CN103597807A - 远程可重新配置的分布式天线系统和方法 - Google Patents

远程可重新配置的分布式天线系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN103597807A
CN103597807A CN201180050052.4A CN201180050052A CN103597807A CN 103597807 A CN103597807 A CN 103597807A CN 201180050052 A CN201180050052 A CN 201180050052A CN 103597807 A CN103597807 A CN 103597807A
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保罗·莱姆森
肖恩·帕特里克·斯特普尔顿
萨沙·特拉伊科·特拉伊科维奇
艾伯特·S·李
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Dali Systems Co Ltd
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Abstract

本公开内容是基于软件定义的无线电（SDR）的分布式天线系统（DAS）的一种新型实用方案，该分布式天线系统是现场可重新配置的并且支持多调制方案（独立于调制的）、多载波、多频带和多信道。本公开内容使得能够实现高度的灵活性以管理、控制、增强和促进分布式无线网络的使用和性能，比如灵活同时联播、自动流量负荷平衡、网络和无线电资源优化、网络校准、自主/辅助试运行、载波轮询、自动频率选择、频率载波定位、流量监视、流量标记、伪导频等。结果，SDR DAS可提高运营商的无线网络的效率和流量容量。

Description

远程可重新配置的分布式天线系统和方法
相关申请 
本申请要求下列美国专利申请的权益，所有这些申请通过引用全都合并入本文。 
Figure BDA00003059081900011
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及采用分布式天线系统（DAS）作为分布式无线网络的一部分的无线通信系统。更具体地，本发明涉及利用软件定义的无线电（SDR）的DAS。 
背景技术
无线和移动网络运营商面临建立对高数据流量增长率进行有效管理的网络的持续挑战。移动性和用于终端用户的多媒体内容的增加的水平要求既支持新业务又支持对宽带和统一费率互联网接入的增加的需求的端到端网络适应。网络运营商所面临的最大挑战之一是由用户从一个地点到另一个地点的物理地移动、并且特别是当无线用户大量地聚集在一个地点时所引起的。突出的示例是午餐时间期间的工业企业设施，当大量的无线用户造访大楼里的自助餐厅场所时。在那时，大量的用户离开了他们的办公室和通常的工作区域。很有可能在午餐时间期间在设施内到处存在很多几乎没有用户的地点。如果室内无线网络资源在设计过程期间是像用户处于他们的正常工作区域时的正常工作时间期间那样、对于用户负荷来适当地估计的，则很有可能午餐时间这一情景将会带来有关可用的无线容量和数据总处理能力方面的意外的挑战 
为了适应用户负荷的这一变动，存在以下几种可供选择的现有技术方法。 
一种方法是在设施中到处部署多个低功率高容量的基站。基站的数量基于每个基站的覆盖范围和要覆盖的总空间来确定。这些基站中的每一个都被提供有足够的无线电资源，即可以容纳在工作日和工作周的过程期间出现的最大用户负荷的容量和带宽数据总处理能力。尽管这种方法通常取得了高质量的服务，但是这种方法突出的缺点是在绝大部分的时间期间很多基站的容量会被浪费。由于典型的室内无线网络部署涉及以每个用户为基础对于每个基站所估计的资本成本和经营成本，所以通常给定的企业设施的高寿命周期成本与最优方案相去甚远。 
第二种可供选择的方法涉及DAS的部署以及专用于该DAS的基站的集中化的组的部署。常规的DAS部署落入两种种类中的一种。第一种类型的DAS是“固定的”，其中系统配置不会基于一天中的时间或者其他有关使用的信息而改变。在设计过程中建立与DAS相关联的远程单元以使 得基站无线电资源的具体的块被认为是足够的以服务于DAS远程单元的每个小组。这种方法的突出的缺点是大多数的企业似乎都经历企业内部各种组的频繁的调整和重组。因此，最初的设置极有可能需要不断地改变，这要求部署具有关于无线网络的适当水平的专门知识的额外的人员和合同资源。 
第二种类型的DAS配备有使得与任何具体的集中化的基站相关联的DAS远程单元的地点和数量能够被手动地改变的一种网络切换机。尽管这种方法看起来允许基于企业的需要或基于一天中的时间的动态的重新配置，但是它经常地要求部署用于网络的实时管理的额外的人员资源。另一个问题是使相同的DAS远程单元配置在一周中的每一天的相同时间来回改变并不总是正确的或者最好的。经常地，对于企业IT经理而言监视每个基站上的用户负荷是困难的或不实际的。并且几乎可以肯定的是企业IT经理没有可行的方式来为每个DAS远程单元确定在一天中给定的时间处的负荷，他们只能推测。 
现有技术中DAS部署的另一个主要限制与他们的安装、试运行和优化过程有关。必须要克服的一些挑战性的问题包括：选择远程单元天线地点以确保适当的覆盖范围同时使来自室外宏蜂窝站点的下行链路干扰最小化，使对室外宏蜂窝站点的上行链路干扰最小化，并且在处于室内时和从室外移向室内时确保适当的系统内切换（并且反过来、在处于室外时和从室内移向室外时也是一样的）。执行这样的部署优化的过程经常被描述为试错法，正因为如此，结果可能与高质量的服务不一致。 
现有技术中采用像光线或有线以太网那样的数字传输链路的DAS设备的一个主要限制在于以下事实：现有技术中RF到数字的转换技术利用系统用来将例如10MHz到25MHz的单个宽的RF带宽转换为数字的方法。因此包含在宽的带宽内的所有的信号，无论弱或者强、期望的或者不期望的，都被转换为数字的，无论那些信号是不是期望的。这种方法经常地导致限制DAS网络容量的DAS内的低效率。优选的是采用取得更高的效率和改进的灵活性的替代性的方法，特别是对于中性主机应用。 
2008年美国通信委员会（FCC）针对移动无线网络的第2阶段精确度进一步阐明了它的E-911要求。第2阶段中所要求的信息是移动电话的号码和电话所拨出的几十码范围内的物理地点。据报道加拿大政府正考虑颁布类似的要求。而且FCC渴望看到美国移动网络运营商为室内用户提供针对E-911的具有增强的精确度的定位服务。有报道称，FCC正力争 在接下来两年内将第2阶段精确度批准到室内无线通信领域。 
很多无线网络采用移动和固定的使用基于GPS的E-911定位服务的宽带无线终端。已经证明来自室外卫星的GPS信号无法很好地传播到室内空间。因此，特别是如果FCC的要求变得更加严格，则对于室内需要替代性的更鲁棒的E-911地点确定方法。 
几个美国运营商已经表达了有关他们可以怎样实际地并且以高性价比获得这些增强的定位精确度能力的关切。运营商非常渴望确定一种可以部署到室内的用于增强的定位精确度的性价比高的方法。 
针对用于CDMA网络的室内定位精确度增强的一种建议的方法采用被称为CDMA伪导频（Pilot Beacon）的单独单元。用于室内DAS应用的这种方法的突出的缺点在于，由于CDMA伪导频是单独和专用的设备并且没有集成到DAS内，所以其部署很可能花费昂贵。用于CDMA网络的伪导频方法使用带有唯一的PN码（在那个区域中）的伪导频，该PN码将具体的CDMA网络覆盖区域（例如室内）有效地划分成多个小的区（每个小的区与低功率的伪导频的覆盖区域相对应）。网络知道每个伪导频的地点、PN码和RF功率水平。每个伪导频必须经由GPS或本地基站连接而同步到CDMA网络。可变延迟设置使得每个伪导频能够具有适当的系统定时以允许三角测量和/或小区标识位置确定。对这种方法的一种可选择的但是可能昂贵的增强会采用用于每个伪导频的无线调制解调器来提供对每个CDMA伪导频的远程报警、控制和监视。对于WCDMA网络而言，没有公开提出用于室内定位精确度增强的已知解决方案。 
针对用于GCM网络的室内定位精确度增强的一种可供选择的经技术上证明的方法会采用被称为定位测量单元或LMU的单独单元。用于室内DAS应用的这种方法的突出缺点在于，由于LMU是单独和专用的设备并且没有集成到DAS内，所以其部署很可能花费昂贵。每个LMU要求通向对LMU测量进行分析的中心服务器的回程设施。LMU回程成本增加了部署用于GCM网络的增强的精确度E-911解决方案的总成本。尽管经技术上证明的KMU方法是可用的，但是它还没有与室内DAS相结合地被广泛部署。 
基于本文所述的现有技术中的方法，明显的是，通过现有技术中的系统和能力不能实现高效、易部署并且动态地可重新配置的无线网络。 
发明内容
本发明实质上克服了上述现有技术的限制。本发明的先进的系统架构提供了高度的灵活性以管理、控制、增强和促进分布式无线网络的无线电资源效率、使用和整体性能。这种先进的系统架构使得专门的应用和增强成为可能，这些专门的应用和增强包括灵活同时联播、自动流量负荷平衡、网络和无线电资源优化、网络校准、自主/辅助试运行、载波轮询、自动频率选择、无线电频率载波定位、流量监视、流量标记和使用伪导频的室内地点确定。本发明也可以服务于多个运营商、多模式无线电（独立于调制的）和每个运营商的多个频带以提高运营商的无线网络的效率和流量容量。 
相应地，本发明的目的在于提供用于灵活同时联播的能力。通过灵活同时联播，可以按下文所述经由软件控制来设置由每个RRU接入模块分配到具体的RRU或RRU组的无线电资源（比如RF载波、CDMA码或TDMA时隙）的量以满足期望的容量和总处理能力的目标或者无线用户的需求。为了实现这些和其他的目的，本发明的一个方面采用软件可编程的频率选择性的数字上转换器（DUC）和数字下转换器（DDC）。软件定义的远程无线电头架构被用于无线电性能的性价比高的优化。远程无线电头处的频率选择性的DDC和DUC使得使总处理能力数据速率最大化的高的信噪比（SNR）成为可能。图1中所述的实施方式描述了基本结构并且提供了灵活同时联播下行链路传送脚本的示例。图2描述了灵活同时联播上行链路传送脚本的基本结构的一个实施方式。 
本发明的另一个目的在于促进几个离散的相对窄的RF带宽的转换和传送。在本发明的另一个方面，实施方式只转换承载有用的信息的多个特定的相对窄的带宽。因此，本发明的这个方面对于中性主机应用使得可用的光纤传送带宽能够被更有效地使用，并且促进更多运营商的带宽段在光纤上的传送。为了达到上述结果，本发明在远程无线电头处利用增强系统性能的频率选择性的滤波。在本发明的这一个方面的一些实施方式中，在远程无线电头处经由频率选择性的滤波的噪声降低被用来使信噪比（SNR）最大化并且因此是数据总处理能力最大化。本发明的另一个目的提供CDMA和WCDMA室内地点精确度增强。在本发明的一个方面，实施方式通过采用伪导频提供增强的地点精确度性能。图3描述了采用多个远程无线电头单元（RRU）和中心数字接入单元（DAU）的典型的室内系统。远程无线电头具有独特的唯一并且标识特定的室内小区的信标。 移动用户将使用信标信息以协助对特定的小区的定位。 
本发明的另一个目的在于增强GCM和LTE室内地点精确度。另一方面，本发明的一个实施方式基于移动设备的无线电签名提供用户的定位。图4描述了一个采用多个远程无线电头单元（RRU）和中心数字接入单元（DAU）的典型的室内系统。根据本发明，每个远程无线电头在由该远程无线电头接收到的数据上提供唯一的头信息。本发明的系统与移动用户的无线电签名相结合地使用这一头信息以将用户定位于特定的小区。本发明的另一个目的在于将本地流量再路由到因特网VOIP、Wi-Fi或WiMAX。在本发明的这一个方面，一种实施方式确定DAU或者DAU岛内的各个用户的无线电签名并且使用这一信息来标识用户是否位于与特定的DAU或者DAU岛相关联的覆盖区域内。DAU追踪它的网络内的所有处于激活状态的用户的无线电签名并且记录包含关于用户的信息的运行数据库。如图6所示，本发明的一个实施方式用于使网络运营中心（NOC）通知DAU例如两个特定的用户位于相同的DAU或DAU的岛内。然后，DAU根据需要将用户再路由到因特网VOIP、Wi-Fi或WiMAX。本发明的另一个实施方式会确定各个用户的Wi-Fi连接的网际网络协议（IP）地址。如果各个用户的IP地址在相同的DAU或DAU岛内，则这些用户的数据呼叫会在内部网络上被再路由。 
本发明的应用适合于与分布式基站、分布式天线系统、分布式中继器、移动设备和无线终端、便携式无线装置以及如微波和卫星通信那样的其他无线通信系统一起使用。本发明也是可以通过如连接至远程计算中心的以太网连接等链路来现场升级的。 
附录1是本文中所用的包括首字母缩略词的术语表。 
附图说明
本发明的另外的目的和优点可以根据下列结合附图所进行的详细描述来更全面地理解，在附图中： 
图1是根据本发明的实施方式的示出了基于具有2个DAU和4个DRU的灵活同时联播下行链路传送脚本的基本结构和示例的框图。 
图2是根据本发明的实施方式的示出了基于具有2个DAU和4个DRU的灵活同时联播上行链路传送脚本的基本结构和示例的框图。 
图3示出了采用多个远程无线电头单元（RRU）和一个中心数字接 入单元（DAU）的室内系统的实施方式。 
图4示出了采用多个远程无线电头单元（RRU）和一个中心数字接入单元（DAU）的根据本发明的室内系统的实施方式 
图5示出了采用根据本发明的多个远程无线电头的蜂窝网络系统的实施方式。 
图6是根据本发明的一种实施方式的局部连接性的描述。 
图7示出了根据本发明的管理DAU和RRU的关键功能的嵌入式软件控制模块的基本结构的实施方式。 
具体实施方式
本发明是一种新型可重新配置的分布式天线系统，该天线系统提供高度的灵活性以管理、控制、重新配置、增强和促进分布式天线系统的无线电资源效率、使用和整体性能。根据本发明的可重新配置的分布式天线系统的一种实施方式如图1所示。可以使用灵活同时联播系统100来解释针对下行链路信号的灵活同时联播的工作。系统采用数字接入单元功能（在下文中称为“DAU”）。DAU用作基站（BTS）的接口。DAU（在一端处）连接至BTS，并且在另一侧上连接至多个RRU。对于下行链路（DL）路径，（使用数字下转换器）将从BTS接收到的RF信号单独地下转换、数字化和转换到基带上。然后对数据流进行I/Q映射和帧化。然后，使用可插拔的SFP模块将特定的并行数据流独立地序列化并且翻译为光信号，并且在光缆上传递到不同的RRU。对于上行链路（UL）路径，使用数字上转换器将从RRU接收的光信号去数字化、去帧化和数字地上转换。然后，将数字流独立地转换为模拟域并且上转换到适当的RF频带。然后将RF信号传递到BTS。系统的实施方式主要包括用101标出的DAU1、用103标出的RRU1、用104标出的RRU2、用105标出的RRU3和用106标出的RRU4。来自例如属于一个无线运营商的基站的复合下行链路输入信号107在DAU1RF输入端口处进入DAU1。复合信号107包括载波1至载波4。来自例如属于同样的无线运营商的第二基站的第二复合下行链路输入信号在DAU2RF输入端口处进入DAU2。复合信号108包括载波5至载波8。通过在2010年8月17日提交并且在此作为附录而附上的题为“Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System”（用于分布式天线系统的中性主机架构）的第61/374,593号美国临时申请来详 细地解释DAU1、DAU2、RRU1、RRU2、RRU3和RRU4的功能。DAU1的一个光输出被馈送到RRU1。DAU1的第二光学输出113经由双向光缆113被馈送到DAU2。这种连接有利于DAU1和DAU2的组网，这意味着，取决于包括DAU1和DAU2的组网DAU系统内的软件设置，在DAU1和DAU2内载波1至载波8都是可用的以传送到RRU1、RRU2、RRU3和RRU4。手动地或自动地配置RRU1内的软件设置以使得载波1至载波8呈现在RRU1的天线端口处的下行链路输出信号109内。所有8个载波的呈现意味着RRU1潜在地能够访问馈给DAU1和DAU2的两个基站的全部容量。RRU1的一种可能的应用是在无线分布系统中，例如，其中聚集了大量的无线用户的在午餐时间期间的企业大楼内的自助餐厅。由RRU1的第二光学端口经由通向RRU2的双向光缆114来馈给RRU2。光缆114执行将RRU2与RRU1进行菊花链连接的功能。手动地或自动地配置RRU2内的软件设置以使得载波1、3、4和载波6呈现在RRU2的天线端口处的下行链路输出信号110中。将RRU2的容量根据它的特定的数字上转换器设置而设置为远小于RRU1的容量的值。各个远程无线电单元已经集成了带有用于每个载波的增益控制的频率选择性的DUC和DDC。DAU可以经由增益控制参数来远程地开启和关闭各个载波。 
以与前面所述的用于RRU1的方式相似的方式，手动地或自动地配置RRU3内的软件设置以使得载波2和载波6出现在RRU3的天线端口处的下行链路输出信号111中。与在RRU2的天线端口处的下行链路信号110相比，经由RRU3的软件设置来配置的RRU3的容量远小于RRU2的容量。由RRU3的第二光学端口经由通向RRU4的双向光缆115来馈给RRU4。光缆115执行将RRU4与RRU3进行菊花链接的功能。手动地或自动地配置RRU4内的软件设置以使得载波1、4、5和载波8呈现在RRU4的天线端口处的下行链路输出信号112中。将RRU4的容量设置为远小于RRU1的容量的值。如结合图7所讨论的那样，可以动态地调整RRU1、RRU2、RRU3和RRU4的相对的容量设置，以满足由分别连接至RRU1、RRU2、RRU3和RRU4的天线的物理位置所确定的覆盖区内的容量需求。 
本发明促进几个离散的相对窄的RF带宽的转换和发送。这种方法使得仅载有有用的或者特定的信息的那些多个特定的相对窄的带宽能够被转换。这种方法也使得中性主机应用能够更高效地使用可用光纤传送带宽，并且使得在光纤上能够传送更多个各个运营商的带宽段。如在2010年8月17日提交的题为“Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed  Antenna System”的、并且同样参照本专利申请的图1的第61/1374593号美国临时申请中所公开的那样，可以重新配置位于RRU内的如下文所述的可被动态地软件编程的数字上转换器以将任何特定的一个或多个窄频带、RF载波或者在任一DAU的各个RF输入端口处可用的RF信道从DAU输入端传送到任何特定的RRU输出端。图1示出了这种能力，其中在给定的RRU的输出端只出现特定的频带或RF载波。 
本发明的相关的能力不仅在于可以配置位于每个RRU内的数字上转换器以将任何特定的窄频带从DAU输入端传送到任何特定的RRU输出端，而且在于可以配置每个RRU内的上转换器以将每个载波的任何特定的一个或多个时隙从DAU输入端传送到任何特定的RRU输出端。DAU检测哪些载波和相应的时隙处于激活状态。经由下文所述的管理控制和监视协议软件将该信息转播至各个RRU。然后，由用于关闭和开启各个载波及其相应的时隙的RRU来根据需要使用该信息。 
参照本专利申请的图1，可以将本发明的一个替代实施方式作如下描述。在前面对图1的描述中，前面的实施方式涉及使来自属于相同无线运营商的两个单独的基站的下行链路信号分别进入DAU1和DAU2输入端口。在一个替代实施方式中，来自例如属于不同的无线运营商的第二基站的第二复合下行链路输入信号在DAU2RF输入端口处进入DAU2。在这个实施方式中，将属于第一运营商和第二运营商双方的信号进行转换并且分别发送到RRU1、RRU2、RRU3和RRU4。这个实施方式提供了中性主机无线系统的一个示例，其中多个无线运营商共用包括DAU1、DAU2、RRU1、RRU2、RRU3和RRU4的公共基础设施。前面提到的所有特征和优点都归于两个无线运营商中的每一个运营商。 
如在2010年8月17日提交的题为“Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System”的、并且同样参照本专利申请的图1的第61/374,593号美国临时申请中所公开的那样，可以对存在于RRU中的数字上转换器进行编程以处理各种信号格式和包括FDMA、CDMA、TDMA、OFDMA等的调制类型。而且，可以对存在于各个RRU中的数字上转换器进行编程以操作受到在2010年8月17日提交的题为“Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System”的第61/374,593号美国临时申请中公开的系统架构的能力和局限性制约的各种频带内所要传输的信号。在宽带CDMA信号存在于例如与到DAU1的输入端口处的载波1相对应的带宽内的本发明的一个实施方式中，RRU1、RRU2和RRU4 的天线端口处所传输的信号将是与存在于与到DAU1的输入端口处的载波1相对应的带宽内的信号几乎相同的宽带CDMA信号。 
如在2010年8月17日提交的题为“Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System”的、并且同样参照本专利申请的图1的第61/374,593号美国临时申请中所公开的那样，要理解的是可以对存在于各个RRU中的数字上转换器进行编程以将任何期望的复合信号格式传输到各个RRU天线端口中的每个天线端口。例如，可以如前所述动态地软件重新配置呈现在RRU1和RRU2中的数字上转换器以使得呈现在RRU1的天线端口处的信号能够与图1中作为110所示出的谱线轮廓相对应并且使得呈现在RRU2的天线端口处的信号能够与图1中作为109所示出的谱线轮廓相对应。RRU容量的这样的动态重整的应用可以是，例如，是否在与RRU2的覆盖区域相对应的企业的区域内突然召集了公司会议。尽管在本申请中一些实施方式的描述是指处于不同频率的基站信号107和108，但是，因为基站信号被数字化、包化、路由并且切换到期望的RRU上，所以本发明的系统和方法容易地支持以下配置：其中一个或多个载波是基站信号107和108的部分并且是相同频率的。 
图2示出了根据本发明的分布式天线系统的另一个实施方式。如在2010年8月17日提交的题为“Neutral Host Architecture for a Distributed Antenna System”的、并且同样如图2所示的第61/374,593号美国临时申请中所公开的那样，可以使用灵活同时联播系统200来解释针对上行链路信号的灵活同时联播的工作。如前面针对下行链路信号并且参照图1所讨论的那样，图2中所示的上行链路系统主要包括用201标出的DAU1、用203标出的RRU1、用204标出的RRU2、用205标出的RRU3和用206标出的RRU4。以与通过参照图1所解释的下行链路工作相似的方式，可以对图2所示的上行链路系统的工作作如下理解。 
如前面所述动态地软件重新配置呈现在RRU1、RRU2、RRU3和RRU4的每一个中的数字下转换器以使得存在于RRU1、RRU2、RRU3和RRU4各自的接收天线端口的适当的期望的一个或多个信号格式的上行链路信号基于要处理的期望的上行频带被选择并且被滤波、转换和传送到DAU1或DAU2的适当的上行链路输出端口。DAU和DRU使用通用公共接口标准（CPRI）对与他们各自的广播签名相对应的和各个数据包进行帧化。其他的接口标准只要是通过各个DRU唯一地标识数据包就是适用的。头信息与标识对应于各个数据包的RRU和DAU的数据包一起 被传输。 
在图2所示的实施方式的一个示例中，将RRU1和RRU3配置成接收载波2带宽内的上行链路信号，而将RRU2和RRU4配置成拒绝载波2带宽内的上行链路信号。当RRU3在它的接收天线端口处接收到载波2带宽内的要被适当滤波和处理的足够强的信号时，RRU3内的数字下转换器有利于处理和转换。同样地，当RRU1在它的接收天线端口处接收到载波2带宽内的要适当滤波和处理的足够强的信号时，RRU1内的数字下转换器有利于处理和转换。基于处于激活状态的信号组合算法将来自RRU1和RRU3的信号进行组合，并将该信号馈送到连接至DAU1的上行链路输出端口的基站。术语“同时联播”经常被用来描述载波2带宽内针对上行链路和下行链路信号的RRU1和RRU3的工作。术语“灵活同时联播”是指：本发明支持在对于每个载波带宽的信号组合处理中涉及的特定的RRU的动态和/或手动调整。 
参考图2，将呈现在RRU1内的数字下转换器配置成接收和处理载波1至载波8带宽内的信号。将呈现在RRU2内的数字下转换器配置成接收和处理载波1、3、4和6带宽内的信号。将呈现在RRU3内的数字下转换器配置成接收和处理载波2和载波6带宽内的信号。将呈现在RRU4内的数字下转换器配置成接收和处理载波1、4、5和8带宽内的信号。由在4个RRU中的每一个内所执行的处理所产生的各个高速数字信号被路由到两个DAU。如前面所述，在与每个基站分别对应的相应的DAU内对来自4个DRU的上行链路信号进行组合。 
本发明的一个方面包括每个RRU内的集成伪导频功能。在实施方式中，如下文所讨论的，每个RRU包括一个唯一的软件可编程的伪导频。这种方法意在供在CDMA和/或WCMA室内DAS网络中使用。一种非常类似的方法对于如LTE和WiMAX那样的其它类型的网络的室内定位精确度增强而言可能是有效的。因为已经经由组成网络的DAU来控制和监视每个RRU，所以伪导频的远程监视和控制不需要额外的专用无线调制解调器的昂贵部署。 
RRU集成的伪导频方法被用于CDMA网络和WCDMA网络两者。RRU内的每个工作伪导频使用唯一的PN码（在那个区域中），该PN码有效地将WCDMA或者CDMA室内网络覆盖区域划分成多个小的“区”（每个小的“区”与低功率的伪导频的覆盖区域相对应）。网络知道每个伪导频的地点、PN码和RF功率水平。经由每个伪导频到DAU的连接使 每个伪导频同步到WCDMA或CDMA网络。 
不同于来自基站的“动态的”传输信号，伪导频传输信号在效果上将是“静态的”并且其下行链路消息将不基于网络的状况而随时间改变。 
对于WCDMA网络，在空闲模式下每个移动用户终端可以对由基站和伪导频所传输的下行链路信号执行导频信号测量。当WCDMA移动用户终端过渡到激活模式时，它会向服务小区报告用于基站和用于伪导频的它的所有的导频信号测量值。对于CDMA网络，工作是很相似的。对于部署在室内网络的某个RRU，可以将RRU要么设置成伪导频要么设置成在具体的运营商带宽下为移动用户提供服务，但是不能同时是两者。 
对于WCDMA网络，采用全球标准化的网络的现有的固有能力。WCDMA移动用户终端可以在空闲模式或几种激活模式的任一种下测量最强的CPICH RSCP（导频信号码功率）。而且，通过移动用户终端在空闲模式或几种激活模式的任一种下对CPICH Ec/No的测量都是可能的。因此，移动用户终端经由服务基站（不管室内或室外）向网络报告所有可用的RSCP和Ec/No测量。基于该信息，可以计算和/或确定最有可能的移动用户终端地点。对于CDMA网络，其工作与上述过程很相似。 
前面所述的参考图1的本发明的实施方式涉及使宽带CDMA信号存在于例如与DAU1的输入端口处的载波1相对应的带宽内。在前面所述的实施方式中，RRU1、RRU2和RRU4的天线端口处的传输的信号是这样的宽带CDMA信号：该宽带CDMA信号与存在于与到DAU1的输入端口处的载波1相对应的带宽内的信号几乎相同。本发明的一个替代实施方式是：宽带CDMA信号存在于例如与到DAU1的输入端口处的载波1相对应的带宽内。然而，在替代性实施方式中在RRU1的天线端口处传输的信号与前面的实施方式略有不同。在替代实施方式中，宽带CDMA信号存在于例如与到DAU1的输入端口处的载波1相对应的带宽内。来自RRU1的传输的信号是呈现在到DAU1的输入端口处的宽带CDMA信号与专门的WCDMA伪导频信号的组合。有意地将WCDMA伪导频信号设置成远低于基站导频信号的水平。 
可以参考图1来解释另一种替代实施方式，该实施方式适用于以下情形：其中CDMA信号通过连接至DAU1的输入端的基站来产生。在本发明的该另一种替代实施方式中，在RRU1的天线端口处传输的信号是呈现在到DAU1的输入端口处的CDMA信号与专门的CDMA伪导频信号的组合。有意地将CDMA伪导频信号设置成远低于基站导频信号的水平。 
本发明的一种实施方式提供用于确定室内无线用户的地点的增强的精确度。图4描述了采用多个远程无线电头单元（RRU）和一个中心数字接入单元（DAU）的典型的室内系统。每个远程无线电头在由该远程无线电头接收到的数据上提供唯一的头信息。这个头信息与移动用户的无线电签名相结合被用来将用户定位于具体的小区。DAU信号处理可以标识各个载波及其相应的时隙。头部与唯一地标识相应的RRU的每个数据包包含在一起。DAU可以检测载波频率以及与各个RRU相关联的相应的时隙。DAU具有通过各个RRU标识每个载波频率和时隙的运行数据库。载波频率和时隙是唯一地标识GSM用户的无线电签名。 
如图5所示，DAU经由以太网连接或外部的调制解调器与网络运营中心（NOC）通信。一旦发起了E911呼叫，移动切换中心（MSC）与NOC相结合就可以标识用户发出该呼叫的相应的基站收发信台（Base Transceiver Station，BTS）。可以将用户定位于BTS小区内。然后，NOC向各个DAU发出请求以确定在他们的室内小区内E911无线电签名是否处于激活状态。DAU在它的数据库中检查处于激活状态的载波频率和时隙。如果在DAU中该无线电签名处于激活状态，则DAU将向DAU提供相应的RRU的地点信息。 
本发明的另一种实施方式包括LTE以提供用于确定室内无线用户的地点的增强的精确度。GSM使用各个载波和时隙来区分用户而LTE使用多个载波和时隙信息来区分用户。DAU可以同时探测多个载波及其相应的时隙以唯一地标识LTE用户。DAU具有对用于各个RRU的载波频率和时隙无线电签名进行标识的运行数据库。一旦有请求发到DAU，就可以从NOC检索这一信息。 
接下来参考图7，与DAU和RRU的关键功能的运行相结合可以更好地理解DAU嵌入式软件控制模块和RRU嵌入式软件控制模块。一种这样的关键功能是确定和/或设置被分配到具体的RRU或RRU组的无线电资源（比如RF载波、CDMA码或TDMA时隙）的适当的量以满足期望的容量和总体处理能力的目标。DAU嵌入式软件控制模块包括DAU监视模块，该模块对于每个RRU检测哪些载波和相应的时隙处于激活状态。DAU嵌入式软件控制模块还包括DAU管理控制模块，该模块在光纤链接控制信道上经由与RRU管理控制模块的控制协议与RRU进行通信。相应地，RRU管理控制模块设置所有的RRU数字上转换器的各个参数以启用或禁用由特定的RRU或RRU组来传输特定的无线电资源，并且还设 置所有的RRU数字下转换器的各个参数以启用或禁用由特定的RRU或RRU组来处理特定的上行链路无线电资源。 
在一种实施方式中，在DAU监视模块（该模块对于每个RRU检测哪些载波和每个载波中的相应的时隙处于激活状态）内运行的算法，向DAU管理控制模块提供信息以帮助标识例如特定的下行链路载波在什么时候以比预定阈值大的百分比被加载，该阈值的值通过DAU远程监视和控制功能来传达给DAU管理控制模块。如果上述情况发生，则DAU管理控制模块自适应地修改系统配置以缓慢地开始部署供其覆盖区域内的特定RRU使用的额外无线电资源（比如RF载波、CDMA码或TDMA时隙），其中该特定RRU需要那些额外无线电资源。同时，在至少一些实施方式中，DAU管理控制模块自适应地修改系统配置以缓慢地开始移除供其覆盖区域内的特定RRU使用的特定无线电资源（比如RF载波、CDMA码或TDMA时隙），其中该特定RRU不再需要那些特定无线电资源。DAU嵌入式软件控制模块和RRU嵌入式软件控制模块的另一个这样的关键功能是确定和/或设置和/或分析供每个RRU内所包含的集成的伪导频用的适当的传输参数和监视参数。这些伪导频的传输参数和监视参数包括信标启用/禁用、信标载波频率、信标传输功率、信标PN码、信标下行链路BCH消息内容、信标报警、信标延迟设置和信标延迟调整分辨率。RRU伪导频控制模块与RRU中的伪导频发生器函数通信以设置和监视此处所列的伪导频参数。 
总之，本文所述的本发明的可重新配置的分布式天线系统有效地节省了资源并且降低了成本。由于可以像数字处理器中的软件一样随时调整算法，所以可重新配置的系统是自适应地或手动地现场可编程的。 
尽管已经参考优选实施方式描述了本发明，但是要理解的是本发明不限于本文所述的细节。在前面的描述中已经建议了各种替换和修改，并且其他的替换和修改对于本领域普通技术人员而言也是能想到的。因此，所有这样的替换和修改都意在被包含在所附权利要求所限定的本发明的范围之内。 
附录1 
术语表
ACLR        相邻信道泄露比 
ACPR        相邻信道功率比 
ADC         模数转换器 
AQDM        模拟正交解调器 
AQM         模拟正交调制器 
AQDMC       模拟正交解调器校正器 
AQMC        模拟正交调制器校正器 
BPF         带通滤波器 
BTS         基站收发信系统或基站 
CDMA        码分多址 
CFR         波峰因子降低 
DAC         数模转换器 
DAU         数字接入单元 
DET         检测器 
DHMPA       数字混合模式功率放大器 
DDC         数字下转换器 
DNC         下转换器 
DPA         多尔蒂功率放大器 
DQDM        数字正交解调器 
DQM         数字正交调制器 
DSP         数字信号处理 
DUC         数字上转换器 
EER         包络消除与恢复 
EF          包络跟随 
ET          包络跟踪 
EVM         误差向量幅度 
FFLPA       前馈线性功率放大器 
FIR         有限冲击响应 
FPGA        现场可编程门阵列 
GSM         全球移动通讯系统 
I-Q         同相/正交 
IF          中频 
LINC        使用非线性元件的线性放大 
LO          本机振荡器 
LPF         低通滤波器 
MCPA        多载波功率放大器 
MDS         多向搜索 
OFDM        正交频分复用 
PA          功率放大器 
PAPR        峰均功率比 
PD          数字基带预失真 
PLL         锁相环 
PN          伪噪声 
QAM         正交调幅 
QPSK        正交相移键控 
RF          无线电频率 
RRH         远程无线电头 
RRU         远程无线电头单元 
SAW         表面声波滤波器 
UMTS        通用移动通信系统 
UPC         上转换器 
WCDMA       宽带码分多址 
WLAN        无线局域网 。

Claims (3)

1.一种用于路由和切换运营商RF信号的方法，包括：
提供一个或多个远程无线电单元，每个远程无线电单元被配置成接收一个或多个下行链路无线电频率和发送一个或多个上行链路无线电频率，
提供被配置成与至少一些远程无线电单元通信的至少一个数字接入单元，
根据需要在RF和基带之间转变上行链路和下行链路信号，
对上行链路和下行链路基带信号进行包化，以及
在所述一个或多个无线电单元和所述至少一个数字接入单元之间路由和切换经包化的信号。
2.一种用于在无线电单元的网络内定位无线网络用户的方法，包括：
在每个无线电单元处产生适于由用户设备接收的唯一伪导频，
在中心位置处从用户设备接收标识由所述用户设备接收到的所述至少一个伪导频的标记，以及
基于接收到的所述标记来确定所述用户的近似位置。
3.一种用于在无线电单元的网络内定位无线网络用户的方法，包括：
在无线电单元的网络内的至少一个无线电单元处从用户设备接收位于载波频率和时隙上的紧急信号并将所述紧急信号转发到远程站，
在多个无线电单元处从所述远程站接收关于由所述紧急信号使用的所标识的载波频率和时隙是否处于激活状态的询问，
在其中所标识的所述载波频率和时隙处于激活状态的所述无线电单元处作出响应，以及
基于所述响应来确定所述用户的近似位置。
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