CN101188597B - 一种ofdm基站以及在基站处把导频符号插入到ofdm帧中的方法 - Google Patents

一种ofdm基站以及在基站处把导频符号插入到ofdm帧中的方法 Download PDF

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CN101188597B
CN101188597B CN200810001919.7A CN200810001919A CN101188597B CN 101188597 B CN101188597 B CN 101188597B CN 200810001919 A CN200810001919 A CN 200810001919A CN 101188597 B CN101188597 B CN 101188597B
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ofdm
frequency
pilot sign
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J·马
M·贾
P·朱
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Abstract

提供了在MIM0‑OFDM通信系统内减小导频符号的数目和改进这样的系统内的信道估计的方法和设备。对于在OFDM发射机中的每个发射天线,导频符号被编码,以便对于该发射天线是独特的。编码的导频符号然后被插入到OFDM帧,以形成菱形网格,用于不同发射天线的菱形网格使用相同的频率,但在时域上互相偏离单个符号。在OFDM接收机处,信道响应是对于菱形网格的每个菱形中心的符号、通过使用二维内插被估计的。估计的信道响应在频域中被平滑。其余符号的信道响应然后通过在频域中内插而进行估计。

Description

一种OFDM基站以及在基站处把导频符号插入到OFDM帧中的 方法
本申请是分案申请,其母案申请的发明名称是“用于MIMO-OFDM系统的分散导频图案和信道估计方法”,其母案申请的国家申请号为:02825159.8;其母案申请的国际申请号为:PCT/CA02/01541,其母案申请的申请日是2002年10月15日。
技术领域
本发明涉及OFDM通信系统,更具体地,涉及在这样的系统内导频符号的更有效的使用。
背景技术
多输入多输出-正交频分复用(MIMO-OFDM)是一种新的高度频谱有效的技术,该技术被使用来通过频率上和时间上有快速衰落的无线信道来发送高速数据。
在采用OFDM的无线通信系统中,发射机通过使用许多并行的子载波发送数据到接收机。子载波的频率是正交的。并行地发送数据便允许包含数据的符号具有较长的持续时间,这减小了多径衰落的影响。频率的正交性允许子载波紧密地安排,而同时使得载波间干扰最小化。在发射机处,数据被编码、交织和调制,以形成数据符号。包括导频符号的附加开销信息被添加,以及符号(数据加附加开销)被组织成OFDM符号。每个OFDM符号典型地使用2n个频率。每个符号被分配去代表不同的正交频率的分量。逆快速付立叶变换(IFFT)被应用到OFDM符号(因此最好是2n个频率),以生成信号的时间样本。为信号添加循环扩展,以及把该信号传送到数字-模拟转换器。最后,发射机沿一个信道将信号发送到接收机。
当接收机接收到该信号时,执行逆运算。接收到的信号被传送通过一个模拟-数字转换器,然后确定定时信息。从该信号中去除循环扩展。接收机对接收到的信号执行FFT,以恢复该信号,也就是,数据符号的频率分量。可能对数据符号施加纠错,以补偿在信号沿信道传播期间造成的相位和幅度的变化。然后,数据符号被解调、去交织和译码,以产生发送的数据。
在采用微分检测的系统中,接收机把每个接收到的符号的相位和/或幅度与相邻的符号进行比较。该相邻的符号可以是在时间方向上或在频率方向上相邻的。接收机通过测量一个符号与相邻的符号之间的相位上和/或幅度上的改变而恢复被发送的数据。如果使用微分检测,则不需要施加信道补偿,来补偿在信号传播期间造成的相位和幅度的变化。然而,在采用相干检测的系统中,接收机必须估计信道响应的实际相位和幅度,以及必须施加信道补偿。
由沿信道传播而导致的相位和幅度的变化被称为信道响应。该信道响应通常与频率和时间相关的。如果接收机可确定信道响应,则接收到的信号可被校正来补偿信道恶化。信道响应的确定即所谓的信道估计。在每个OFDM符号中包括导频符号便允许接收机实行信道估计。该导频符号用接收机已知的数值发送。当接收机接收该OFDM符号时,接收机把导频符号的已接收值与导频符号的已知发送值进行比较,以估计该信道响应。
导频符号是附加开销,其数目应当尽可能少,以便使数据符号的传输速率最大化。由于信道响应可随时间和随频率变化,所以导频符号被分散在数据符号间,以提供信道响应在频率和时间上的尽可能完整的范围。导频符号被插入的频率和时间的集合被称为导频图案。在导频符号之间的最佳时间间隔通常由最大预期的多卜勒频率规定,以及在导频符号之间的最佳频率间隔通常由多径衰落的预期的时延扩散规定。
现有的导频辅助的OFDM信道估计方法被设计用于传统的一个发射机系统。对于分散导频安排,有三类算法:
·1-D频率内插或时间内插
·变换的频率1-D内插
·独立的时间和频率1-D内插
第一类算法是基于导频OFDM符号(所有的子载波被用作为导频)或梳型导频。在图1A的流程图上显示的这个方法是简单的,但只适用于具有高的频率选择性的信道或具有高的时间衰落的信道。该方法涉及频域中的导频提取(步骤1A-1),后随时间上的内插(步骤1A-2),或频率上的内插(步骤1A-3)。
在图1B的流程图上显示的第二种方法针对具有慢速多卜勒衰落和快速频率衰落的信道。它通过以分别为该信道估计计算FFT/IFFT为代价,来为噪声减少处理使用FFT将信道响应重建回时域,而改进第一种方法。该方法从频域中的导频提取(步骤1B-1)开始,可能后随频率上的内插(步骤1B-2)。然后,执行逆快速付立叶变换(步骤1B-3)、平滑/去噪声处理(步骤1B-4)、以及最后是快速付立叶变换(1B-5)步骤。
在图1C的流程图上显示的第三种方法可被使用来估计用于移动应用的信道,该信道中既存在快速时间衰落又存在频率衰落。然而,它需要相对较高的导频密度和完整的内插器。该方法涉及频域中的导频提取(步骤1C-1),后随时间上的内插(步骤1C-2)和频率上的内插(步骤1C-3)。
在具有高的频散和时间衰落的传播环境下,信道估计性能可以通过以减小数据传输的频谱效率为代价来增加导频符号密度而被改进。从有限的导频来内插和重建信道响应函数以实现具有最小附加开销的可靠信道估计是一项具有挑战性的任务。
有各种各样的现有的标准导频图案。在其中信道只随时间和频率缓慢变化的环境中,导频符号可以被循环地插入,在每个时间间隔后在相邻的频率处被插入。在其中信道是具有高的频率相关性的环境下,导频符号可以同时在所有频率处周期性地被插入。然而,这样的导频图案只适合于随时间非常缓慢地变化的信道。在其中信道是具有高的时间相关性的环境下,导频符号可以连续地只在梳状安排中的一个特定频率处插入,以提供信道响应的恒定测量。然而,这样的导频图案只适合于随频率缓慢地变化的信道。在其中信道是具有高的频率相关性和高的时间相关性的环境下(例如,具有很大的多径衰落的移动系统),导频符号可以在时间上和频率上周期地插入,以使得当符号被画在时间-频率图上时,导频符号形成一个矩形网格。
在采用相干调制和解调的OFDM通信系统中,接收机必须估计在所有子载波的频率上和在所有时间上的信道响应。虽然与采用差分调制和解调的系统相比,这需要更多的处理,但使用相干调制和解调可以得到信号噪声比的更大增益。接收机确定导频符号被插入到OFDM符号的时间和频率上的信道响应,以及执行内插,以估计数据符号位于OFDM符号内的时间和频率上的信道响应。在导频图案内把导频符号更加紧密地放置在一起(如果使用梳状图案,则在频率上;如果使用周期性图案,则在时间上;或者,如果使用矩形网格图案,则在频率和时间上)导致更加精确的内插。然而,因为导频符号是附加开销,所以一个更紧密的导频图案是以发送的数据速率为代价的。
如果信道随时间缓慢地变化(例如,对于游动的应用),则现有的导频图案和内插技术通常是足够的。然而,如果信道随时间非常快地变化(例如,对于移动应用),则在导频符号之间的时间间隔必须减小,以便允许通过内插精确地估计信道响应。这增加信号中的附加开销。
使导频符号数目最小化而同时使得内插的精确度最大化的问题,在多输入多输出(MIMO)OFDM系统中也是特别麻烦的。在MIMO OFDM系统中,发射机通过一个以上的发射天线发送数据,以及接收机通过一个以上的接收天线接收数据。二进制数据通常在发射天线之间被分开,尽管如果希望用空间分集的话,同一数据可以通过每个发射天线被发送。每个接收天线接收来自所有的发射天线的数据,这样,如果有M个发射天线和N个接收天线,则信号将通过M×N信道传播,每个信道具有它自己的信道响应。每个发射天线把导频符号插入到它正在发送的OFDM符号的同一子载波位置。为了使得在接收机处在每个发射天线的导频符号之间的干扰最小化,每个发射天线典型地使它的导频图案闪烁接通和关断。这增加每个发射机的导频符号的时间分隔,减小被使用来估计信道响应的内插的精确度。在MIMO-OFDM系统中,因为用于估计M×N信道的计算能力的限制,一个简单和快速的信道估计方法是特别关键的,而在SISO-OFDM系统中只需要估计一个信道。
发明内容
提供了通过使用真正的2-D内插而基于分散导频的部分内插的信道估计方法;且另外地,简单的1-D内插被使用来重建全部信道。这个方法具有减小的分散导频附加开销,以及其计算复杂性比起某些现有的方法至少小一个数量级。通常,建议的信道估计方法在具有高的多卜勒扩展的信道中是更鲁棒的,以及比起某些现有的方法提供更好的性能,以及与某些方法相比,要求更少的OFDM符号缓冲来用于接收机处的相干检测。
本方法允许在每个OFDM符号内放置更少的导频符号,而同时仍允许信道响应的精确的内插。MIMO-OFDM系统的数据速率由此得以提高。
本发明的第一广义方面提供一种在具有至少一个发射天线的OFDM发射机处把导频符号插入到正交频分复用(OFDM)帧的方法,OFDM帧具有时域和频域,每个OFDM帧包括多个OFDM符号。该方法涉及,对于每个天线,在时间-频率中在等同的分散图案中来插入分散导频符号。
在某些实施例中,等同的分散图案是普通的对角线形网格。
在某些实施例中,把导频符号插入到等同的对角线形网格包括:对于在等同的对角线形网格中的每个点,在用于N个接连的OFDM符号的单个子载波上插入多个导频符号,其中N是发射天线的数目。
在某些实施例中,对角线形网格是菱形网格。
在某些实施例中,对于在对角线形网格中的每个点,生成L个未编码的导频符号。对于L个未编码的导频符号的组进行空间时间块编码(STBC),以产生N×N个STBC块,L和N确定STBC编码速率。然后,STBC块的一行或列在特定的子载波上通过每个天线被发送。
在某些实施例中,取决于反映信道条件的数值,发送导频符号是用高于数据符号功率电平的功率电平完成的。
在某些实施例中,发送导频符号是用这样一个功率电平来完成的,该功率电平作为施加到载送数据的子载波的调制类型的函数而被动态地调节,以保证足够精确的接收。
在某些实施例中,对角线形网格图案具有第一多个相等地间隔开的子载波位置,和从所述第一多个子载波位置偏离的、第二多个相等地间隔开的子载波位置。该导频符号交替地在时间上通过使用第一多个相等间隔开的子载波位置和第二多个相等间隔开的子载波位置被插入。
在某些实施例中,第二多个子载波偏离第一多个相等间隔子载波位置的间隔是第一多个子载波位置的相邻子载波之间间隔的一半,由此,形成菱形网格图案。
在某些实施例中,为至少一个相邻的基站而使导频图案既在时间方向也在频率方向上循环地偏移,以便形成重复使用图案。
本发明的另一个广义方面提供OFDM发射机。该OFDM发射机具有多个发射天线,以及适合于把导频符号插入到具有时域和频域的正交频分复用(OFDM)帧,每个OFDM帧包括多个OFDM符号,这是通过对于每个天线,在时间-频率上在等同的分散图案中插入导频符号而进行的。
在某些实施例中,等同的分散图案是对角线形网格。
在某些实施例中,把导频符号插入到等同的分散图案中涉及:对于在等同的分散图案中的每个点,在用于N个接连的OFDM符号的单个子载波上插入多个导频符号,其中N是发射天线的数目,这里N>=1。
在某些实施例中,分散图案是菱形网格。
在某些实施例中,对于在分散图案中的每个点,OFDM发射机适合于生成L个未编码的导频符号,对于L个导频符号的组进行空间时间块编码(STBC),以产生N×N个STBC块,以及在每个天线上发送STBC块的一行或列。
在某些实施例中,取决于反映信道条件的数值,OFDM发射机还适合于以高于数据符号功率电平的功率电平来发送导频符号。
在其中采用菱形网格图案的某些实施例中,该菱形网格图案具有第一多个相等地间隔开的子载波位置,和从所述第一多个子载波位置偏离的、第二多个相等地间隔开的子载波位置。该导频符号交替地在时间上通过使用第一多个相等地间隔开的子载波位置和第二多个相等地间隔开的子载波位置被插入。
本发明的另一个广义方面提供在具有至少一个接收天线的正交频分复用(OFDM)接收机处估计多个信道响应的方法。该方法涉及在每个接收天线处接收由至少一个发射天线发送的OFDM帧,该OFDM帧具有时域和频域,由每个天线发送的OFDM帧使导频符号插入在时间-频率上的等同的分散图案中,每个OFDM帧包括多个OFDM符号。对于每个发射天线,接收天线组合:(a)接收的OFDM帧的导频符号被使用来估计在分散图案上每个点处的信道响应;(b)通过执行对分散图案中的点确定的信道响应的二维(时间方向,频率方向)内插,而估计不在分散图案中的多个点的信道响应;(c)在频率方向上执行内插,以便估计相应于每个OFDM符号内其余的OFDM子载波的信道响应。
在某些实施例中,在频率方向上执行内插以便估计相应于每个OFDM符号内其余OFDM子载波的信道响应之前,对该信道响应执行滤波功能。
在某些实施例中,通过执行对于分散图案网格中的点确定的信道响应的二维(时间方向,频率方向)内插,而估计不在分散图案上的多个点的信道响应,这涉及对于要被估计的每个子载波而平均在频率上要被估计的子载波之前的子载波(当存在时)和在频率上要被估计的子载波之后的子载波(当存在时)的给定信道估计周期的信道响应和在以前的估计周期(当存在时)和随后的估计周期(当存在时)的信道响应。
在某些实施例中,该方法被应用到单个发射机、单个接收机系统。
在其他实施例中,该方法被应用到单个发射机系统,其中分散图案中的每个点包含单个导频符号。
在某些实施例中,该方法被应用到其中有N>=2个天线的系统,以及分散图案中的每个点包含在子载波上发送的N个接连的已编码导频符号,单个信道估计是对于每N个编码的导频符号确定的。
在某些实施例中,该N个编码的导频符号包含被进行STBC块编码的L个导频符号,其中N和L一起确定STBC编码速率。
通过结合附图考察以下的本发明的具体实施例的说明,本领域技术人员将明白本发明的其他方面和特性。
附图说明
现在参考附图更详细地描述本发明,其中:
图1显示对于传统OFDM信道估计的三个例子的流程图;
图2是由本发明的实施例提供的多输入多输出正交频分复用(OFDM)发射机的方框图;
图3是OFDM接收机的方框图;
图4是按照本发明的一个实施例的、OFDM发射机把导频符号插入到OFDM帧的方法的流程图;
图5是通过使用图4的方法来生成导频图案的图;
图6是显示在两个发射天线与两个接收天线之间的信道转移函数的MIMO系统的方框图;
图7显示用于导频信道估计的信道估计位置的时间频率图;
图8示意地显示对估计的和内插的导频信道估计进行滤波的步骤;
图9示意地显示在先前确定的信道估计之间内插、以提供对于所有子载波和所有时间的信道估计的步骤;
图10是概述由本发明的实施例提供的总的信道估计方法的流程图;以及
图11是通过使用图10的方法得到的一组性能结果的例子。
具体实施方式
以下章节描述MIMO-OFDM发射机/接收机和分散导频插入。作为引言,OFDM帧由前同步OFDM符号和常规的OFDM符号组成。每个OFDM符号使用一组正交子载波。当有两个发射天线时,两个OFDM符号形成STTD块。对于常规的OFDM符号,某些子载波被用作为载送导频符号的导频子载波,而其他的子载波被用作为载送数据符号的数据子载波。导频子载波被由QPSK生成的导频符号调制。数据子载波由通过QAM映射而生成的复数数据符号来调制。对位于一个STTD块内、在同一个频率上的导频子载波对应用STTD编码。
参照图2,图上显示由本发明的实施例提供的多输入多输出(MIMO)正交频分复用(OFDM)发射机的方框图。图2所示的OFDM发射机是一个两输出的OFDM发射机,尽管更一般地可能有多个(M个)发射天线。OFDM发射机10取二进制数据作为输入,但可以包容其他形式的数据。二进制数据被传送到编码/调制基元(primitive)12,后者负责编码、交织、和调制二进制数据,以生成数据符号,正如本领域技术人员所熟知的。该编码/调制基元12可包括多个处理块,图2上未示出。编码器14对数据符号应用空间时间块编码(SBTC)。编码器14也通过沿着两条处理通道的每条通道交替地发送数据符号,而把数据符号分成第一处理通道16和第二处理通道18。在其中OFDM发射机10包括M个发射天线的更一般的情形下,编码器14把数据符号分开到M条处理通道中。
沿着第一处理通道16发送的数据符号被发送到第一OFDM部件20。该数据符号首先被传送到第一OFDM部件20的解复用器22,此后该数据符号被作为子载波成分对待。然后,数据符号被发送到导频插入器24,在其中导频符号被插入到数据符号之间。总起来说,数据符号和导频符号此后简单地被称为符号。该符号被传送到逆快速付立叶变换(IFFT)处理器26,然后传送到复用器28,在这里它们被重新组合成一个串行流。保护插入器30把前缀加到该符号中。最后,OFDM信号被传送通过一个硬限幅器32、数字-模拟转换器34、和射频(RF)发射机36,该发射机通过第一发射天线37把OFDM符号作为信号发送。在大多数实施例中,在第一OFDM部件20中的每个单元是处理器、更大处理器的部件、或处理器的集合,或硬件、固件和软件的任何适当的组合。列举几个例子,这些可包括通用处理器、ASIC、FPGA、DSP。
导频插入器24被连接来从导频STBC功能23接收空间-时间编码的导频符号,该导频STBC功能23对导频符号执行STBC。导频STBC块23一次取两个导频符号,例如P1和P2,如图2所示,以及生成由2×2矩阵组成的STBC块,该矩阵的第一行具有(P1,P2),以及第二行具有(-P2 *,P1 *)。正是这个STBC块的第一行被导频插入器24插入。
沿着第二处理通道18发送的数据符号被发送到第二OFDM部件38,它包括类似于在第一OFDM部件20中所包括的那样的处理器。然而,导频插入器40插入由导频STBC功能23产生的STBC块的第二行的编码的导频符号。沿着第二处理通道18发送的符号最终通过第二发射天线42作为信号被发送。
现在参照图3,图上显示MIMO-OFDM接收机的方框图。OFDM接收机50包括第一接收天线52和第二接收天线54(虽然更一般地将有一个或多个接收天线)。该第一接收天线52接收第一接收信号。该第一接收信号是由图2的两个发射天线37和42发送的两个信号的组合,尽管两个信号的每个信号将已被在各自发射天线与第一接收天线52之间的各自信道所改变。第二接收天线54接收第二接收的信号。该第二接收的信号是由图2的两个发射天线37和42发送的两个信号的组合,尽管这两个信号的每个信号已被在各自发射天线与第二接收天线54之间的各自信道所改变。四个信道(在两个发射天线的每个发射天线与两个接收天线的每个接收天线之间)可能随时间和随频率变化,以及通常将是互相不同的。
OFDM接收机50包括第一OFDM部件56和第二OFDM部件58(虽然通常将有N个OFDM部件,每个接收天线一个)。第一OFDM部件56包括RF接收机59和模拟-数字转换器60,该模拟-数字转换器把第一接收信号变换成数字信号样本。该信号样本被传送到频率同步器62和频率偏移校正器64。该信号样本也被馈送到帧/时间同步器66。总起来说,这三个部件产生同步的信号样本。
同步的信号样本代表数据的时间序列。同步的信号样本被传送到解复用器68,然后并行地传送到快速付立叶变换(FFT)处理器70。FFT处理器70对信号样本执行FFT,以生成估计的接收符号,它们在复用器76中被复用,以及作为接收的符号来发送到译码器78。理想地,接收符号将是与在OFDM发射机10中被馈送到IFFT处理器26的符号相同的。然而,由于接收信号将多半被各种传播信道改变,所以第一OFDM部件56必须通过考虑该信道而校正接收到的符号。接收到的符号被传送到信道估计器72,后者分析在OFDM帧内、位于已知的时间和频率处的接收到的导频符号。信道估计器72把接收到的导频符号与信道估计器72已知为是由OFDM发射机10发送的导频符号的值进行比较,以及对于该OFDM符号内每个频率和时间生成一个估计的信道响应。该估计的信道响应被传送到译码器78。信道估计器72在下面更详细地描述。
第二OFDM部件58包括类似于在第一OFDM部件56中所包括的那样的部件,以及以与第一OFDM部件56处理第一接收信号的相同的方式来处理第二接收信号。每个OFDM部件把OFDM符号传送到译码器78。
译码器78对OFDM符号应用STBC译码,以及把符号传送到译码/解调基元80,后者负责译码、去交织、和解调符号,以生成输出的二进制数据,正如本领域技术人员所熟知的。译码/解调基元80可包括多个附加处理块,图2上未示出。在OFDM部件56和58中的每个单元是处理器、更大处理器的部件、或处理器集合。
现在参照图4,图上显示图2的每个导频插入器24和40把导频符号插入到数据符号中间的方法。该方法将参照第一OFDM部件20中的导频插入器24进行描述。在步骤100,导频插入器24接收来自解复用器22的数据符号。在步骤102,导频STBC功能23生成(或接收)两个导频符号。在步骤104,导频STBC功能23对导频符号应用STBC编码,以便生成编码的导频符号的STBC块。为第一发射天线37生成的编码的导频符号将是STBC块的一行,以及其数目将等于在OFDM发射机中发射天线的数目。因此,对于一个二天线系统,生成2×2STBC块。
在步骤106,导频插入器24把编码的导频符号插入到OFDM符号内。编码的导频符号以菱形网格图案被插入。该菱形网格图案使用与其他菱形网格图案相同的频率,但具有与其他菱形网格图案的时间偏移。优选地,对于每个菱形网格图案的时间偏移是来自另一个菱形网格图案的一个符号(在时间方向),这样,菱形网格图案使用在OFDM帧的时间方向上的接连的符号。
其中每个编码的导频符号被插入到OFDM帧内的菱形网格图案,优选地是完美的菱形网格图案。为了达到这一点,编码的导频符号被在第一频率子集的每个频率上插入。在第一频率子集内的频率被一个导频间隔相等地间隔开。编码的导频符号被在用于一个STBC块(两个OFDM符号)的第一频率子集的每个频率上插入。在某个以后的时间,编码的导频符号被在第二频率子集的每个频率上插入。在第二频率子集内的频率从第一频率子集内的频率移位频率方向内的半个导频间隔。导频插入器24继续插入编码的导频符号,从而在第一频率子集与第二频率子集之间交替。
替换地,可以使用不同的导频图案,只要是将相同的导频图案用于对发射天线37独特的至少一个编码的导频符号中的每个导频符号,以及只要用于编码的导频符号的导频图案在OFDM帧的时间方向上互相偏移。例如,可以使用普通的对角线网格图案,菱形网格是这种图案的特殊情形。
导频插入器40通过使用相同的方法而插入导频符号,虽然导频符号将是STBC块42的另一半。对于第二发射天线42独特的编码的导频符号被在插入相应于第一发射天线37的编码的导频符号的同一个符号位置处插入到OFDM帧中。
参照图5,图上显示通过使用图4的方法生成的导频图案的例子。导频和数据符号在时间方向120和频率方向122上被在OFDM帧上扩展。OFDM帧内的大多数符号是数据符号124。相应于第一发射天线37的第一组编码的导频符号126被插入在菱形网格图案中。相应于第一发射天线37的第二组编码的导频符号128被插入在菱形网格结构中、在与第一组编码的导频符号相同的频率处,但在时间方向120上偏移一个OFDM符号位置。在说明的例子中,每四个OFDM符号中的两个符号载送编码的导频符号。每个其他的发射天线通过使用相同的图案来发送。在子载波上接连的导频符号对是由两行STBC编码的导频符号组成的。该相同的图案由第二天线发送。
编码的导频符号126,128的功率与业务数据符号124相比可能被增加。编码的导频的功率增加可以相对于发送数据符号功率电平或调制类型(QAM大小),或者作为信道质量的函数,而被动态地调节。菱形网格图案的位置也可被最佳化,以允许分散导频的快速提取而不使用计算。如果导频子载波在频率方向上被间隔2^n,则这可以达到。在多个基站发送安排中,菱形网格图案的位置可以在相邻的基站之间、在时间方向和频率方向上循环偏移,以形成菱形网格重复使用图案。
现在参照图6到10,描述信道估计方法,它是基于上述的导频插入方法的。本发明给出在时间上和频率上对于快速衰落信道具有低导频密度的MIMO-OFDM系统的简单二维信道插入器。信道估计的目标是:对于每个可能的发射天线、接收天线组合,估计对于每个子载波和在每个时间的信道特性。参照图6,对于两个发射天线、两个接收天线例子,显示两个发射天线Tx1 140和Tx2 142以及两个接收天线Rx1 144和Rx2 146。信道估计估计对于每个子载波以及在每个时间上的Tx1 140和Rx1 144之间被表示为每个H11148的信道,在Tx1 140和Rx2 146之间被表示为转移函数H12150的信道,对于发射机Tx2 142到Rx1 144的被表示为转移函数H22152的信道估计,以及最后,对于发射机Tx2 142到接收机Rx2 146的被表示为转移函数H21154的信道估计。
建议的方法与某些现有的方法相比的一些优点在于:(1)对于高的移动性速度的鲁棒性,(2)分散导频网格密度的减小,以及因此而减小的导频附加开销。
令P1和P2是在STBC块中编码的两个导频符号,它们由两个天线在一个子载波上以接连的OFDM符号发送。然后,在第一接收天线处,对于其上发送导频符号的每个子载波存在以下关系,其中假设信道响应Hij在两个OFDM帧上是恒定的:
Y1,1是在两个接连的OFDM符号的第一个符号中、在子载波上在第一天线上的接收数据,以及Y1,2是在两个接连的符号的第二个符号中、在子载波上在第一天线上的接收数据。这可以对H11,H21求解,产生:
对于第二天线的类似的过程产生:
其中Y2,1是在两个接连的OFDM符号的第一个符号中、在子载波上在第二天线上的接收数据,以及Y2,2是在两个接连的OFDM符号的第二个符号中、在子载波上在第二天线上的接收数据。
通过使用这个技术,对于每个导频子载波和对于被使用来发送STBC块的每对OFDM符号,作出信道估计。
对于图6的例子,结果是对于所发送的每对导频符号、对于每个可能的信道(这些是在这个例子中用于4个信道)的信道估计。这被显示于图7,其中只显示被使用于发送导频的子载波。信道估计150是对于每个导频子载波、对于每对(在时间上是接连的)OFDM帧产生的。这导致对于第一和第二帧的信道估计150、152、154,以及对于第五和第六帧的信道估计156、158、160,等等。
信道估计按逐个STBC块的原则进行,以使得图7所示的信道估计的图案随时间而逐步显现。在处理过程中的下一个步骤是根据图7的信道估计来执行内插,以得到对于图7上不代表导频信道定位的位置的信道估计。完成这个的方式将对于单个例子进行描述,即,被表示为图7的163的未知信道估计。信道估计按正在进行的原则被缓冲,以及当形成围绕未知的信道估计163的菱形162的四个信道估计152、156、158和164已被计算时,正是内插以得到对于未知点163的信道估计的时间。在位于该菱形的中心的子载波上的信道转移函数可以从简单的4点二维内插器得到。三点二维内插器可被使用来得到相应于该第一或者最后的有用子载波的信道估计:
这里(k=2,......,Npilot-1)
其中k是导频子载波索引,n是信道估计索引(或STBC块号-用于每两个符号的、每子载波一个信道估计),以及Npilot是导频子载波的数目(在图7的例子中是6)。Hnew是对于第i个信道估计周期和第j个导频子载波的新内插的信道估计。H(i,j)是如先前描述的、从导频符号确定的信道估计。三点内插器也将对于OFDM帧的最后的STBC块(即,最后两个OFDM符号)被执行。
这些计算是对于每个发射天线、接收天线组合完成的。应当指出,这只是信道估计如何被内插的一个例子。
如果在频率方向上、在导频子载波之间的原始距离是Df,则在上述的第一个内插步骤后,导频子载波的间隙变成为Df/2。
在某些实施例中,为了去除噪声,而在每个信道估计周期对这样计算的信道估计进行滤波。这显示于图6,其中在一个信道估计周期内的信道估计170被显示为输入滤波器172,以产生滤波的信道估计。例如,简单的3点移动叠代平滑算法可以施加到H’:
其中k=3,...,2Npilot-2。应当看到,可以采用其他滤波算法。
在如图7概述的、导频信道估计的内插后,对于其上发送导频信道信息的每个子载波和对于其间发送导频信道化信息的每个两OFDM符号周期将有一个信道估计。参照图5,这意味着:对于每个天线、对于画上阴影以表示导频信道信息被传输的时间频率点,将有一个信道估计。对于在图7的菱形网格结构的中心的时间频率点也将有信道估计。然而,对于不是导频符号传输时间-频率点、也不是处在这样的点的菱形网格中心的点的那些点,将还没有计算的信道估计。下一个步骤是执行另一个内插步骤,以逐步显现对于这些其他点的信道估计。
在某些实施例中,在频率方向上的三次拉格朗日(Cubic Lagrange)内插和线性内插(对于靠近第一和最后的有用子载波的子载波)被使用来得到(对于每对OFDM符号的)对于每个STBC块的所有子载波处的信道转移函数。
三次拉格朗日内插器的系数可被计算为:
数据子载波上的信道转移函数被给出为:
这里j=2,......,Npilot-2.
这被显示于图9,其中估计的信道响应被馈送到拉格朗日三次内插器功能175,它输出对于所有的中间子载波的值。替换地可以采用其他内插器。
在某些实施例中,每个OFDM符号包含某些导频插入点,并且这样,这完成了内插处理过程。在其他实施例中,有一些不具有任何导频插入点的OFDM符号。为了得到对于这些OFDM符号的信道估计,执行先前计算的信道估计在时间上的内插。在高移动性应用中,导频应当被包括在每个OFDM符号中,以避免需要时间步骤中这个最后的内插。
图10给出对于两个发射天线建议的内插方法的总的方框图。图10上显示对于建议的MTMO-OFDM信道估计算法的一组示例性的性能结果。在非常高的多卜勒扩展下,2-D信道估计算法的性能接近于理想信道的性能(仅仅有0.5dB的损耗)。
现在参照图10和3,信道估计方法由信道估计器72实行,以便估计对于每个子载波和OFDM帧内的每个OFDM符号的信道响应。信道估计方法在步骤500通过提取对于每个接收天线的、在频域中的导频符号而开始。这后面是信道响应矩阵计算步骤502;由此译码由接收天线接收的接收信号,这实际上是在导频图案的每个点处执行编码的导频符号的时间平均。例如,假设接收天线接收具有如图5所示的导频图案的OFDM帧(尽管符号126现在将是由每个发射天线在这个位置发送的编码的导频符号的线性组合,以及符号128将是由每个发射天线在这个位置发送的编码的导频符号的线性组合)。在译码后,在符号位置126处的导频符号将是在符号位置126处接收的导频符号和在符号位置128处接收的导频符号的平均。在步骤503期间,由STBC译码产生的时间平均效果可被看作为预处理步骤,正如步骤500和502可以完成的。实际的信道估计方法可以广义地用四个步骤来描述。跟随步骤503之后,在步骤504期间,信道估计器72估计对于多个导频符号中每个导频符号的信道响应。对于菱形网格图案,该多个导频符号将是形成单个菱形图案的四个导频符号。信道估计器72估计中心符号的信道响应,该中心符号具有由多个导频符号的时间方向值和频率方向值约束限制的时间方向值和频率方向值。该中心符号优选地具有的频率方向值等于多个导频符号中的两个导频符号的频率方向值,以及具有的时间方向值是在具有与中心符号相同的频率方向值的两个导频符号的时间方向值中间。这通常可被描述为在导频符号之间的信道响应的四点2-D内插。第三,信道估计器72平滑在频率方向上的信道响应(相应于编码的导频符号和中心符号),优选地这是通过执行三点平滑来进行的,正如按照步骤505那样。第四,信道估计器72执行在频率方向上的内插,以估计对于其余符号的信道响应,正如按照步骤506那样。内插可以是对于这样的符号的线性内插,所述符号具有等于在OFDM符号内的第一或最后有用子载波的频率方向值,而否则是三次拉格朗日内插。
内插导频符号的方法(以上参照图4描述的)和信道估计方法(以上参照图10描述的)不必一起使用。任何信道估计方法可被OFDM接收机使用来估计对于包含使用上述方法插入的已编码导频符号的OFDM帧的信道响应。然而,由于在以上参照图4和图5描述的导频图案中导频符号的稀疏分布,二维内插方法是优选于一维内插方法的。同样地,信道估计方法可被应用到包含任何导频符号的图案的OFDM帧上。
本发明已结合MIMO-OFDM通信系统描述。本发明也可以有利地使用于单输入多输出OFDM通信系统,因为插入导频符号的方法(以上参照图4描述的)和信道估计方法(以上参照图10描述的)并不依赖于接收天线的数目。在OFDM接收机50内的每个接收天线独立地执行信道估计,而不管存在的接收天线的数目。
参照图10描述的信道估计方法在只具有一个发射天线的OFDM通信系统中也将是有利的,因为该方法提供信道响应的改进的内插,而不管发射天线的数目。参照图11描述的插入导频符号的方法可以使用于只具有一个发射天线的OFDM通信系统,但将不如在具有一个以上的发射天线的OFDM通信系统中那样有利,因为附加开销将没有减小。
插入导频符号的方法和信道估计方法优选地以数字信号处理器可读的软件指令的形式来分别在OFDM发射机和OFDM接收机上实施。替换地,这些方法可以以集成电路内的逻辑电路系统被实施。更一般地,包含用于执行所描述功能性的逻辑的任何计算设备可以实施这些方法。实施这些方法的计算设备(尤其是导频插入器或信道估计器)可以是单个处理器、一个以上的处理器、或更大处理器的部件。该逻辑可包括被存储在计算机可读媒体上的外部指令,或可包括内部电路系统。
所描述的内容仅仅是本发明原理的应用的说明。本领域技术人员可以实施其他装置和方法,而不背离本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (8)

1.一种在具有至少两个发射天线的正交频分复用OFDM基站处把导频符号插入到OFDM帧中的方法,该OFDM帧具有时域和频域,每个OFDM帧包括多个OFDM符号,该方法包括以下步骤:
为每个天线把分散的导频符号插入到时间-频率的等同的分散图案中,所述OFDM基站与具有至少两个发射天线的第二OFDM基站相邻,其中所述分散图案从相邻的OFDM基站的分散图案偏移;
其中插入分散的导频符号包括:对于等同的分散图案中的每一点:
生成L个未编码的导频符号,其中L≥1;
对所述未编码的导频符号执行空间时间块编码STBC,以产生N×N的STBC块,L和N确定STBC编码速率,其中N是发射天线的数目;以及
在每个天线上在特定的子载波上发射该STBC块的一行或者一列。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,对于多个OFDM基站中的每个OFDM基站,发射包括使用时间-频率的等同的分散导频图案来进行发射。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,为每个天线把导频符号插入到等同的对角线形网格中包括:为该等同的对角线形网格中的每个点在用于N个接连的OFDM符号的单个子载波上插入多个导频符号,其中N是发射天线的数目。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,还包括以具有被优化成在不需要计算完全的FFT的情况下允许快速地提取分散的导频符号的频域和间隔插入分散导频。
5.一种方法,包括:
在第一正交频分复用OFDM基站中实施权利要求1的方法;
在至少一个其它的OFDM基站中实施权利要求1的方法,其使用从所述第一OFDM基站所使用的分散图案偏移的分散图案。
6.一种正交频分复用OFDM基站,包括:
多个发射天线;
该OFDM基站适合于把导频符号插入到具有时域和频域的位于OFDM基站的OFDM帧中,每个OFDM帧包括多个OFDM符号,其中,为每个天线把导频符号插入到时间-频率的等同的分散图案中,所述OFDM基站与具有至少两个发射天线的第二OFDM基站相邻,其中所述分散图案从相邻的OFDM基站的分散图案偏移;
该OFDM基站被适配成通过以下步骤为等同的分散图案中的每一点插入分散的导频符号:
生成L个未编码的导频符号,其中L≥1;
对所述未编码的导频符号执行空间时间块编码STBC,以产生N×N的STBC块,L和N确定STBC编码速率,其中N是发射天线的数目;以及
在每个天线上在特定的子载波上发射该STBC块的一行或者一列。
7.权利要求6所述的OFDM基站,其中,该OFDM基站被适配成对于每个天线通过下述方式在时间-频率的等同的分散图案中插入导频:
对于在等同的分散图案中的每个点插入包括数目为N个导频符号的一行或者一列,该N个导频符号由每个天线的一个导频符号构成。
8.权利要求6所述的OFDM基站,其中,该OFDM基站被适配成在频域上以被优化成在不需要完全的FFT竞争的情况下允许快速地提取分散的导频符号的间隔插入分散导频。
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