CN104081568B - 包含含有水性粘合剂的负极的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
包含含有水性粘合剂的负极的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104081568B CN104081568B CN201380007071.8A CN201380007071A CN104081568B CN 104081568 B CN104081568 B CN 104081568B CN 201380007071 A CN201380007071 A CN 201380007071A CN 104081568 B CN104081568 B CN 104081568B
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- lithium secondary
- secondary battery
- negative
- negative pole
- electrode
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- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)nickel Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Ni]=O VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012946 outsourcing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000379 polypropylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-7-carboxylate Chemical compound C1N(C(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CCCC11CNCC1 ISIJQEHRDSCQIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[NH2-] BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包含涂布有包含负极活性材料的负极混合物的负极、涂布有包含正极活性材料的正极混合物的正极、以及非水电解质,其中所述负极混合物包含羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和丁苯橡胶(SBR)作为水性粘合剂,所述羧甲基纤维素(CMC)的羧甲基(‑CH2CO2H)对羟基(‑OH)的取代度为0.7~1.2、分子量(Mn)为500000~900000且pH为6.5~8.0,所述丁苯橡胶(SBR)的粒径为90nm~150nm且拉伸强度为90kgf~160kgf,且所述负极的电极涂布量为10~20mg/cm2,所述锂二次电池增强电极加工性并降低溶胀现象。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种包含含有水性粘合剂的负极的锂二次电池,更特别地,涉及一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包含涂布有包含负极活性材料的负极混合物的负极、涂布有包含正极活性材料的正极混合物的正极、以及非水电解质,其中所述负极混合物包含羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和丁苯橡胶(SBR)作为水性粘合剂,所述羧甲基纤维素(CMC)的羧甲基(-CH2CO2H)对羟基(-OH)的取代度为0.7~1.2、分子量(Mn)为500000~900000且pH为6.5~8.0,所述丁苯橡胶(SBR)的粒径为90nm~150nm且拉伸强度为90kgf~160kgf,且所述负极的电极涂布量为10~20mg/cm2。
背景技术
随着化石燃料使用的急剧增加,使用替代能源或清洁能源的需求在增加。由此,对利用电化学反应的发电和电力存储领域进行了最积极地研究。
作为使用电化学能的电化学装置的代表性实例,目前使用二次电池且其使用逐渐扩展。
近来,随着关于便携式装置如便携式计算机、便携式电话、照相机等的技术的持续开发和由其造成的需求的持续增加,对作为能源的二次电池的需求急剧增加。在这些二次电池中,正在对具有高能量密度、高运行电压、长循环寿命和低自放电倍率的锂二次电池进行研究且这种锂二次电池可商购获得并被广泛使用。
另外,随着对环境问题的关注的日益增加,正在对电动车辆、混合动力车辆等进行研究,所述电动车辆和混合动力车辆等能够代替使用化石燃料的车辆如汽油车辆、柴油车辆等,所述使用化石燃料的车辆是空气污染的一个主要原因。作为电动车辆、混合动力车辆等的电源,主要使用镍-金属氢化物二次电池。然而,对具有高能量密度和高放电电压的锂二次电池进行了积极研究且一部分锂二次电池可商购获得。
常规的锂二次电池使用石墨作为负极活性材料并在正极的锂离子重复嵌入负极并从负极脱嵌的同时实施充电和放电工序。尽管电池的理论容量随电极活性材料的类型而存在差别,但在大部分情况中,充电和放电容量随循环的进行而劣化。
这种现象主要归因于活性材料的非功能化,所述非功能化是由如下造成的:随着电池充电和放电的进行发生的电极体积变化导致电极活性材料组分分离或电极活性材料与集电器之间分离。另外,在嵌入和脱嵌过程中,嵌入负极的锂离子不能适当从其脱嵌并由此负极活性位点减少,因此随着循环的进行,电池的充电和放电容量以及寿命特性劣化。
特别地,为了提高放电容量,当组合使用具有372mAh/g理论放电容量的天然石墨和具有高放电容量的材料如硅、锡、Si-Sn合金等时,这些材料的体积膨胀随充电和放电的进行而明显增大。因此,负极材料与电极材料分离,并因此电池容量随循环的重复而急剧下降。
由此,本领域迫切需要研究如下粘合剂和电极材料,其可以具有强胶粘强度以在制造电极时防止电极活性材料组分之间的分离和电极活性材料与集电器之间的分离,并可以具有强的物理性质以通过对由重复充放电造成的电极活性材料的体积膨胀进行控制而实现电极的结构稳定性,并因此增强电池性能。
常规的有机溶剂基粘合剂即聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)不满足这种要求,由此近来提出了一种使用通过如下制备的粘合剂的方法且这种粘合剂可商购获得:通过水基粘合剂如丁苯橡胶(SBR)的水性聚合制备乳液粒子并将所述乳液粒子与增稠剂等混合。这些粘合剂是生态友好的且以少量使用,由此可以提高电池的容量。
然而,现有的增稠剂如羧甲基纤维素,由于难以在具有高粘度和稳定性的同时增加电极浆料的固体,所以劣化了电池的加工性。另外,增稠剂经历高温下羧基的分解并由此经历溶胀,在所述溶胀中当将电极组件放置在高温下时由于在高温下产生气体而导致所述电极组件膨胀。
因此,迫切需要开发一种包含水性粘合剂的锂二次电池,所述水性粘合剂增强电池的总体特性、对电极赋予结构稳定性并具有高的胶粘强度。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明的目的是解决相关领域的上述问题并实现长期寻求的目标。
作为各种广泛且细致的研究和实验的结果,如下所述,本发明的发明人开发了一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包含含有满足预定物理性质的作为水性粘合剂的CMC和SBR的负极,并确认,当将包含这些水性粘合剂的负极用于二次电池中时,可以增强电池的加工性并可以降低溶胀,由此完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包含涂布有包含负极活性材料的负极混合物的负极、涂布有包含正极活性材料的正极混合物的正极、以及非水电解质,其中所述负极混合物包含羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和丁苯橡胶(SBR)作为水性粘合剂,所述羧甲基纤维素(CMC)的羧甲基(-CH2CO2H)对羟基(-OH)的取代度为0.7~1.2、分子量(Mn)为500000~900000且pH为6.5~8.0,所述丁苯橡胶(SBR)的粒径为90nm~150nm且拉伸强度为90kgf~160kgf,且所述负极的电极涂布量为10~20mg/cm2。
将作为水性粘合剂的SBR以乳液的形式分散在水中并由此不需要使用有机溶剂。另外,SBR具有强的胶粘强度并由此以减少的量使用并提高负极活性材料的量,由此适合实现锂二次电池的高容量。此处,为了调节负极活性材料的粘度而添加的作为增稠剂的CMC在高温下产生气体,由此当将电极组件放置在高温下时,发生溶胀。
由于根据本发明的锂二次电池包含满足预定物理性质的CMC和SBR,所以单位体积的活性材料的比例可以提高并由此可以实现高容量,且如同通过如下实验例所确认的,电极的加工性会因负极浆料中固体含量的提高而增强且溶胀会下降。
通常,当负极的电极涂布量太大时,电阻增大并由此会造成C倍率的急剧下降,由此通常,电极具有13mg/cm2以下的电极涂布量。
相比之下,本发明的发明人确认,当使用满足预定物理性质的负极水性粘合剂时,即使当电极涂布量大且电池的寿命特性等增强时,仍可防止电池特性的劣化。根据本发明的负极可以具有13~8mg/cm2的电极涂布量。当电极涂布量太小或太大时,电极的加工性会劣化。
所述负极可以具有1.5~1.7g/cc的电极密度。
在一个实施方式中,CMC的取代度可以为0.9~1.1且分子量为750000~850000,且其1%的水溶液可以具有7.5~8.0的pH。
在另一个例示性实施方式中,SBR可以具有110nm~130nm的粒径和100kgf~155kgf的拉伸强度。
基于重量比,CMC对SBR的量比可以为1:0.1~1:5。
所述CMC的取代度、分子量和pH,SBR的粒径和拉伸强度以及CMC对SBR的量比处于最佳范围而增强电极的加工性并降低溶胀,且当超出上述范围时,可能不能获得期望的效果。
根据本发明的负极活性材料没有特别限制且其实例包括碳和石墨材料如天然石墨、人造石墨、膨胀石墨、碳纤维、硬碳、炭黑、碳纳米管、富勒烯和活性炭;可与锂合金化的金属如Al、Si、Sn、Ag、Bi、Mg、Zn、In、Ge、Pb、Pd、Pt、Ti等以及含有这些元素的化合物;金属及其化合物的复合物与碳和石墨材料的复合物;以及含锂的氮化物。其中,优选碳基材料。作为非限制性实例,所述碳基材料可以为选自如下的至少一种:石墨基碳、焦炭基碳和硬碳。
另外,所述石墨基碳可以由球形粒子组成并可以为具有其中拉曼(Raman)光谱的R值[R=I1350/I1580](I1350为在1350cm-1附近的拉曼强度且I1580为在1580cm-1附近的拉曼强度)为0.30~1.0的结晶度的天然石墨。
通过鳞状天然石墨原料的粉碎和集结可以将这种天然石墨制成球形形状且制备的球形天然石墨具有最小化的比表面积并由此可以减少电解质在活性材料表面处的分解。由此,当将球形化的天然石墨与鳞状天然石墨组合使用时,电极的填充密度提高且能量密度可以增强。
根据本发明的负极活性材料构成选择性地包含导电材料、粘合剂、填料等的负极混合物。
基于包含负极活性材料的混合物的总重量,所述导电材料典型地以1重量%~30重量%的量添加。对导电材料没有特别限制,只要其在制造的电池中不会造成化学变化并具有导电性即可。导电材料的实例包括:石墨;炭黑如炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法炭黑、炉黑、灯黑和热裂法炭黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳粉末、铝粉末和镍粉末;导电晶须如氧化锌和钛酸钾;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;和聚亚苯基衍生物。可商购获得的导电材料的实例包括:乙炔黑系列如由雪佛龙化工公司(Chevron Chemical)制造的产品或由Denka Singapore private limited制造的Denka黑;由海湾石油公司(GulfOil)制造的产品;科琴黑;由Armak制造的EC系列;由卡博特公司(Cabot)制造的Vulcan XC-72;以及由特密高公司(Timcal)制造的Super P。
负极粘合剂是有助于活性材料与导电材料之间的结合并有助于活性材料对集电器的结合的组分。基于包含负极活性材料的混合物的总重量,可以典型地以1~30重量%的量添加负极粘合剂。作为负极粘合剂,如上所述,使用具有预定物理性质的SBR和CMC。
填料用作用于抑制正极膨胀的组分并任选使用。填料没有特别限制,只要其为在制造的电池中不会造成化学变化的纤维材料即可。填料的实例包括烯烃类聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;以及纤维材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
可以将负极混合物涂布在集电器上以构成二次电池用负极。可以通过将浆料涂布在负极集电器上并对经涂布的负极集电器进行干燥和压制而制造负极,所述浆料通过将包含负极活性材料的负极混合物与诸如NMP等的溶剂进行混合而制备。
典型地将负极集电器制成3~500μm的厚度。负极集电器没有特别限制,只要其不会在制造的电池中造成化学变化并具有导电性即可。例如,负极集电器可以由如下制成:不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;经碳、镍、钛或银表面处理过的铝或不锈钢等。负极集电器可以在其表面处具有细小的不规则,从而提高负极集电器与负极活性材料之间的粘附力。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用负极集电器。
同时,根据本发明的正极活性材料可以为由下式1表示的锂镍-锰钴氧化物:LiaNixMnyCozO2,其中0.8≤a<1.2,0.2≤x<1,0<y<1,0<z<1且x+y+z=1。这种正极活性材料具有大于锂钴氧化物的容量的高容量并具有比锂镍氧化物更高的结构稳定性。
作为正极活性材料,可以单独使用由上式1表示的锂过渡金属氧化物。根据需要,可以组合使用能够嵌入和脱嵌锂离子的其他正极活性材料。
其他正极活性材料的实例包括但不限于,层状化合物如锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)和锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2)、或被一种或多种过渡金属置换的所述化合物;锂锰氧化物如式Li1+ yMn2-yO4(其中0≤y≤0.33)的化合物、LiMnO3、LiMn2O3以及LiMnO2;锂铜氧化物(Li2CuO2);钒氧化物如LiV3O8、LiV3O4、V2O5和Cu2V2O7;具有式LiNi1-yMyO2的Ni位点型锂镍氧化物,其中M=Co、Mn、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B或Ga,且0.01≤y≤0.3;具有式LiMn2-yMyO2的锂锰复合氧化物,其中M=Co、Ni、Fe、Cr、Zn或Ta,且0.01≤y≤0.1,或具有式Li2Mn3MO8的锂锰复合氧化物,其中M=Fe、Co、Ni、Cu或Zn;其中一部分Li原子被碱土金属离子置换的LiMn2O4;二硫化合物;以及Fe2(MoO4)3。
在一个例示性实施方式中,除了式1的锂过渡金属氧化物之外,正极活性材料可以还包含LiCoO2,且基于正极活性材料的总重量,可以以20重量%~80重量%的量包含LiCoO2。
在这点上,式1的锂过渡金属氧化物显示高的放电容量并由此基于正极活性材料的总重量,可以以至少20重量%的量、更特别地20重量%~90重量%的量包含。
通过例如将包含正极活性材料的正极混合物涂布在正极集电器上并对经涂布的正极集电器进行干燥,可以制造正极。根据需要,所述正极混合物可以还包含上述组分。
此处,作为正极粘合剂,可以使用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)等。
通常将正极集电器制成3~500μm的厚度。正极集电器没有特别限制,只要其在制造的电池中不会造成化学变化并具有高导电性即可。例如,正极集电器可以由如下制成:铜;不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;经碳、镍、钛、银等表面处理过的铜或不锈钢;或铝-镉合金。与负极集电器类似,正极集电器可在其表面处具有细小的不规则,从而提高正极活性材料与正极集电器之间的粘附力。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式中的任意形式使用正极集电器。
根据本发明的锂二次电池可以还包含隔膜。所述隔膜设置在正极与负极之间并使用具有高离子渗透率和机械强度的绝缘薄膜作为隔膜。隔膜典型地具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为隔膜,使用由如下制成的片或无纺布:烯烃聚合物如聚丙烯、玻璃纤维或聚乙烯,其具有耐化学性和疏水性。当使用固体电解质如聚合物作为电解质时,所述固体电解质还可以充当隔膜。
含锂盐的非水电解质由电解质和锂盐构成。作为电解质,可使用非水有机溶剂、有机固体电解质、无机固体电解质等。
例如,非水有机溶剂可以为非质子有机溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯等。
有机固体电解质的实例包括聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚搅拌赖氨酸(poly agitation lysine)、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含有离子离解基团的聚合物。
无机固体电解质的实例包括锂(Li)的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐,如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是易溶于非水电解质的材料。其实例包括LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和酰亚胺。
另外,为了提高充/放电特性和阻燃性,例如,可以向非水电解质添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六磷酸三酰胺(hexaphosphorictriamide)、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。在某些情况中,为了赋予不燃性,电解质可还包含含卤素的溶剂如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了提高高温储存特性,电解质可另外包含二氧化碳气体、碳酸氟代亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯磺酸内酯(PRS)、碳酸氟代亚丙酯(FPC)等。
根据本发明的锂二次电池可以用于用作小型装置的电源的电池单元中,且还可用作用作中型和大型装置的电源的包含多个电池单元的中型或大型电池模块中的单元电池。
所述中型和大型装置的实例包括但不限于,电动马达驱动的电动工具;电动车辆(EV)、混合动力车辆(HEV)和插电式混合动力车辆(PHEV);电动双轮车辆如电动自行车和电动滑板车;以及电动高尔夫球车。
附图说明
根据结合附图的如下详细说明,将更清楚地理解本发明的上述和其他方面、特征和其他优势,其中:
图1是显示在实验例2中得到的根据实施例3和比较例3制造的二次电池的电压随放电时间的变化的测量结果的图;
图2是显示在实验例3中得到的根据实施例1和比较例1制造的二次电池的寿命特性和厚度变化的图;
图3是显示在实验例3中得到的根据实施例3和比较例3的二次电池的寿命特性和厚度变化的图;
图4是显示在实验例3中得到的根据实施例6和比较例8制造的二次电池的寿命特性和厚度变化的图;
图5是显示在实验例3中得到的根据实施例7和比较例11制造的二次电池的寿命特性和厚度变化的图;
图6是显示在实验例3中得到的根据比较例9制造的二次电池的寿命特性和厚度变化的图;且
图7是显示在实验例3中得到的根据比较例10制造的二次电池的寿命特性和厚度变化的图。
具体实施方式
现在,将参考附图和如下实施例对本发明进行更详细地说明。提供这些实施例仅用于说明本发明且不应将其解释为限制本发明的范围和主旨。
<实施例1>
1-1制造负极
对如下物质进行混合:作为水性粘合剂的具有1取代度和800000分子量(Mn)且其1%水溶液的pH为7.83的羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、以及作为水性粘合剂的具有120nm粒径和110kgf拉伸强度的丁苯橡胶(SBR)。随后,以1:1:98的比例对SBR、CMC和作为负极活性材料的具有0.2结晶度的天然石墨进行混合以制备负极混合物浆料,以13mg/cm2的电极涂布量将负极混合物浆料涂布在Cu集电器上,并在120℃的真空烘箱中对经涂布的制得结构进行干燥,由此完成负极的制造。
1-2制造正极
以96:2:2的比例对作为正极活性材料的LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2、作为导电材料的天然石墨和作为粘合剂的PVdF进行混合以制备正极混合物浆料,将正极混合物浆料涂布在作为金属集电器的Al箔上,并在120℃的真空烘箱中对经涂布的Al箔干燥2小时以上,由此完成正极的制造。
1.3制造电池
将电解质注入正极和负极中,由此完成全电池的制造,所述电解质包含溶于体积比为1:1的碳酸亚乙酯(EC)和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的混合溶液中的1M LiPF6。
<实施例2>
除了在制造负极时,以1.0:1.5:97.5的比例对CMC、SBR和作为负极活性材料的天然石墨进行混合之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<实施例3>
除了在制造负极时,以1.2:1.5:97.3的比例对CMC、SBR和作为负极活性材料的天然石墨进行混合之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<实施例4>
除了在制造负极时,使用具有1.1取代度和800000的分子量(Mn)且其1%水溶液的pH为7.85的CMC之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<实施例5>
除了在制造负极时,以1.2:1.5:97.3的比例对CMC、SBR和作为负极活性材料的天然石墨进行混合并使用具有150kgf拉伸强度的SBR之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<实施例6>
除了在制造负极时,以15mg/cm2的电极涂布量将负极混合物浆料涂布在Cu集电器上之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<实施例7>
除了在制造负极时,以18mg/cm2的电极涂布量将负极混合物浆料涂布在Cu集电器上之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例1>
除了在制造负极时,将作为水性粘合剂的具有1200000分子量(Mn)的CMC和作为水性粘合剂的具有200nm粒径和65kgf拉伸强度的SBR进行混合之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例2>
除了在制造负极时,使用具有1.2取代度和1200000分子量(Mn)的CMC与具有200nm粒径和65kgf拉伸强度的SBR并以1.0:1.5:97.5的比例对CMC、SBR和作为负极活性材料的天然石墨进行混合之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例3>
除了在制造负极时,使用具有1200000分子量(Mn)的CMC与具有200nm粒径和115kgf拉伸强度的SBR并以1.2:1.5:93.5的比例对CMC、SBR和作为负极活性材料的天然石墨进行混合之外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例4>
除了在制造负极时,使用具有85kgf拉伸强度的SBR之外,以与实施例3中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例5>
除了在制造负极时,使用具有165kgf拉伸强度的SBR之外,以与实施例3中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例6>
除了在制造负极时,使用具有80nm粒径和120kgf拉伸强度的SBR之外,以与实施例3中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例7>
除了在制造负极时,使用具有160nm粒径和120kgf拉伸强度的SBR之外,以与实施例3中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例8>
除了在制造负极时,以15mg/cm2的电极涂布量将负极混合物浆料涂布在Cu集电器上之外,以与比较例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例9>
除了在制造负极时,以8mg/cm2的电极涂布量将负极混合物浆料涂布在Cu集电器上之外,以与比较例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例10>
除了在制造负极时,以22mg/cm2的电极涂布量将负极混合物浆料涂布在Cu集电器上之外,以与比较例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<比较例11>
除了在制造负极时,以18mg/cm2的电极涂布量将负极混合物浆料涂布在Cu集电器上之外,以与比较例1中相同的方式制造了全电池。
<实验例1>
对在制造根据实施例1~5和比较例1~7制造的负极中负极混合物浆料的固体含量进行测量。另外,将实施例1~5和比较例1~7中的各负极压制至特定厚度,切割成特定尺寸,并固定至载玻片,并在剥离集电器的同时对各负极的180°剥离进行测量。将结果示于下表1中。通过对各负极的剥离强度测量至少五次并获得其平均值,实施评价。
<表1>
如上表1中所示,能够确认,实施例1~5的具有预定物理性质的负极显示比比较例1~7的负极更高的粘附力,特别地,实施例1~5的负极的负极浆料中的固体含量升高并由此制造工艺的优势增大。
<实验例2>
通过在0.2C下对根据实施例3和比较例3制造的各全电池进行充电并在0.5C下对各全电池进行放电,测量电压随放电时间的变化。将结果示于图1中。
如图1中所示,能够确认,实施例3的硬币形半电池具有比比较例3的硬币形半电池更低的电阻。推断这是因为,由于负极浆料的固体含量升高,所以随着电极活性材料的密度增大,平稳地发生电解质到电极中的浸渗并由此锂离子积极移入电极中,且锂离子在具有高表面无定形化程度的负极活性材料表面处快速移动、由此在活性材料表面处抵抗离子运动的阻力低。
<实验例3>
通过分别在0.7C和1.0C下进行充电和放电,对根据实施例1、3、6和7以及比较例1、3、8、9、10和11制造的各全电池的电压随循环次数的变化以及厚度变化进行了测量。将结果示于图2~7中。
如图2~7中所示,能够确认,实施例的全电池比比较例的全电池显示更优异的循环特性和更小的厚度增加。
工业实用性
如上所述,根据本发明的锂二次电池包含含有作为水性粘合剂的满足预定物理性质的CMC和SBR的负极,因此电极加工性提高且溶胀会下降。
尽管出于例示性目的而已经公开了本发明的优选实施方式,但本领域技术人员应理解,在不背离附属权利要求书中公开的本发明的范围和主旨的条件下,各种变化、添加和取代是可能的。
Claims (17)
1.一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包含涂布有包含负极活性材料的负极混合物的负极、涂布有包含正极活性材料的正极混合物的正极、以及非水电解质,
其中所述负极混合物包含羧甲基纤维素和丁苯橡胶作为水性粘合剂,所述羧甲基纤维素的羧甲基(-CH2CO2H)对羟基(-OH)的取代度为0.7~1.2、分子量(Mn)为500000~900000且pH为6.5~8.0,所述丁苯橡胶的粒径为90nm~150nm且拉伸强度为90kgf~160kgf,
所述负极的电极涂布量为10~20mg/cm2,且
其中基于重量比,羧甲基纤维素对丁苯橡胶的量比为1:0.1~1:5。
2.根据权利要求1的锂二次电池,其中所述负极的电极涂布量为13~18mg/cm2。
3.根据权利要求1的锂二次电池,其中羧甲基纤维素的取代度为0.9~1.1。
4.根据权利要求1的锂二次电池,其中羧甲基纤维素的分子量为750000~850000。
5.根据权利要求1的锂二次电池,其中羧甲基纤维素的pH为7.5~8.0。
6.根据权利要求1的锂二次电池,其中丁苯橡胶的粒径为110nm~130nm。
7.根据权利要求1的锂二次电池,其中丁苯橡胶的拉伸强度为100kgf~155kgf。
8.根据权利要求1的锂二次电池,其中所述负极活性材料为碳基材料。
9.根据权利要求8的锂二次电池,其中所述碳基材料为选自如下的至少一种:石墨基碳、焦炭基碳和硬碳。
10.根据权利要求9的锂二次电池,其中所述石墨基碳包含球形粒子、并且是具有其中拉曼光谱的R值为0.30~1.0的结晶度的天然石墨:
R=I1350/I1580,
其中I1350为在1350cm-1附近的拉曼强度且I1580为在1580cm-1附近的拉曼强度。
11.根据权利要求1的锂二次电池,其中所述正极活性材料包含由下式1表示的锂镍-锰钴氧化物:
LiaNixMnyCozO2 (1)
其中0.8≤a<1.2,0.2≤x<1,0<y<1,0<z<1且x+y+z=1。
12.一种电池模块,包含根据权利要求1的锂二次电池作为单元电池。
13.一种电池组,包含根据权利要求12的电池模块。
14.根据权利要求13的电池组,其中所述电池组用作中型或大型装置的电源。
15.根据权利要求14的电池组,其中所述中型或大型装置为电动车辆或用于存储电力的系统。
16.根据权利要求14的电池组,其中所述中型或大型装置为混合动力车辆。
17.根据权利要求16的电池组,其中所述混合动力车辆为插电式混合动力车辆。
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