐篷，包括帐篷垫和篷布。所述帐篷垫和篷布之间的空间可充入空气使篷布升高形成所述帐篷。所述篷布由浸渍有水泥的织物制成。所述织物可以是一种填棉毛毡，即松的非织造布。在将所述内部空间充气之前，用水湿润所述篷布，以便充气后，篷布上的水泥固化并形成一个刚性外壳，该刚性外壳可用作帐篷的自支撑式屋顶，因此，所述帐篷对于为灾区提供临时住所非常有用。
WO2007/144559公开了一种织物，包括一对相对设置的面层和自支撑纱线（也称作连接纤维），所述自支撑纱线遍布在所述面层之间，保持所述面层分隔设置，并保持固体粉末材料位于所述面层之间。所述粉末材料在加入液体或暴露于紫外辐射时能固化成刚性的或半刚性的固体，所述粉末也可以包含水泥，从而在加入水基液体时能固化为固结水泥或混凝土。在所述织物空间内的可固化材料的量为，当材料固化时，其基本上充满第一面层和第二面层之间的整个空间。所述织物（不包括所述粉末材料）可以是公知的市售间隔织物。在制造过程中，所述间隔织物的厚度可以通过为所述连接纤维选择合适的长度来决定。
US-4495235公开了一种扁平体，包括一个由水泥和骨料制成的芯层，所述芯层位于一覆盖层和一垫层之间。在水泥固化之前，所述覆盖层、垫层和芯层之间是由针线缝合在一起，因此所述覆盖层、垫层和芯层可形变地结合在一起。
在本说明书中，“布”或“填充布”用于表示具有一内部空间的间隔织物，且该内部空间含有可固化的粉末材料。间隔织物是指具有第一面层、第二面层和自支撑连接纤维的织物，其中，第一面层和第二面层由一空间隔开，自支撑连接纤维遍布在第一面层和第二面层之间，用于保持第一和第二面层间隔设置。所述可固化粉末材料也称为填充物，所述填充物包括两种材料，即与液体反应导致填充物固化的反应物，以及不与液体反应的物质，如辅料和惰性物质（如填料）。
粉末填充布存在的一个问题是填充物从间隔织物的开口边溢出，导致在制造、运输和使用填充布的时候造成混乱，织物边缘区域填充物的损失造成边缘区域的性能不同于布的其余区域，从而当使用布时，通常去除所述边缘区域。另外，一些粉状填料，特别是一些熔化温度与间隔织物纤维的熔化温度相差悬殊的填料，如水泥和大部分填料，会导致很难或不可能实现热切削和密封，有如下两个原因：首先，这些填料保持粉状并会粘住熔化的塑料，使其无法发挥密封材料的作用，其次，粉状填料增加了进行有效热切削所需的热输入，且粘住切削片使其无法整齐地熔化间隔织物的纤维。因此，为了进行热封，必须对所述布进行机械切削，且必须首先除去被密封边上的粉末。一种首选方法是使用真空吸尘器吸出靠近边缘区域的粉末，然后加热加压密封面层。所述工艺的多个步骤不仅费时费力或需要昂贵大型机器，而且由于进行有效热封需要具有无尘表面，该工艺常常是不可靠且速度缓慢。
填充布的另一个问题是难以控制在固化期间添加的液体的量。如果添加的液体的量少于填充物中所有反应物质完全固化所需的液体量，将造成一部分反应物的浪费，因此这部分反应物可以用比较便宜的惰性填料替代。最终，在布的中间可能存在一个含有未固化材料的区域，导致布的性能大大降低。虽然存在上述问题，如果固化液体是水且所述布在使用时接触到水，例如所述布受到雨淋，反应物在使用时可以完全固化。一般来说，尤其是当添加液体的量仅略微少于最适宜的量时，未硬化的材料会散布在固化材料中，使得获得的力学性能仅略微低于最佳力学性能。
另一方面，如果添加了过多的液体，后果将更为严重，例如，填充物可能会变为水泥浆且被从布上冲掉。而且，过多的液体不会反应，而是在反应物固化时充斥在填充物之内；固化完成后，这些液体会从布中流出，并在固化的填充物内留下空洞，从而降低了固化材料的密度。这将导致最终固化的产品的孔隙度较高，进而大大降低最终强度和抵抗液体入侵的能力，使所述布无法用于阻隔液体。此外，高的孔隙度可能导致其他不符合要求的性能，如更易遭受冷冻/解冻损害和化学侵蚀。
添加正确量的液体需要耗费大量时间和并由专业人才进行。
本发明改进了填充布，尤其是提供了上述问题的解决方案。
发明内容
根据本发明的第一方面，提供了一种可固化为刚性或半刚性的柔性布，所述布包括：
第一面层；
第二面层，通过一空间与第一面层隔开；
自支撑连接纤维，遍布在第一和第二面层之间，保持第一和第二面分隔设置；和
粉末材料，位于第一和第二面层之间的空间内，添加液体或暴露于辐射时固化成刚性或半刚性的固体。
其中，在所述布的一个或多个边缘上，第一和第二面层通过弹性纱线连接，从而至少部分封闭边缘的空间。
所述弹性纱线（下文称作边缘纱线）通常比所述自支撑连接纤维短，从而至少部分地封闭纤维边缘的空间，但是，当弹性纱线被拉长时，其长度等于（或大于）间隔织物的连接纤维的长度，且当弹性纱线在其本身的张力下收缩时，其达到所需的较短长度。所述弹性纱线能被拉伸至大于其长度的100%而不断裂。从而可使用同一台机器形成间隔织物的其他部位和间隔织物的边缘。在间隔织物的边缘，弹性纱线在伸长状态下可编织或针织从而部分或全部（最好为全部）取代普通的连接纤维纱线。当从制造所述织物的机器（如针织机）上取下所述织物时，边缘纱线的弹性使织物的面层在所述布的边缘互相拉近，从而至少在织物的边缘部分地封闭织物内的空间。
所述布的空间边缘部分或完全封闭意味着，当将粉末材料充入该空间时，粉末材料被限制在所述布内而不容易溢出。
本发明的这个方面可通过在一个或两个面层的边缘提供一个加长部来实施，所述加长部横向地延伸超出其余的面层且与织物的其余部分通过所述弹性纱线连接。所述布的边缘的弹性纱线将所述加长部拉向另一个面层，从而至少部分地封闭边缘的空间。
同样，加长边缘的长度可大于两面层之间的距离，以便当加长部被拉起时，所述加长边缘比面层高出一较短垂直距离。
所述粉末材料在添加水时可固化，在一个实施例中，所述粉末材料可包含水泥，可选硅酸盐水泥或高铝水泥，或二者的组合物或二者与其他水泥的组合物，其中与其他水泥相比，高铝水泥具有固化时间短和可以更快获得早期强度的优势。所述填充物可包括填料，如砂或细骨料、粉煤灰、玻璃珠、低密度的或回收的填料、切碎的天然或合成纤维、石灰粉、云母绝缘体、表面改性硅石、颜料、抗菌剂和抗辐射填料。所述水泥可与通常存在于水泥或混凝土组合物中的添加剂相结合。因此，所述水泥可包括一些反应改性剂，如锂化合物、钠化合物、有机化合物（柠檬酸、酒石酸）、硫酸盐、增塑剂、促进剂、缓速剂、超级增塑剂、收缩还原剂、防水剂和可分散聚合物粉末）。用于固化水泥的液体可以是海水或经添加其他化学品改性的水，这些化学品可以包括上述水溶性添加剂的任何一种。
或者，所述可固化材料可以是可固化多组分树脂中的一个组分，当两种或更多液体组分混合时，所述可固化树脂（如环氧树脂体系）固化。按照本发明的第一方面，所述粉末可以是UV可固化材料。
本发明的第二方面涉及一种控制添加到所述布的液体的量的方法。
至少第一面层或第二面层中的一个面层是硬化液体可透过的面层，而另一面层是固化液体可透过或无法透过的面层，或任何液体或气体都无法透过的面层。所述连接纤维限制两面层之间的空隙，由此限制最大内部体积。向所述布添加液体，液体透过一层（或两层）多孔面层，然后渗入填充物与反应物发生反应，使所述布固化成刚性布。
在所述布的第一和第二面层之间的粉末填充材料的密度不仅与填充物中的反应物和辅料颗粒的密度有关，而且与填充物的装填过程有关，特别是与由于颗粒未完全充满造成的空间的体积（空隙率）有关。通过认真调整制造条件以及选择反应物和其他辅料，特别是填料的性质、具体的粒度分布以及颗粒的密度和形状范围，可以控制颗粒的装填密度，由此控制装入材料的填充物内的空隙率。当将填充物装入且密封在材料中后，填充物无法溢出，从而将空隙率保持在制造时的水平。
添加液体后，空气从空隙中排出，部分反应物溶于所述液体，且所述液体使反应物膨胀。如果不受限制，反应物继续膨胀直到完全悬浮或溶解于所述液体。根据本发明的第二方面，由于所述连接纤维限制了两面层可分开的距离，所述布的两个面层间的空间体积受连接纤维的限制（在描述填充物固化和在此过程中向填充物施加力的上下文中，连接纤维具有固定长度）。所述面层具有一充分封闭结构，使甚至是饱和溶解在液体中的反应物或填料均无法透过面层。由此，所述织物可限制反应物的膨胀，进而控制填充物体积的增加。
因此，在该设置中，添加到布的一给定区域中填充物的液体的量可得到限制。上述目的主要是通过调整填充物内的空隙率和设定所述连接纤维的性能，如长度、刚度和织物内的连接纤维的数量来实现的，从而可容纳液体的空间体积等于需要添加的液体的体积，其中所述可容纳液体的空间包括在添加液体期间由填充物膨胀产生的压力导致的用于少量扩张的留置空间（给定量的填充物的留置空间取决于连接纤维的刚性和数量）。
通过在制造过程中控制下列变量，可以生产出孔隙比和膨胀得到控制的填充布，从而限制由液体组分可占据的空间：
·             连接纤维的布置、形状和物理性能，
·             选择具有适合的物理性质（包括密度和粒度）和形状分布特征的填充材料，
·             选择具有适合的物理性质（包括密度和粒度）和形状分布特征的反应物，
·             仔细控制制造工艺，特别是使装入的填充物在材料中具有准确的体积密度，以及
·             控制干填充物中的反应物和填料的比例。
例如，如果控制可用空间的体积接近于固化所有反应物所需添加的液体的最佳量，无论在布的周围有多少液体，都不会使过多的液体进入布的内部。这样做具有以下突出优势：
1.    材料可以浸入液体中，且在液体为水的优选实施例中，材料可在水下固化且不会改变固化材料的性能。
2.    大大降低了用户的错误产生的风险。
3.    降低了正确使用布所需的培训和技能水平。
4.    如果有额外的液体接触布，例如，所述布在雨中固化，不会改变固化材料的性能。
根据本发明的第二方面，提供了一种可固化为刚性或半刚性的柔性布，所述布包括：
第一面层；
第二面层，通过一空间与第一面层隔开；
自支撑连接纤维，遍布在第一和第二面层之间，保持第一和第二面层分隔设置；和
压实粉末材料，位于第一和第二面层之间的空间内，添加液体时固化成刚性或半刚性的固体。
其中，所述粉末材料基本上不能渗透第一和第二面层，但是液体能渗透至少一个面层，且在所述压实粉末材料中的反应物的量和种类、以及所述粉末材料的体积和压实度满足下列公式：
MV – OV = x * LV
其中
MV =        布内空间的最大容积（单位面积的布）。因此MV包括添加粉末材料之前布内空间的体积，以及在添加液体或材料固化期间，由粉末材料的膨胀压力产生的空间扩张导致的额外体积。可通过调整连接纤维的数量和刚度来改变额外体积，但额外体积通常不超出添加粉末材料之前布内空间体积的15%，如12%左右；
OV =       粉末材料的颗粒充满后，布内空间的体积，不包括粉末材料内空隙的体积（单位面积的布）；
LV =         液体的体积（单位面积的布），使混合填充物固化后达到长期（28天）最大抗压强度。可以凭经验得出该液体体积，或采用反应物制造商/混料师推荐的液体与反应物或混合料的比例；和
x =            0.65-1.1的系数。
系数x可小于1，如0.85-0.99，可以是0.87-0.91。例如，当使用某种高铝水泥配方时，液体为水，使用的x的值为0.89。
换言之，所述布，特别是可固化材料的压实度、可固化材料中的反应物的量和面层之间的最大体积满足空间内只能容纳预设量的液体，且液体的量与固化反应物所需的液体量相匹配。因此在正常使用中不会对布的内部添加过多的液体。
通常，由于不可避免的制造条件和材料的变化，添加的液体的最佳量，即反应物完全固化所需液体的最低量可能有轻微的变化。通常，添加过少的液体比添加过多的液体要好，即系数x最好小于1。然而，有时需要使用超出或低于理论最佳量的液体。例如，在某些应用条件下，可能需要高的孔隙度，此时液体与反应物的比例高于最佳值。在某些情况下，可能需要较低的比例，例如，未反应的试剂可以使材料具有有限的自愈性能，因为开裂可使液体渗入固化材料与固化材料内未反应的反应物进行反应。
为了获得所需的比例，通常，要求布内的干填料的密度较高，即织物内的填充物是被压紧的。除了控制液体与反应物的比例外，高密度的干填料还具有下列优点：
1.    当受到外力时，如在运输期间受到振动时，干填料在材料内部不易移动。
2.    当添加液体时，例如，将液体喷洒或喷射至一个或两个多孔面层上时，液体流动不易导致润湿填充物的移动。
3.    当材料被操作或折叠时，干燥的或润湿但未固化的填充物不易移动，从而避免在固化材料中形成薄弱区域或线条。
4.    在一些情况下，密度较高的反应物在单位面积上会放出更多热量，从而有利于促进反应进行，或在低温情况下即可发生反应。
应该注意的是，不能将干填料压的过紧，使得空隙率降低，布内的空间不足，无法容纳所需量的液体，或者，过于压实填充物颗粒会阻碍液体流过填充物的通道，以至于只有不足量的液体能接触到填充物中的反应物成分，导致只有不足量的反应物能发生反应。在实践中，大多数情况下很难达到这么高的压实度。
虽然WO 2007/144559中指出了所述织物的空间内的可固化材料的量应满足当材料固化时，其基本上充满第一面层和第二面层之间整个空间，却没有指出按照上述公式选择所述可固化材料的混合物和密度（即压实度），从而使用材料的混合物和密度来控制水和水泥的比例，进而通过避免添加过多液体来优化布的物理性能。同时，所述布可以在存在过多液体的情况下固化，如在水中，且仍能获得所需的物理性能。对于水泥填充布，特别是WO 2007/144559中所列举的布来说，本发明大体上要求谨慎选择填充材料和比WO 2007/144559更大的压实度，以遵守上述公式。
如上所述，可固化粉末材料和/或液体可包括助剂，如可固化材料相关技术中已知的增韧剂、起泡剂、填料、增强材料等。
可固化材料最好是通过织物的第一面层中形成的孔添加到织物中，这样，第一面层具有足够大的孔使材料可置于织物中。然而，当所述材料被置于织物中后，最好是使填充材料基本上不透过第一面层，在WO2007/144559中描述了几项技术可达到此目的。
首先，将可固化材料引入所述织物后，可在第一面层上粘合一层，如在建筑业或隧道挖掘中应用的防潮层。
其次，第一面层可由弹性纱线制成或包括弹性纱线，由此可拉伸顶面扩大面层中的孔，然后将可固化材料引入织物中，材料被添加到织物中后，释放拉伸力，将面层中的孔关闭至其大小使可固化材料不易从第一面层漏出。
再次，当可固化材料被引入织物后，可对第一面层进行处理以关闭第一面层中的孔。例如，可通过涂覆密封材料如胶粘剂来处理第一面层，或对第一面层进行溶剂处理来完全或部分关闭面层中的孔。在一个实施例中，在第一面层上（可使用刮刀）涂覆一层聚氯乙烯糊，并使用放射加热器或热风器加热固化聚氯乙烯糊。
第四，第一面层可以由加热时收缩的纤维织成，从而可将固化材料引入纤维织物，其中所述纤维织物具有充分打开使颗粒可通过的孔。当可固化材料被引入所述织物后，加热（例如，用热风）第一面层，使纤维收缩并关闭织物的孔，从而基本上防止可固化材料的颗粒漏出。
也可以将上述方法组合同时使用。
第二面层最好使可固化材料无法透过，以防止当填充物从第一面层装入时，从第二面层漏出。然而，为了帮助液体渗入空间，第二面层最好是能透过用于固化填充物的液体。因此，第二面层最好具有能透过液体而不能透过材料颗粒的孔。但是，如果第二面层中的孔太大而不能保持空间内的材料，可使用任何上述措施防止材料从第二面层漏出。
如上所述，织物的第二面层或第一和第二面层可满足液体可以透过面层进入空间以接触空间内的可固化粉末材料。为了使液体能够渗入，面层可具有孔（如上所述），和/或可使用特殊材料制成第一和第二面层的纱线，这种材料可以被液体润湿，从而使液体通过毛细作用被吸入第一和第二面层以接触到织物内的可固化材料。此外，第一和第二面层内的纤维之间的毛细作用可以帮助向可固化材料提供液体。用于形成第一和第二面层的适合材料包括：
·             聚丙烯，尤其是当可固化材料包括水泥时优选的材料，因为聚丙烯在碱性条件下具有良好的耐化学性；
·             镀膜玻璃纤维，可增强固化材料；
·             聚乙烯；
·             聚氯乙烯纤维，具有比较容易使用化学品粘合或热粘合的优点。
可使用各纤维的混合物。
织物内的连接纤维为自支撑式且应具有足够的刚性，即在压毁织物的外力下，连接纤维能充分抵抗弯曲，从而当可固化材料被装在第一面层上使其装入织物时，连接纤维能保持面层的间距。连接纤维的密度，即单位面积内的纱线数量，在添加材料颗粒时，是抵抗压毁力、保持面层间距的一个重要因素，同时，当材料颗粒位于上下面层之间时，也是限制材料颗粒移动的一个重要因素。通常，用于制造连接纤维的材料与面层的材料（如上所述）一样。连接纤维一般是具有最大刚度的单纤维。
根据本发明，重要的是连接纤维不可以将织物内的空间分隔为小的单独的密闭隔间，这样的话，会导致织物中的裂缝扩大，从而降低材料固化后织物的强度。
可固化材料的粒度应小到能被引入所述织物，但是也不能太小以至于漏出第一和/或第二面层的孔。特别地，可固化材料优选高铝水泥，因为与其他水泥相比，高铝水泥的特征是具有较短的固化时间且能更快地达到早期强度。
第一和第二面层及连接纤维最好是间隔织物的一部分，且可以通过针织工艺在第一和第二面层中形成孔。针织的第二面层最好是比第一面层更密致，使得第二面层中的孔小于第一面层中的孔，从而可固化粉末材料可通过第一面层中的较大孔被引入空间，且防止材料通过第二面层从织物中漏出。
本发明所述的布可以在制造好后的任何时间，通过添加液体（如水）使其固化。因此，所述织物可在一个地点制造，运输至另一个地点并在该地点通过添加液体固化，其中所用液体可在固化地点供给，从而减少了需运输的体积。浸渍有固体粉末的织物仍然是柔性的，可以折叠或卷起以便运输。
本发明所述的织物具有许多用途。首先，它可用于形成WO 2005/124063所述的预制帐篷的篷布。此外，它还可用于下列广泛用途：
·             形成用于车辆、行人或动物的道路；
·             将所述织物放置在一框架上形成帐篷；
·             制作用于浇注混凝土的模板；
·             形成屏障，如作为隧道的衬砌；
·             修理或加强某些结构，如屋顶；
·             制作地面或防潮结构；
·             加强土工结构物，如河岸和不稳定边坡；
·             用于防洪；
·             修理现有管道，包括地下水管，或铺设新管道；
·             给新结构或现有结构装设防火元件，如烟道的防火套或防火衬套；
·             形成飞机用硬路面、减少粉尘危害和容纳溢出的燃油，例如直升机着陆处和跑道；
·             加强沙袋结构和保护沙袋免受风和紫外线退化等因素造成的损害；
·             用作土方工程的衬砌和防止化学污染物浸出，例如用于挖坑掩埋或二次燃料包封工程；
·             形成用于容纳水的防水衬砌，如池塘、渠道衬砌和蓄水池、沉淀池或化粪池的衬砌；
·             形成固定天幕或屋顶结构；
·             制作排水沟的衬砌；
·             建筑物外部的防风雨面层；
·             形成耐用石笼结构的整体部分；
·             修理和/或加强石笼结构和保护其不受风和紫外线降解等因素的损害；
·             用于美化或装饰；或
·             形成浮动平台如船或浮码头的船体和上部构造。
如果可固化材料是需添加水固化的，可专门添加水，或者可将织物放在能接触到水的地方，如河道或室外可以吸收雨水的地方。例如，可以将织物掩埋在潮湿的泥土中使其能从土壤中吸水，从而使可固化材料固化。
一旦布硬化后，纤维仍可为固化填充材料提供增强作用并可大大增强其强度，如果填充材料出现开裂，纤维可支撑布的负荷，使布逐渐地（而非骤然地）破裂。
理论上，布的厚度没有限制，一般由生产技术决定。典型的厚度在2-70mm之间，如2-40mm，具有代表性的是在4-30mm之间，如4-20mm。限制材料厚度的一个重要因素是在外层的可固化材料固化之前，液体穿透可固化材料内部的能力。对厚度的进一步限制来自织物增加厚度的增加重量，如果厚度过大，面层将不能支撑织物内可固化材料的重量。
附图说明
下面将通过实施例对本发明的织物材料进行详细说明，其中参考的附图如下：
图1为间隔织物的示意图；
图2为织物的横断面视图；
图3为本发明中一个实施例的间隔织物的示意图；和
图4为用于针织图3中间隔织物的针线图。
具体实施方式
参照附图1，显示了针织间隔织物的图解，其中，间隔织物具有紧密编织的底面层10、较为松弛编织顶面层12、和延伸至在底面层10和顶面层12间的空间16中的连接纤维14。所述间隔织物由聚乙烯织物制成，这种5mm的间隔织物可从Scott & Fyfe公司购买到。
可固化材料，如水泥和填料或其他助剂是通过网眼针织顶面层12中的孔20被引入所述织物的。在制造所述间隔织物期间，通过针织工艺形成所述孔20。可以将水泥放置在间隔织物之上，即可从孔20漏入空间16。可以将间隔织物放置在振动床上或使用旋转刷将填充物刷入孔中，以帮助填充物穿过所述孔20。振动还可以使空间16内的水泥沉降从而尽量减少空隙或气孔的形成。
底面层10具有较紧密的针织结构，其中的孔小于顶面层中的孔，且底层的孔需足够小以防止大量水泥从孔中漏出。
材料被引入空间16后，用一薄层聚氯乙烯糊密封顶面层12，然后加热表面固化聚氯乙烯糊。
水可通过底面层10中的孔渗入所述织物；连接纤维14可辅助水泥水合，即通过毛细作用将水吸入织物内部。
所述布（包括织物和空间16内的可固化填充材料）是柔性的，在引入液体固化空间内的材料之前，可以形成各种形状。
织物内的长纤维18和较短纤维在固化时可增强所述材料并防止裂缝扩大。
图3显示了一种可用于制造本发明所述布的间隔织物。除下文所述的内容之外，图3所示的间隔织物与图1和图2所示的织物一致，且使用的与图1和图2相同的参考编号同样可用于图3以显示相同的特征。但是，在图3的织物中，底面层10的边缘上的一加长部分24延伸至超出顶面层12的边缘，所述加长部分24和底面层10使用完全一样的方法制作，但是加长部分与顶面层12之间通过连接纤维26相连接，连接纤维26由在针织期间拉伸的弹性材料制成。当停止对弹性连接纤维26施加张力时，例如当从针织机上取下织物时，所述加长部分24通过连接纤维26围住织物的边缘，从而封闭织物的边缘。当通过顶层12中的孔20加入可固化填充时物，可固化填充物不会从织物的侧面溢出。
图4显示了用于针织图3所示的间隔织物边缘的针线图案，其中，大部分间隔织物由普通纱线形成，如聚丙烯，以字母N显示，用于形成连接纤维26的弹性材料用字母E显示。
实施例1
用上述振动和涂刷技术将高铝水泥装入图3所示的织物中形成填充布。用水固化所述水泥。在本实施例中，水与水泥的理论最佳比例为按重量计0.4。所述布具有多孔面层10，其具有充分密闭结构，以防止大量干水泥粉末和浸水的水泥粉末从所述多孔面层漏出，另一个面层12具有不透水的聚氯乙烯覆盖层以封闭孔20。两个面层通过单丝聚乙烯连接纤维连接在一起。压实高铝水泥，使得总干密度为1.35g/cm3，两面层的外表面之间的平均厚度7.3mm。
连接纤维相互间隔呈微弯曲状，具有充分的刚度，浸入水中后，两面层之间的水泥粉末膨胀引起的内部体积增加控制在14%。当浸入水后，增加的体积完全被水充满，意味着材料的重量增加了10%。除体积增加外，水将空气从空隙中排出，并溶解一部分水泥，使重量进一步增加22%。
继续浸渍不会引起重量进一步增加。因此，织物结构将水与水泥的比例限制为略微低于0.4，最好为0.32，以获得最大抗压强度（28天）。换言之，上述公式中的系数x为0.32/0.4 = 0.8。

Claims (21)

1.一种可固化为刚性或半刚性的的浸渍布，包括：
第一面层；
第二面层，由一空间与第一面层隔开；
连接纤维，遍布在第一和第二面层之间；和
粉末材料，位于第一和第二面层间的空间内，添加液体或暴露于辐射时固化成刚性或半刚性的固体；
其中，两面层之间的空间的体积由连接纤维约束的两面层之间分开的距离限制；而连接纤维在固化时可为粉末材料提供增强作用。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的布，其特征在于，所述第一和第二面层由连接纤维的布置、形状和物理性能限制。
3.根据权利要求1所述的布，其特征在于，所述可固化粉末物料包括水泥，如含有增塑剂及其他助剂的水泥基干混凝土混合物。
4.根据上述任一权利要求所述的布，其特征在于第一面层具有足够大的孔，使粉末材料能够可以进入空间，这些孔至少被部分密封或缩小其大小，从而保持空间内的可固化粉末材料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的布，其特征在于，所述孔由密封剂、热固性材料或涂装在第一面层的材料至少部分密封。
6.根据上述任一权利要求所述的布，其特征在于在所述第一面层上进一步增加一层。
7.  根据权利要求6所述的布，其特征在于所述所增加的一层是不透液体或不透气的防潮层。
8.  根据上述任一权利要求所述的布，其特征在于所述第二面层具有足够小的孔，以保持空间内的可固化粉末材料不外漏，但液体可通过第二面层的孔使粉末材料固化。
9. 根据上述任一权利要求所述的布，其特征在于，当所述布固化后，纤维可为固化粉末材料提供增强作用，如果粉末材料出现裂缝，纤维可支撑布的负荷，使布逐渐地而非骤然地破裂。
10. 根据上述任一权利要求所述的布，其特征在于，布内的连接纤维和短纤维在固化时可增强所述材料，并防止裂缝扩大。
11. 根据上述任一权利要求所述的布，其特征在于，其中，在所述布的一个或多个边缘上，第一和第二面层通过弹性纱线连接，弹性纱线比自支撑式纤维短，从而部分封闭布边缘的空间。
12.       根据权利要求11所述的布，其特征在于， 在所述一个或多个边缘上，第一和/或第二面层包括一横向延伸超出面层其余部分的边缘部分，边缘部分与织物的其余部分由弹性纱线相连，所述弹性纱线牵引延伸部分至另一面层，从而至少部分地封闭布边缘的空间。
13. 根据权利要求11或12所述的布，其特征在于，弹性纱线成为纤维边缘的一部分，例如，在纤维制造过程中，弹性纱线替代部分或全部自支撑连接纤维。
14. 一种用于制造权利要求1-13之一所述的浸渍布的方法，包括：
提供具有第一面层、第二面层和自支撑连接纤维的织物，其中，第一面层和第二面层由一空间隔开，连接纤维遍布在第一面层和第二面层之间；
在所述织物内的空间装入一种粉末材料，如水泥，添加液体后，粉末材料能固化成刚性或半刚性的固体。
15. 根据权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，将粉末材料置于第一面层之上，并振动织物和/或将粉末材料刷入所述织物。
16.根据权利要求14或15所述的方法，其特征在于，将粉末材料通过第一面层的孔装入空间内部，粉末材料装好后，缩小孔的大小或关闭孔。
17. 根据权利要求16所述的方法，其特征在于通过在第一面层上涂装密封剂来部分或完全密封第一面层的孔，或在第一面层上增加一粘合层，以便缩小孔的大小或关闭孔。
18.一种用于固化权利要求1-13之一所述的布的方法，其特征在于，通过在布上添加液体使所述可硬化粉末材料硬化。
19. 根据权利要求18所述的方法，其特征在于，吸水后的布的含水量低于能够使粉末完全固化所需的最佳含水量，这样以来，未反应的粉末能够影响材料的自我修复性能，材料的裂缝能够让水渗透固化材料，从而使水与未反应的粉末在固化材料中反应。
20.一种用于固化权利要求1至13任一项所述的布的方法，其特征在于，将布浸没在液体中使所述可固化粉末材料硬化。
21. 根据权利要求1-13之一所述的浸渍布或权利要求14-20任一项制备的浸渍布的用途：
形成预制帐篷的篷布；
形成用于车辆、行人或动物的道路；
将所述织物放置在一框架上形成帐篷；
制作用于浇注混凝土的模板；
形成屏障；
修理或加强某些结构；
制作地面或防潮结构；
加强土工结构物；
用于防洪；
修理现有管道，或铺设新管道；
给新结构或现有结构装设防火元件；
形成飞机用的、减少粉埃危害和容纳溢出的燃油的硬路面；
加强沙袋结构和保护沙袋免受风和紫外线退化等因素的造成损害；
用作土方工程的衬砌和防止化学污染物浸出；
形成用于容纳水的防水衬砌，如池塘、渠道衬砌和蓄水池、沉淀池或化粪池的衬砌；
形成固定天幕或屋顶结构；
制作排水沟的衬砌；
建筑物外部的防风雨面层；
形成耐用石笼结构的整体部分；
修理和/或加强石笼结构和保护其不受风和紫外线降解等因素的损害；
用于美化或装饰；或
形成浮动平台的船体和上部构造。
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