CN101600835B - 生物功能材料 - Google Patents

生物功能材料 Download PDF

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CN101600835B
CN101600835B CN200780032838.7A CN200780032838A CN101600835B CN 101600835 B CN101600835 B CN 101600835B CN 200780032838 A CN200780032838 A CN 200780032838A CN 101600835 B CN101600835 B CN 101600835B
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substrate
protein
digestible protein
stain
enzyme
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王平
张敏娟
贾鸿飞
A·H·特里维迪
石井雅彦
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Toyota Motor Corp
University of Akron
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Toyota Motor Engineering and Manufacturing North America Inc
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Abstract

本发明涉及自净系统领域中使用消化蛋白的组合物和方法。一种组合物包括底物，能够分解污迹分子的消化蛋白以及与所述消化蛋白和所述底物结合的连接部分。可选择的组合物包括能够分解污迹分子的消化蛋白和涂敷底物，其中所述的消化蛋白可以被分散于所述涂敷底物中。方法权利要求包括使底物与表面结合并且使消化蛋白与所述底物之间形成连接部分。

Description

生物功能材料
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请请求2006年11月22日提交的美国专利申请顺序号US11/562,503的优先权。
发明背景
1.发明领域
本发明涉及自净组合物和防止和减少因鸟粪，昆虫废物，食物碎屑和其它产生污迹的物质导致的表面污迹蓄积的方法。
2.技术背景
汽车内和外表面，诸如涂层，油漆和座位织物在它们处于长期接触鸟粪，昆虫碎片，松叶树脂，微生物，树胶时发生污染和侵蚀。某些污迹，诸如来源于昆虫的污迹难以通过定期自动无刷洗涤除去。内表面和涂层还可能易于被食物和饮料中的油，蛋白质，糖和其它组分弄脏并且定时除去这类污迹可能存在某些挑战。
在本文中，本发明具体涉及将消化蛋白，包括溶菌酶，蛋白酶，脂酶，纤维素酶等掺到表面，诸如油漆和涂层上。消化蛋白的催化活性使正在进行的自净能够减少和消除污迹污染。这些消化蛋白的作用机制性质上主要是酶促的并且不涉及使用任何腐蚀性或氧化性成分；因此，它们对环境有利。
在这项工作中的初始阶段关注的污迹包括由昆虫破碎体，动物(如鸟)废物，食物，牛奶和其它饮料以及化妆品和个人护理产品形成的污迹。尽管详细成分随污迹来源的不同而改变，但是粘附于表面上的污迹的主要成分为蛋白质，多糖，脂肪或油。
3.相关领域的描述
已知将酶掺入涂层或底物的目的在于给表面提供抗微生物，抗真菌或防污浊特性。就申请人所知使消化蛋白附着于表面以便酶促分解与表面接触的污迹分子是新颖的。
U.S.6,818,212中披露了用于消毒和杀灭微生物细胞的酶促抗微生物组分。
Wang等2001中披露了在潮湿条件下酶在其共价结合时寿命延长；而该参考文献中似乎并未提及在表面自净领域中应用这类共价结合的酶。
U.S.3,705,398中披露了具有活性抗菌，抗真菌和抗菌与抗真菌特性组合的聚合物制品。抗菌和抗真菌活化剂分布在聚合物组合物内并且迁移至表面。
U.S.5,914,367中披露了制备聚合物-蛋白质复合物的方法，包括在溶于有机相中的蛋白质存在下通过蛋白质与表面活性剂的离子配对使单体聚合。然而，该参考文献中似乎并未提及利用这种聚合物-蛋白质复合物的消化能力防止或减少污迹蓄积。
U.S.6,150,146中披露了以受控速率从基质中释放具有抗微生物活性的化合物的方法。该方法预先在基质内包括酶和底物以使该酶和底物彼此在基质中反应，由此产生具有抗微生物活性的化合物。该专利还披露了涂敷组合物，它包含成膜树脂，酶，底物和能够与底物反应的任何酶。
U.S.2005/0058689中披露了具有抗真菌生长和抗菌物质的油漆和涂层。披露了用于掺入涂了漆的表面中的特定化学品和形成物，它们为抑制霉菌，细菌和真菌在建筑材料上生长的抗真菌组合物。
本发明的目的在于提供防止和减少污迹蓄积的含消化蛋白的自净组合物和方法。
发明概述
本发明在第一个方面中提供了包含底物，能够分解污迹分子的消化蛋白和连接部分的组合物。
本发明的组合物可以用作通过“自动”酶促降解反应防止接触污迹和污物蓄积的机制。该组合物中的消化蛋白可以包括水解蛋白分子的蛋白酶，水解脂质和脂肪的脂酶，水解纤维素的纤维素酶和水解碳水化合物的淀粉酶等。对消化蛋白而言既不需要，也无必要使它们具有均面对污迹颗粒的功能性结合袋。尽管消化蛋白可以随机排列在表面上，但是消化蛋白层提供足够的覆盖度和消化活性。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中，可以使用包含一个或多个活性基团的聚合物层预处理表面。可以将消化蛋白混悬液旋转涂敷在带有活性基团的聚合物层上以便在蛋白质与聚合物层之间形成共价键。活性基团可以包括醇，硫醇，醛，羧酸，酸酐，环氧化物和酯等。可选择地，可以使消化蛋白在与油漆或涂层混悬前附着于纳米上。
本发明可以进一步涉及：包含用于分解污迹分子的消化蛋白和涂敷底物的组合物，其中消化蛋白被截留在涂敷底物中。在该组合物中，消化蛋白可以选自溶菌酶，蛋白酶，脂酶，纤维素酶，糖苷酶，淀粉酶等。
在本发明的另一个方面中，披露了用于减少和或消除污迹污染的方法。该方法包括使底物与表面结合并且在消化蛋白的活性基团与底物之间形成连接部分。在该方法中，所述的底物可以包含表面官能团，诸如醇，硫醇，醛，羧酸，酸酐，环氧化物，酯或其任意的组合。
附图简述
通过参照附图进一步例证本发明，其中
图1为使酶与聚合物纳米颗粒表面附着的描述。
图2为通过吸附和共价交联制备的蛋白酶涂层的荧光影像描述。
图3表示蛋白质测定校准曲线。
图4表示用于酪氨酸(水解产物)的校准曲线。
图5表示显示卵清污迹降解的有代表性的GPC色谱图。
图6表示卵清污迹降解的时程。
图7表示在80℃下蛋白酶涂层的热稳定性。
发明详述
本发明在第一个方面涉及包含底物，能够分解污迹分子的消化蛋白和连接部分的组合物。
本发明具体地涉及将一种或多种消化蛋白掺到诸如油漆和涂层这类表面上，所述的消化蛋白包括溶菌酶，蛋白酶，脂酶，纤维素等。这些消化蛋白的催化活性使正在进行的自净能够减少和消除污迹污染。
各种污迹包括由昆虫破碎体，动物(如鸟)废物，食物，牛奶和其它饮料以及化妆品和个人护理产品形成的污迹。尽管详细成分随污迹来源的不同而改变，但是粘附于表面上的污迹的主要成分为蛋白质，多糖，脂肪或油。
在溶液环境中评价消化蛋白对不同污迹来源的活性。在不同条件下进行试验，包括不同pH和温度，目的在于尝试评价该蛋白质在汽车环境而不是在传统上应用它们的洗涤机中的性能。试验包括蛋白质相关活性；淀粉相关活性试验；使用油污迹的试验。将蛋白质活性单位定义为：在测定条件下于37℃1个单位的消化蛋白水解酪蛋白而产生相当于1.0μmol酪氨酸/分钟的吸收度差异。活性测定的结果表明共价交联的蛋白酶呈现的活性比物理吸附的蛋白酶的活性高9倍。
存在几种将消化蛋白掺到底物上的方式。其中之一涉及应用共价键。具体地，消化蛋白的游离胺基可以与底物的活性基团共价结合。这类活性基团包括醇，硫醇，醛，羧酸，酸酐，环氧化物，酯或其任意的组合。这种掺入消化蛋白的方法提供独特的优点。首先，该共价键束缚了与底物持久结合的蛋白质且由此使它们成为消化蛋白种类渗漏程度极低(即使并非全部)的最终组合物的组成部分。其次，该共价键提供了延长的酶寿命。随着时间的推移，蛋白质一般因其多肽链解折叠而失去活性。诸如共价键合这类化学结合有效地限制这样的解折叠，且由此改善蛋白质的寿命。蛋白质的寿命一般通过比较一段时间内游离的或物理吸附的蛋白质活性降低的量与共价固定的蛋白质活性降低的量来确定。结果已经证实游离形式的或物理吸附于底物上的蛋白质失去其活性远快于共价键形式的蛋白质。
可选择地，消化蛋白可以均匀地分散于整个底物网状结构中以生成均匀的蛋白质平台。在如此进行的过程中，消化蛋白可以首先被可聚合基团修饰。修饰的蛋白质可以在有表面活性剂存在下增溶于有机溶剂中，且由此能够随后与有机溶液中诸如甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)或苯乙烯这类单体聚合。所得组合物包括均匀分散于整个网状结构中的消化蛋白分子。
此外，与上述交联方法相比，消化蛋白可以附着于底物表面上。使用具有100-1000nm直径的聚苯乙烯颗粒实现了相当于～100％表面覆盖度的消化蛋白附着。
组合物的消化蛋白可以包括水解蛋白质分子的蛋白酶，水解脂质和脂肪的脂酶，水解纤维素的纤维素酶和水解碳水化合物的淀粉酶。对消化蛋白而言既不需要也无必要使它们具有均面对污迹颗粒的功能性结合袋。尽管消化蛋白可以随机排列在表面上，但是消化蛋白层提供足够的覆盖和消化活性。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中，用包含一个或多个琥珀酰亚胺酯的表面活性基团的聚合物层预处理表面。将消化蛋白的混悬液旋转涂敷于具有活性基团的聚合物层上，以便与蛋白质形成共价键。可选择地，消化蛋白可以在与油漆或涂层混悬前附着于纳米颗粒上。
本发明进一步涉及包括能够分解污迹分子的消化蛋白和涂敷底物的组合物，其中消化蛋白可以被截留在涂敷底物内。在该组合物中，所述的消化蛋白可以选自溶菌酶，蛋白酶，脂酶，纤维素酶，糖苷酶和淀粉酶。
在本发明的另一个方面中，披露了减少和或消除污迹污染的方法。该方法包括使底物与表面结合并且在消化蛋白的活性基团与底物之间形成连接部分。在该方法中，所述的底物可以包含表面活性基团，诸如醇，硫醇，醛，羧酸，酸酐，环氧化物，酯或其任意的组合。
实施例1
可以使酶附着在塑料表面上。可以使用具有100-1000nm直径的聚苯乙烯颗粒实现相当于～100％表面覆盖的酶附着。通过用消化蛋白涂敷，可以将这些颗粒与油漆或涂层一起使用以便使物质表面官能化。相同的化学手段可以应用于涂敷在塑料部分上施加的酶，且由此在该部分的表面上形成蛋白质涂层。正如图1中所示，可以通过乳液聚合合成具有100-1000nm直径的颗粒。乳液聚合为一般掺入水，单体和表面活性剂的乳液中进行的聚合类型。最常用乳液聚合类型为水包油型乳液，其中单体(油)液滴在水的连续相中被乳化(使用表面活性剂)。
可以通过混合含可聚合表面活性剂(2-磺基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯)，稳定剂(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮，PVP)和引发剂(2，2′-偶氮双[2-甲基-N-(2-羟乙基)丙酰胺]的水溶液(水和乙醇的混合物，～20ml)合成如上所述的颗粒，使其与苯乙烯，N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺(NAS，官能化乙烯基单体)，和乙烯基苯(～1％v/v)的有机溶液(～1ml)混合。可以通过调整相比(1/30-1/15，油/水)和乙醇浓度(0.125-0.50ml/ml)，甲基丙烯酸2-磺基乙基酯和PVP(0-5.5mg/ml)来控制粒度。可以在70℃下通过搅拌10h进行反应，随后用乙醇和DI水在带有聚醚砜膜(MW截止值：300kDa)的搅拌超滤池内洗涤所得颗粒。
实施例2
污迹可以由不同的接触来源生成。昆虫残体，动物废物，食物，牛奶和其它饮料以及化妆品和个人护理产品均可以产生污迹。尽管详细成分随污迹来源的不同而改变，但是粘附于表面的主要成分为蛋白质，简单糖类和多糖类，脂肪和/或油。消化蛋白，包括脂酶，蛋白酶，淀粉酶和纤维素酶各自攻击不同的成分，它们迄今为止为最有效，安全和经济的对抗这类污迹的试剂。正如表1中所示，在我们的初步筛选试验中检验和测试这些蛋白质，且最终我们因活性测定的便利性而选择了蛋白酶进行随后的大部分实验。
表1
  酶   靶向污迹   来源   功能   标准测试条件
  蛋白酶   昆虫，奶制品，动物废物   地衣形芽孢杆菌(Bacilluslicheniformis)(SubtilisinCarlsberg)   水解蛋白质物质   使用Folin &Ciocalteu′s酚染料，pH7.5，37℃，在660nm处的吸收度
  脂酶AK   脂肪和油，化妆品，墨水   荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonasfluorescens)   水解油和脂肪   对硝基苯基戊酸酯，pH 7.7，40℃，在405nm处的吸收度
  α-淀粉酶   果汁，软饮料，食物，动物废物   枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)   水解淀粉   染色淀粉，pH6.9，25℃，在540nm处的吸收度
  纤维素酶   饮料，食物，动物废物   黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)   水解纤维素   染色纤维素，pH 6，50℃，在590nm处的吸收度
实施例3
酶涂层的制备
将N-丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亚胺(392mg)，1.2ml苯乙烯和29.2mg4，4’-偶氮双-(4-氰基戊酸)与16ml氯仿在20ml玻璃反应瓶中混合。给该瓶充氮气，密封并且在70℃和搅拌下温育12小时，随后通过充氮气除去溶剂。将聚合物产物以50mg/ml的浓度再溶于氯仿。将1毫升所得溶液以6000rpm旋转涂敷在聚苯乙烯平板(直径11cm)上。将来自Subtilisin Carlsberg的蛋白酶以10mg/ml的浓度溶于0.05M磷酸盐缓冲液。将酶通过3-步叠层旋转涂敷涂布在活性聚合物涂敷的平板上：1)1ml蛋白酶溶液，2)含0.5％(V/V)戊二醛的1ml蛋白酶溶液，3)1ml蛋白酶溶液。将旋转涂敷的平板保持在4℃下12小时，随后用0.05M Tris缓冲液(pH 8)，2M NaCl溶液和DI水强洗涤。最终使平板风干并且切成小片(1×2cm)。将该方法命名为共价交联。作为对比，将类似的程序应用于不含活性聚合物涂层的聚苯乙烯平板，这称作物理吸附。
实施例4
酶涂层的显影
首先将荧光染料(Oregon green，Invitrogen Corp.)以2mg/ml的浓度溶于二甲亚砜。在室温与适度振摇下将具有物理吸附和共价固定酶的样品平板在所述染料溶液中温育2小时，随后用DI水冲洗。然后在氮气中干燥平板并且在荧光显微镜下观察。影像如图2中所示，其中绿色表示该区域被酶覆盖。与物理吸附相比，使用共价交联法使更多的酶被固定在表面上。
实施例5
酶荷载的测定
通过逆向Bradford法测定附着在塑料平板上的酶的量。一般而言，首先通过用DI水(1∶5，按体积计)稀释Bradford试剂制备操作溶液。首先使用游离蛋白酶作为标准品获得校准曲线。在1ml比色杯中，将0.5ml蛋白酶溶液与0.5ml操作溶液混合且然后使其反应5分钟。使用分光光度计在465nm处测定该溶液的吸收度。在测试一系列不同蛋白酶浓度后，获得如图3中所示的校准曲线。
为了测定固定酶的载荷，将一块酶涂敷的平板(1cm×2cm)放入20-ml玻璃瓶中，随后添加0.5ml DI水和0.5ml操作溶液。在室温下将该瓶适度搅拌5分钟以便使染料与固定酶结合。然后在465nm处记录上清液的吸收度。类似地还将不含酶涂敷的空白塑料平板测定为对照。从获自酶荷载平板的读数中扣除使用空白平板获得的读数。将获得的读数差异与校准曲线比较得到该平板上的载荷，然后将其标准化成μg/cm2。通过共价交联和物理吸附得到的酶载荷分别为8.5和1.0μg/cm2。
实施例6
酶涂层的水解活性的验证：
在溶液中的酶：使用0.65％(w/v)酪蛋白作为底物测定蛋白酶的蛋白水解活性。将蛋白酶溶液(0.1ml)与0.5ml酪蛋白溶液一起在37℃下温育10分钟。通过添加0.5ml三氯乙酸(110mM)终止反应。将该混合物离心以便除去沉淀。将所得上清液(0.4ml)与1ml碳酸钠(0.5M)和0.2ml稀Folin & Ciocalteu′s酚试剂(通过用DI水按照1∶4稀释Folin & Ciocalteu′s酚试剂)混合，随后在37℃下温育30分钟。最终再次离心该混合物并且使用分光光度计在660nm处测定上清液的吸收度。通过添加100μl缓冲液并且进行类似试验进行不使用酶溶液的空白实验。从样品(酶溶液)中扣除空白的吸收度。
将活性单位定义为：1个单位的酶在37℃和测定条件下酶水解酪蛋白产生与1.0μmol酪氨酸/分钟相当的吸收度差异。酪氨酸氨基酸用于校准。使不同浓度的酪氨酸与Folin-Ciocalteau试剂反应并且所得校准曲线如图4中所示。
酶涂层：通过使用酶涂敷的聚合物片(1×2cm)而不是在溶液中的酶和空白聚合物涂敷的片作为对照，按照类似方式测定固定蛋白酶的活性。将蛋白质的活性称作每单位面积的表面活性。
活性测定结果表明具有共价交联的蛋白酶的平板得到5.6×10-3个单位/cm2，而物理吸附的每仅展示出0.6×10-3个单位/cm2的活性。
实施例7
酶涂层上的污迹降解
将卵清作测定酶涂层上污迹降解的模型污迹。在具有蛋白酶涂敷的平板(11cm直径)上，以2000rpm旋转涂敷(在DI水中10mg/ml)2ml卵清溶液。然后将平板切除较小块(1×2cm)并且保持在室温下(25℃)不同时间期限，以使卵清降解。在一定间隔后，谨慎地用DI水洗涤1小块平板并且使用凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)分析洗涤溶液中的卵清，以便测定分子量改变。一般在GPC色谱仪中发现两个峰(图5)：一个具有较短的保留时间，而另一个具有较长的保留时间，分别相当于卵清和降解产物。基于卵清峰的面积，获得如图6中所示的蛋白降解时程。还使用不含蛋白酶涂敷的平板进行对照实验，但未鉴定出清楚的产物峰。
实施例8
酶涂层的热稳定性
在80℃下的空气加热箱内研究酶涂层的热稳定性。在一定时间间隔，从箱内取出样品平板并且按照如操作实施例2中所示的程序测定活性。将活性降低与时间的关系绘制在图9中。与物理吸附的酶相比，显然共价交联酶得到了对热失活的较好稳定性。本发明并不限于上述例证性实施例。
这些实施例并不作为对本发明范围的限定。本文所述的方法，仪器和组合物等为典型的，但不作为对本发明范围的限定。本文的改变和其它应用对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。本发明的范围由权利要求的范围确定。

Claims (12)

1.用于除去第一底物表面上的污迹的组合物，包含： 
能够分解污迹分子的消化蛋白，所述的消化蛋白选自溶菌酶，蛋白酶，脂酶，纤维素酶，糖苷酶和淀粉酶； 
应用于所述第一底物表面上的第二底物，所述的第二底物包括油漆和聚合物，包含一个或多个选自醇，硫醇，醛，羧酸，酸酐，环氧基和酯的基团；和 
与所述第二底物的外表面和所述消化蛋白的活性基团结合的连接部分， 
所述连接部分位于所述消化蛋白与所述第二底物之间并且使所述消化蛋白与所述第二底物的所述外表面共价连接，所述消化蛋白在所述第二底物的所述外表面上形成层以致于使消化蛋白的表面暴露用于与污迹反应。 
2.权利要求1所述的组合物，其中所述的污迹分子选自蛋白质，油，脂肪和碳水化合物。
3.权利要求1所述的组合物，其中所述的活性基团选自醇，胺，硫醇和羧酸。 
4.权利要求1所述的组合物，其中所述的连接部分为共价键。 
5.权利要求1所述的组合物，其中被所述消化蛋白分解的所述污迹分子的终产物是可通过水冲洗除去的。 
6.自净方法，包括： 
使底物与表面结合；和 
使消化蛋白的活性基团与所述底物之间形成连接部分， 
所述连接部分位于所述消化蛋白与所述底物之间并且使所述消化蛋白与所述底物的外表面共价连接，所述消化蛋白在所述底物的所述外表面上形成层以致于使消化蛋白的表面暴露用于与污迹反应。 
7.权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述的底物包括一种或多种选自 醇，硫醇，醛，羧酸，酸酐，环氧基和酯的基团。 
8.权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述的表面选自金属，玻璃，漆，塑料和织物。 
9.权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述的活性基团选自醇，胺，硫醇和羧酸。 
10.权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述消化蛋白对污迹分子的降解发生在干燥环境中。 
11.权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述降解的终产物是可被水除去的。 
12.权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述水是雨水。 
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US20080119381A1 (en) 2008-05-22
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