CN107371855B - Four-arm hedge frame-shaped tree form of pear tree and shaping method - Google Patents
Four-arm hedge frame-shaped tree form of pear tree and shaping method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and relates to a four-armed hedge frame-shaped tree form of a pear tree and a shaping method. A pear tree is in a four-arm hedge frame shape, the height of the pear tree is 290cm, four main branches are arranged on two sides of a central trunk of the pear tree in two layers, and three fruiting branch groups are arranged on each main branch; the base angle between the main branch and the central trunk is 90 degrees, and the length of the main branch is 100 cm; the angle between the bearing branches and the main branch is 90 degrees, the bearing branches are in an upright state, and the distance between the bearing branches is 28.57 cm; the heights of the first layer of main branches and the second layer of main branches are 50cm and 170cm respectively, and the first layer of main branches and the second layer of main branches are in a horizontal state. The tree shape changes the three-dimensional fruit of the prior tree body into single-sided fruit, so that the tree body fully utilizes illumination, the ventilation performance is greatly improved, the plant diseases and insect pests can be effectively reduced, and the fruit quality is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a four-armed hedge frame-shaped tree form of a pear tree and a shaping method.
Background
Pear (Pyrus L.) is an important economic crop in China, and the cultivation area and the yield are the first place in the world. The pear has high nutritive value, is crisp and juicy, has proper sour and sweet taste and certain medical value, and is popular with consumers. In the cultivation technical management of the pear trees, the tree structure directly relates to the lighting efficiency and nutrition distribution of the pear trees, thereby influencing the fruit quality, and the tree structure plays an important role in a pear tree cultivation system. At present, in the domestic pear industry, the labor cost is greatly increased, and the problems of long year limit, complex management, time consumption and labor consumption in the shaping process of the traditional big crown tree form and tree forms with higher technical requirements are solved, so that most pear production enterprises have high management cost and low economic benefit. Therefore, the tree form which is simple in shaping, fast in forming and suitable for mechanical operation is the trend of the pear industry development in China.
At present, the simplified tree shapes suitable for mechanical operation are shed frame shapes, slender spindle shapes and the like. However, the trellis tree has problems of long shaping time and high input cost, and the slender spindle shape still requires a high cultivation management technology. The population engaged in agricultural labor in China at present shows the tendency of aging, women and men over 60 years old become the labor force, and the learning ability of the population to the cultivation technology is poor. Therefore, the tree form which is simple in structure, easy to homogenize, mechanize, simplify and move is an important requirement for the development of the pear industry in China.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a four-arm hedge frame-shaped tree form of a pear tree, which comprises main branches and fruit branches;
the invention also aims to provide a method for shaping the four-arm hedge frame shape of the pear tree, which comprises planting density and a frame structure.
The invention also aims to provide a tree shaping method for integrating 'a row of trees', which is characterized in that 4 main branches between every two trees in each row of trees are grafted pairwise to connect the trees in each row into an integration.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a four-arm hedge frame-shaped tree form of a pear tree, the height of the pear tree is 290cm, four main branches are arranged on two sides of a central trunk of the pear tree in two layers, and three fruiting branch groups are arranged on each main branch; the base angle between the main branch and the central trunk is 90 degrees, and the length of the main branch is 100 cm; the angle between the bearing branches and the main branch is 90 degrees, the bearing branches are in an upright state, and the distance between the bearing branches is 28.57 cm; the heights of the first layer of main branches and the second layer of main branches are 50cm and 170cm respectively, and the first layer of main branches and the second layer of main branches are in a horizontal state.
The invention provides a method for shaping a four-arm hedge frame shape tree shape of a pear tree, which comprises the following steps:
step one, rack type configuration: every 6m is provided with a strut with the height of 3.5 m; respectively drawing a galvanized iron wire at the positions of 50cm, 80cm, 170cm and 200cm of the support column for fixing the tree body, the main branch and the fruiting branch of each single plant;
step two, shaping in the first year:
the pear trees are field-planted in north and south rows, the row spacing of the plants is 2m multiplied by 3m, after field planting in spring of the first year, stem fixing treatment is carried out at the position 50cm high of the pear trees, only one new shoot is left in the growing season as a central trunk extension branch, and the rest germinated new shoots are subjected to multiple pinching treatment, so that the growth advantage of the central trunk is ensured, and water and fertilizer management is enhanced;
step three, shaping in the second year:
in the second year after field planting of the pear trees, bud carving treatment is carried out on two sides of 50cm and 170cm positions of a central trunk of the pear tree, so that new shoots are extracted from the central trunk on the left side and the right side of 50cm and 170cm, four main branches are cultured, water and fertilizer management is enhanced, and the new shoots are promoted to grow into 100cm main branches; when the young shoot grows to 10cm, the base angle is unfolded by using the toothpick, so that the angle between the young shoot and the central trunk is more than 60 degrees, when the young shoot grows to 50cm, the young shoot is respectively pulled to galvanized iron wires with the height of 50cm and 170cm for binding, the base angle of the young shoot is pulled to 80 degrees, the head of the young shoot is lifted to keep the growth potential of the whole young shoot, and when the young shoot grows to 100cm, the base angle of the young shoot is pulled to 90 degrees; branch pulling is carried out on the young shoots at other parts of the central trunk, the branch pulling angle is larger than the angles of the four main branches, and the young shoots with over-strong growth potential can be subjected to pinching for multiple times so as to ensure the horizontal growth advantages of the four main branches; step four, shaping in the third year:
in the third year after the field planting of the pear trees, the head of the pear trees is fallen at 290cm, and the head falling is carried out when the young shoots grow to more than 10cm after the germination so as to avoid excessive overgrowth of the spindly branches; cutting buds on the back of four main branches at intervals of 28.57cm, cutting 3 times of each main branch to promote young shoots to grow, culturing 3 fruiting branches, enhancing water and fertilizer management, and promoting the young shoots to grow into 120cm fruiting branches; and binding when the bearing branches grow to 30cm to keep the bearing branches to grow vertically, pulling the bearing branches to form an angle of 90 degrees with the main branches, binding the first layer of the bearing branches to a galvanized iron wire with the height of 80cm, and binding the second layer of the bearing branches to a galvanized iron wire with the height of 200 cm.
The invention also provides a method for shaping the tree form of the four-arm hedgerow one-row tree based on the pear tree, which is characterized in that four main branches between adjacent single plants in each row of the tree are grafted pairwise at the beginning of the seventh month in the third year after the pear tree is fixedly planted, so that each row of the tree becomes a whole.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the configuration of the main branches and the fruit branches of the four-arm hedge frame shape tree shape of the pear tree is easy to standardize and homogenize, and producers can easily remember, master and operate without ambiguity; the four-armed hedge frame-shaped tree shape changes the three-dimensional result of the prior tree body into a single-sided result, so that the tree body fully utilizes the illumination, the ventilation performance is greatly improved, the plant diseases and insect pests can be effectively reduced, and the fruit quality is improved; the four-arm hedgerow-shaped tree form takes the upright branches as the bearing branch groups, makes full use of the polarity characteristic of the pear trees, ensures that the bearing branch groups are not easy to age, and is beneficial to the supply of fruit nutrients and the improvement of fruit quality.
2. According to the invention, each row of the pear tree in a four-arm hedgerow frame shape is grafted into a whole, so that the wind resistance, the adaptability and the stress resistance of the tree body are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of bud carving performed on two sides of a tree body with the height of 50cm and 170cm in spring of the second year.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the growth of the pear tree in summer in the second year.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the bud carving of the lateral bud on the back of the trunk before the bud of the third spring.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the growth of a third summer pear tree according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a single tree structure of a four-armed hedge frame shape of a pear tree.
FIG. 6 is a structural diagram of a one-row tree shape of a four-armed hedge frame shape of a pear tree of the invention.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art, if specifically indicated.
The pear tree is selected as 'Zhongli No. 1', and the pear seedling selection standard is as follows: the main root is more than 25cm, at least 3 lateral roots are required, the length of the lateral roots is more than 15cm, the thickness of the root and stem part is more than 0.5cm, the branch is full, and the bud body is full.
As shown in fig. 1 to 6, a pear tree in a shape of a four-armed hedge frame is as follows: the height of a pear tree is 290cm, four main branches are arranged on two sides of a main trunk in the center of the pear tree in two layers, and three fruiting branch groups are arranged on each main branch; the base angle between the main branch and the central trunk is 90 degrees, and the length of the main branch is 100 cm; the angle between the bearing branches and the main branch is 90 degrees, the bearing branches are in an upright state, and the distance between the bearing branches is 28.57 cm; the heights of the first layer of main branches and the second layer of main branches are 50cm and 170cm respectively, and the first layer of main branches and the second layer of main branches are in a horizontal state.
The method for shaping the four-arm hedge frame shape tree shape of the pear tree comprises the following steps:
in the first year: carrying out field planting on pear trees in north and south rows, carrying out soil preparation according to the plant row spacing of 2m multiplied by 3m, and carrying out frame type configuration: every 6m of each row is provided with a strut with the height of 3.5m, the strut is buried 50cm underground, and 50cm, 80cm, 170cm and 200cm of the strut are respectively provided with a galvanized iron wire for fixing a tree body, a main branch and a fruiting branch of each individual plant.
After field planting in spring of the first year, carrying out fixed-stem treatment at the position 50cm high of the pear tree, reserving a new shoot at the top as a trunk extension branch, and carrying out multiple pinching treatment on other new shoots to ensure the growth advantage of the central trunk. Applying 10-20 g of nitrogen fertilizer to each plant in the middle ten days of 5 months, applying N, P, K compound fertilizer every 1 month, applying about 20g of compound fertilizer to each plant, and simultaneously enhancing the control of plant diseases and insect pests, mainly controlling pests such as aphids, scarabs and the like. The first year of tree management mainly promotes the length and height of the tree body and the thickening of the trunk, in order to ensure the tree body to be upright, a bamboo pole of about 2m is erected beside each tree, the tree body is bound on the bamboo pole, and the upright growth of the tree body is ensured by utilizing the supporting effect of the bamboo pole. The tree body in the first year should grow to at least 180cm, preferably 200 cm. The thickness of the tree body at 170cm is more than 1 cm.
In the second year: in the second year after the pear tree is fixedly planted, the main task is to culture 4 main branches of the pear tree body and ensure that the main branches grow to 100 cm. Bud carving treatment is carried out on two sides of the position 50cm and 170cm of the central trunk of the pear tree before germination in spring so as to culture 4 main branches, the bud carving position is required to ensure that new shoots grow in a forward and backward mode, and the first layer of main branches and the second layer of main branches are distributed in a horizontal state. For the main branches with the height of less than 170cm, the first layer of main branches can be cultured first, and the second layer of main branches is cultured next year. When the young shoot grows to 10cm after bud carving, the base angle is unfolded by utilizing the toothpick, so that the angle between the young shoot and the central trunk is larger than 60 degrees, the young shoot is bound when growing to about 50cm, the young shoot is bound to galvanized iron wires with the height of 50cm and 170cm respectively, the base angle of the young shoot is pulled to 80 degrees, the head of the young shoot is lifted, so that the growth potential of the whole young shoot is maintained, and when the young shoot grows to 100cm, the base angle of the young shoot is pulled to 90 degrees. And (3) carrying out branch drawing on the young shoots at other parts of the trunk, wherein the branch drawing angle is larger than the angle of 4 main branches, and the young shoots with over-strong growth potential can be subjected to pinching for multiple times so as to ensure the growth advantages of the 4 main branches. N, P, K compound fertilizer can be applied for 3-5 times all the year, and about 20g of compound fertilizer is applied to each plant each time.
In the third year:
in the third year after the pear tree is planted, most of single plants bloom and bear fruits, a small amount of fruits are left to control the tree vigor, and 4 main branches do not retain fruits to keep the growth vigor of the main branches strong. Dropping the head at 290cm of the pear tree when the young shoots grow to more than 10cm after germination so as to avoid excessive overgrowth of bare branches; before sprouting in spring, cutting buds on the back of 4 main branches once every 28.57cm, cutting 3 times for each main branch to promote young shoots to grow for culturing 3 fruiting branches, binding when the fruiting branches grow to 30cm to keep the fruiting branches to grow vertically, pulling the fruiting branches to form an angle of 90 degrees with the main branches, binding the first layer of fruiting branches to a galvanized iron wire with the height of 80cm, and binding the second layer of fruiting branches to a galvanized iron wire with the height of 200 cm. N, P, K compound fertilizer can be applied for 3-5 times in the whole year, each plant is applied for about 20g each time, and bearing branches at least grow to 120 cm.
In 7 months in the third year after the pear trees are fixedly planted, every two grafting is carried out on 4 corresponding main branches between two adjacent plants in the embodiment, so that the whole row of trees become a whole, and the tree shape shaping of the 'one-row tree' is completed.
Taking the variety "Zhongli No. 1" as an example, tree-shaped parameters of "slender cylinder" and "four-armed hedge frame" are compared, as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of Tree parameters for "slender cylindrical" and "four-armed hedge-frame
The results of the calculation of the 'slender cylinder' according to 1 ten thousand jin per mu, the calculation of the 'four-arm hedge frame' according to 5 jacks per mu and the comparison of the fruit quality indexes are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 comparison of fruit quality and cost indices for "elongated cylindrical" and "four-armed hedge trellis
As can be seen from tables 1 and 2, compared with the shape of a slender cylinder, the four-arm fence frame shape improves the average single fruit seed by 13.6 percent, improves the soluble solid by 6.5 percent, reduces the management cost per mu by 1300 yuan and reduces the pest control cost per mu by 260 yuan. Compared with the elongated cylindrical cultivation concept of pursuing premature birth, high yield and high yield, the four-armed hedge frame type cultivation concept of pursuing premature birth, stable yield, high quality, low cost and high price is pursued. The "slender cylinder" is a three-dimensional result, so that the fruit quality in different directions can be greatly different, and higher cost is required in cultivation management. The four-arm hedgerow frame shape is a single-side fruit, the ventilation and light transmission conditions are better, the fruit quality in different directions is closer, the flower and fruit management and the pest control are simpler and more convenient, and the cost is lower; because the four-arm hedgerow frame shape adopts the upright growth bearing branch group, the polarity characteristic of the pear tree is fully utilized, the fruit can more easily obtain better nutrition conditions, and the quality of the fruit is higher than that of a slender cylinder shape.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, which are merely illustrative and not restrictive, and it should be understood that other embodiments may be easily implemented by those skilled in the art by means of replacement or modification according to the technical contents disclosed in the specification, and therefore, all changes and modifications that come within the spirit and technical conditions of the present invention should be included in the claims of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. A method for shaping a four-arm hedge frame shape tree shape of a pear tree is characterized in that the height of the pear tree is 290cm, four main branches are arranged on two sides of a central trunk of the pear tree in two layers, and three fruiting branch groups are arranged on each main branch; the base angle between the main branch and the central trunk is 90 degrees, and the length of the main branch is 100 cm; the angle between the bearing branches and the main branch is 90 degrees, the bearing branches are in an upright state, and the distance between the bearing branches is 28.57 cm; the heights of the first layer of main branches and the second layer of main branches are 50cm and 170cm respectively, and the first layer of main branches and the second layer of main branches are in a horizontal state;
the method for shaping the four-armed hedge frame shape tree shape of the pear tree comprises the following steps:
step one, rack type configuration: every 6m is provided with a strut with the height of 3.5 m; respectively drawing a galvanized iron wire at the positions of 50cm, 80cm, 170cm and 200cm of the support column for fixing the tree body, the main branch and the fruiting branch of each single plant;
step two, shaping in the first year:
the pear trees are field-planted in north and south rows, the row spacing of the plants is 2m multiplied by 3m, after field planting in spring of the first year, stem fixing treatment is carried out at the position 50cm high of the pear trees, only one new shoot is left in the growing season as a central trunk extension branch, and the rest germinated new shoots are subjected to multiple pinching treatment, so that the growth advantage of the central trunk is ensured, and water and fertilizer management is enhanced;
step three, shaping in the second year:
in the second year after field planting of the pear trees, bud carving treatment is carried out on two sides of 50cm and 170cm positions of a central trunk of the pear tree, so that new shoots are extracted from the central trunk on the left side and the right side of 50cm and 170cm, four main branches are cultured, water and fertilizer management is enhanced, and the new shoots are promoted to grow into 100cm main branches; when the young shoot grows to 10cm, the base angle is unfolded by using the toothpick, so that the angle between the young shoot and the central trunk is more than 60 degrees, when the young shoot grows to 50cm, the young shoot is respectively pulled to galvanized iron wires with the height of 50cm and 170cm for binding, the base angle of the young shoot is pulled to 80 degrees, the head of the young shoot is lifted to keep the growth potential of the whole young shoot, and when the young shoot grows to 100cm, the base angle of the young shoot is pulled to 90 degrees; branch pulling is carried out on the young shoots at other parts of the central trunk, the branch pulling angle is larger than the angles of the four main branches, and the young shoots with over-strong growth potential can be subjected to pinching for multiple times so as to ensure the horizontal growth advantages of the four main branches;
step four, shaping in the third year:
in the third year after the field planting of the pear trees, the head of the pear trees is fallen at 290cm, and the head falling is carried out when the young shoots grow to more than 10cm after the germination so as to avoid excessive overgrowth of the spindly branches; cutting buds on the back of four main branches at intervals of 28.57cm, cutting 3 times of each main branch to promote young shoots to grow, culturing 3 fruiting branches, enhancing water and fertilizer management, and promoting the young shoots to grow into 120cm fruiting branches; and binding when the bearing branches grow to 30cm to keep the bearing branches to grow vertically, pulling the bearing branches to form an angle of 90 degrees with the main branches, binding the first layer of the bearing branches to a galvanized iron wire with the height of 80cm, and binding the second layer of the bearing branches to a galvanized iron wire with the height of 200 cm.
2. The method for shaping the shape of a four-armed hedge frame of a pear tree according to claim 1, characterized in that at the beginning of the third month of the pear tree planting, every two corresponding 4 main branches of four adjacent plants are grafted, so that the whole row of trees becomes a whole and the shaping of the shape of the one-row tree is completed.
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| CN108307903B (en) * | 2018-01-18 | 2020-03-24 | 东莞市农业科学研究中心 | Fig tree-shaped cultivation system and cultivation method |
| CN108812019B (en) * | 2018-06-08 | 2021-01-12 | 陈超 | Shaping and trimming method for close planting and high yield pear tree form |
| CN108575528A (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2018-09-28 | 贵州金泽地绿色产品开发有限责任公司 | The short plant manufacturing process of one planting fruit-trees and high density orchard method of construction |
| CN109121953A (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2019-01-04 | 山东省果树研究所 | Based on the Pear trees shape and shaping methods for inspiring side shoot |
| CN109156245B (en) * | 2018-08-27 | 2020-12-18 | 中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所 | Wall-shaped shaping method for multiple hedges of peach tree |
| CN112806204A (en) * | 2020-06-17 | 2021-05-18 | 中国农业科学院果树研究所 | Method for cultivating peaches by utilizing horizontal central trunk multi-upright main branch tree form |
| CN113728860B (en) * | 2021-09-03 | 2023-06-16 | 宁夏农林科学院枸杞科学研究所 | Light simplified medlar tree form and culture method thereof |
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| CN102138484A (en) * | 2011-03-18 | 2011-08-03 | 扬州大学 | Shaping and trimming method of crowns of pear trees |
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| CN105028105A (en) * | 2015-08-24 | 2015-11-11 | 河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所 | Double-sector trellis cultivation type pear tree form and shaping method thereof |
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| CN105519395A (en) * | 2014-09-28 | 2016-04-27 | 咸宁市信德现代农业科技有限公司 | Kiwifruit fishbone-shape simple pruning method |
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| CN102138484A (en) * | 2011-03-18 | 2011-08-03 | 扬州大学 | Shaping and trimming method of crowns of pear trees |
| CN102487777A (en) * | 2011-12-30 | 2012-06-13 | 河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所 | Multi-main-branch open center tree shape of pear tree and pruning method for pear tree |
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