CN100411628C - 空间位阻的铂配位化合物与非铂抗癌剂的组合及其应用 - Google Patents
空间位阻的铂配位化合物与非铂抗癌剂的组合及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100411628C CN100411628C CNB01809337XA CN01809337A CN100411628C CN 100411628 C CN100411628 C CN 100411628C CN B01809337X A CNB01809337X A CN B01809337XA CN 01809337 A CN01809337 A CN 01809337A CN 100411628 C CN100411628 C CN 100411628C
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种药物组合物、一种治疗用复合物制品以及一种试剂盒,包括空间位阻的铂配位化合物和非铂基底的抗癌剂以及药学上可接受的载体或稀释剂;涉及其使用以制造可抑制肿瘤细胞在患有肿瘤的人中生长的药物;涉及一种抑制肿瘤细胞在患有肿瘤的人中生长的方法,包括向此人施用有效的肿瘤细胞生长抑制量的本发明的此类治疗用复合物制品或药物组合物;特别地,当空间位阻的铂配位化合物是(SP-4-3)-(顺-氨基二氯-[2-甲基吡啶]铂(II)或其前体药物,非铂基底的抗癌剂选自紫杉酚、吉西他滨、Navelbine、Doxil、5-FU和Taxotere。
Description
本发明涉及一种治疗用复合物制品以及一种含有与非铂基底的抗癌剂联合的空间位阻的铂配位化合物的试剂盒,同时涉及一种含有空间位阻的铂配位化合物和非铂基底的抗癌剂以及药学上可接受的载体或稀释剂的药物组合物。本发明还涉及在患有肿瘤的人体中抑制肿瘤细胞生长的方法,包括向这些人施用肿瘤细胞生长抑制有效量的本发明的这类治疗用复合物制品或药物组合物。本发明还涉及使用如这里所定义的与非铂基底的抗癌剂联合的空间位阻的铂配位化合物,以便制造在患有肿瘤的人体中能抑制肿瘤细胞生长的药物。
顺氯氨铂,或顺-二氯二氨铂(II),是一种在治疗各种人类恶性实体瘤中已经使用了许多年的化学治疗剂,并且产生了广泛的作用。尽管顺氯氨铂被报道对难治的睾丸畸胎瘤和卵巢癌等肿瘤有抗肿瘤活性,但诸如肾损伤以及恶心和呕吐等副作用的发生最初是难以接受的。这种副作用已被减轻至一定的程度(例如,通过量用等渗的盐溶液增水缓解肾中毒,用3型5-羟色胺(5-HT3)拮抗剂对付恶心和呕吐),但要有主要的合成途径以开发出毒性更可接受的铂类似物。最近,像卡铂(顺-二氨-1,1-环丁基二羧基铂(II))之类的铂类似物在治疗各种人类恶性实体瘤时显示出有化学治疗剂的功效。卡铂的神经毒性和对肾的毒性尽管比顺氯氨铂小,但仍会造成肾中毒,且较顺氯氨铂有明显的骨髓毒性。
然而,尽管像顺氯氨铂和卡铂之类以铂为基底的药剂在人类中被广泛用作化学治疗剂,他们并不是对所有的病人或对所有类型的实体瘤都有疗效。此外,肿瘤对顺氯氨铂的耐药性或抗药性是成功治疗的主要障碍、这种抗药性通常被认为是固有的(例如,在治疗开始时即出现)或是获得的(例如,在化学治疗中发生)。对顺氯氨铂有固有抵抗力的典型的肿瘤是直肠癌和非小细胞肺癌,获得性抵抗力通常在卵巢癌或小细胞肺癌患者中被发现。
如上所述,改进顺氯氨铂/卡铂的主要目的是克服抗药性。氨配基被二氨基环己烷(DACH)取代的药剂对顺氯氨铂抗性细胞系有疗效,这一发现导致开发了一系列的这类药剂。其中,奥沙利铂无论是作为单独药剂还是与5氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)复合,在晚期直肠癌中都显示出了活性。然而,奥沙利铂会产生严重的神经毒性,包括遇到寒冷时会导致面部感觉迟钝。也可能发生外周感觉神经病。除了这种神经毒性,这种药物不会造成明显的肾中毒,在晚期直肠癌的治疗中奥沙利铂代表了一种进步。
然而,除了在克服顺氯氨铂抗性和减轻毒性副作用方面的进步外,铂抗癌剂领域缺少一种在临床重要的肿瘤范围内被证明有抗肿瘤活性、同时要有可接受的毒性的药剂。另外,目前对癌症患者的化学疗法的结果通常不能令人满意。已经研究了大量不同的方法以克服对顺氯氨铂的抗性,同时,铂相关毒性的预防也是值得考虑的。
在各种肿瘤的治疗中,以铂为基底的化学疗法通常和一种或多种其它的药剂一起使用。例如,对于大多数SCLC患者,顺氯氨铂和依托泊甙通常是联合化学疗法最初的选择。卡铂可以代替顺氯氨铂而不损失疗效。在有限阶段的疾病中,在标准化学疗法中添加放射疗法会使存活率有一定改善,而在广泛阶段的疾病中,放射疗法不会提高存活率,但却起到了其重要的姑息作用。另一种人们感兴趣的复合物是顺氯氨铂加paclitaxel,这被用在晚期卵巢癌的治疗中。
尽管复合物可能提供增强的效果,但由于以前的以铂为基底的抗癌剂的令人无法接受的毒性和其它的困难(比如,进程安排和对液体水合的需要),使许多这类的复合物仍无法令人满意。因此,需要提高已知的化疗复合物(包括铂的复合体)对肿瘤细胞生长抑制活性的效果,以及/或提供一种方法以降低化学治疗剂的剂量从而减少对患者潜在或有害的副作用。尽管有这种需要,但在治疗癌症的复合物中增效并不常被发现。本发明的治疗复合产品、药物组合物以及用途和方法满足了这一需要。
(SP-4-3)-(顺-氨基二氯-[2-甲基吡啶]铂(II),以下称为ZD0473,是新开发的用来克服对顺氯氨铂的获得性抗性或重新抗性的空间抑制的铂的复合体。US5,665,771中有对SD0473的描述,其中说道:“本发明的复合体可以单独使用或与其它的化学治疗剂(如顺氯氨铂)联合使用,可以作为单一的治疗或是治疗的一个过程,或是作为联合疗法的一部分与其它的药剂一起以克服或降低副作用或提高生物利用率,或是与其它的疗法(比如放射治疗)联合。”然而在US 5,665,771中并没有提到将这一发明中的任何复合体与其它的治疗剂联合使用可以产生令人吃惊的有益效果。
在第35届美国临床肿瘤学家学会会议(1999年5月,亚特兰大)上,提出了包括ZD0473在内的单一治疗第一阶段试验的临时结果,它说明ZD0473的剂量限度毒性是骨髓的抑制,而没有明显的肾脏或神经毒性。
对ZD0473而言,嗜中性白细胞减少和血小板减少都被观察到了,但恢复很快,且没有经过严重预处理的病人可以3个星期的间隔接受治疗。人们研究了累积贫血症和血小板减少症。没有关于外周神经毒性、耳毒性或肾毒性的临床相关证据。耳毒可能是成问题的,尤其是当使用顺氯氨铂时,因为它通常是不可逆的。对第二阶段研究推荐的剂量和疗程是最初每3星期120mg/m2。已用细胞毒剂(它会破坏骨髓干细胞)严重预处理的病人可能需要减小剂量且可能无法忍受每3星期一次的药物。然而,也有病人可以忍受较高的剂量,比如150mg/m2(目前推荐的剂量),或是更高的剂量。在患有各种恶性肿瘤(包括小细胞肺癌和非小细胞肺癌、间皮瘤、头部和颈部的肿瘤以及乳房和卵巢的肿瘤)的病人中观察到了抗肿瘤活性的证据。人们研究了ZD0473以确定可对病人安全的药物的最大用量,检验机体如何处理药物以及确定剂量限度毒性的实质。
没有想到且令人吃惊的是,我们现在发现,将ZD0473这种特殊的化合物与非铂基底的抗癌剂联合使用,其抗癌(抗细胞增殖)效果要明显优于ZD0473或单独使用的非铂基底的抗癌剂。ZD0473这种特殊的化合物中还包括在体内产生活性ZD0473的前体药物(例如,ZD0473的Pt(IV)三羟基、单氯、单氨前体药物)。本发明优选的实施方案涉及空间位阻的铂配位化合物(SP-4-3)-(顺-氨基二氯-[2-甲基吡啶]铂(II)。我们认为ZD0473(以及类似的空间位阻的铂(Pt(II)和Pt(IV))复合体,其中,如US5,665,771所描述的那样,ZD0473的2-甲基吡啶配基被其它的空间位阻的取代的胺所代替。在此并入US 5,665,771的相关定义和实施例以供参考)拥有目前的铂-细胞毒复合物中所缺乏的高度所需的活性和副作用,这使得它特别适合与非铂基底的抗癌剂联合使用。联合使用的特殊好处是,有令人满意的脊髓抑制特性但没有明显的神经毒性和肾毒性的ZD0473的复合物。
因此,人们发现,当将像ZD0473这样的空间位阻的铂配位化合物和其它的非铂基底的化学治疗剂联合使用有利于治疗,由此,与单独使用每一个组分相比,这可能提高肿瘤细胞的生长抑制性。现在还发现,这种优点会使对这种空间位阻的铂配位化合物和/或其它的非铂基底的化学治疗剂需求剂量较单独使用每一个组分时要低。这样,当(例如)这种复合物在正常(非肿瘤)细胞施加保护作用时,可以较高剂量输递每种(或两种)组分,由此可以耐受较高的剂量。ZD0473的特别令人满意的毒性(包括令人满意的神经毒性和肾毒性)使得它可以和其它非铂基底的抗癌剂一起使用,否则,由于这些抗癌剂自身的毒性可能会限制它们的结合潜能(例如,由于紫杉醇自身的神经毒性限制了它与早期铂药剂的结合)。本发明的优点将被合适的体外试验或改进的体内性能所证明(例如,与单一疗法或与使用早期铂药剂的复合物相比,比如改进的毒性或血小板节约效应(platelet sparing effect)的证据)。
如上所述,像顺氯氨铂和卡铂这样的以铂为基底的药物被广泛用在诸如肺癌、卵巢癌等实体瘤的治疗和试验中。许多这种肿瘤最初响应以铂为基底的疗法,但是在大多数情况下,肿瘤会产生抗性且疾病会复发。ZD0473的目的是克服这种对铂基药物的抗性并提供广谱的抗肿瘤活性。在异种移植的人类肿瘤中进行的体内研究表明,ZD0473的活性至少与顺氯氨铂相当,且在某些情况下超过顺氯氨铂。甚至在顺氯氨铂处理的基础上再用ZD0473治疗,仍能保持对顺氯氨铂抗性CH1异种移植卵巢瘤的活性。当口服药物时抗鼠类肿瘤的活性被保留,且可以看到一些对获得性顺氯氨铂抗性的ADJ/PC6cisR肿瘤的活性,这种肿瘤对其它的铂药剂有完全的抗性。
在对铂药剂有一定灵敏度的人肿瘤细胞系和相应的对顺氯氨铂有获得性抗性的细胞系中进行了ZD0473的体外研究,同时证明由于各种机制其克服铂抗性的能力。另外,在经处理以获得相对较高水平的谷胱甘肽或金属硫因的细胞系中观察到活性有较好的保留。有趣的是,除了减少感受性以便被谷胱甘肽灭活外,ZD0473还可以克服41McisR细胞系的抗性,其中对顺氯氨铂的抗性归因于减少的吸收量。对ZD0473与DNA之间反应本质的研究证实了DNA加合结构序列特异性的差异以及特有的ZD0473结合位点的出现。
因此,本发明的另一个优点在于,像ZD0473这样的空间位阻的铂配位化合物可以与其它的非铂基底的化学治疗剂联合施用,以便在肿瘤以及对其它的以铂为基底的(非空间位阻的)配位化合物有抗性且缺乏感受性的细胞系中产生对治疗有利的肿瘤细胞生长抑制活性。含有以铂为基底的配位化合物的联合疗法可能是无效的,但现在却因为有了像ZD0473之类空间位阻的铂配位化合物而有效。所以,对于以前被认为不可能从含有以铂为基底的配位化合物的联合疗法中受益而采用第二线治疗病人,现在可以用采用了ZD0473之类空间位阻的铂配位化合物的联合疗法对其进行治疗。
由此,本发明提供了一种治疗用复合物制品,包括空间位阻的铂配位化合物以及适合于同时、相继或独立施用的非铂基底的抗癌剂。较好地,应同时和/或独立施用复合物中的组分,以便同时在体内输递两种药剂(即,同时暴露(concomitantexposure))。熟练的技术人员通过使用标准技术可以知道这些组分是否在体内同时出现。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了由这里所提到的空间位阻的铂配位化合物和非铂基底的抗癌剂所组成的试剂盒。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一个试剂盒,包括:
a)第一单位剂量型中的空间位阻的铂配位化合物;
b)第二单位剂量型中的非铂基底的抗癌剂;以及
c)含有所述第一和第二剂量型的容器。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一个试剂盒,包括:
a)第一单位剂量型中含有的空间位阻的铂配位化合物中带有药学上可接受的赋形剂或载体;
b)第二单位剂量型中含有的非铂基底的抗癌剂中带有药学上可接受的赋形剂或载体;以及
c)含有所述第一和第二剂量型的容器。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种药物组合物,它包括这里所提到的空间位阻的铂配位化合物和非铂基底的抗癌剂、铂抗癌剂,以及药学上可接受的赋形剂或载体。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种复合物制品,包括这里所提到的空间位阻的铂配位化合物和非铂基底的抗癌剂,它可用作药物并可通过治疗进一步用在人或动物机体的治疗方法中。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种如这里所定义的药物组合物,以便用作药物,以及通过治疗进一步用在人或动物机体的治疗方法中。根据本发明的另一方面提供了一种在药物制造中使用的、如这里所定义的与非铂基底的抗癌剂联合的空间位阻的铂配位化合物,它可用于对人等温血动物有效的抗癌剂的生产。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种药物制造中使用的、如这里所定义的治疗用复合物制品或药物组合物,它可用于对人等温血动物有效的抗癌剂的生产。根据本发明的另一方面提供了一种制造对人等温血动物有效的抗癌剂的方法,包括与如这里所定义的非铂基底的抗癌剂联合施用空间位阻的铂配位化合物。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种制造对人等温血动物有效的抗癌剂的方法,包括施用如这里所定义的治疗用复合物制品或药物组合物。
在上述本发明的各个方面,优选的空间位阻的铂配位化合物是ZD0473。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种联合治疗方法,包括施用有效量的ZD0473,较好地是带有药学上可接受的赋形剂或载体,以及向需要这种治疗的人等温血动物同时、相继或独立施用如这里所定义的有效量的非铂基底的抗癌剂。
根据本发明的另一个方面,本发明治疗方法的效果至少与单独使用所述治疗方法各个组分(即,ZD0473和这里所提到的优选的非铂基底的抗癌剂)所得疗效的加和相当。如果复合物中的两种药剂攻击同一肿瘤细胞以及/或在细胞周期的同一阶段时,这种加和将非常有利。
根据本发明的另一个方面,本发明治疗方法的效果要优于单独使用所述治疗方法各个组分(即,ZD0473和这里所提到的优选的非铂基底的抗癌剂)所得疗效的加和。当MTD水平低于每个单独的药剂时,这种增效将非常有利。当普通细胞较之肿瘤细胞能够耐受较高剂量(例如,有较强的拮抗作用)任一或两种组分时就可以看到这种好处。
这里所定义的联合治疗除了用于本发明的联合治疗外,还可用作单一疗法,或是包括外科手术和/或电离辐射治疗。外科手术包括,在采用这里所描述的联合治疗方法之前、当中或之后,切除部分或全部的肿瘤。
本发明的这些联合治疗方法在预防和治疗包括癌症(例如,肺癌(比如SCLC或NSCLC)、间皮瘤、卵巢癌、乳房癌、宫颈癌/子宫癌、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、睾丸癌、胰腺癌、头与颈的癌症、肝癌、卡波济氏肉瘤、淋巴瘤(NHL)、白血病以及其它的细胞增殖疾病,例如银屑病、关节炎和纤维变性(例如肺纤维变性))在内的许多疾病方面都是有效的。特别地,本发明的这些联合治疗方法有效地减慢了原发性及复发实体瘤的生长,例如(但不限于),发生在GI/胃、结肠、直肠、乳腺、前列腺、肺、睾丸、皮肤、骨头和肉瘤以及肾脏的实体瘤。
在本发明的特别的实施方案中,所使用的电离辐射可以是X-辐射、γ-辐射和β-辐射。电离辐射的剂量应是已知的用于临床放射疗法的剂量。所用的放射疗法包括,例如使用γ-射线、X-射线和/或从放射性同位素中直接输入射线。其它类型的DNA损伤因素也包含在本发明中,比如微波和紫外线。很可能所有的这些因素都会对DNA、前体DNA、DNA的复制和修复以及染色体的装配和维持造成大范围的损伤。例如,X-射线应以每天1.8-2.0Gy、每周5天、持续5-6周的剂量。通常总的分次剂量将在45-60Gy的范围内。作为放射疗法的一个过程可以施用一次较大的剂量(例如5-10Gy)。在进行外科手术时可以施用一次剂量。可以采用每隔一定时间规则施用小剂量X-射线的高分次的放射疗法,例如,连续数天每小时0.1Gy。放射性同位素的剂量范围变化很大,它决定于同位素的半衰期、射线的强度和类型以及细胞的吸收量。
“空间位阻的铂配位化合物”这一术语是指,US 5,665,771中所描述并包括的任何空间位阻抑制肿瘤细胞生长的铂配位化合物(这里包括了这种化合物以及它们的制备方法,以供参考)。有优选的空间位阻的铂配位化合物是ZD0473。
“非铂基底的抗癌剂”是指,有抗癌和/抗细胞增殖活性、但是不含有铂的化合物,尤其是选自以下类别的化合物或药物:
1.喜树碱类似物类的化合物,例如,任何在结构上与喜树碱有关以及抑制拓扑异构酶I的抑制肿瘤细胞生长的化合物;或是抑制拓扑异构酶II的鬼臼毒素类似物类的化合物;或者同为拓扑异构酶I和II抑制剂的喜树碱类似物类的化合物。合适的喜树碱类似物类的化合物包括(但不限于)纯的拓扑异构酶I抑制剂,比如Topotecan、依立替康、9-氨基喜树碱、Rubitecan和Exatecan(DX-8951f);混合的拓扑异构酶I和拓扑异构酶II的抑制剂,如XR-5000和XR-11576;以及合适的鬼臼毒素类似物类的化合物,这些纯的拓扑异构酶II的抑制剂包括(但不限于)表鬼臼毒吡喃葡糖苷和表鬼臼毒噻吩糖苷。这类化合物同时包括(但不限于)WO 93/09782和这里列出的参考治疗(在此全文并入以供参考)中声明或描述的任何抑制肿瘤细胞生长的喜树碱类似物。Topotecan(包括其药学上可接受的盐类、水合物和溶剂化物)的制造,以及含有topotecan和惰性的、药学上可接受载体或稀释剂的口服和肠胃外药物组合物的制造在美国专利5,004,758和欧洲专利申请公开号EP 0,321,112中已经被广泛描述。
2.紫杉烷,比如紫杉酚(paclitaxel)或泰素帝(Taxotere)(多西紫杉醇(docetaxel))。
3.生长因子受体抑制剂,例如蛋白激酶抑制剂,比如I型酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(如Iressa(ZD1839)),以及生长因子功能的抑制剂(这类生长因子包括,例如,血小板衍生生长因子和肝细胞生长因子,这类抑制剂包括生长因子抗体、生长因子受体抗体和丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶抑制剂)。还包括细胞周期激酶抑制剂,比如CDK-2、CDK-4和CDK-6。
4.抗代谢物,如5-FU、S1、UFT、Capecitabine;胸苷酸盐合酶抑制剂,如Tomudex或ZD9331,或LY231514(MTA,pemetrexed)或吉西他滨,或抗叶酸物,如氨甲蝶呤。
5.长春花生物碱,如Vinolrebine(Navelbine)、长春新碱、长春灭瘟碱或长春地辛。
6.抗血管生成的化合物,如在国际专利申请公布号WO 97/22596、WO 97/30035、WO 97/32856、WO 98/13354、WO 00/21955和WO 00/47212中所描述的。
7.烷基化剂,如苯丙氨酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺(Ifophamide),或亚硝基脲,如亚硝基脲氮芥或氯乙环己亚硝脲。
8.蒽环类制剂,如阿霉素、表阿霉素、黄胆素或Doxil。
9.抗HER-neu化合物,如Herceptin。
10.细胞抑制剂,如抗雌激素药(例如他莫昔芬、托瑞米芬、雷洛昔芬、屈洛昔芬、碘二甲苯),孕激素药(例如醋酸甲环丙孕酮),芳香酶抑制剂(例如阿纳托唑、来曲唑、vorazole、exemestane),抗孕激素药,抗雄激素药(例如,氟他胺、尼鲁米特、bicalutamide、醋酸环丙孕酮),LHRH促效剂和拮抗剂(例如,醋酸戈舍瑞林、luprolide),睾酮5 α-二氢还原酶抑制剂(例如,非那司提)以及抗侵入剂(例如,像马马司他一样的金属蛋白酶抑制剂,以及尿激酶纤溶酶原活化因子受体功能抑制剂)
11.天然及合成的抗有丝分裂剂。
12.白细胞介素和细胞因子,如TNF。
13.疫苗。
14.吸入/流出调节剂,如mdr2。
15.拯救剂。
16.Ca拮抗剂。
有不同作用方式或有效的其它的铂药剂(如BBR3464或奥沙利铂)也可以和ZD0473一起使用。
所有被列出的非铂基底的抗癌剂都可以从市场上得到,且可以通过常规的技术(包括上面列出的参考治疗中所描述的方法)制造。其它的制剂,如上述非铂基底抗癌剂的聚谷氨酸盐聚合物(通过细胞毒剂的攻击可被生物降解的聚合物)和脂质体制剂,也包括在内。
优选的非铂基底的抗癌剂选自上述第1、2、3、4、5、6和8类,最好是选自第2、3、5和8类。
对于上面这些非铂基底的抗癌剂,特别适合用在本发明中的是紫杉酚、Topotecan、吉西他滨、Navelbine、Doxil和5-FU。
因此,在本发明的各种实施方案中优选使用的组分是空间位阻的铂配位化合物ZD0473,以及选自紫杉酚或Topotecan或吉西他滨或Navelbine或Doxil或5-FU的非铂基底的抗癌剂。同样优选的是ZD0473和泰素帝。
作为本发明另一个特征,提供了三联体复合物(例如,ZD0473加紫杉酚再加Iressa或吉西他滨;或ZD0473加蒽环类制剂再加激素类药剂),其中使用了有不同作用方式的药剂。
作为本发明另一个特征,提供了顺序双连体复合物(例如,ZD0473加紫杉酚,随后是(例如)ZD0473加吉西他滨),其中,随后使用了一种不同的第二药剂(有不同的作用方式)。如果复合物中药剂的毒性范围允许,也可以使用顺序三联体复合物。“抗癌效应”这一术语包括抑制癌细胞的生长和/或用细胞毒杀死癌细胞,其中的癌细胞对本发明的复合物制品、组合物以及治疗敏感。
这里使用的“抑制癌细胞的生长”这一术语是指抑制对本发明的方法敏感的癌细胞的生长。应用本发明的治疗方法而产生的抗癌效应包括(但不限于):抑制肿瘤生长、肿瘤生长延迟、肿瘤的退化、肿瘤缩小、治疗停止后肿瘤再生长的时间增加、减慢疾病的发展。人们所希望的是,当包括实体瘤在内的癌症需要治疗时可以对人等温血动物采用本发明的治疗方法,所述治疗方法的应用将会产生效果,这可以通过(例如)以下现象中的一个或多个来衡量:抗肿瘤效果的程度、响应速度、疾病发展的时间以及死亡率。
较好的,这种治疗同时可使肿瘤生长退化,例如,可测量肿瘤尺寸的减小。最好的是这种治疗是肿瘤完全退化。本发明也可以用在(例如)老年人、儿童、或是肾脏或肝脏受损的病人中。
这里使用的“有效的肿瘤细胞生长抑制量”和“有效量”这一术语是指一治疗过程,它将导致患者中肿瘤细胞生长的抑制对这种治疗敏感。较好的,这种治疗过程将导致空间位阻的铂配位化合物和/或非铂基底的抗癌剂的用药量低于将这种化合物作为单一化学治疗剂所需的用药量。更好的,这种治疗过程可使非铂基底的抗癌剂和/或空间位阻的铂配位化合物对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制效应比将这种化合物作为单一化学治疗剂时要高。最好的是产生了经典的协同效应,其中两种组分联合的效果要大于/高于对一起施用两种组分的期望值(例如,高于累加效应)。实际上,根据(尤其是)化合物的用药方式、所使用的特殊的化合物配方、用药方式、接受治疗的特殊的肿瘤细胞以及接受治疗的特殊个体,优选的治疗过程是可以变化的。对于给定的一系列情况,通过常规的确定治疗过程的实验并考虑上述各种因素,那些精通此技术的技术人员可以制定出理想的治疗过程。
本发明的药物组合物同时包括如这里所定义的空间位阻的铂配位化合物和非铂基底的抗癌剂,以及药学上可接受的载体或稀释剂。较好的用在本发明组合物中的药学上可接受的载体或稀释剂对于那些精通于将化合物制成药物组合物的技术人员是熟知的。本发明药物组合物将以适合肠胃外给药或口服给药的形式存在。由精通这一技术的技术人员所熟知的各种途径,可以和药学上可接受的载体(如,盐水类)一起配方制成静脉输液或注射剂。较好的,这些药物组合物在单位剂量形式中是两种活性成分冻干混合物,可以用常规的方法制造,且当用药时可以用水或其它合适的输注液重建。
精通这一技术的技术人员应该认识到,本发明药物组合物中活性成分的组成可根据许多因素(如,所需剂量和所使用的药学上可接受的载体)而作出巨大的变化。用药时,本发明的药物组合物以及其它方面中,空间位阻的铂配位化合物与非铂基底的抗癌剂的用药量之比(重量比)通常在10∶1与1∶1000的范围之内。较好的,本发明的复合物制品与药物组合物每一单位剂量形式中含有50mg-600mg空间位阻的铂配位化合物以及5mg-5,000mg非铂基底的抗癌剂。较好的还可以含有常规量的甘露醇和/或氯化钠。可注射或输注用药物复合物的生理pH值可以用药物制剂领域已知的缓冲剂来控制。
这里所描述的复合制品或组合物可以适合口服用药的形式,例如片剂或胶囊(适当地肠溶包衣),例如粉剂或溶液;适合肠胃外用药的形式(包括静脉、皮下、肌肉内、血管内、腹膜内或输注),例如灭菌溶液、悬浮液或乳剂;适合局部用药的形式,例如软膏或霜剂;适合直肠用药的形式,例如栓剂;或者是通过直接注射进肿瘤或通过局部输递的用药途径。本发明另一个实施方案中,联合治疗用的ZD0473可以通过内窥镜、气管内、病损内注射、透皮、静脉内、皮下、腹膜内或瘤内输递。总之,这里所描述的组合物可以用常规的赋形剂以常规的方法制造。本发明的组合物可方便的出现在单位剂量形式中。
对于特殊疾病,治疗性治疗或预防性治疗所需的每次治疗剂量的大小根据被治疗的患者、给药途径和被治疗疾病的严重性有必要作出变动。因此,最佳剂量可由治疗任何特殊患者的医师决定。例如,可能需要或必需降低联合治疗中某些组分的剂量以降低毒性。这里所使用的“给药”包括肠胃外和/或口服给药。“肠胃外的”是指静脉内、皮下、肌肉内或腹膜内或灌输给药。可以理解的是,实际上,优选的方法和给药次序将根据(尤其是)所用特殊的制剂/类、特殊的被治疗的肿瘤细胞以及特殊的接受治疗的病人作出改变。对于一系列给定的情况而言,最佳方法和给药次序可由那些精通这一技术的技术人员用常规的技术并参照这里所列出的资料而确定。
在本发明的方法中,空间位阻的铂配位化合物可用与以前的临床实践相同的方法给药。特别地,对ZD0473而言,慢速皮下输注是经常选用的方法。当使用ZD0473时为促进排尿,加入甘露醇的葡萄糖/盐溶液是优选的载体。该方案可包括给患者使用葡萄糖/盐水溶液以预先水合。在本发明的方法中,空间位阻的铂配位化合物的用量方案可基于,每个治疗过程每平方米表面积约25-500mg(mg/m2),例如在人类当中约为0.4-1.0mg/kg。为本发明的方法使用ZD0473时,ZD0473的优选剂量可以是单一剂量,从约30mg/m2开始,在连续治疗1-5天后最终约为250mg/m2。输注空间位阻的铂配位化合物时可以每周1-2次,重复数周直至副作用造成了禁忌症。象片剂或胶囊这样的单位剂量型通常含有,例如,50-600mg的活性成分。使用ZD0473分次剂量的方法(例如,每天30mg/m2超过5天较之一天用150mg/m2为好)可被有效采用,例如,与日常辐射治疗结合。在施用药物的同时可以采用其它常规的治疗方法,例如支持性辅助治疗、GCSF/EPO。根据已知的用药途径和剂量,如以下实施例中列举的方法(但不限于此)可以给出非铂基底的抗癌剂的剂量。
例如,在本发明的方法中,肠胃外施用喜树碱类似物类化合物时,治疗过程通常是每天每平方米表面积约0.1-300.0mg,持续约1-5天;较好的是,每天每平方米表面积约0.1-100.0mg,持续约1-5天。更好的是,对Topotecan采用的治疗过程是每天每平方米表面积约1.0-2.0mg,持续约1-5天。较好的,根据最初的剂量以及病人正常组织恢复的情况,治疗过程在间隔约7天至约28天(从开始治疗算起)后至少要重复一次。更好的是,根据肿瘤的反应继续重复治疗过程。
较好的,肠胃外施用喜树碱类似物类化合物可以通过短时间(如,30分钟)或长时间(如,24小时)的静脉输注。更好的的,可以通过30分钟的静脉输注施用喜树碱类似物类化合物。采用Topotecan时优选的肠胃外治疗的过程是,对于以前未经治疗或轻微的经预处理的病人,治疗初始阶段每天每平方米表面积施用1.5mg,采用短时间的静脉输注的方法,持续1-5天。对严重的经预处理的病人,Topotecan治疗的初始阶段是,用短时间的静脉输注的方法每天每平方米表面积1.0mg,持续1-5天。当病人完全克服最初的药物相关效应时,另一疗程通过短时间的静脉输注的方法每天至少要施用与初始剂量相同的剂量,持续1-5天,并根据肿瘤的反应进行重复。
在本发明的方法中,口服施用喜树碱类似物类化合物时,治疗过程通常是每天每平方米表面积约1.0-500.0mg,持续约1-5天。更好的是,对Topotecan采用的治疗过程是每天每平方米表面积约1.5-5.0mg,持续约1-5天。较好的,根据最初的剂量以及病人正常组织恢复的情况,治疗过程在间隔约7天至约28天(从开始治疗算起)后至少要重复一次。更好的是,根据肿瘤的反应继续重复治疗过程。
例如,紫杉酚(paclitaxel)可以每3周135-200mg/m2的剂量用超过约24小时输注的方式进行用药。或者,例如,紫杉酚可以每3周135-225mg/m2的剂量用超过约3小时输注的方式进行用药。或者,例如,紫杉酚可持续数周、以每周80-100mg/m2的剂量用超过约1小时输注的方式进行用药。或者,例如,紫杉酚可以每3周200mg/m2的剂量用超过约1小时输注的方式进行用药。或者,例如,紫杉酚可以每3周120-140mg/m2的剂量用超过约96小时输注的方式进行用药。
例如,多西紫杉醇的剂量可根据已知的用药途径和剂量确定。例如,多西紫杉醇可以每3周55-100mg/m2的剂量用超过约1小时输注的方式进行用药。
如上所述,治疗性治疗或预防性治疗所需的每次治疗剂量的大小根据被治疗的患者、给药途径和被治疗疾病的严重性有必要作出变动。因此,最佳剂量可由治疗任何特殊患者的医师决定。例如,可能需要或必需降低上述联合治疗中某些组分的剂量以降低毒性。
如上所述,本发明的组分可以同时、相继或独立施用。较好的是同时和/或相继施用,这样每种组分就可以治疗有效的浓度在体内同时出现。因此,根据(例如)各个组分的药代动力学和用药途径,可以独立施用各个药剂(有时间间隔,例如,10-60分钟),这样可以有效获得与同时施用等价或类似的复合物的体内分布情况。
类似的,根据(例如)各个组分的药代动力学,可以一定的重复周期施用本发明的组分。例如,每周一次持续数周;每天一次持续超过5天,数周后再重复,或在每天的基础上连续重复数周。根据所选的特殊的复合物以及重复周期的特性,可以通过口服药丸用药和/或静脉用药或通过连续静脉输注的方法用药。另外,可以用相同或不同的重复周期施用复合物中的各个组分。因此,例如,非铂基底的抗癌剂可以每周施用一次,而ZD0473每天施用一次5天以上,然后将这一循环重复超过数周。
实施例和结果
以下的(并不局限于此)体内实验将ZD0473和紫杉酚(paclitaxel)联合使用以证明本发明的复合物。所用培养物的细节以及其它的实验细节可以在Holford等,Br.J.Cancer,1998,7793,366-373 以及 K.E.Pestell 等,MolecularPharmacology,57:503-511,2000中找到(在此全文并入相关的实验细节以供参考)。
使用了四种人卵巢癌细胞系:两种亲本顺氯氨铂敏感细胞系,CH1和A2780;一种15倍的获得性顺氯氨铂抗性亚系,A2780cisR;以及一种被E6人乳头状瘤病毒基因稳定转染而使亲本细胞系丧失野生型p53官能团的A2780亚系,A2780 E6。在单独使用ZD0473、以及和paclitaxel同时或相继(冲洗后)施用24小时后检测了生长抑制(用硫氰酸胺B分析法)。用半数有效分析法分析了药物复合物的疗效。
单独使用ZD0473(96小时连续暴露)对这些细胞系显示出了强烈的生长抑制。其IC50值(μM)分别是:A2780为3.7,A2780cisR为15.6,A2780E6为8.6,CH1为3.3。因此,这些研究中A2780cisR对ZD0473只有4.2倍的交叉抗性。单独使用Paclitaxel同样有强烈的生长抑制,其IC50值(nM)分别是:A2780为2.5,A2780cisR为3.5,A2780E6为20.8,CH1为3.1。
当与paclitaxel一起暴露时,感染部分为50%时的联合指数(CI)的数值对全部的四种细胞系而言是协同的(A2780的CI是0.49,0.61;A2780cisR的CI是0.55,0.31;A2780E6的CI是0.41,0.54;CH1的CI是0.69,0.55)。
在用paclitaxel 24小时之前先应用ZD047324小时,结果是相加的/在A2780中是中度协同的(CI为1.0,1.6),而在其它的三个细胞系中可观察到一些协同效应(A2780cisR的CI是0.4,0.70;A2780E6的CI是0.51,0.91;CH1的CI是0.61,1.30)。
当细胞先保留在paclitaxel 24小时之后再保留在ZD047324小时,在A2780cisR中观察到了协同效应(CI为0.37,1.48),而其它的细胞系有弱的协同作用/加性效应或拮抗效应(A2780E6的CI是0.89,1.02;A2780cisR的CI是1.1,12.9;CH1的CI是2.4,2.1)。
用Chou和Talalay在Adv.Enayme Regulation,1984,22,27-55中的方法计算了CI数值。每种情况中第一个数字使用了各个水平的一个数据点(平均值),第二个数字包括同一数据点上所有的数据点(包括重复的结果)。
这些数据说明,取决于细胞系,同时,半数用药时观察到大多数协同作用,ZD0473和paclitaxel的使用顺序对于确定生长抑制是很重要的,尽管无论施用顺序如何都可以观察到协同作用(取决于细胞系)。类似的协同作用也可以在其它细胞系中观察到,例如SCLC。
本发明的复合物的利于肿瘤细胞生长抑制的活性也可以在体内证明,例如在广泛使用的可移植性人类肿瘤(例如,使用抗顺氯氨铂的肿瘤)在小鼠中的异种移植模型中(例如,可以获得比单独使用最大耐受剂量的任一药物更强的效果)。
在临床试验中研究了利于肿瘤细胞生长抑制的活性以及本方面的复合物毒性的相互作用。例如,在和吉西他滨一起进行联合试验时,对人癌症患者施用合适剂量的ZD0473(1-2小时的静脉(iv)输注,第一天)和合适剂量的吉西他滨(每天30分钟的输注,进行两天,第一天和第八天),计划每3周进行一次治疗。每个周期的第一天,先施用ZD0473超过1-2小时,然后停止30分钟,再施用吉西他滨超过30分钟。在第八天,仅仅对病人采用吉西他滨治疗,像第一天一样,间隔超过30分钟。从第二个周期开始以及在随后的周期中,根据常规剂量的修改建议进行治疗。研究了6种不同的剂量水平,ZD0473和吉西他滨的剂量如下表逐渐提高:
a第一天施用ZD0473超过1-2小时,施用吉西他滨超过30分钟,在ZD0473用药结束30分钟后开始。每个周期的第八天再施用一次吉西他滨。每一剂量水平至少在3名患者上进行试验以获得3名患者的毒性评价。如果在一个患者中出现了剂量限制毒性(DLT),则将扩大试验病人的数目以获得6名患者的毒性评价,从而可以确定是否已经达到了MTD。每一剂量水平的最大试验患者数是8。
对DLT和最大耐受剂量(MTD)的定义,以及确定DLT的因素如下所示(基于CTC分级系统):
·绝对嗜中性白细胞的计数(ANC)小于0.5×109/L伴有发烧或感染
·ANC小于0.5×109/L持续超过5天
·血小板的数目小于25×109/L
·在与3-4级治疗相关的非血液学毒性不包括脱发(或恰恰相反)、丙氨酸转氨酶[ALT]或天冬氨酸转移酶[AST]水平暂时升高、恶心、以及在未给予最佳止吐药的患者中出现的呕吐
·因为不可克服的毒性治疗的延迟至少要超过3周
进一步提高剂量的标准或以同样的剂量继续用药将是有以下DLT的患者数量的函数:
3人当中没有1人 →提高到下一剂量
3人当中有1人 →另外增加3名患者
6人当中有1人 →提高到下一剂量
6人当中有2人 →MTD,推荐的剂量(RD)低于MTD
3人当中至少有2人
或 →中毒:MTD是低于中毒剂量的剂量;RD低于两次剂量
6人当中至少有3人
治疗持续时间:各个周期每3周重复一次,除非患者的骨髓不能恢复至嗜中性白细胞计数超过1.5×109/L以及血小板计数超过100×109/L或者非血液学毒性不能恢复至1级。在连续的治疗之间超过3周(例如,42天)的延迟是允许的。如果在补充的21天结束时允许进一步治疗的标准还没有达到,就将患者排除。没有出现观察到的疾病发展情况的患者(每两个周期检查一次,例如,通过肿瘤的大小,如CAT扫描或测量标记)可以继续接受治疗直至遇到终止治疗的情况。治疗可以继续进行(根据对情况所作的判定),直至研究者认为,就疾病控制和通常的观点而言,这是患者最佳的状况,除非遇到了停止治疗的情况。
可以用类似的方案来测定当使用其它非铂基底的抗癌剂时本发明的功效。例如,通过使用合适剂量的紫杉酚(例如在135-175mg/m2的范围内)和ZD0473(例如在100-150mg/m2的范围内),采用医师一般具有的技术上述关于吉西他滨的方案也可以和紫杉酚一起使用。采用医师一般具有的技术上述关于吉西他滨的方案也可以和,例如,ZD0473(1-10mg/Kg/天,较好的是2-5mg/Kg/天,更好的是3-4mg/Kg/天)和Iressa(1-20mg/Kg/天,较好的是3-10mg/Kg/天,更好的是5mg/Kg/天)一起使用。根据各个药物单独的毒性,进行了适合于被研究的药物的毒性试验。
Claims (11)
1. (SP-4-3)-(顺-氨基二氯-[2-甲基吡啶]铂(II)或其前药与非铂抗癌剂联合用于制造抗癌药物的用途,所述非铂抗癌剂是紫杉烷。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中,非铂抗癌剂是紫杉酚或泰素帝。
3. 根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中,非铂抗癌剂是紫杉酚。
4. 根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中,非铂抗癌剂是泰素帝。
5. 一种药物组合物,包含(SP-4-3)-(顺-氨基二氯-[2-甲基吡啶]铂(II)或其前药和非铂抗癌剂,以及药学上可接受的赋形剂或载体,所述非铂抗癌剂是紫杉烷。
6. 根据权利要求5所述的药物组合物,其中,非铂抗癌剂是紫杉酚或泰素帝。
7. 一种试剂盒,包括(SP-4-3)-(顺-氨基二氯-[2-甲基吡啶]铂(II)或其前药和非铂抗癌剂,所述非铂抗癌剂是紫杉烷。
8. 根据权利要求7所述的试剂盒,其中,非铂抗癌剂是紫杉酚或泰素帝。
9. 一种复合物产品,包括(SP-4-3)-(顺-氨基二氯-[2-甲基吡啶]铂(II)或其前药和非铂抗癌剂,所述非铂抗癌剂是紫杉烷。
10. 根据权利要求9所述的复合物产品,其中,非铂抗癌剂是紫杉酚或泰素帝。
11. 根据权利要求9所述的复合物产品,(SP-4-3)-(顺-氨基二氯-[2-甲基吡啶]铂(II)或其前药与紫杉烷的组合具有协同性抗癌效果。
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