CN103354848A - 薄的、带大孔的聚合物膜 - Google Patents

薄的、带大孔的聚合物膜 Download PDF

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CN103354848A
CN103354848A CN2011800656481A CN201180065648A CN103354848A CN 103354848 A CN103354848 A CN 103354848A CN 2011800656481 A CN2011800656481 A CN 2011800656481A CN 201180065648 A CN201180065648 A CN 201180065648A CN 103354848 A CN103354848 A CN 103354848A
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E.贝尔
M.库贝
M.帕斯卡利
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Abstract

本发明是具有聚合物纤维的膜,其聚合物纤维至少在孔之间的交叉点相互焊接,特别是热焊接、膨化焊接、冷焊接、超声波焊接,和/或至少部分地相互熔接或者以力锁合或形锁合的方式相互连接,以及该膜的制备方法及其应用。

Description

薄的、带大孔的聚合物膜
本发明涉及具有聚合物纤维的膜,该聚合物纤维至少在孔之间的交叉点相互焊接,特别是热焊接、膨化焊接(quellverschweiβt)、冷焊接、超声波焊接,和/或至少部分地相互熔接或者以力锁合(kraftschlüssig)或形锁合(formschlüssig)的方式相互连接。
在本发明的范围,纤维是指相对于长度来说薄的形成物(Gebilde),其是柔软的,不能承受压力而只能承受拉力。在受到压力负荷时纤维会折弯。在自然界和工业界中,纤维通常以较大的复合体的形式存在,它们形成了一定的结构。非常长的、实际上长度不受限制的纤维称为长纤维,有限长度的纤维称作短纤维(Spinnfaser)。短纤维还分为实际上可以纺纱的切段纤维和长度限度约15mm的散纤维(Flockfaser)。与此不同,根据DIN 60900纱线是所有线状的纺织形成物的上位概念。 因此,从该意义上说纱线是指由一个或多个纤维形成的长的、薄的形成物。它是纺织中间产物,其可以加工成织物(Gewebe)、编织物(Gestricken)、针织物(Gewirken)和刺绣品(Stickereien)或者用于成缝头(Nähen)。
多孔膜通常是通过将膜(例如聚合物膜)打孔或者通过机械性或化学性地损坏其原有结构而得到的。这种材料可以得到各种应用,例如作为包装材料、分离膜或者过滤膜或者作为隔离体。
德国专利申请DE 10 2009 047 440公开了薄的、打过孔的膜的制备和性能,其对于涂覆过程和浸渍过程是稳定的。该膜含有金属或聚合物或者是由金属或聚合物形成的,和借助在合适的波长发射的激光来进行打孔。
表征穿孔材料的重要参数是开孔面积(offene Fläche)。其是由于孔而产生的,和通过将该材料视为二维形成物和将被孔占据的面积比上整个材料占据的面积而确定的。如果孔是规则地布置的,能够找到基本单元并可以由此来确定开孔面积。例如可以选择面积块的边长等于孔直径的100倍。
对于加工穿孔材料重要的另一重要参数是抗拉伸强度,缩写为Fmax。其在本发明的范围按照DIN EN ISO 527-1来确定。
本发明的任务在于,提供替代性的穿孔材料,其开孔面积可以在最小厚度和好的抗拉伸强度的情况下以简单的方式得到控制。
已经发现,多孔膜通过压实具有聚合物纤维或者由其组成的织物或针织物而得到,从而该纤维至少在其交叉点相互焊接和/或至少部分地相互熔接或者以力锁合或形锁合的方式相互连接。在这样的处理之后,所述纤维在横截面上失去其原有的形状,但是例如在光学显微镜的观察下仍可辨认出其原貌。与之相反,其宏观的形成物不再具有传统的织物或者针织物的特点 - 单独的线或纤维不再能被分离出来。
本发明的主题还在于多孔膜,其特征在于,该膜具有聚合物纤维,该聚合物纤维至少在孔之间的交叉点相互焊接,特别是热焊接、膨化焊接、冷焊接、超声波焊接,和/或至少部分地相互熔接或者以力锁合或形锁合的方式相互连接。
本发明的多孔膜的优点在于在纵向和横向上均匀的结构以及好的抗拉伸强度。
另一优点在于,所要求的膜能够容易地卷起,而所述纤维在交叉点的连接没有阻碍所述卷起。此外,在卷起所述膜时,各个纤维和在交叉点的连接没有断裂。
本发明的主题还在于所述多孔膜的制备方法,其特征在于,将具有所述热塑性聚合物纤维或由其组成的织物或者针织物在面压力或线压力下压实至少一次,其中所述聚合物纤维至少在交叉点相互焊接,特别是热焊接、膨化焊接、冷焊接、超声波焊接,和/或至少部分地相互熔接或者以力锁合或形锁合的方式相互连接。这是在小于等于500N/mm的面压力或线压力和在比熔点最低的聚合物的熔化温度低50%或者低小于50%的温度下进行的。
本发明方法的优点在于,可以调整所得到的膜的宏观厚度,特别是通过在压实过程中在压延机或者带式压力机的辊缝中的连续可调的线压力,以及通过调节辊的温度。此外,对于本发明的方法有利的是,得到厚度小于等于200μm、优选小于等于50μm的薄膜,特别优选厚度小于等于20μm的极其薄的膜。通过选择网眼宽度和纱线支数以及压实时的条件(即线压力、缝宽度和温度)来控制开孔面积和孔大小。此外,可以在相同的影响因素的条件下在板式压力机中不连续地制备膜。这种方法特别是可以使这样制备的多孔膜用作高功率电池的隔离体的组分,例如用作隔离体陶瓷涂层的载体。具有陶瓷涂层的隔离体例如在专利申请DE 19741498、DE 19811708、DE 19812035、DE 19820580、DE 19824666、DE 10142622、DE 10208280、DE 10208277、DE 10238941、DE 10238944、DE 10238945、DE 10240032、DE 10255121、DE 10255122、DE 10347570、DE 10347569、DE 10347566、DE 10347568、DE 10347567、DE 10 2004 018929、DE 10 2004 018930、DE 10 2005 029124、DE 10 2005 042215、DE 10 2007 005156、 DE 10 2009 002680中描述过。
因此,本发明的主题还在于根据本方法所得到的膜,和本发明的或者按照本发明所得到的膜在作为电池中的隔离体、还有作为包装材料、膜片、过滤器和作为陶瓷复合膜的载体材料的应用。
本发明的膜的可能的应用例如是在制备陶瓷隔离体时作为陶瓷涂层的载体,例如SEPARION®隔离体,由于其耐温度变化性和耐化学品性而特别适合于在高功率锂离子电池方面的应用。
因此,本发明的主题还在于具有本发明的膜作为隔离体的锂离子电池。
下面详细阐述本发明。
本发明的膜可以具有小于或等于100μm的厚度和/或大于或等于20%的开孔面积。这使其特别适合作为电池中的隔离体。特别优选地,所述膜可以具有小于或等于20μm的厚度。这使其特别适合作为高功率电池(特别优选锂离子电池)中的隔离体。
本发明的膜的纤维可以有利地含有低熔点的塑料或者由其组成。部分熔化的聚合物例如是聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET),其在210-235℃熔化。优选的塑料可以是Vestamelt®。在本发明的另一实施方式中,可以焊接或者熔接的纤维混合物是有利的,特别优选聚酯纤维在纵向上和聚烯烃纤维在横向上。
本发明的膜的聚合物纤维可以具有至少一种热塑性聚合物或者由其组成。特别优选地,所述纤维的聚合物可以选自聚丙烯腈、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚芳酰胺、聚烯烃、PTFE、PVDF、PES、PUR,或这些聚合物的组合。
此外特别优选地,本发明的膜的聚合物纤维可以具有至少一种热塑性的聚合物和至少一种非热塑性的聚合物、芯-壳纤维、和/或共挤出物或者由其组成。
如果本发明的膜的聚合物纤维具有至少一种热塑性的聚合物和至少一种非热塑性的聚合物,其可以选自:
- 芯-壳纤维,其中芯材具有或者是至少一种非热塑性聚合物,
- 共挤出的纤维,
- 在经向上的热塑性聚合物纤维和在纬向上的非热塑性聚合物纤维,
- 在经向上的非热塑性聚合物纤维和在纬向上的热塑性聚合物纤维,
- 聚合物纤维,其具有较精细的热塑性聚合物纤维和非热塑性聚合物纤维或者由这些纤维混合物组成,或者
这些纤维的组合。
本发明的膜具有由热塑性和非热塑性聚合物形成的或者含有这些聚合物的聚合物纤维,其优点在于,比起由挤出的聚合物物料组成的膜,本发明的或者按照本发明所得到的膜具有更大的抗拉伸强度。特别有利的是,可以压延这些膜或者在卷到卷(Rolle-zu-Rolle)过程中进一步加工(例如热处理)。非常特别有利的是,本发明的或者按照本发明所得到的膜可以用陶瓷材料涂覆并然后进行热处理,例如在制备SEPARION®隔离体的情况下。此外,所述膜的优点在于,通过例如在经向上选择非热塑性聚合物纤维,其抗拉伸强度可以适配于压延的需要。此外,所述膜的优点在于,通过选择特别薄的热塑性和/或非热塑性聚合物纤维可以得到特别薄的膜。
热固性聚合物纤维芯另外赋予本发明的膜更高的强度。这种选择也影响到多孔膜的厚度,因为这种材料不容易变形。尽管本发明的膜具有更高的稳定性和因此低的变形性和更高的切变模量,但是需要注意在压延机缝隙中较低的弹性行为。
特别优选地,所述聚合物纤维可以是包皮的纤维,其通过本领域技术人员已知的方法(例如所谓的双组分纺织或者共挤出)得到。在众多的包皮纤维中,可以特别优选例如含有用PA包裹的PET芯的那些纤维。
此外,优选的纤维也可以是“纺粘型织物”形式的切段纤维或者非常短和精细的熔喷纤维,其可以在Fare SpA公司(Via Pastrengo 31, Fagnono, Olona (VA), 21054, Italy)购得。
除了上述的之外,可以是每种其它的本领域的技术人员对于纺织品已知的纤维和聚合物的组合。
此外,本发明的或者按照本发明所得到的膜可以通过用陶瓷分散体涂覆转化成陶瓷复合膜。现有技术中的例子是SEPARION®,其中使用聚合物非织造织物代替打过孔的聚合物膜。
本发明的另一主题是本发明的多孔膜的制备方法,其特征在于,将具有所述热塑性聚合物纤维或由其组成的织物或者针织物在小于等于500N/mm的面压力或线压力和在熔点最低的聚合物的熔化温度低50%的温度或者低小于50%的温度下压实至少一次,其中所述聚合物纤维至少在交叉点相互焊接,特别是热焊接、膨化焊接、冷焊接、超声波焊接,和/或至少部分地相互熔接或者以力锁合或形锁合的方式相互连接。
优选将织物或者针织物连续地在压延机中或者在带式压力机中压实。优选使用小于等于500N/mm的线压力。此外,对于不连续的方法方式优选板式压力机。同样可以优选选择比熔点最低的聚合物的熔化温度低10%的温度或者低小于10%的温度。
在本发明的方法中可以有利地将所述织物或针织物压实至少两次,其中每次进一步的压实在线压力、缝宽度和/或温度方面与其前面的压实不同。
所述织物或者针织物的制备是按照现有技术进行的,例如在公司Andritz(Krefeld)、Webatex(Bayreuth)或者Sefar(Schweiz),以及本发明的借助压延机的再加工。
至少另一次压延过程的优点是额外的功能性,优选通过施加另一种织物或者非织造织物实施。 优选可以压延上极其薄的芳族聚酰胺非织造织物。
实施例 1 4
将在图1中显示的10 dtex(相应于27μm的单纤维丝、135μm的网眼宽度和44μm的厚度)的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)织物在不同的线压力、温度和传输速度的情况下进行压延。
根据DIN EN ISO 527-1分别在本领域技术人员已知的所谓的“纵向”(MD)和在“横向”(CD)上确定其抗拉伸强度。结果显示在表格1中。
在线压力为300N/mm、传输速度为10m/min和温度为220℃的情况下,得到厚度为14μm的本发明的多孔膜。测得的抗拉伸强度显示在表格1的第一行。
本发明的膜的抗拉伸强度显示在第二行,其中本发明的膜是在150N/mm的线压力、3m/min的传输速度和210℃的温度下通过压延织物而得到的。
第三行显示了由同样的织物在250 N/mm的线压力、3 m/min的传输速度和210℃的温度的情况下而得到的本发明的膜的抗拉伸强度。这种膜显示在图2中。
第四行显示了由同样的织物在300 N/mm的线压力、3 m/min的传输速度和210℃的温度的情况下而得到的本发明的膜的抗拉伸强度。
对比例 5 6
将市面上常见的厚度为18μm或11μm的PET膜用激光进行二维打孔。这种平面打孔可以通过CO2激光来进行。这种方法依据例如在Maag或Micro Laser Tech公司进行的和主要在文献JP63023936或JP11077872中公开的一维打孔。
所产生的打过孔的膜具有22%或15%的开孔面积,其总结在表格1的第五行或第六行。
没有测得11μm厚的打过孔的膜的CD抗拉伸强度(第六项),因为低于测量范围的下限。
Figure 255520DEST_PATH_IMAGE001

Claims (10)

1.多孔的膜,
其特征在于,
该膜具有聚合物纤维,该聚合物纤维至少在孔之间的交叉点相互焊接,特别是热焊接、膨化焊接、冷焊接、超声波焊接,和/或至少部分地相互熔接或者以力锁合或形锁合的方式相互连接。
2.根据权利要求1的膜,
其厚度小于或等于100μm、优选50μm、特别优选小于等于 20μm,和/或其开孔面积大于或等于20%。
3.根据权利要求1或2的膜,
其特征在于,
所述聚合物纤维具有至少一种热塑性聚合物或者由其组成。
4.根据权利要求3的膜,
其特征在于,
所述纤维的聚合物选自聚丙烯腈、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚芳酰胺、聚烯烃、PTFE、PVDF、PES、PUR,或这些聚合物的组合。
5.根据权利要求1至3至少一项的膜,
其特征在于,
所述聚合物纤维具有至少一种热塑性的聚合物和至少一种非热塑性的聚合物、芯-壳纤维、和/或共挤出物或者由其组成。
6.制备根据上述权利要求至少一项的多孔膜的方法,其特征在于,
将具有所述热塑性聚合物纤维或由其组成的织物或者针织物在小于等于500N/mm的面压力或线压力和在比熔点最低的聚合物的熔化温度低50%的温度或者低小于50%的温度下压实至少一次,其中所述聚合物纤维至少在交叉点相互焊接,特别是热焊接、膨化焊接、冷焊接、超声波焊接,和/或至少部分地相互熔接或者以力锁合或形锁合的方式相互连接。
7.根据权利要求6的方法,
其特征在于,
将所述织物或针织物压实至少两次,其中每次进一步的压实在线压力、缝宽度、和/或温度方面与其前面的压实不同。
8.多孔的膜,其根据权利要求6或7的至少一项而获得。
9.根据权利要求1至8至少一项的多孔膜作为在电池中的隔离体、包装材料、膜片、陶瓷复合膜的载体材料、过滤器的应用。
10.锂离子电池,其具有根据权利要求1至8至少一项的隔离体。
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