CN102715064B - Method for preparing soilless culture substrate of tomatoes and method for planting tomatoes by utilizing substrate - Google Patents
Method for preparing soilless culture substrate of tomatoes and method for planting tomatoes by utilizing substrate Download PDFInfo
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- CN102715064B CN102715064B CN201210159649.9A CN201210159649A CN102715064B CN 102715064 B CN102715064 B CN 102715064B CN 201210159649 A CN201210159649 A CN 201210159649A CN 102715064 B CN102715064 B CN 102715064B
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention provides a method for preparing soilless culture substrate of tomatoes and a method for planting tomatoes by utilizing the substrate. The soilless culture substrate of tomatoes comprises the following raw materials in part by volume: 5.5 to 6.0 parts of crop stalk, 1.5 to 2 parts of ash and burnt coal gangue and 2 to 2.5 parts of farm manure. In the method for planting tomatoes by utilizing the substrate, after accelerating germination, sowing and seedling raising, the seedlings are subjected to field planting in the soilless culture substrate of tomatoes. The raw materials of the substrate are based on local areas, so the raw materials of the substrate is wide in source and low in cost and facilitates large-area popularization; the air is purified, the environment is protected, and because the organic culture substrate is gradually fermented to generate heat and carbon dioxide in the planting process, the air temperature in the greenhouse, the ground temperature and the concentration of carbon dioxide are raised, which benefits the growth of plants and the yield increase; and the separation of plants and soil is realized during the culture of the substrate, so that the pollution-free control of soil-borne diseases is achieved, and because the substrate can be continuously used for many years, the production cost is further lowered and the income of farmers is increased.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to biological technical field, refer to especially a kind of compound method of tomato soilless culture substrate and utilize the method for this substrate culture tomato.
Background technology
Due to protection ground vegetables continuous cropping for many years, without leisure in winter, and the factor such as distinctive microclimate (high temperature, high humidity) environment in protection ground; caused vegetable disease, especially soil-borne disease, as root knot nematode disease; root rot, fusarium wilt etc. increases the weight of increasingly, thereby the significantly underproduction.For most soil-borne diseases, at present still without effectively preventing measure.Peasant usually, in order to control the development of disease, uses chemical pesticide too much, thereby producing cost is increased, and causes the pollution of serious chemical pesticide to environment and victual.However, disease still can not get effective control.
The serious salinization of soil of soil, is not suitable for the place of crop growth; Owing to using in large quantities chemical fertilizer, and protect peculiar climatic environment (evaporation discharge is large, the pouring wash rice effect without natural rainfall to salt in soil), in protection ground, the secondary salinization of soil is also on the rise.
Without native hardened ground.Although have place, but do not realize the object of planting high-quality and efficient vegetables.Soilless culture makes tomato free the dependence to soil.
Summary of the invention
The present invention proposes a kind of tomato soilless culture substrate, has solved soil-borne disease in prior art, the serious salinization of soil of soil, is not suitable for the problem of crop growth.
Technical scheme of the present invention is achieved in that tomato soilless culture substrate, comprises the raw material of following parts by volume:
Crops straw 5.5～6.0, ashes or the gangue 1.5～2 burning, farmyard manure 2～2.5.
As preferred technical scheme, tomato soilless culture substrate, comprises the raw material of following parts by volume:
Crops straw 6, ashes or the gangue 2 burning, farmyard manure 2.
As preferred technical scheme, described crops straw is Wheat Straw, corn stalk or cotton stem; Described farmyard manure is human and animal excreta, and the raw material of this matrix is based on this locality, and source is abundant, and cost is low, is conducive to spread; And purify air, protected environment.
The method of the another kind preparation tomato soilless culture substrate that the present invention proposes, has solved soil-borne disease in prior art, the serious salinization of soil of soil, is not suitable for the problem of crop growth.
Technical scheme of the present invention is achieved in that the method for tomato soilless culture substrate, gets the crops straw of 5.5～6.0 parts by volume, the ashes of 1.5～2.0 parts by volume or the gangue burning, and the farmyard manure of 2～2.5 parts by volume, mixes;
Service property (quality) concentration is that the matrix mixing is adjusted to water quality content is 70～80% for 1.8～2.2% urea water;
It is 70～80% that matrix is adjusted to water quality content by the urea water that allows matrix spontaneous fermentation carry out casting after 3～4 days and to be 1.8～2.2% by mass concentration;
The raw material of this matrix is based on this locality, and source is abundant, and cost is low, is conducive to spread; And purify air; protected environment, organic culture substrate can ferment in the course of cultivation gradually, produces heat and carbonic acid gas; improve the temperature in greenhouse; the gentle gas concentration lwevel in ground, is conducive to growth and development of plants and improves output, and matrix can be used for many years continuously; be conducive to further reduce production costs; increase farmers' income, substrate culture has realized plants and soil separation, thereby has realized the nuisanceless improvement to soil-borne disease.
As preferred technical scheme, described crops straw is the crops straw particle that after pulverizing, particle diameter is 0.9～1.1cm, described ashes or the gangue burning are that after pulverizing, particle diameter is the ashes below 0.5cm or the coal gangue particle that burnt, and described farmyard manure is that after sieving, particle diameter is the farmyard manure particle below 1.0cm.
As preferred technical scheme, described crops straw is Wheat Straw, corn stalk or cotton stem; Described farmyard manure is human and animal excreta.
Another of the present invention's proposition utilized the method for tomato soilless culture substrate cultivation tomato, solved soil-borne disease in prior art, the serious salinization of soil of soil, is not suitable for the problem of crop growth.
Technical scheme of the present invention is achieved in that the method for utilizing tomato soilless culture substrate to cultivate tomato, through vernalization, sow, grow seedlings after, seedling is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, after field planting in management process, described tomato soilless culture substrate temperature remains on below 35 DEG C afterwards.
Described vernalization is that seed is soaked to 10～15min in 55 DEG C of warm water, and constantly stir while making water temperature drop to 30 DEG C, continue to soak 6～8h, clean mucus in case leaf mold, canker and early blight with clear water, then seed is wrapped with ventilative wet cloth, be placed on 28～30 DEG C and locate vernalization, after 2～3 days when 70% seed germination, can sow, as can not sowing in time, be placed on 4～10 DEG C and locate to deposit.
Described sowing is different in the sowing time of different planting, and general booth early December in spring is to early January; Open country late January in spring is to early Febuary; The canopy chamber autumn is delayed mid or late June～mid-July; Greenhouse by solar heat autumn and winter stubble 7 is below the moon to early and middle ten days in August; Stubble mid or late September in winter, Winter-Spring stubble mid or late November.
Described grow seedlings according to cultivation season different with planting type can be at open country, cold bed, plastic canopy, nurse young plants in hothouses, electric seed bed heater and point disk seedling growing, sowing depth is 0.8～1.2 centimeter.
Strong sprout standard: plant height 20cm, the thick 0.6cm of stem, 7～8 leaves, dark green leaf color also shows slightly purple, budding, well developed root system, without damage by disease and insect, general spring seedling age 50～60 days, autumn seedling age 30～45 days, seedling age is long, easily forms little Lao Miao; Too short, easily excessive growth after field planting.
Described field planting is that the described seedling obtaining of growing seedlings is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, when tether twines seedling, to be by rope more loose, in order to avoid root is pulled out to matrix because substrate fermentation subsides: the ealy maturing culture of booth spring, in mid or late Febuary booth, adding little shed adds careless grid and covers field planting, stay two fringe fruits, mu is planted 7000 strain left and right, outdoor cropping in early spring, mid or late April Field planting, every mu of field planting 5000 strains, greenhouse by solar heat winter stubble, on September～early and middle ten days field planting in October, every mu of field planting 2000 strains, autumn and winter stubble late August～early September field planting, every mu of field planting 4000 strains, Winter-Spring stubble, mid or late March field planting, every mu of field planting 3500～4000 strains.
After described field planting, the temperature of tomato soilless culture substrate described in management process remains on below 35 DEG C, specifically comprises step:
1) dip in flower and fruit: protection ground and spring outdoor cropping are in earlier stage; when first and second of inflorescence, the flowers are in blossom while putting; with 2 of concentration 10～20mg/kg, 4-D solution dips in the drop-proof agent solution spraying decoration of flower or 20～30mg/kg or is watered 0.75kg with No. 2 5ml of tomato high yield agent and dips in flower.In solution, can add 0.1% the anti-gray mold of 50% carbendazol wettable powder.
2) flower and fruit thinning: carry out when HORMONE TREATMENT, the florescence flower thinning ratio phase fruit thinning of bearing fruit can be saved nutrition simultaneously, bears fruit neat.
3) water and fertilizer management: described tomato soilless culture substrate continues fermentation can compete nitrogenous fertilizer with seedling, after transplanting stock, should focus on mending nitrogen fertilizer application, nutrient fluid drip irrigation in available table below, every 4～7 days once, also can impose 100～150 kgs/acre of the farmyard manures that become thoroughly decomposed.
The formula of described tomato nutrient liquid (kilogram/100 liters)
5) temperature and humidity management: tomato growth preference temperature is 20～28 DEG C, exceedes 25 DEG C and leaks informaton, and afternoon temperature is down to 20 DEG C and is closed wind.When temperature is during lower than 15 DEG C, the fertilization of being pollinated is bad, easily fallen flowers.When night, indoor air temperature can not remain to more than 10 DEG C, should covering and heat insulating thing, start early to take off late lid, along with outside air temperature declines, reduce gradually ventilation time, dwindle the mouth that leaks informaton, when temperature recovery in early spring, when the extraneous minimum air temperature is stabilized in 12 DEG C, can leak informaton round the clock, growth relative air humidity in early stage maintains 60～65%, and the middle and late growth stage maintains 45～55%.
6) plant arranges: indeterminate growth type adopts and goes alone training, destroys in time side shoot, extracts bottom Lao Ye, Huang Ye, and indeterminate growth type, according to cultivation needs, is stopped after fruit ear, erases terminal bud.Before operation, want Xiao-du-jing Hand.Determinate growth type adopts two dry trainings.Major branch stays two fringe fruits, and side shoot stays a fringe fruit to pinch, and the first fringe fruit stays 4 flowers, and all the other two fringes respectively stay 3, while pinching, stay 2～3 leaves on titbit.
After field planting in arrangement process, if the stalk of use is wheat straw, 2/3 matrix can direct fermentation in cultivating groove, and wheat straw can not pulverized.Wheat straw is put into groove, it is steady and sure to add after ashes and farmyard manure, spills 1.8～2.2% urea water and covers Polypropylence Sheet and start fermentation, within according to circumstances every 2～3 days later, spills one time urea water, again steady and sure after 10～15 days, the matrix fermenting outside in upper cover just can be planted seedling.
Matrix needn't be changed every year, can reuse for many years as long as root disease is not serious.Because the organic principle in matrix in use constantly decomposes, the volume of matrix can reduce, should fill out a certain amount of stalk in the bottom of cultivating groove every year, old matrix on upper cap, and apply the farmyard manure becoming thoroughly decomposed as base manure, when concrete operations, old matrix in the first row of one end, greenhouse can be cleared out, pack after fresh straw having peace of mind the old matrix in next line in upper cover into, then fresh straw is packed in the groove of that a line of just having vacated, cover again the old matrix in its next line in the above, the like, until upper stalk is added in provisional capitals all in greenhouse, finally, by the old matrix lid of the first row on last column, before field planting young plant, cover tightly with Polypropylence Sheet above, utilize daylight to carry out high-temperature sterilization and can effectively prevent the accumulation year by year in the substrate of intramatrical pathogen, ashes or the gangue burning needn't all will add every year, if but add a small amount of ashes or the gangue that burnt can increase the content of calcium and magnesium in matrix.
Regardless of being as base manure or topdressing, farmyard manure must be first could use after by fermentation in greenhouse, to avoid ammonia and other pernicious gases to work the mischief to plant, farmyard manure is mixed with the stalk of isopyknic pulverizing, add water and regulate heap fermentation after humidity, become thoroughly decomposed soon and effective, the farmyard manure that fresh undried is crossed, can regulate humidity by the way that increases stalk amount, between yeast phase, minimumly want casting once.
Finally gather: fruit entered after colour-change period, can gather in time according to the market demand.
Described soilless culture adopts the mode of bag cultivating or slot type cultivation.
Described bag cultivating is grade first, described tomato soilless culture substrate soil is packed into long 75～85 centimetres, in the snakeskin bag of wide 45～55 centimetres, tie mouth, in one line, tiling is to ground, punching in the middle of each sack, line space is 60～70 centimetres.
The cultivation of described slot type is grade first, with fragment of brick build on the ground one high 35～45 centimetres, the groove that internal diameter is wide 90～110 centimetres, 110～130 centimetres of wide plastic films are spread in bottom, stamp diameter and be the hole of 0.9～1.1 centimetre in the centre of bottom thin film, and pitch of holes is 33～38 centimetres, compacting, and exceed groove face, and place drip irrigation pipe bonnet last layer plastic film, watering just can perforate field planting young plant after described soilless culture substrate is drenched.
Owing to having adopted technical scheme of the present invention, tomato soilless culture substrate comprises the raw material of following parts by volume: crops straw 5.5～6.0, ashes or the gangue 1.5～2 burning, farmyard manure 2～2.5; Get the crops straw of 5.5～6.0 parts by volume, the ashes of 1.5～2.0 parts by volume or the gangue burning, the farmyard manure of 2～2.5 parts by volume, mixing urea water that rear service property (quality) concentration is 1.8～2.2%, the matrix mixing is adjusted to water quality content is 70～80%, then it is 70～80% that matrix is adjusted to water quality content by the urea water that allows matrix spontaneous fermentation carry out casting after 3～4 days and to be 1.8～2.2% by mass concentration, continue fermentation 7～10 days, can obtain described tomato soilless culture substrate; Through vernalization, sow, grow seedlings after, seedling is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, afterwards after the plant after field planting in arrangement process, described tomato soilless culture substrate temperature remains on below 35 DEG C, the raw material of this matrix is based on this locality, source is abundant, and cost is low, is conducive to spread; And purify air; protected environment, organic culture substrate can ferment in the course of cultivation gradually, produces heat and carbonic acid gas; improve the temperature in greenhouse; the gentle gas concentration lwevel in ground, is conducive to growth and development of plants and improves output, and substrate culture has realized plants and soil separation; thereby realize the nuisanceless improvement to soil-borne disease; matrix can be used for many years continuously, is conducive to further reduce production costs, and increases farmers' income.
Brief description of the drawings
Accompanying drawing 1 is the method flow diagram that the present invention prepares tomato soilless culture substrate;
Accompanying drawing 2 is method flow diagrams that the present invention utilizes tomato soilless culture substrate cultivation tomato.
Embodiment
Below the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely described, obviously, described embodiment is only the present invention's part embodiment, instead of whole embodiment.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art, not making the every other embodiment obtaining under creative work prerequisite, belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
Embodiment mono-:
1) preparation tomato soilless culture substrate:
Get the crops straw of 5.5 parts by volume, the ashes of 1.5 parts by volume, the farmyard manure of 2 parts by volume, mixes;
Service property (quality) concentration is that the matrix mixing is adjusted to water quality content is 70% for 1.8% urea water;
It is 70% that matrix is adjusted to water quality content by the urea water that allows matrix spontaneous fermentation carry out casting after 3 days and to be 1.8% by mass concentration;
Continue fermentation 7 days, can obtain described tomato soilless culture substrate, the raw material of this matrix is based on this locality, and source is abundant, and cost is low, is conducive to spread; And purify air; protected environment, organic culture substrate can ferment in the course of cultivation gradually, produces heat and carbonic acid gas; improve the temperature in greenhouse; the gentle gas concentration lwevel in ground, is conducive to growth and development of plants and improves output, and matrix can be used for many years continuously; be conducive to further reduce production costs; increase farmers' income, substrate culture has realized plants and soil separation, thereby has realized the nuisanceless improvement to soil-borne disease.
Described crops straw is the crops straw particle that after pulverizing, particle diameter is 0.9cm, and described ashes particle diameter is below 0.5cm, and described farmyard manure is that after sieving, particle diameter is the farmyard manure particle below 1.0cm.
Described crops straw is Wheat Straw, corn stalk or cotton stem; Described farmyard manure is human and animal excreta.
Utilize the method for tomato soilless culture substrate cultivation tomato, through vernalization, sow, grow seedlings after, seedling is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, and after the plant after field planting in arrangement process, described tomato soilless culture substrate temperature remains on below 35 DEG C afterwards.
Described vernalization is that seed is soaked to 10～15min in 55 DEG C of warm water, and constantly stir while making water temperature drop to 30 DEG C, continue to soak 6～8h, clean mucus in case leaf mold, canker and early blight with clear water, then seed is wrapped with ventilative wet cloth, be placed on 28～30 DEG C and locate vernalization, after 2～3 days when 70% seed germination, can sow, as can not sowing in time, be placed on 4～10 DEG C and locate to deposit.
Described sowing is different in the sowing time of different planting, and general booth early December in spring is to early January; Open country late January in spring is to early Febuary; The canopy chamber autumn is delayed mid or late June～mid-July; Greenhouse by solar heat autumn and winter stubble 7 is below the moon to early and middle ten days in August; Stubble mid or late September in winter, Winter-Spring stubble mid or late November.
Described grow seedlings according to cultivation season different with planting type can be at open country, cold bed, plastic canopy, nurse young plants in hothouses, electric seed bed heater and point disk seedling growing, sowing depth is 0.8～1.2 centimeter.
Strong sprout standard: plant height 20cm, the thick 0.6cm of stem, 7～8 leaves, dark green leaf color also shows slightly purple, budding, well developed root system, without damage by disease and insect, general spring seedling age 50～60 days, autumn seedling age 30～45 days, seedling age is long, easily forms little Lao Miao; Too short, easily excessive growth after field planting.
Described field planting is that the described seedling obtaining of growing seedlings is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, when tether twines seedling, to be by rope more loose, in order to avoid root is pulled out to matrix because substrate fermentation subsides: the ealy maturing culture of booth spring, in mid or late Febuary booth, adding little shed adds careless grid and covers field planting, stay two fringe fruits, mu is planted 7000 strain left and right, outdoor cropping in early spring, mid or late April Field planting, every mu of field planting 5000 strains, greenhouse by solar heat winter stubble, on September～early and middle ten days field planting in October, every mu of field planting 2000 strains, autumn and winter stubble late August～early September field planting, every mu of field planting 4000 strains, Winter-Spring stubble, mid or late March field planting, every mu of field planting 3500～4000 strains.
After described field planting, the temperature of tomato soilless culture substrate described in management process remains on below 35 DEG C, specifically comprises step:
1) dip in flower and fruit: protection ground and spring outdoor cropping are in earlier stage; when first and second of inflorescence, the flowers are in blossom while putting; with 2 of concentration 10～20mg/kg, 4-D solution dips in the drop-proof agent solution spraying decoration of flower or 20～30mg/kg or is watered 0.75kg with No. 2 5ml of tomato high yield agent and dips in flower.In solution, can add 0.1% the anti-gray mold of 50% carbendazol wettable powder.
2) flower and fruit thinning: carry out when HORMONE TREATMENT, the florescence flower thinning ratio phase fruit thinning of bearing fruit can be saved nutrition simultaneously, bears fruit neat.
3) water and fertilizer management: described tomato soilless culture substrate continues fermentation can compete nitrogenous fertilizer with seedling, after transplanting stock, should focus on mending nitrogen fertilizer application, nutrient fluid drip irrigation in available table below, every 4～7 days once, also can impose 100～150 kgs/acre of the farmyard manures that become thoroughly decomposed.
The formula of described tomato nutrient liquid (kilogram/100 liters)
5) temperature and humidity management: tomato growth preference temperature is 20～28 DEG C, exceedes 25 DEG C and leaks informaton, and afternoon temperature is down to 20 DEG C and is closed wind.When temperature is during lower than 15 DEG C, the fertilization of being pollinated is bad, easily fallen flowers.When night, indoor air temperature can not remain to more than 10 DEG C, should covering and heat insulating thing, start early to take off late lid, along with outside air temperature declines, reduce gradually ventilation time, dwindle the mouth that leaks informaton, when temperature recovery in early spring, when the extraneous minimum air temperature is stabilized in 12 DEG C, can leak informaton round the clock, growth relative air humidity in early stage maintains 60～65%, and the middle and late growth stage maintains 45～55%.
6) plant arranges: indeterminate growth type adopts and goes alone training, destroys in time side shoot, extracts bottom Lao Ye, Huang Ye, and indeterminate growth type, according to cultivation needs, is stopped after fruit ear, erases terminal bud.Before operation, want Xiao-du-jing Hand.Determinate growth type adopts two dry trainings.Major branch stays two fringe fruits, and side shoot stays a fringe fruit to pinch, and the first fringe fruit stays 4 flowers, and all the other two fringes respectively stay 3, while pinching, stay 2～3 leaves on titbit.
After field planting in arrangement process, if the stalk of use is wheat straw, 2/3 matrix can direct fermentation in cultivating groove, and wheat straw can not pulverized.Wheat straw is put into groove, it is steady and sure to add after ashes and farmyard manure, spills 1.8～2.2% urea water and covers Polypropylence Sheet and start fermentation, within according to circumstances every 2～3 days later, spills one time urea water, again steady and sure after 10～15 days, the matrix fermenting outside in upper cover just can be planted seedling.
Matrix needn't be changed every year, can reuse for many years as long as root disease is not serious.Because the organic principle in matrix in use constantly decomposes, the volume of matrix can reduce.Should fill out a certain amount of stalk in the bottom of cultivating groove every year, old matrix on upper cap, and apply the farmyard manure becoming thoroughly decomposed as base manure, when concrete operations, the old matrix in the first row of one end, greenhouse can be cleared out, pack after fresh straw having peace of mind the old matrix in next line in upper cover into, then fresh straw is packed in the groove of that a line of just having vacated, cover again the old matrix in its next line in the above, the like, until upper stalk is added in provisional capitals all in greenhouse.Finally, by the old matrix lid of the first row on last column, before field planting young plant, cover tightly with Polypropylence Sheet above, utilize daylight to carry out high-temperature sterilization and can effectively prevent the accumulation year by year in the substrate of intramatrical pathogen, ashes or the gangue burning needn't all will add every year, if but add a small amount of ashes or the gangue that burn can increase the content of the interior calcium of matrix and magnesium.
Regardless of being as base manure or topdressing, farmyard manure must be first could use after by fermentation in greenhouse, to avoid ammonia and other pernicious gases to work the mischief to plant, farmyard manure is mixed with the stalk of isopyknic pulverizing, add water and regulate heap fermentation after humidity, become thoroughly decomposed soon and effective, the farmyard manure that fresh undried is crossed, can regulate humidity by the way that increases stalk amount, between yeast phase, minimumly want casting once.
Finally gather: fruit entered after colour-change period, can gather in time according to the market demand.
Described soilless culture adopts bag cultivating mode.
Described bag cultivating is grade first, described tomato soilless culture substrate soil is packed into long 75～85 centimetres, in the snakeskin bag of wide 45～55 centimetres, tie mouth, in one line, tiling is to ground, punching in the middle of each sack, line space is 60～70 centimetres.
Embodiment bis-:
1) preparation tomato soilless culture substrate:
Get the crops straw of 5.8 parts by volume, the gangue of the burning of 1.8 parts by volume, the farmyard manure of 2.2 parts by volume, mixes;
Service property (quality) concentration is that the matrix mixing is adjusted to water quality content is 75% for 2.0% urea water;
It is 75% that matrix is adjusted to water quality content by the urea water that allows matrix spontaneous fermentation carry out casting after 4 days and to be 2.0% by mass concentration;
Continue fermentation 9 days, can obtain described tomato soilless culture substrate, the raw material of this matrix is based on this locality, and source is abundant, and cost is low, is conducive to spread; And purify air; protected environment, organic culture substrate can ferment in the course of cultivation gradually, produces heat and carbonic acid gas; improve the temperature in greenhouse; the gentle gas concentration lwevel in ground, is conducive to growth and development of plants and improves output, and matrix can be used for many years continuously; be conducive to further reduce production costs; increase farmers' income, substrate culture has realized plants and soil separation, thereby has realized the nuisanceless improvement to soil-borne disease.
Described crops straw is the crops straw particle that after pulverizing, particle diameter is 1.0cm, and the gangue of described burning is that after pulverizing, particle diameter is the coal gangue particle of the burning below 0.5cm, and described farmyard manure is that after sieving, particle diameter is the farmyard manure particle below 1.0cm.
Described crops straw is Wheat Straw, corn stalk or cotton stem; Described farmyard manure is human and animal excreta.
Utilize the method for tomato soilless culture substrate cultivation tomato, through vernalization, sow, grow seedlings after, seedling is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, and after the plant after field planting in arrangement process, described tomato soilless culture substrate temperature remains on below 35 DEG C afterwards.
Described vernalization is that seed is soaked to 10～15min in 55 DEG C of warm water, and constantly stir while making water temperature drop to 30 DEG C, continue to soak 6～8h, clean mucus in case leaf mold, canker and early blight with clear water, then seed is wrapped with ventilative wet cloth, be placed on 28～30 DEG C and locate vernalization, after 2～3 days when 70% seed germination, can sow, as can not sowing in time, be placed on 4～10 DEG C and locate to deposit.
Described sowing is different in the sowing time of different planting, and general booth early December in spring is to early January; Open country late January in spring is to early Febuary; The canopy chamber autumn is delayed mid or late June～mid-July; Greenhouse by solar heat autumn and winter stubble 7 is below the moon to early and middle ten days in August; Stubble mid or late September in winter, Winter-Spring stubble mid or late November.
Described grow seedlings according to cultivation season different with planting type can be at open country, cold bed, plastic canopy, nurse young plants in hothouses, electric seed bed heater and point disk seedling growing, sowing depth is 0.8～1.2 centimeter.
Strong sprout standard: plant height 20cm, the thick 0.6cm of stem, 7～8 leaves, dark green leaf color also shows slightly purple, budding, well developed root system, without damage by disease and insect, general spring seedling age 50～60 days, autumn seedling age 30～45 days, seedling age is long, easily forms little Lao Miao; Too short, easily excessive growth after field planting.
Described field planting is that the described seedling obtaining of growing seedlings is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, when tether twines seedling, to be by rope more loose, in order to avoid root is pulled out to matrix because substrate fermentation subsides: the ealy maturing culture of booth spring, in mid or late Febuary booth, adding little shed adds careless grid and covers field planting, stay two fringe fruits, mu is planted 7000 strain left and right, outdoor cropping in early spring, mid or late April Field planting, every mu of field planting 5000 strains, greenhouse by solar heat winter stubble, on September～early and middle ten days field planting in October, every mu of field planting 2000 strains, autumn and winter stubble late August～early September field planting, every mu of field planting 4000 strains, Winter-Spring stubble, mid or late March field planting, every mu of field planting 3500～4000 strains.
After described field planting, the temperature of tomato soilless culture substrate described in management process remains on below 35 DEG C, specifically comprises step:
1) dip in flower and fruit: protection ground and spring outdoor cropping are in earlier stage; when first and second of inflorescence, the flowers are in blossom while putting; with 2 of concentration 10～20mg/kg, 4-D solution dips in the drop-proof agent solution spraying decoration of flower or 20～30mg/kg or is watered 0.75kg with No. 2 5ml of tomato high yield agent and dips in flower.In solution, can add 0.1% the anti-gray mold of 50% carbendazol wettable powder.
2) flower and fruit thinning: carry out when HORMONE TREATMENT, the florescence flower thinning ratio phase fruit thinning of bearing fruit can be saved nutrition simultaneously, bears fruit neat.
3) water and fertilizer management: described tomato soilless culture substrate continues fermentation can compete nitrogenous fertilizer with seedling, after transplanting stock, should focus on mending nitrogen fertilizer application, nutrient fluid drip irrigation in available table below, every 4～7 days once, also can impose 100～150 kgs/acre of the farmyard manures that become thoroughly decomposed.
The formula of described tomato nutrient liquid (kilogram/100 liters)
5) temperature and humidity management: tomato growth preference temperature is 20～28 DEG C, exceedes 25 DEG C and leaks informaton, and afternoon temperature is down to 20 DEG C and is closed wind.When temperature is during lower than 15 DEG C, the fertilization of being pollinated is bad, easily fallen flowers.When night, indoor air temperature can not remain to more than 10 DEG C, should covering and heat insulating thing, start early to take off late lid, along with outside air temperature declines, reduce gradually ventilation time, dwindle the mouth that leaks informaton, when temperature recovery in early spring, when the extraneous minimum air temperature is stabilized in 12 DEG C, can leak informaton round the clock, growth relative air humidity in early stage maintains 60～65%, and the middle and late growth stage maintains 45～55%.
6) plant arranges: indeterminate growth type adopts and goes alone training, destroys in time side shoot, extracts bottom Lao Ye, Huang Ye, and indeterminate growth type, according to cultivation needs, is stopped after fruit ear, erases terminal bud.Before operation, want Xiao-du-jing Hand.Row limit growth type adopts two dry trainings.Major branch stays two fringe fruits, and side shoot stays a fringe fruit to pinch, and the first fringe fruit stays 4 flowers, and all the other two fringes respectively stay 3, while pinching, stay 2～3 leaves on titbit.
After field planting in arrangement process, if the stalk of use is wheat straw, 2/3 matrix can direct fermentation in cultivating groove, and wheat straw can not pulverized.Wheat straw is put into groove, it is steady and sure to add after ashes and farmyard manure, spills 1.8～2.2% urea water and covers Polypropylence Sheet and start fermentation, within according to circumstances every 2～3 days later, spills one time urea water, again steady and sure after 10～15 days, the matrix fermenting outside in upper cover just can be planted seedling.
Matrix needn't be changed every year, can reuse for many years as long as root disease is not serious.Because the organic principle in matrix in use constantly decomposes, the volume of matrix can reduce.Should fill out a certain amount of stalk in the bottom of cultivating groove every year, old matrix on upper cap, and apply the farmyard manure becoming thoroughly decomposed as base manure, when concrete operations, the old matrix in the first row of one end, greenhouse can be cleared out, pack after fresh straw having peace of mind the old matrix in next line in upper cover into, then fresh straw is packed in the groove of that a line of just having vacated, cover again the old matrix in its next line in the above, the like, until upper stalk is added in provisional capitals all in greenhouse.Finally, by the old matrix lid of the first row on last column, before field planting young plant, cover tightly with Polypropylence Sheet above, utilize daylight to carry out high-temperature sterilization and can effectively prevent the accumulation year by year in the substrate of intramatrical pathogen, ashes or the gangue burning needn't all will add every year, if but add a small amount of ashes or the gangue that burn can increase the content of the interior calcium of matrix and magnesium.
Regardless of being as base manure or topdressing, farmyard manure must be first could use after by fermentation in greenhouse, to avoid ammonia and other pernicious gases to work the mischief to plant, farmyard manure is mixed with the stalk of isopyknic pulverizing, add water and regulate heap fermentation after humidity, become thoroughly decomposed soon and effective, the farmyard manure that fresh undried is crossed, can regulate humidity by the way that increases stalk amount, between yeast phase, minimumly want casting once.
Finally gather: fruit entered after colour-change period, can gather in time according to the market demand.
Described soilless culture adopts the mode of slot type cultivation.
The cultivation of described slot type is grade first, with fragment of brick build on the ground one high 35～45 centimetres, the groove that internal diameter is wide 90～110 centimetres, 110～130 centimetres of wide plastic films are spread in bottom, stamp diameter and be the hole of 0.9～1.1 centimetre in the centre of bottom thin film, and pitch of holes is 33～38 centimetres, compacting, and exceed groove face, and place drip irrigation pipe bonnet last layer plastic film, watering just can perforate field planting young plant after described soilless culture substrate is drenched.
Embodiment tri-:
1) preparation tomato soilless culture substrate:
Get the crops straw of 6.0 parts by volume, the ashes of 2.0 parts by volume, the farmyard manure of 2.5 parts by volume, mixes;
Service property (quality) concentration is that the matrix mixing is adjusted to water quality content is 80% for 2.2% urea water;
It is 80% that matrix is adjusted to water quality content by the urea water that allows matrix spontaneous fermentation carry out casting after 4 days and to be 2.2% by mass concentration;
Continue fermentation 10 days, can obtain described tomato soilless culture substrate, the raw material of this matrix is based on this locality, and source is abundant, and cost is low, is conducive to spread; And purify air; protected environment, organic culture substrate can ferment in the course of cultivation gradually, produces heat and carbonic acid gas; improve the temperature in greenhouse; the gentle gas concentration lwevel in ground, is conducive to growth and development of plants and improves output, and matrix can be used for many years continuously; be conducive to further reduce production costs; increase farmers' income, substrate culture has realized plants and soil separation, thereby has realized the nuisanceless improvement to soil-borne disease.
Described crops straw is the crops straw particle that after pulverizing, particle diameter is 1.1cm, and described ashes are that after pulverizing, particle diameter is below 0.5cm, and described farmyard manure is that after sieving, particle diameter is the farmyard manure particle below 1.0cm.
Described crops straw is Wheat Straw, corn stalk or cotton stem; Described farmyard manure is human and animal excreta.
Utilize the method for tomato soilless culture substrate cultivation tomato, through vernalization, sow, grow seedlings after, seedling is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, and after the plant after field planting in arrangement process, described tomato soilless culture substrate temperature remains on below 35 DEG C afterwards.
Described vernalization is that seed is soaked to 10～15min in 55 DEG C of warm water, and constantly stir while making water temperature drop to 30 DEG C, continue to soak 6～8h, clean mucus in case leaf mold, canker and early blight with clear water, then seed is wrapped with ventilative wet cloth, be placed on 28～30 DEG C and locate vernalization, after 2～3 days when 70% seed germination, can sow, as can not sowing in time, be placed on 4～10 DEG C and locate to deposit.
Described sowing is different in the sowing time of different planting, and general booth early December in spring is to early January; Open country late January in spring is to early Febuary; The canopy chamber autumn is delayed mid or late June～mid-July; Greenhouse by solar heat autumn and winter stubble 7 is below the moon to early and middle ten days in August; Stubble mid or late September in winter, Winter-Spring stubble mid or late November.
Described grow seedlings according to cultivation season different with planting type can be at open country, cold bed, plastic canopy, nurse young plants in hothouses, electric seed bed heater and point disk seedling growing, sowing depth is 0.8～1.2 centimeter.
Strong sprout standard: plant height 20cm, the thick 0.6cm of stem, 7～8 leaves, dark green leaf color also shows slightly purple, budding, well developed root system, without damage by disease and insect, general spring seedling age 50～60 days, autumn seedling age 30～45 days, seedling age is long, easily forms little Lao Miao; Too short, easily excessive growth after field planting.
Described field planting is that the described seedling obtaining of growing seedlings is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, when tether twines seedling, to be by rope more loose, in order to avoid root is pulled out to matrix because substrate fermentation subsides: the ealy maturing culture of booth spring, in mid or late Febuary booth, adding little shed adds careless grid and covers field planting, stay two fringe fruits, mu is planted 7000 strain left and right, outdoor cropping in early spring, mid or late April Field planting, every mu of field planting 5000 strains, greenhouse by solar heat winter stubble, on September～early and middle ten days field planting in October, every mu of field planting 2000 strains, autumn and winter stubble late August～early September field planting, every mu of field planting 4000 strains, Winter-Spring stubble, mid or late March field planting, every mu of field planting 3500～4000 strains.
After described field planting, the temperature of tomato soilless culture substrate described in management process remains on below 35 DEG C, specifically comprises step:
1) dip in flower and fruit: protection ground and spring outdoor cropping are in earlier stage; when first and second of inflorescence, the flowers are in blossom while putting; with 2 of concentration 10～20mg/kg, 4-D solution dips in the drop-proof agent solution spraying decoration of flower or 20～30mg/kg or is watered 0.75kg with No. 2 5ml of tomato high yield agent and dips in flower.In solution, can add 0.1% the anti-gray mold of 50% carbendazol wettable powder.
2) flower and fruit thinning: carry out when HORMONE TREATMENT, the florescence flower thinning ratio phase fruit thinning of bearing fruit can be saved nutrition simultaneously, bears fruit neat.
3) water and fertilizer management: described tomato soilless culture substrate continues fermentation can compete nitrogenous fertilizer with seedling, after transplanting stock, should focus on mending nitrogen fertilizer application, nutrient fluid drip irrigation in available table below, every 4～7 days once, also can impose 100～150 kgs/acre of the farmyard manures that become thoroughly decomposed.
The formula of described tomato nutrient liquid (kilogram/100 liters)
5) temperature and humidity management: tomato growth preference temperature is 20～28 DEG C, exceedes 25 DEG C and leaks informaton, and afternoon temperature is down to 20 DEG C and is closed wind.When temperature is during lower than 15 DEG C, the fertilization of being pollinated is bad, easily fallen flowers.When night, indoor air temperature can not remain to more than 10 DEG C, should covering and heat insulating thing, start early to take off late lid, along with outside air temperature declines, reduce gradually ventilation time, dwindle the mouth that leaks informaton, when temperature recovery in early spring, when the extraneous minimum air temperature is stabilized in 12 DEG C, can leak informaton round the clock, growth relative air humidity in early stage maintains 60～65%, and the middle and late growth stage maintains 45～55%.
6) plant arranges: indeterminate growth type adopts and goes alone training, destroys in time side shoot, extracts bottom Lao Ye, Huang Ye, and indeterminate growth type, according to cultivation needs, is stopped after fruit ear, erases terminal bud.Before operation, want Xiao-du-jing Hand.Determinate growth type adopts two dry trainings.Major branch stays two fringe fruits, and side shoot stays a fringe fruit to pinch, and the first fringe fruit stays 4 flowers, and all the other two fringes respectively stay 3, while pinching, stay 2～3 leaves on titbit.
After field planting in arrangement process, if the stalk of use is wheat straw, 2/3 matrix can direct fermentation in cultivating groove, and wheat straw can not pulverized.Wheat straw is put into groove, it is steady and sure to add after ashes and farmyard manure, spills 1.8～2.2% urea water and covers Polypropylence Sheet and start fermentation, within according to circumstances every 2～3 days later, spills one time urea water, again steady and sure after 10～15 days, the matrix fermenting outside in upper cover just can be planted seedling.
Matrix needn't be changed every year, can reuse for many years as long as root disease is not serious.Because the organic principle in matrix in use constantly decomposes, the volume of matrix can reduce.Should fill out a certain amount of stalk in the bottom of cultivating groove every year, old matrix on upper cap, and apply the farmyard manure becoming thoroughly decomposed as base manure, when concrete operations, the old matrix in the first row of one end, greenhouse can be cleared out, pack after fresh straw having peace of mind the old matrix in next line in upper cover into, then fresh straw is packed in the groove of that a line of just having vacated, cover again the old matrix in its next line in the above, the like, until upper stalk is added in provisional capitals all in greenhouse.Finally, by the old matrix lid of the first row on last column, before field planting young plant, cover tightly with Polypropylence Sheet above, utilize daylight to carry out high-temperature sterilization and can effectively prevent the accumulation year by year in the substrate of intramatrical pathogen, ashes or the gangue burning needn't all will add every year, if but add a small amount of ashes or the gangue that burn can increase the content of the interior calcium of matrix and magnesium.
Regardless of being as base manure or topdressing, farmyard manure must be first could use after by fermentation in greenhouse, to avoid ammonia and other pernicious gases to work the mischief to plant, farmyard manure is mixed with the stalk of isopyknic pulverizing, add water and regulate heap fermentation after humidity, become thoroughly decomposed soon and effective, the farmyard manure that fresh undried is crossed, can regulate humidity by the way that increases stalk amount, between yeast phase, minimumly want casting once.
Finally gather: fruit entered after colour-change period, can gather in time according to the market demand.
Described soilless culture adopts the mode of slot type cultivation.
The cultivation of described slot type is grade first, with fragment of brick build on the ground one high 35～45 centimetres, the groove that internal diameter is wide 90～110 centimetres, 110～130 centimetres of wide plastic films are spread in bottom, stamp diameter and be the hole of 0.9～1.1 centimetre in the centre of bottom thin film, and pitch of holes is 33～38 centimetres, compacting, and exceed groove face, and place drip irrigation pipe bonnet last layer plastic film, watering just can perforate field planting young plant after described soilless culture substrate is drenched.
The foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to limit the present invention, within the spirit and principles in the present invention not all, any amendment of doing, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., within all should being included in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. the compound method of tomato soilless culture substrate, is characterized in that:
Get the crops straw of 5.5～6.0 parts by volume, the ashes of 1.5～2.0 parts by volume or the gangue burning, the farmyard manure of 2～2.5 parts by volume, mixes;
Service property (quality) concentration is that the matrix mixing is adjusted to water quality content is 70～80% for 1.8～2.2% urea water;
It is 70～80% that matrix is adjusted to water quality content by the urea water that allows matrix spontaneous fermentation carry out casting after 3～4 days and to be 1.8～2.2% by mass concentration;
Continue fermentation 7～10 days, can obtain described tomato soilless culture substrate;
Described crops straw is the crops straw particle that after pulverizing, particle diameter is 0.9～1.1cm, described ashes or the gangue burning are that after pulverizing, particle diameter is the ashes below 0.5cm or the coal gangue particle that burnt, and described farmyard manure is that after sieving, particle diameter is the farmyard manure particle below 1.0cm;
Described crops straw is Wheat Straw, corn stalk or cotton stem; Described farmyard manure is human and animal excreta.
2. utilize the method for the tomato soilless culture substrate cultivation tomato of the compound method preparation of tomato soilless culture substrate as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: through vernalization, sow, grow seedlings after, seedling is carried out to field planting in described tomato soilless culture substrate, after field planting in management process, described tomato soilless culture substrate temperature remains on below 35 DEG C afterwards.
3. the method for the tomato soilless culture substrate cultivation tomato of the compound method of tomato soilless culture substrate as claimed in claim 2 preparation, is characterized in that: described soilless culture adopts the mode of bag cultivating or slot type cultivation.
4. the method for the tomato soilless culture substrate cultivation tomato of the compound method of tomato soilless culture substrate as claimed in claim 3 preparation, it is characterized in that: described bag cultivating is grade first, described tomato soilless culture substrate soil is packed into long 75～85 centimetres, in the snakeskin bag of wide 45～55 centimetres, tie mouth, in one line, tiling is to ground, punching in the middle of each sack, line space is 60～70 centimetres.
5. the method for the tomato soilless culture substrate cultivation tomato of the compound method of tomato soilless culture substrate as claimed in claim 4 preparation, it is characterized in that: the cultivation of described slot type is grade first, with fragment of brick build on the ground one high 35～45 centimetres, the groove that internal diameter is wide 90～110 centimetres, 110～130 centimetres of wide plastic films are spread in bottom, stamp diameter in the centre of bottom thin film and be the hole of 0.9～1.1 centimetre, pitch of holes is 33～38 centimetres, compacting, and exceed groove face, place drip irrigation pipe bonnet last layer plastic film, water drenched described soilless culture substrate rear perforate field planting young plant.
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| CN103319240B (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2014-07-30 | 沈阳农业大学 | Bag-culture composite nutritional matrix for tomatoes and preparation and nutrient and water management methods thereof |
| CN103467152A (en) * | 2013-08-14 | 2013-12-25 | 江苏鼎钰生态农业科技有限公司 | Soilless culture substrate of tomato |
| CN103404353A (en) * | 2013-08-20 | 2013-11-27 | 灌云县农业技术推广中心 | Seedling culture method for cultivating early-spring strong vegetable seedlings by utilizing sunlight greenhouse |
| CN103641542B (en) * | 2013-11-20 | 2016-02-17 | 北海市蔬菜研究所 | A kind of Vegetable culture medium and preparation method thereof |
| CN104521718A (en) * | 2015-01-20 | 2015-04-22 | 李本兵 | Soilless culture method utilizing organic fertilizer and application thereof |
| CN104719114B (en) * | 2015-03-25 | 2017-04-12 | 青岛市农业科学研究院 | Tomato soilless culture nutrient solution with fly ash aggregate as matrix |
| CN104756843A (en) * | 2015-03-26 | 2015-07-08 | 广西大学 | Organic seedling substrate for tomato and preparation method thereof |
| CN105961020B (en) * | 2016-06-21 | 2018-07-03 | 沈阳农业大学 | A kind of high sugared tomato planting method of heliogreenhouse bag training |
| CN106718274A (en) * | 2016-12-06 | 2017-05-31 | 广西百色国家农业科技园区管理委员会 | Layer-stepping tomato seedling substrate and its application method that a kind of tomato stalk is made |
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| CN1336104A (en) * | 2001-09-19 | 2002-02-20 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 | Organic soil-less culture substrate, orgainc solid fertilizer and soil-less cultivation method |
| CN101341849A (en) * | 2008-08-28 | 2009-01-14 | 山东农业大学 | Organic matter basis cultivation method for vegetable overcoming root-knot nematodiasis of soil |
| CN101503325A (en) * | 2009-03-20 | 2009-08-12 | 沈阳农业大学 | Nutrition medium for reducing tomato soil borne disease incidence and preparation thereof |
| CN102150530A (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2011-08-17 | 苏州硒谷科技有限公司 | Tomatoes rich in organic selenium and production method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN1336104A (en) * | 2001-09-19 | 2002-02-20 | 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 | Organic soil-less culture substrate, orgainc solid fertilizer and soil-less cultivation method |
| CN101341849A (en) * | 2008-08-28 | 2009-01-14 | 山东农业大学 | Organic matter basis cultivation method for vegetable overcoming root-knot nematodiasis of soil |
| CN101503325A (en) * | 2009-03-20 | 2009-08-12 | 沈阳农业大学 | Nutrition medium for reducing tomato soil borne disease incidence and preparation thereof |
| CN102150530A (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2011-08-17 | 苏州硒谷科技有限公司 | Tomatoes rich in organic selenium and production method thereof |
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