CN103109715A - Simplified tree form shaping method suitable for high-density jujube orchard - Google Patents

Abstract

A simplified tree shaping method suitable for high-density jujube orchards. From the year of grafting or planting of the direct seeding garden, through continuous plastic training for about 5 years, the tree height is 2.5-3.5 meters, the branch spread is 1-1.5 meters, the central trunk is curved upward, and the central trunk is directly grown. The jujube-shaped tree shape of 20 curved and flat fruiting branches. This shaping method is suitable for high-density jujube orchards with wide rows and dense planting (the spacing between plants and rows is 0.5-1.5 meters × 3-4.5 meters), and the shaping process is simple. After forming, the tree body is thin and tall, and the branches are scattered and do not cross. It can maintain a large space between rows under high-density conditions. It has good ventilation and light transmission, and it is easy to maintain high, stable and high-quality yields. It is convenient for mechanized operation and can save more than 80% of pruning labor. It can solve the problems of canopy closure and complicated management in high-density jujube orchards.

Description

A Simplified Tree Shaping Method Suitable for High Density Jujube Orchard

technical field

The invention relates to a simplified tree shaping method suitable for high-density jujube orchards.

Background technique

Due to its unique advantages such as early flowering and fruiting, early high yield, high yield per unit area, good quality, convenient management, mechanization, faster renewal of varieties and recovery of yield, and economical use of land, dwarf dense cultivation has become the main development of fruit trees at home and abroad. trend. Since the reform and opening up, the low-density cultivation of large fruit trees such as apples and pears has developed rapidly, and has achieved very significant economic and social benefits in production. On the other hand, along with the sharp rise of labor costs in recent years, it is imperative to simplify cultivation to save labor and labor.

Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an important fruit tree native to China. Due to the characteristics of strong stress resistance, early fruit and high yield, high nutritional value, wide range of uses, and taking into account economic and ecological benefits, it is welcomed by local governments and farmers and has developed rapidly in sandy, alkaline and dry areas. At present, the cultivated area of jujube has reached nearly 30 million mu, with an annual output of 5 million tons. It has become the largest dried fruit tree species in my country and the main source of income for more than 20 million farmers. In recent years, high-density jujube orchards with 100-500 plants planted per mu (0.5-1.5 meters x 3-4.5 meters) have become the mainstream of development in newly developed jujube areas, especially in Xinjiang and other emerging jujube areas.

High-density jujube orchards have high yields in the early stage, but they are prone to canopy closure and poor lighting, so appropriate tree shapes and shaping methods must be adopted. At the same time, in order to adapt to the new situation of a sharp increase in labor costs, it is urgent to develop a simplified tree shape that is suitable for high-density jujube orchards and saves labor and labor. However, the traditional jujube tree shape, such as evacuation layered, happy shape, natural round head shape, etc., is too large, which is not suitable for the new situation of current high-density cultivation. And jujube tree has very unique growth result habit, is suitable for the tree shapes such as the elongated spindle shape that fruit trees such as apples are densely planted and cultivated can not copy indiscriminately on jujube tree. The growth characteristics and names of jujube branches are very different from those of ordinary fruit trees. For example, the jujube head has the functions of extension branches and fruiting branches of ordinary fruit trees. Its primary branch has strong uniaxial extension ability, but the top of the secondary branch dies naturally , no longer extend; jujube stock is equivalent to the fruiting branches of ordinary fruit trees, but extremely shortened, with an annual growth of only 1-2 mm; jujube hanging is equivalent to the fruiting branches of ordinary fruit trees, but thin and drooping, and will fall off naturally after autumn. In addition, compared with ordinary fruit trees, jujube trees are very light-loving, with hard branches and slow response to pruning. Therefore, a high-density tree shape suitable for jujube characteristics must be established as soon as possible.

Due to the lack of a simplified tree shape suitable for high-density cultivation of jujube trees, many jujube orchards experience canopy closure within 3-5 years of bearing fruit, and the yield and quality decline rapidly. According to the characteristics of the growth and results of jujube trees, and referring to the slender spindle shape of apples and other fruit trees for close planting, this patent has invented a simple jujube garden suitable for high-density jujube orchards (0.5-1.5m x 3-4.5m). A plastic surgery method that is easy to implement and can be rapidly formed in about 5 years.

Contents of the invention

The invention establishes a simplified shaping method suitable for high-density jujube orchards.

The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve its technical problems is: from the year of grafting or planting (planting after cutting off) from direct seeding, according to the characteristics of the growth results of jujube trees and with reference to the elongated spindle shape of fruit trees such as apples, etc. Densely planted and cultivated tree shape, through continuous plastic training for about 5 years, the tree height is 2.5-3.5 meters, the branch spread is 1-1.5 meters, the central trunk is curved upward, and 10-20 curved and flat fruiting branches are directly grown on the central trunk Group (jujube head), jujube head-shaped tree suitable for high-density jujube orchards (0.5-1.5m x 3-4.5m spacing between plants and rows) and mechanized operation.

Concrete content of the present invention, promptly be suitable for the concrete shaping method of the simplified tree form of high-density jujube orchard as follows:

(1) After planting (cutting and planting) or in the first year after direct seeding and gardening and grafting, cut the central stem at a distance of 60-80 cm from the ground in winter, and leave the uppermost secondary branch of the central stem after cutting. 1-2 nodes, and 2-4 secondary branches under it, 1-3 nodes are cut short to stimulate the germination of the main buds retained on the truncated secondary branches;

(2) In the second year, when pruning in summer, select an upright and strong new jujube head from the new jujube head that came out after the uppermost secondary branch of the center trunk mentioned in (1) was cut short, and keep it as the center stem extension Branches, each of the new jujube heads issued on the 2-4 secondary branches under it selects a large and strong new jujube head with a large opening angle and keeps it as the extension branch of the first layer of fruiting branch group, not as all other new jujube heads of the extension branch The heads are all removed from the base, and as a result, the extended branches of the branch group have an opening angle of less than 70 degrees. During the semi-lignification period, adjust the opening angle to 70-110 degrees; when pruning in winter, align the central trunk at a distance of 100-150 cm from the ground The extended branches are shortened, and the uppermost secondary branch is cut short with 1-2 nodes, and the lower 2-4 secondary branches are cut short with 1-3 nodes and buds are carved on the upper part of the secondary branches. The extended branch of the result branch group stays 30-50 centimeters and cuts short at the place where there is an outward secondary branch and leaves 1-2 short cuts for the outward secondary branch;

(3) In the third year, when pruning in summer, select an upright and strong new jujube head from the new jujube head that came out after the uppermost secondary branch of the extended branch of the center trunk mentioned in (2) was cut short and keep it as a new jujube head. The center stem extends the branch, and each of the new jujube heads issued on the 2-4 secondary branches below it selects a large and strong new jujube head with a large opening angle and keeps it as the extension branch of the second layer of fruiting branches, and the first layer of fruiting branches. For the new jujube head from a secondary branch at the front end of the extension branch, select a new jujube head with a large opening angle and keep it strong as the first layer of fruiting branch group. The base is cleared, and if the opening angle of the extended branches of each fruiting branch group is less than 70 degrees, adjust the opening angle to 70-110 degrees during the semi-lignification period; when pruning in winter, extend the branches to the central trunk at a distance of 150-200 cm from the ground Carry out short cuts, the uppermost secondary branch retains 1-2 short cuts, and the lower 2-4 secondary branches leave 1-3 short cuts and engrave buds on the upper part of the secondary branches, and the second layer of fruiting branches Leave 30-50 centimeters for the group to short-cut at the place where there is an outward secondary branch and leave 1-2 joints for the outward secondary branch, and leave 60-100 centimeters for the extended branch of the first layer of fruiting branch group to short-cut;

(4) In the fourth year, when pruning in summer, select an upright and strong new jujube head from the new jujube head that was sent out after the uppermost secondary branch of the extended branch of the center trunk described in (3) was short-cut, and keep it as a new jujube head. The central stem extends the branches, and each of the new jujube heads issued from the lower 2-4 secondary branches selects a large and strong new jujube head with a large opening angle and keeps them as the extension branches of the third layer of fruiting branches, and the second layer of fruiting branches. For the new jujube heads issued on the second branch at the front end of the extension branch, select a new jujube head with a large opening angle and keep it as the extension branch of the second layer of fruiting branches. For all the new jujube heads that are not extended branches Remove from the base, and if the opening angle of the extended branches of each fruiting branch group is less than 70 degrees, adjust the opening angle to 70-110 degrees during the semi-lignification period; when pruning in winter, extend the center trunk at a distance of 200-280 cm from the ground Branches are cut short, and the uppermost secondary branch is cut with 1-2 nodes, and the lower 2-4 secondary branches are cut with 1-3 nodes, and buds are carved on the upper part of the secondary branches, and the third layer bears fruit Leave 30-50 cm for the extended branch of the branch group and cut short at the place where there is an outward secondary branch, and leave 1-2 nodes for the outward secondary branch to short cut, and leave 60-100 cm for the extended branch of the second layer of fruiting branch group to short cut , no reshaping will be performed on the result branches of the first layer;

(5) In the fifth year, when pruning in summer, select an upright and strong new jujube head from the new jujube head that came out after the uppermost secondary branch of the extended branch of the center trunk described in (4) was cut short and keep it as a new jujube head. The central stem extends the branches, and each of the new jujube heads issued from the 2-4 secondary branches below it chooses a large and strong new jujube head with a large opening angle and keeps it as the extension branch of the fourth layer of fruiting branches, and the third layer of fruiting branches. For the new jujube heads issued on the second branch at the front end of the extension branch, select a new jujube head with a large opening angle and keep it as the extension branch of the third layer of fruiting branches. All new jujube heads that are not used as extension branches are all Remove from the base, and if the opening angle of the extended branches of each fruiting branch group is less than 70 degrees, adjust the angle to 70-110 degrees during the semi-lignification period; when pruning in winter, extend the branches to the central trunk at a distance of 250-350 cm from the ground Carry out short cuts, leave 1-3 joints for the 2-4 secondary branches under the cut and cut the buds on the upper part of the secondary branches, and leave 30-50 cm for the extended branches of the fourth layer of fruiting branches. Cut short at the place and leave 1-2 short cuts for the outward secondary branches, leave 60-100 cm for the extended branches of the third layer of fruiting branches for short cutting, and do not do any more for the first and second layer of fruiting branches Plastic treatment;

(6) After five years, there will be basically no plastic surgery, only the redundant non-extended branches of new jujube heads will be removed, and the resulting branches that are too thick and start to sprout in large numbers or are too weak will be retracted and updated in time to maintain a tree height of 2.5-3.5 Jujube head-shaped tree with 10-20 curved and flat fruiting branches growing directly on the central trunk.

The beneficial effect of the patent of the present invention is that the shaping method is suitable for high-density jujube orchards with wide rows and dense planting (the distance between plants and rows is 0.5-1.5 meters × 3-4.5 meters), and the shaping process is simple. After about 5 years of shaping, the tree body is thin and tall , shaped like an upright jujube head, the branches are scattered and do not cross, can maintain a large space between rows under high-density conditions, good ventilation and light transmission, strong controllability of tree size, easy to maintain high yield, stable yield and high quality, convenient Mechanized fertilization, spraying, weeding, harvesting and other operations are easy to manage in the later stage, and more than 80% of pruning labor can be saved, and more than 60% of overall management labor can be saved. It can effectively solve the problems that the existing tree shape is not suitable for high-density jujube orchards, prone to canopy closure, complicated management, unsustainable high and stable yields, and quality decline.

Description of drawings

图1 一年生树整形示意图，图中切线为冬季修剪时的短截位置

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of annual tree shaping, the tangent line in the figure is the short cut position during winter pruning

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of biennial tree shaping, the tangent line in the figure is the short cut position during winter pruning

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of three-year-old tree shaping, the tangent line in the figure is the short cut position during winter pruning

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of four-year-old tree shaping, the tangent line in the figure is the short cut position during winter pruning

Figure 5 Schematic diagram of five-year-old tree shaping, the tangent line in the figure is the short cut position during winter pruning

Figure 6 Tree shape after shaping

Detailed ways

For the jujube trees that were built live in the garden, in the winter of the year after grafting, the central trunk was cut short at a distance of 60 cm from the ground. 2 short cuts. In the second year, when pruning in summer, select the new jujube heads from the uppermost secondary branches of the center trunk as the extension branches of the center trunk, and choose one of the new jujube heads from the next three secondary branches with a large opening angle and strong The new jujube heads of the new jujube heads are reserved as the extension branches of the first layer of fruiting branches, and all other new jujube heads that are not used as extension branches on the tree are removed, and the opening angle of the extension branches of the fruiting branch groups is adjusted to 90 degrees; 100 centimeters from the ground, cut short the extension branches of the central trunk, keep 1 short cut for the uppermost secondary branch, leave 2 short cuts for the next 3 secondary branches, and engrave buds on the upper part of the secondary branch. Leave about 30 centimeters for the extended branches of the first layer of fruiting branches, and cut short at the place where there is an outward secondary branch, and leave 1 section of the outward secondary branch for short cutting. In the third year, when pruning in summer, keep the new jujube heads from the uppermost secondary branch of the central trunk extension branch and continue to use them as the central trunk extension branch, and select one of the new jujube heads from the lower three secondary branches to open. The new jujube heads with large and strong angles are reserved as the extension branches of the second layer of fruiting branch group, and the new jujube heads issued on the front end of the secondary branch of the first layer of fruiting branch group are each selected to have a large and strong opening angle. The jujube heads are kept as extensions of the first layer of fruiting branches, and all new jujube heads that are not used as extensions are removed from the base, and the opening angle of the extensions of each fruiting branch group is adjusted to 90 degrees during semi-lignification; When pruning in winter, the central trunk extension branch is cut short at a distance of 150 cm from the ground, and the uppermost secondary branch is kept with 1 short cut, and the next 3 secondary branches are left with 2 short cuts and cut at the bottom of the secondary branch. Carve buds on the upper part, leave about 30 cm for the fruiting branch group of the second layer, and cut short at the place where there is an outward secondary branch, and leave 1 section of the outward secondary branch for short cutting, and leave 60 cm for the extended branch of the first layer of fruiting branch group to shorten catch. In the fourth year, when pruning in summer, keep the new jujube heads from the uppermost secondary branch of the extension branch of the center trunk and continue to use it as the extension branch of the center trunk, and select one of the new jujube heads from the lower three secondary branches to open. The new jujube heads with large and strong angles are reserved as the extension branches of the third layer of fruiting branch group, and the new jujube heads issued on the frontmost secondary branch of the second layer of fruiting branch group are each selected to have a large and strong opening angle. The jujube heads are retained and continue to be used as the extension branches of the second layer of fruiting branches. All other new jujube heads that are not used as extensions are removed from the base, and the opening angle of each fruiting branch extension is adjusted to 90 degrees during its semi-lignification period. ; When pruning in winter, the central trunk extension branch is cut short at a distance of 200 cm from the ground, and a secondary branch at the top is kept with 1 short cut, and the next 3 secondary branches are left with 2 short cuts and cut in two. Carve buds on the upper part of the secondary branch, leave 30 cm for the fruiting branch group of the third layer, cut short at the place where there is an outward secondary branch, and leave 1 node short cut for the outward secondary branch, leave 60 cm for the extended branch of the second layer of fruiting branch group Make short cuts. In the fifth year, when pruning in summer, keep the new jujube heads from the uppermost secondary branch of the central trunk extension branch and continue to use them as the central trunk extension branch, and select one of the new jujube heads from the next three secondary branches to open. The new jujube heads with large and strong angles are reserved as the extension branches of the fruiting branch group of the fourth layer, and the new jujube heads issued from the frontmost secondary branch of the third layer of fruiting branch group are each selected to have a large and strong opening angle. The jujube heads are kept as extensions of the third layer of fruiting branches, and all other new jujube heads that are not used as extensions are removed from the base, and the opening angle of the extensions of each fruiting branch group is adjusted to 90 degrees during its semi-lignification period. ; When pruning in winter, cut short the extension branches of the central trunk at 250 cm from the ground, leave 2 short cuts for the lower two secondary branches and engrave buds on the upper part of the secondary branches, leave 30 for the fourth layer of fruiting branches Cut short at the place where there is an outward secondary branch and leave 1 short cut for the outward secondary branch, and leave 60 cm short cut for the extended branch of the third layer of fruiting branch group. Five years later, a jujube head-shaped tree with a height of 2.5 meters, a branch spread of 1 meter, a central trunk that bends upward, and 11 curved and flat fruiting branches directly grows on the central trunk. For the superfluous non-extended branches of new jujube heads, the fruiting branches that are too strong and start to sprout in large numbers or are too weak are retracted and renewed in time.

Claims (1)

1. a simplified tree shaping method suitable for high-density jujube orchard, is characterized in that comprising the following steps: (1) After planting or in the first year after live broadcasting and grafting, cut the central trunk at a distance of 60-80 cm from the ground in winter. Leave 1-3 short cuts for the next 2-4 secondary branches; (2) In the second year, when pruning in summer, select an upright and strong new jujube head from the new jujube head that came out after the uppermost secondary branch of the center trunk in (1) was cut short, and keep it as the extension branch of the center trunk, For the new jujube heads issued after the 2-4 secondary branches are cut short, select one new jujube head with a large opening angle and keep it as the extension branch of the first layer of fruiting branch group, and not as all other new jujube heads of the extension branch The heads are all removed from the base, and the extended branches of the resulting branch group adjust the opening angle to 70-110 degrees during its semi-lignification; when pruning in winter, the central trunk extended branches are cut short at a distance of 100-150 cm from the ground. Leave 1-2 short cuts for the upper secondary branch, leave 1-3 short cuts for the lower 2-4 secondary branches and engrave buds on the upper part of the secondary branch, and leave 30- 50 cm short cut at the place where there is an outward secondary branch and leave 1-2 short cuts for the outward secondary branch; (3) In the third year, when pruning in summer, select an upright and strong new jujube head from the new jujube head that came out after the uppermost secondary branch of the center trunk extension branch in (2) was cut short and keep it as the center trunk For extension branches, each of the new jujube heads issued on the lower 2-4 secondary branches selects a new jujube head with a large opening angle and keeps them as the extension branches of the second layer of fruiting branches, and the extension branches of the first layer of fruiting branches For the new jujube head from the secondary branch at the front, select a new jujube head with a large opening angle and keep it as the extension branch of the first layer of fruiting branches, and remove all the new jujube heads that are not used as extension branches from the base , the extension branches of each fruiting branch group adjust the opening angle to 70-110 degrees during the semi-lignification period; when pruning in winter, the center trunk extension branches are cut short at a distance of 150-200 cm from the ground, and the uppermost part is a secondary Leave 1-2 short cuts on the branches, leave 1-3 short cuts on the lower 2-4 secondary branches and engrave buds on the upper part of the secondary branches, and leave 30-50 cm long branches in the second layer of fruiting branches. Shorten the outward secondary branch and leave 1-2 nodes for the outward secondary branch, and leave 60-100 cm for the extended branch of the first layer of fruiting branch group for short cutting; (4) In the fourth year, when pruning in summer, choose an upright and strong new jujube head from the new jujube head that came out after the uppermost secondary branch of the center trunk extension branch in (3) was cut short and keep it as the center trunk For extension branches, each of the new jujube heads issued on the lower 2-4 secondary branches selects a new jujube head with a large opening angle and keeps it as the extension branch of the third layer of fruiting branch group, and the second layer of fruiting branch group extension branch For the new jujube head issued on the second branch at the front, choose a new jujube head with a large opening angle and keep it strong as the extension branch of the second layer of fruiting branches, and remove all new jujube heads that are not used as extension branches from the base , the extended branches of each fruiting branch group adjust the opening angle to 70-110 degrees during its semi-lignification period; when pruning in winter, the central trunk extended branches are cut short at a distance of 200-280 cm from the ground, and the uppermost part is a secondary Leave 1-2 short cuts on the branch, leave 1-3 short cuts on the lower 2-4 secondary branches and engrave buds on the upper part of the secondary branches, and leave 30-50 cm long branches in the third layer of fruiting branches. Shorten the outer secondary branches and leave 1-2 short cuts for the outer secondary branches, leave 60-100 cm for the extended branches of the second layer of fruiting branches for short cutting, and do not do any more for the first layer of fruiting branches Plastic treatment; (5) In the fifth year, when pruning in summer, select an upright and strong new jujube head from the new jujube head that came out after the uppermost secondary branch of the central trunk extension branch in (4) was cut short and keep it as the center trunk For extension branches, each of the new jujube heads issued on the lower 2-4 secondary branches selects a new jujube head with a large opening angle and keeps it as the extension branch of the fourth layer of fruiting branches, and the extension of the third layer of fruiting branches For the new jujube head from the secondary branch at the front, choose a new jujube head with a large opening angle and keep it as the extension branch of the third layer of fruiting branches, and remove all the new jujube heads that are not used as extension branches from the base , the extended branches of each fruiting branch group adjust the opening angle to 70-110 degrees during its semi-lignification period; during winter pruning, the central trunk extended branches are cut short at a distance of 250-350 cm from the ground, and the cut is 2-4 Leave 1-3 nodes for the secondary branches and cut them short and carve buds on the upper part of the secondary branches. Leave 30-50 cm for the extended branches of the fourth layer of fruiting branches. Leave 1-2 short cuts, leave 60-100 cm for the extended branches of the third layer of fruiting branches for short cutting, and do no plastic treatment for the first and second layer of fruiting branches; (6) After five years, there will be basically no plastic surgery, only the redundant non-extended branches of new jujube heads will be removed, and the resulting branches that are too thick and start to sprout in large numbers or are too weak will be retracted and updated in time to maintain a tree height of 2.5-3.5 Jujube head-shaped tree with 10-20 curved and flat fruiting branches growing directly on the central trunk.

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