BRPI0903065A2 - instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação motorizado dotado de um dispositivo magnético limitador de torque de trem de transmissão - Google Patents

instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação motorizado dotado de um dispositivo magnético limitador de torque de trem de transmissão Download PDF

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Publication number
BRPI0903065A2
BRPI0903065A2 BRPI0903065-4A BRPI0903065A BRPI0903065A2 BR PI0903065 A2 BRPI0903065 A2 BR PI0903065A2 BR PI0903065 A BRPI0903065 A BR PI0903065A BR PI0903065 A2 BRPI0903065 A2 BR PI0903065A2
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BR
Brazil
Prior art keywords
instrument
surgical cutting
motor
instrument according
clamping instrument
Prior art date
Application number
BRPI0903065-4A
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English (en)
Inventor
David C Yates
Thomas W Huitema
Original Assignee
Ethicon Endo Surgery Inc
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Publication date
Priority claimed from US12/031,542 external-priority patent/US8459525B2/en
Application filed by Ethicon Endo Surgery Inc filed Critical Ethicon Endo Surgery Inc
Publication of BRPI0903065A2 publication Critical patent/BRPI0903065A2/pt
Publication of BRPI0903065B1 publication Critical patent/BRPI0903065B1/pt
Publication of BRPI0903065B8 publication Critical patent/BRPI0903065B8/pt

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/068Surgical staplers, e.g. containing multiple staples or clamps
    • A61B17/072Surgical staplers, e.g. containing multiple staples or clamps for applying a row of staples in a single action, e.g. the staples being applied simultaneously
    • A61B17/07207Surgical staplers, e.g. containing multiple staples or clamps for applying a row of staples in a single action, e.g. the staples being applied simultaneously the staples being applied sequentially
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1442Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps
    • A61B18/1445Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps at the distal end of a shaft, e.g. forceps or scissors at the end of a rigid rod
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/76Manipulators having means for providing feel, e.g. force or tactile feedback
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D27/00Magnetically- or electrically- actuated clutches; Control or electric circuits therefor
    • F16D27/004Magnetically- or electrically- actuated clutches; Control or electric circuits therefor with permanent magnets combined with electromagnets
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D27/00Magnetically- or electrically- actuated clutches; Control or electric circuits therefor
    • F16D27/01Magnetically- or electrically- actuated clutches; Control or electric circuits therefor with permanent magnets
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1482Probes or electrodes therefor having a long rigid shaft for accessing the inner body transcutaneously in minimal invasive surgery, e.g. laparoscopy
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B2017/00115Electrical control of surgical instruments with audible or visual output
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    • A61B2017/00203Electrical control of surgical instruments with speech control or speech recognition
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    • A61B2017/00398Details of actuation of instruments, e.g. relations between pushing buttons, or the like, and activation of the tool, working tip, or the like using powered actuators, e.g. stepper motors, solenoids
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B2017/00681Aspects not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2017/00734Aspects not otherwise provided for battery operated
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    • A61B2017/0088Material properties ceramic
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B2017/07214Stapler heads
    • A61B2017/07242Stapler heads achieving different staple heights during the same shot, e.g. using an anvil anvil having different heights or staples of different sizes
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    • A61B2017/07214Stapler heads
    • A61B2017/0725Stapler heads with settable gap between anvil and cartridge, e.g. for different staple heights at different shots
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    • A61B17/2909Handles
    • A61B2017/2912Handles transmission of forces to actuating rod or piston
    • A61B2017/2923Toothed members, e.g. rack and pinion
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B17/29Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/2926Details of heads or jaws
    • A61B2017/2927Details of heads or jaws the angular position of the head being adjustable with respect to the shaft
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B17/29Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/2926Details of heads or jaws
    • A61B2017/2932Transmission of forces to jaw members
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B2017/320052Guides for cutting instruments
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00053Mechanical features of the instrument of device
    • A61B2018/00059Material properties
    • A61B2018/00071Electrical conductivity
    • A61B2018/00083Electrical conductivity low, i.e. electrically insulating
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B2018/00053Mechanical features of the instrument of device
    • A61B2018/00107Coatings on the energy applicator
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B2018/00053Mechanical features of the instrument of device
    • A61B2018/00107Coatings on the energy applicator
    • A61B2018/00148Coatings on the energy applicator with metal
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B2018/00053Mechanical features of the instrument of device
    • A61B2018/0016Energy applicators arranged in a two- or three dimensional array
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00571Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for achieving a particular surgical effect
    • A61B2018/00601Cutting
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B2018/00571Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for achieving a particular surgical effect
    • A61B2018/00619Welding
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B2018/00642Sensing and controlling the application of energy with feedback, i.e. closed loop control
    • A61B2018/00654Sensing and controlling the application of energy with feedback, i.e. closed loop control with individual control of each of a plurality of energy emitting elements
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    • A61B2018/00702Power or energy
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    • A61B2018/0091Handpieces of the surgical instrument or device
    • A61B2018/00916Handpieces of the surgical instrument or device with means for switching or controlling the main function of the instrument or device
    • A61B2018/00922Handpieces of the surgical instrument or device with means for switching or controlling the main function of the instrument or device by switching or controlling the treatment energy directly within the hand-piece
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    • A61B2018/00982Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body combined with or comprising means for visual or photographic inspections inside the body, e.g. endoscopes
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    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
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    • A61B2018/1226Generators therefor powered by a battery
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    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/1206Generators therefor
    • A61B2018/124Generators therefor switching the output to different electrodes, e.g. sequentially
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    • A61B90/00Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/03Automatic limiting or abutting means, e.g. for safety
    • A61B2090/031Automatic limiting or abutting means, e.g. for safety torque limiting
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    • A61B90/90Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags
    • A61B90/98Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags using electromagnetic means, e.g. transponders

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
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  • Manipulator (AREA)

Abstract

INSTRUMENTO CIRúRGICO DE CORTE E FIXAçãO MOTORIZADO DOTADO DE UM DISPOSITIVO MAGNéTICO LIMITADOR DE TORQUE DE TREM DE TRANSMISSãO. A presente invenção refere-se a um instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação. O instrumento compreende um manipulador de extremidade e um eixo conectado ao manipulador de extremidade. O eixo compreende um trem de transmissão para o acionamento do manipulador de extremidade. O instrumento compreende ainda um motor elétrico de corrente CC conectado ao trem de transmissão para o acionamento do trem de transmissão. O instrumento compreende ainda um dispositivo limitador de torque conectado entre um poío de saída do motor e um polo de entrada do trem de transmissão.

Description

Relatório Descritivo da Patente de Invenção para "INSTRU-MENTO CIRÚRGICO DE CORTE E FIXAÇÃO MOTORIZADO DOTADO DEUM DISPOSITIVO MAGNÉTICO LIMITADOR DE TORQUE DE TREM DE TRANSMISSÃO".
REFERÊNCIA CRUZADA COM PEDIDOS RELACIONADOS
O presente pedido refere-se aos e incorpora, a título de referên-cia, os seguintes pedidos depositados na mesma data do presente pedido:
"Motorized Surgical Cutting and Fastening Instrument", ArquivoN. END6268USNP/070390;
"Motorized Surgical Cutting and Fastening Instrument HavingHandle Based Power Source", Arquivo N. END6269USNP/070391;
"Surgical Cutting and Fastening Instrument Having RF Electro-des", Arquivo N. END6270USNP/070392;
"Motorized Cutting and Fastening Instrument Having Control Cir-cuit For Optimizing Battery Usage", Arquivo N. END6271USNP/070393.
ANTECEDENTES DA INVENÇÃO
Na técnica anterior, eram usados grampeadores cirúrgicos parasimultaneamente fazer uma incisão longitudinal em um tecido e aplicar li-nhas de grampos nos lados opostos da incisão. Estes instrumentos geral-mente incluem um par de elementos de garra cooperantes que, se o instru-mento for concebido para aplicações endoscópicas ou laparoscópicas, pode-rá passar por uma passagem de cânula. Um destes elementos de garra re-cebe um cartucho de grampos tendo pelo menos duas fileiras lateralmenteespaçadas de grampos. O outro elemento de garra define uma placa de a-polo dotada de bolsas de formação de grampos alinhadas às fileiras degrampos do cartucho. Estes instrumentos tipicamente incluem uma plurali-dade de cunhas alternativas que, quando acionadas no sentido distai, pas-sam pelas aberturas do cartucho de grampos e se encaixam nos extratoresque suportam os grampos a fim de realizar o disparo dos grampos na dire-ção da placa de apoio.
Um exemplo de grampeador cirúrgico adequado para uso en-doscópico é descrito na Publicação do Pedido de Patente U.S. N.2004/0232196 A1, intitulada "Surgical Stapling Instrument Having SeparateDistinct Closing And Firing Systems", cuja descrição é incorporada ao pre-sente documento à guisa de referência. Em uso, o médico é capaz de fecharos elementos de garra do grampeador sobre o tecido de modo a posicionar otecido antes do disparo. Quando o médico determina que os elementos degarra estão prendendo de maneira apropriada o tecido, o médico poderádisparar o grampeador cirúrgico, deste modo cortando e grampeando o teci-do. As etapas simultâneas de corte e grampeamento evitam as complica-ções que podem surgir ao se executar tais ações em seqüência com ferra-mentas cirúrgicas distintas que, respectivamente, apenas cortam ou gram-peiam.
Além disso, é igualmente conhecido, na técnica anterior, incluireletrodos no manipulador de extremidade, o qual pode ser usado para emi-tir/receber energia de radiofreqüência de modo a formar uma linha hemostá-tica ao longo da linha de corte. A Patente U.S. N. 5 403 312, intitulada "Elec-trosurgical Hemostatic Device" (doravante "Patente 312"), incorporada aopresente documento à guisa de referência, apresenta um instrumento eletro-cirúrgico com um manipulador de extremidade que comprime o tecido entreum polo (ou eletrodo) de uma fonte de energia bipolar sobre uma superfíciede interface e um segundo polo (ou eletrodo) sobre uma segunda superfíciede interface. A energia de RF é aplicada ao longo do tecido comprimido nomanipulador de extremidade, cauterizando o tecido. O manipulador de ex-tremidade descrito na Patente 312 inclui ainda grampos para fechar o tecidocomprimido no manipulador de extremidade.
Instrumentos de corte e fixação cirúrgicos acionados a motor,nos quais o motor aciona o instrumento de corte, são igualmente conhecidosna técnica anterior, tais como os descritos na Publicação do Pedido U.S. N.2007/0175962 A1, intitulado "Motor-driven Surgical Cutting And FasteningInstrument With Tactile Position Feedback", incorporado ao presente docu-mento à guisa de referência.
SUMÁRIO DA INVENÇÃO
Em um aspecto geral, as modalidades da presente invenção tra-tam de instrumentos cirúrgicos de corte e fixação. Os instrumentos podemser instrumentos endoscópicos, tais como os cortadores endoscópicos linea-res ou circulares, ou os instrumentos laparoscópicos. Os instrumentos po-dem ser constituídos de grampos e/ou eletrodos de RF para a fixação dotecido preso no manipulador de extremidade.
Diversas modalidades aqui apresentadas dizem respeito a ins-trumentos acionados a motor sem corda. Os instrumentos podem ser acio-nados por uma fonte de energia compreendendo uma fonte de energia CC(corrente contínua), como, por exemplo, células de baterias conectadas emuma ou mais séries. Uma chave de seleção de células pode controlar o nú-mero de células de bateria utilizadas para acionar o motor em um dado mo-mento de modo a controlar a força disponível para o motor. Isto permite queo operador do instrumento tenha um controle maior sobre a velocidade comotambém sobre a força do motor. Em uma outra modalidade, o instrumentopode compreender um regulador de potência, incluindo, por exemplo, umconversor de corrente CC para CC, que regula a tensão suprida para o mo-tor. Além disso, o ponto de regulagem de tensão para o regulador de potên-cia pode ser ajustado de modo que a tensão liberada a partir da fonte deforça seja menor que a tensão na qual a fonte de força libera uma força má-xima. Desta maneira, a fonte de força (por exemplo, o número de células debateria conectadas em série) pode operar no lado "esquerdo" ou crescenteda curva de força, de modo a disponibilizar aumentos de força.
Além disso, de acordo com várias modalidades, a fonte de forçapode compreender dispositivos acumuladores secundários, tais como asbaterias recarregáveis ou os supercapacitores. Estes dispositivos acumula-dores secundários podem ser repetidamente carregados por meio de bateri-as descartáveis. Um circuito de gerenciamento de carga pode controlar acarga dos dispositivos acumuladores secundários e prover diferentes sinaisde status, como, por exemplo, de alerta, quando a carga dos dispositivosacumuladores secundários está completa.
Em uma outra modalidade, uma fonte de energia compreenden-do dispositivos acumuladores secundários pode ser removível do instrumen-to e conectável a uma base carregadora remota. A base carregadora podecarregar dispositivos acumuladores secundários, por exemplo, a partir de umconduto elétrico de corrente alternada (CA) ou uma bateria. A base carrega-dora pode compreender ainda um processador e uma unidade de memória.
Os dados armazenados em uma memória da fonte de energia removível po-dem ser transferidos para a base carregadora, de onde os mesmos podemser carregados para uso ou análise posterior, por parte de um usuário (porexemplo, um médico), do fabricante ou distribuidor do instrumento, etc. Osdados podem compreender parâmetros operacionais, como, por exemplo,informações do ciclo de carga, assim como os valores de ID para os várioscomponentes descartáveis do instrumento, por exemplo, o cartucho degrampos.
Além disso, o instrumento pode compreender um dispositivo li-mitador de torque a fim de limitar o torque suprido pelo motor, no sentido delimitar, assim, as forças de atuação que poderão danificar os componentesdo instrumento. De acordo com as diversas modalidades, os dispositivoslimitadores de torque podem ser um ímã eletromagnético ou permanente, oudispositivos de embreagem mecânica conectados (direta ou indiretamente)ao polo de saída do motor.
Em um outro aspecto geral, a presente invenção trata de instru-mentos de RF (isto é, instrumentos cirúrgicos de corte e fixação com eletro-dos no manipulador de extremidade para aplicação de energia de RF ao te-cido preso pelo manipulador de extremidade) com novos tipos de configura-ções de eletrodo. Em geral, as novas configurações de eletrodo incluemcombinações de eletrodos ativos menores e eletrodos de retorno maiores.
Os eletrodos ativos menores são usados para concentrar a energia terapêu-tica no tecido, enquanto os eletrodos de retorno maiores são de preferênciausados para completar o circuito com um impacto mínimo sobre aquela inter-face de tecido. Os eletrodos de retorno tipicamente possuem uma massamaior e, deste modo, são capazes de continuar mais frios durante uma apli-cação eletrocirúrgica.Além disso, o manipulador de extremidade, de acordo com vá-rias modalidades, pode compreender diversos eletrodos ativos segmenta-dos, colineares. Os eletrodos segmentados podem ser acionados de manei-ra síncrona ou, mais preferivelmente, em seqüência. A atuação dos eletro-dos segmentados em seqüência prove as vantagens (1) de uma menor ne-cessidade de força instantânea devido a uma área alvo menor de coagula-ção de tecido e (2) da possibilidade de outros segmentos se queimarem seum entrar em curto circuito.
Além disso, são apresentados neste documento vários meca-nismos para a ativação dos eletrodos de RF e para a articulação do manipu-lador de extremidade.
DESCRIÇÃO DOS DESENHOS
As diversas modalidades da presente invenção são descritas nopresente documento a título de exemplo em conjunto com as figuras a se-guir, nas quais:
As Figuras 1 e 2 são vistas em perspectiva de um instrumentocirúrgico de corte e fixação de acordo com várias modalidades da presenteinvenção;
As Figuras 3 a 5 são vistas explodidas de um manipulador deextremidade e de um eixo do instrumento de acordo com várias modalidadesda presente invenção;
A Figura 6 é uma vista lateral do manipulador de extremidade deacordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 7 é uma vista explodida do manipulo do instrumento deacordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 8 e 9 são vistas parciais, em perspectiva, do manipu-lo de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 10 é uma vista lateral do manipulo de acordo com vá-rias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 11 é um diagrama esquemático de um circuito utilizadono instrumento de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;As Figuras 12 a 14 e 17 são diagramas esquemáticos de circui-tos utilizados para acionar o motor do instrumento de acordo com várias mo-dalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 15 é um diagrama em blocos ilustrando um circuito degerenciamento de carga de acordo com várias modalidades da presente in-venção;
A Figura 16 é um diagrama em blocos ilustrando uma base car-regadora de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 18 ilustra uma típica curva de força de uma bateria;
As Figuras 19 a 22 ilustram modalidades de um dispositivo limi-tador de torque do tipo embreagem, eletromagnético, de acordo com váriasmodalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 23 a 25, 27, 28, e 59 são vistas da superfície inferiorda placa de apoio do instrumento de acordo com várias modalidades da pre-sente invenção;
As Figuras 26, 53, 54, e 68 são vistas frontais, em seção trans-versal, do manipulador de extremidade de acordo com várias modalidadesda presente invenção;
As Figuras 29 a 32 mostram uma modalidade do manipulador deextremidade dotado de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias modalidadesda presente invenção;
As Figuras 33 a 36 mostram uma outra modalidade do manipu-lador de extremidade dotado de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias mo-dalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 37 a 40 mostram uma outra modalidade do manipu-lador de extremidade dotado de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias mo-dalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 41 a 44 mostram uma outra modalidade do manipu-lador de extremidade dotado de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias mo-dalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 45 a 48 mostram uma outra modalidade do manipu-lador de extremidade dotado de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias mo-dalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 49 a 52 mostram uma outra modalidade do manipu-lador de extremidade dotado de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias mo-dalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 55 e 56 mostram vistas laterais do manipulador deextremidade de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 57 é um diagrama do manipulo do instrumento de a-cordo com uma outra modalidade da presente invenção;
A Figura 58 é uma vista cortada do manipulo da modalidade daFigura 57 de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 60 a 66 ilustram uma placa de circuito de múltiplascamadas de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 67 é um diagrama que ilustra um manipulador de ex-tremidade de acordo com as várias modalidades da presente invenção; e
As Figuras 69 e 70 são diagramas de um instrumento que com-preende uma montagem de haste flexível, de acordo com várias modalida-des da presente invenção.
DESCRIÇÃO DA INVENÇÃO
As Figuras 1 e 2 ilustram um instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fi-xação 10 de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção. A moda-lidade ilustrada é um instrumento endoscópico e, em geral, as modalidadesdo instrumento 10 descrito no presente documento são instrumentos cirúrgi-cos de corte e fixação endoscópicos. Deve-se notar, no entanto, que, de a-cordo com outras modalidades da presente invenção, o instrumento podeser um instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação não endoscópico, como, porexemplo, um instrumento laparoscópico.
O instrumento cirúrgico 10 ilustrado nas Figuras 1 e 2 compre-ende um manipulo 6, um eixo 8, e um manipulador de extremidade articula-do 12 conectado de maneira pivotável ao eixo 8 em um pivô de articulação14. Um controle de articulação 16 pode ser provido adjacente ao manipulo 6a fim de realizar a rotação do manipulador de extremidade 12 sobre o pivôde articulação 14. Na modalidade ilustrada, o manipulador de extremidade12 é configurado de modo a atuar como um cortador endoscópico paraprender, cortar e grampear, embora, em outras modalidades, diferentes tiposde atuadores finais possam ser utilizados, tais como os atuadores finais paraoutros tipos de dispositivos cirúrgicos, como, por exemplo, prendedores, cor-tadores, grampeadores, aplicadores de clips, dispositivos de acesso, disposi-tivos de terapia de drogas e genes, ultra-som, RF, ou dispositivos a laser,etc. Maiores detalhes relativos aos dispositivos de RF podem ser encontra-dos na Patente 312.
O manipulo 6 do instrumento 10 pode incluir um gatilho de fe-chamento 18 e um gatilho de disparo 20 para a atuação do manipulador deextremidade 12. Será apreciado que os instrumentos dotados de atuadoresfinais concebidos para diferentes tarefas cirúrgicas podem ter diferentes nú-meros ou tipos de gatilhos ou outros controles adequados para o funciona-mento do manipulador de extremidade 12. O manipulador de extremidade 12é mostrado separado do manipulo 6 por meio de um eixo preferivelmentealongado 8. Em uma modalidade, um médico ou operador do instrumento 10pode articular o manipulador de extremidade 12 com relação ao eixo 8 utili-zando o controle de articulação 16, conforme descrito em mais detalhes naPublicação do Pedido de Patente U.S. N. 2007/0158385 A1, intitulada "Sur-gical Instrument Having An Articulating End Effector", de Geoffrey C. Hueil etal., a qual é incorporada ao presente documento à guisa de referência.
O manipulador de extremidade 12 inclui, neste exemplo, entreoutras coisas, um canal de grampos 22 e um elemento de fixação transladá-vel de maneira pivotável, tal como uma placa de apoio 24, mantidos com umespaçamento que garante um efetivo corte e grampeamento do tecido presono manipulador de extremidade 12. O manipulo 6 inclui um cabo de pistola26 na direção do qual um gatilho de fechamento 18 é arrastado de maneirapivotável pelo médico de modo a fazer a fixação ou fechamento da placa deapoio 24 no sentido do canal de grampos 22 do manipulador de extremidade12 para, assim, prender o tecido posicionado entre a placa de apoio 24 e ocanal 22. O gatilho de disparo 20 fica distante do gatilho de fechamento 18.Quando o gatilho de fechamento 18 é travado na posição de fechamento,conforme descrito em mais detalhes abaixo, o gatilho de disparo 20 podegirar suavemente para o cabo de pistola 26 de modo a poder ser alcançadopelo operador com o uso de uma só das mãos. Em seguida, o operador po-derá arrastar de maneira pivotável o gatilho de disparo 20 no sentido do ca-bo de pistola 12 de modo a cortar e grampear o tecido preso no manipuladorde extremidade 12. Em outras modalidades, diferentes tipos de elementosde fixação além da placa de apoio 24 podem ser usados, tais como, por e-xemplo, uma garra oposta, etc.
Será apreciado que os termos "proximal" e "distai" são usadosno presente documento com referência a um médico que agarra o manipulo6 do instrumento 10. Sendo assim, o manipulador de extremidade 12 ficadistai com relação ao manipulo mais proximal 6. Será ainda apreciado que,para fins de conveniência e clareza, termos espaciais, tais como "vertical" e"horizontal", são usados no presente documento com relação aos desenhos.
No entanto, os instrumentos cirúrgicos são usados em muitas orientações eposições, e que estes termos não pretendem ser limitantes ou absolutos.
O gatilho de fechamento 18 pode ser atuado primeiro. Quando omédico está satisfeito com o posicionamento do manipulador de extremidade12, o médico pode arrastar o gatilho de fechamento 18 para trás até a suaposição totalmente fechada, travada, próxima ao cabo de pistola 26. O gati-lho de disparo 20 pode em seguida ser atuado. O gatilho de disparo 20 voltapara a posição aberta (mostrada nas Figuras 1 e 2) quando o médico retira apressão, conforme descrito em mais detalhes abaixo. Um botão de liberaçãodo manipulo 6, quando apertado, poderá soltar o gatilho de fechamento tra-vado 18. O botão de liberação pode ser implementado de várias formas, taiscomo, por exemplo, um botão de liberação deslizável 160 mostrado na Figu-ra 7 ou qualquer outro mecanismo descrito na Publicação do Pedido de Pa-tente U.S. N. 2007/01755955 A1, o qual é incorporado ao presente docu-mento à guisa de referência.
A Figura 3 é uma vista explodida do manipulador de extremida-de 12 de acordo com várias modalidades. Conforme mostrado na modalida-de ilustrada, o manipulador de extremidade 12 pode incluir, além do canal 22e da placa de apoio 24 acima mencionados, um instrumento de corte 32, umtrilho 33, um cartucho de grampos 34 assentado de maneira removível nocanal 22, e um eixo de parafuso helicoidal 36. O instrumento de corte 32 po-de ser, por exemplo, uma lâmina. A placa de apoio 24 pode ser aberta oufechada de maneira pivotável em um ponto de pivô 25 conectado à extremi-dade próxima do canal 22. A placa de apoio 24 pode também incluir umaaba 27 em sua extremidade próxima que é inserida em um componente dosistema de fechamento mecânico (descrito em mais detalhes abaixo) a fimde abrir e fechar a placa de apoio 24. Quando o gatilho de fechamento 18 éatuado, ou seja, arrastado pelo usuário do instrumento 10, a placa de apoio24 poderá pivotar sobre o ponto de pivô 25 para a posição presa ou fechada.Quando a fixação do manipulador de extremidade 12 é satisfatória, o opera-dor poderá atuar o gatilho de disparo 20 que, conforme explicado em maisdetalhes abaixo, faz com que a lâmina 32 e o trilho 33 façam um percursolongitudinal ao longo do canal 22, cortando, assim, o tecido preso no mani-pulador de extremidade 12. O movimento do trilho 33 ao longo do canal 22faz com que os grampos do cartucho de grampos 34 sejam direcionadosatravés do tecido cortado e contra a placa de apoio fechada 24, o que fazcom que os grampos prendam o tecido cortado. Em várias modalidades, otrilho 33 pode ser um componente integral do cartucho 34. A Patente U.S. N.6 978 921, intitulada "Surgical Stapling Instrument Incorporating An E-beamFiring Mechanism", a qual é incorporada ao presente documento a título dereferência, oferece mais detalhes sobre tais instrumentos de corte e fixaçãode dois cursos. O trilho 33 pode fazer parte do cartucho 34, de tal modo que,quando a lâmina 32 se retrai, seguindo a operação de corte, o trilho 33 nãose retrai.
Deve-se notar que, embora as modalidades do instrumento 10descritas no presente documento empreguem um manipulador de extremi-dade 12 que grampeia o tecido cortado, em outras modalidades, diferentestécnicas para a fixação ou vedação do tecido cortado poderão ser utilizadas.Por exemplo, os atuadores finais que usam energia de RF ou adesivos paraprender o tecido cortado poderão também ser usados. A Patente U.S. N. 5709 680, intitulada "Electrosurgical Hemostatic Device", de Yates et al., e aPatente U.S. N. 5 688 270, intitulada "Electrosurgical Hemostatic Device Wi-th Recessed And/Or Offset Electrodes", de Yates, et al., incorporadas aopresente documento à guisa de referência, apresentam um instrumento decorte endoscópico que utiliza energia de RF para vedar o tecido cortado. APublicação do Pedido de Patente U.S. N. 2007/0102453 A1 de Jerome R.Morgan, et al. e a Publicação do Pedido de Patente U.S. N. 2007/0102452A1 de Frederick E. Shelton, IV, et al., também incorporadas ao presente do-cumento a título de referência, apresentam instrumentos de corte endoscó-picos que usam adesivos para prender o tecido cortado. Por conseguinte,embora a presente descrição a seguir se refira a operações de corte egrampeamento e similares, deve-se reconhecer que esta é uma modalidadeexemplar, não sendo concebida como limitante. Outras técnicas de fixaçãode tecido podem também ser usadas.
As Figuras 4 e 5 são vistas explodidas e a Figura 6 é uma vistalateral do manipulador de extremidade 12 e do eixo 8 de acordo com váriasmodalidades. Conforme mostrado na modalidade ilustrada, o eixo 8 podeincluir um tubo de fechamento próximo 40 e um tubo de fechamento distai 42ligado de maneira pivotável por elos de pivô 44. O tubo de fechamento distai42 inclui uma abertura 45 dentro da qual a aba 27 da placa de apoio 24 éinserida a fim de abrir e fechar a placa de apoio 24, conforme descrito abai-xo. Disposto dentro dos tubos de fechamento 40, 42, pode haver um tubo deespinha próximo 46. Disposto dentro do tubo de espinha próximo 46 podehaver um eixo de transmissão rotacional principal (ou proximal) 48 que secomunica com um eixo de transmissão secundário (ou distai) 50 através deuma montagem de engrenagem biselada 52. O eixo de transmissão secun-dário 50 é conectado a uma engrenagem de transmissão 54 que se encaixaem uma engrenagem de transmissão proximal 56 do eixo de parafuso heli-coidal 36. A engrenagem biselada vertical 52b pode se assentar e pivotar emuma abertura 57 na extremidade distai do tubo de espinha proximal 46. Umtubo de espinha distai 58 pode ser usado para encerrar o eixo de transmis-são secundário 50 e as engrenagens de transmissão 54, 56. Coletivamente,o eixo de transmissão principal 48, o eixo de transmissão secundário 50, e amontagem de articulação (por exemplo, a montagem de engrenagens bise-ladas 52a a -c) são aqui, algumas vezes, referidos como a "montagem deeixo de transmissão principal".
Um mancai 38, posicionado em uma extremidade distai do canalde grampos 22, recebe o parafuso regulador helicoidal 36, permitindo que oparafuso regulador helicoidal 36 gire livremente com relação ao canal 22. Oeixo de parafuso helicoidal 36 pode fazer interface com uma abertura rosca-da (não mostrada) da lâmina 32, de tal modo que a rotação do eixo 36 façacom que a lâmina 32 translade distai ou proximalmente (dependendo da di-reção da rotação) através do canal de grampos 22. Por conseguinte, quandoo eixo de transmissão principal 48 gira em função da atuação do gatilho dedisparo 20 (conforme explicado em mais detalhes abaixo), a montagem deengrenagem biselada 52 a - c faz com que o eixo de transmissão secundário50 gire, o que, por sua vez, devido ao engate das engrenagens de transmis-são 54, 56, faz com que o eixo de parafuso helicoidal 36 gire, fazendo comque o elemento de acionamento de lâmina 32 faça um percurso longitudinalao longo do canal 22 de modo a cortar qualquer tecido preso no manipuladorde extremidade. O trilho 33 pode ser feito, por exemplo, de plástico, e podeter uma superfície distai inclinada. À medida que o trilho 33 passa pelo canal22, a superfície dianteira inclinada poderá empurrar ou acionar os gramposdo cartucho de grampos através do tecido preso e contra a placa de apoio24. A placa de apoio 24 gira os grampos, grampeando, assim, o tecido cor-tado. Quando a lâmina 32 se retrai, a lâmina 32 e o trilho 33 podem se de-sencaixar, deixando, assim, o trilho 33 na extremidade distai do canal 22.
As Figuras 7 a 10 ilustram uma modalidade exemplar do corta-dor endoscópico acionado a motor. A modalidade ilustrada prove uma reali-mentação ao usuário quanto à aplicação e carregamento de força do instru-mento de corte no manipulador de extremidade. Além disso, a modalidadepode usar a força provida pelo usuário na retração do gatilho de disparo 20 afim de acionar o dispositivo (um assim chamado modo "com auxílio de for-ça"). Conforme mostrado na modalidade ilustrada, o manipulo 6 inclui peçaslaterais inferiores externas 59, 60 e peças laterais superiores externas 61, 62que se encaixam entre si de modo a formar, em geral, o exterior do manipulo6. Uma bateria 64, como, por exemplo, uma bateria de íon de lítio, pode serprovida na porção de cabo de pistola 26 do manipulo 6. A bateria 64 acionaum motor 65 disposto em uma porção superior da porção de cabo de pistola26 do manipulo 6. De acordo com várias modalidades, um número de célu-las de bateria conectadas em série pode ser usado para acionar o motor 65.
O motor 65 pode ser um motor de transmissão escovado de cor-rente CC com uma rotação máxima de aproximadamente 25.000 RPM semcarga. O motor 64 pode acionar uma montagem de engrenagem biselada de90° 66 compreendendo uma primeira engrenagem biselada 68 e uma se-gunda engrenagem biselada 70. A montagem de engrenagem biselada 66pode acionar uma montagem de engrenagem planetária 72. A montagem deengrenagem planetária 72. A montagem de engrenagem planetária 72 podeincluir uma engrenagem de pinhão 74 conectada a um eixo de transmissão76. A engrenagem de pinhão 74 pode acionar uma engrenagem de anéisconjugados 78 que aciona um tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80 via umeixo de transmissão 82. Um anel 84 pode ser roscado sobre o tambor deengrenagem helicoidal 80. Deste modo, quando o motor 65 gira, o anel 84faz um percurso ao longo do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80 por meioda montagem de engrenagem biselada interposta 66, da montagem de en-grenagem planetária 72, e pela engrenagem de anéis 78.
O manipulo 6 pode incluir ainda um sensor de motor de partida110 em comunicação com o gatilho de disparo 20 a fim de detectar quando ogatilho de disparo 20 é arrastado (ou "fechado") na direção da porção decabo de pistola 26 do manipulo 6 por parte do operador de modo a atuar,assim, a operação de corte/grampeamento do manipulador de extremidade12. O sensor 110 pode ser um sensor proporcional, como, por exemplo, umreostato, ou um resistor variável. Quando o gatilho de disparo 20 é arrastadopara dentro, o sensor 110 detecta o movimento e envia um sinal elétrico in-dicativo da tensão (ou força) a ser suprido para o motor 65. Quando o sensor110 é um resistor variável ou similar, a rotação do motor 65 pode ser de mo-do geral proporcional à quantidade de movimento do gatilho de disparo 20.Ou seja, quando o operador apenas arrasta ou fecha o gatilho de disparo 20em um bit pequeno, a rotação do motor 65 se torna relativamente baixa.
Quando o gatilho de disparo 20 é totalmente arrastado para dentro (ou paraa posição totalmente fechada), a rotação do motor 65 fica em seu máximo.Ou seja, quanto mais forte o usuário puxa o gatilho de disparo 20, maior ten-são é aplicada ao motor 65, provocando taxas de rotação mais elevadas.
O manipulo 6 pode incluir uma peça de manipulo intermediária104 adjacente à porção superior do gatilho de disparo 20. O manipulo 6 po-de compreender ainda uma mola de polarização 112 entre os pontaletes dapeça de manipulo intermediária 104 e o gatilho de disparo 20. A mola depolarização 112 pode polarizar o gatilho de disparo 20 para a sua posiçãototalmente aberta. Desta maneira, quando o operador solta o gatilho de dis-paro 20, a mola de polarização 112 empurrará o gatilho de disparo 20 para asua posição aberta, deste modo removendo a atuação do sensor 110, e in-terrompendo a rotação do motor 65. Além disso, graças à mola de polariza-ção 112, a qualquer momento que o usuário fecha o gatilho de disparo 20,ele poderá perceber uma resistência à operação de fechamento, deste modoretornando ao usuário uma realimentação quanto à quantidade de rotaçãoexercida pelo motor 65. Além disso, o operador pode interromper a retraçãodo gatilho de disparo 20 para, assim, remover a força do sensor 100 e, porconseguinte, parar o motor 65. Assim sendo, o usuário pode interromper oaplicação do manipulador de extremidade 12, deste modo provendo umamedida de controle da operação de corte/fixação ao operador.
A extremidade distai do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80 in-clui um eixo de transmissão distai 120 que aciona uma engrenagem de anéis122, que se combina com uma engrenagem de pinhão 124. A engrenagemde pinhão 124 é conectada ao eixo de transmissão principal 48 da monta-gem de eixo de transmissão principal. Desta maneira, a rotação do motor 65faz com que a montagem de eixo de transmissão principal gire, provocandoa atuação do manipulador de extremidade 12, conforme acima descrito.O anel 84 roscado sobre o tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80pode incluir um pontalete 86 disposto dentro de uma fenda 88 de um braçofendido 90. O braço fendido 90 tem uma abertura 92, uma extremidade o-posta 94 que recebe um pino de pivô 96 conectado entre as peças lateraisexternas de manipulo 59, 60. O pino de pivô 96 é igualmente disposto atra-vés de uma abertura 100 do gatilho de disparo 20 e de uma abertura 102 dapeça de manipulo intermediária 104.
Além disso, o manipulo 6 pode incluir 6 um motor reverso (ousensor de fim de curso) 130 e um sensor de motor de trava (ou de início decurso) 142. Em várias modalidades, o sensor de motor reverso 130 pode seruma chave limite localizada na extremidade distai do tambor de engrenagemhelicoidal 80 de tal modo que o anel 84 roscado sobre o tambor de engrena-gem helicoidal 80 contate e se desengate do sensor de motor reverso 130quando o anel 84 atinge a extremidade distai do tambor de engrenagem he-licoidal 80. O sensor de motor reverso 130, quando ativado, envia um sinalpara o motor 65 a fim de inverter a sua direção de rotação, deste modo eli-minando a lâmina 32 do manipulador de extremidade 12, após a operaçãode corte. O sensor de motor de trava 142 pode ser, por exemplo, uma chavede limite normalmente fechada. Em várias modalidades, o mesmo pode serlocalizado na extremidade proximal do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80de modo que o anel 80 se desengate da chave 142 quando o anel 84 atingea extremidade proximal do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80.
Em funcionamento, quando um operador do instrumento 10 em-purra o gatilho de disparo 20 para trás, o sensor 110 detecta a aplicação dogatilho de disparo 20 e envia um sinal para o motor 65 de modo a provocar arotação dianteira do motor 65, por exemplo, a uma taxa proporcional à forçaempregada pelo operador ao puxar o gatilho de disparo 20 para trás. A rota-ção dianteira do motor 65, por sua vez, faz com que a engrenagem de anel78 na extremidade distai da montagem de engrenagem planetária 72 gire,deste modo fazendo com que o tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80 gire, efazendo com que o anel 84 roscado sobre o tambor de engrenagem helicoi-dal 80 faça uma trajetória distai ao longo do tambor de engrenagem helicoi-dal 80. A rotação do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80 também aciona amontagem de eixo de transmissão principal, conforme acima descrito, que,por sua vez, provoca o desdobramento da lâmina 32 no manipulador de ex-tremidade 12. Ou seja, a lâmina 32 e o trilho 33 atravessam o canal 22 nosentido longitudinal, cortando, assim, o tecido preso no manipulador de ex-tremidade 12. Da mesma forma, a operação de grampeamento do manipu-lador de extremidade 12 acontece nas modalidades nas quais um manipula-dor de extremidade do tipo grampo é utilizado.
Quando a operação de corte/grampeamento do manipulador deextremidade 12 termina, o anel 84 sobre o tambor de engrenagem helicoidal80 chega à extremidade distai do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80, destemodo fazendo com que o sensor de motor reverso 130 se desengate, envi-ando um sinal para o motor 65 de modo a fazer com que o motor 65 invertaa sua rotação. Isto, por sua vez, faz com que a lâmina 32 se retraia, e aindafaz com que o anel 84 sobre o tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80 se mo-vimente para trás para a extremidade proximal do tambor de engrenagemhelicoidal 80.
A peça de manipulo intermediária 104 inclui um ressalto traseiro106 que se encaixa no braço fendido 90, como melhor mostrado nas Figuras8 e 9. A peça de manipulo intermediária 104 tem ainda uma trava de movi-mento dianteira 107 que se encaixa no gatilho de disparo 20. O movimentodo braço fendido 90 é controlado, como explicado acima, pela rotação domotor 65. Quando o braço fendido 90 gira CCW quando o anel 84 faz umatrajetória da extremidade proximal do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80para a extremidade distai, a peça de manipulo intermediária 104 ficará livrepara girar CCW. Sendo assim, à medida que o usuário arrasta o gatilho dedisparo 20 para dentro, o gatilho de disparo 20 se encaixará na trava de mo-vimento dianteira 107 da peça de manipulo intermediária 104, fazendo comque a peça de manipulo intermediária 104 gire CCW. Devido ao ressalto tra-seiro 106 que se encaixa no braço fendido 90, no entanto, a peça de mani-pulo intermediária 104 só será capaz de girar CCW até onde o braço fendido90 permitir. Desta maneira, quando o motor 65, por algum motivo, pára degirar, o braço fendido 90 parará de girar, e o usuário não mais poderá arras-tar o gatilho de disparo 20 para dentro, uma vez que a peça de manipulointermediária 104 não estará livre para girar CCW devido ao braço fendido90.
São ainda mostrados nas Figuras 7 a 10, os componentes deum sistema de fechamento exemplar para o fechamento (ou grampeamento)da placa de apoio 24 do manipulador de extremidade 12 por meio da retra-ção do gatilho de fechamento 18. Na modalidade ilustrada, o sistema de fe-chamento inclui uma forqueta 250 conectada ao gatilho de disparo 18 pormeio de um pino 251 inserido através das aberturas alinhadas tanto no gati-lho de fechamento 18 como na forqueta 250. Um pino de pivô 252, sobre oqual o gatilho de fechamento 18 pivota, e inserido por uma outra abertura dogatilho de fechamento 18 desviado do lugar onde o pino 251 é inserido atra-vés do gatilho de fechamento 18. Sendo assim, a retração do gatilho de fe-chamento 18 faz com que a parte superior do gatilho de fechamento 18, aoqual a forqueta 250 é fixada através do pino 251, a fim de girar CCW. A ex-tremidade distai da forqueta 250 é conectada, através de um pino 254, a umprimeiro suporte de fechamento 256. O primeiro suporte de fechamento 256se conecta a um segundo suporte de fechamento 258. Em termos coletivos,os suportes de fechamento 256, 258 definem uma abertura na qual a extre-midade proximal do tubo de fechamento principal 40 (vide Figura 4) é assen-tada e fixada de tal modo que o movimento longitudinal dos suportes de fe-chamento 256, 258 provoque o movimento longitudinal do tubo de fecha-mento proximal 40. O instrumento 10 inclui ainda uma haste de fechamento260 disposta dentro do tubo de fechamento proximal 40. A haste de fecha-mento 260 pode incluir uma janela 261 dentro da qual um pontalete 263 so-bre uma das peças externas de manipulo, tais como a peça lateral inferiorexterna 59 na modalidade ilustrada, disposta de modo a conectar fixamentea haste de fechamento 260 e o manipulo 6. Desta maneira, o tubo de fe-chamento proximal 40 é capaz de se movimentar longitudinalmente com re-lação à haste de fechamento 260. A haste de fechamento 260 pode incluirainda um colar distai 267 que se encaixa em uma cavidade 269 no tubo deespinha proximal 46 e fica retida no mesmo por meio de uma tampa 271 (vi-de Figura 4).
Em funcionamento, quando a forqueta 250 gira devido à retra-ção do gatilho de fechamento 18, os suportes de fechamento 256, 258 fa-zem com que o tubo de fechamento proximal 40 se movimente no sentidodistai (isto é, para longe da extremidade de manipulo do instrumento 10), oque faz com que o tubo de fechamento distai 42 se movimente distalmente,fazendo com que a placa de apoio 24 gire sobre o ponto de pivô 25 para aposição fixada ou fechada. Quando o gatilho de fechamento 18 é destravadoda posição travada, o tubo de fechamento proximal 40 desliza proximamen-te, fazendo com que o tubo de fechamento distai 42 deslize proximalmente,o que, devido ao fato de a aba 27 ser inserida na janela 45 do tubo de fe-chamento distai 42, faz com que a placa de apoio 24 pivote sobre o ponto depivô 25 para a posição aberta ou não fixada. Desta maneira, ao se retrair outravar o gatilho de fechamento 18, um operador poderá prender o tecido en-tre a placa de apoio 24 e o canal 22, e poderá soltar o tecido após a opera-ção de corte/grampeamento ao destravar o gatilho de fechamento 20 da po-sição travada.
A Figura 11 é um diagrama esquemático de um circuito elétricodo instrumento 10 de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção.Quando o operador inicialmente puxa o gatilho de disparo 20 para dentrodepois de travar o gatilho de fechamento 18, o sensor 110 é ativado, permi-tindo que a corrente flua. Quando a chave de sensor de motor reverso nor-malmente aberta 130 é aberta (ou seja, quando não é alcançado o fim docurso do manipulador de extremidade), a corrente fluirá para um relê unipo-lar bidirecional 132. Uma vez que a chave de sensor de motor reverso 130não está fechada, o indutor 134 do relê 132 não será acionado, e, assim, orelê 132 ficará em sua condição não acionada. O circuito inclui ainda umsensor de trava de cartucho 136. Quando o manipulador de extremidade 12inclui um cartucho de grampos 34, o sensor 136 fica em uma condição fe-chada, permitindo que a corrente flua. De outra forma, quando o manipula-dor de extremidade 12 não inclui um cartucho de grampos 34, o sensor 136se abrirá, impedindo, então, que a bateria 64 acione o motor 65.
Quando o cartucho de grampos 34 se encontra presente, o sen-sor 136 se fecha, acionando um relê unipolar unidirecional 138. Quando orelê 138 é acionado, a corrente flui pelo relê 136, através do sensor de resis-tor variável 110, e para o motor 65, via um relê bipolar bidirecional 140, des-ta forma acionando o motor 65, e permitindo que o mesmo gire na direçãodianteira. Quando o manipulador de extremidade 12 atinge o fim de seu cur-so, o sensor de motor reverso 130 será ativado, desta forma fechando achave 130 e acionando o relê 134. Isto faz com que o relê 134 assuma a suacondição acionada (não mostrada na Figura 13), fazendo com que a corren-te passe pelo sensor de trava de cartucho 136 e o resistor variável 110, e,em contrapartida, faz com que a corrente flua tanto para o relê bipolar bidire-cional normalmente fechado 142 como também de volta para o motor 65,porém em uma maneira, através do relê 140, fazendo com que o motor 65inverta a sua direção rotacional. Uma vez que a chave de sensor de motorde trava 142 é normalmente fechada, a corrente fluirá novamente para o relê134 a fim de manter o mesmo fechado até que a chave 142 se abra. Quandoa lâmina 32 se retrai totalmente, a chave de sensor de motor de trava 142 éativada, fazendo com que a chave 142 se abra, deste modo removendo aforça do motor 65.
Em outras modalidades, ao invés de um sensor do tipo propor-cional 110, pode ser usado um sensor do tipo liga - desliga. Em tais modali-dades, a taxa de rotação do motor 65 não é proporcional à força aplicadapelo operador. Em contrapartida, o motor 65 normalmente gira a uma veloci-dade constante. Mas, ainda assim, o operador experimenta uma realimenta-ção de força, uma vez que o gatilho de disparo 20 está engrenado no tremde transmissão de engrenagem.
Configurações adicionais aos instrumentos cirúrgicos motoriza-dos são apresentadas na Publicação do Pedido de Patente U.S. N.2007/0175962 A1, intitulado "Motor-driven Surgical Cutting And FasteningInstrument With Tactile Position Feedback", incorporado ao presente docu-mento à guisa de referência.Em um instrumento cirúrgico motorizado, como, por exemplo,um dos instrumentos endoscópicos motorizados descritos acima, ou em uminstrumento cortador circular motorizado, o motor pode ser acionado pormeio de diversas células de bateria conectadas em série. Além disso, podeser desejável em certas circunstâncias acionar o motor com uma determina-da fração dentre o número total de células de bateria. Por exemplo, confor-me mostrado na Figura 12, o motor 65 pode ser acionado por meio de umafonte de energia 299 compreendendo seis (6) células de bateria 310 conec-tadas em série. As células de bateria 310 podem ser, por exemplo, célulasde bateria de lítio de 3 volts, tais como as células de bateria CR 123A, embo-ra, em outras modalidades, diferentes tipos de células de bateria possam serusados (inclusive as células de bateria com diferentes níveis de tensão e/oudiferentes produtos químicos). Quando seis células de bateria de 3 volts sãoconectadas em série a fim de acionar o motor 65, a tensão total disponívelpara acionar o motor 65 seria de 18 volts. As células de bateria 310 podemcompreender células de bateria recarregáveis ou não recarregáveis.
Em tal modalidade, sob cargas mais pesadas, a tensão de en-trada para o motor 65 pode desviar em cerca de nove a dez volts. Nestacondição operacional, a fonte de energia 299 libera uma força máxima parao motor 65. Por conseguinte, conforme mostrado na Figura 12, o circuito po-de incluir uma chave 312 que seletivamente permite que o motor 65 sejaacionado (1) por todas as células de bateria 310 ou (2) por uma fração dascélulas de bateria 310. Conforme mostrado na Figura 12, por meio de umaseleção apropriada, a chave 312 poderá permitir que o motor 65 seja acio-nado por todas as seis células de bateria ou por quatro células de bateria.Desta maneira, a chave 312 pode ser usada para acionar o motor 65 com 18volts (ao utilizar todas as seis células de bateria 310) ou com 12 volts (aousar, por exemplo, quatro dentre as segundas células de bateria). Em váriasmodalidades, a escolha do desenho para o número de células de bateria nafração usada para acionar o motor 65 pode se basear na tensão requeridapelo motor 65 ao operar a uma saída máxima para as cargas mais pesadas.A chave 312 pode ser, por exemplo, uma chave eletromecânica,como, por exemplo, uma microchave. Em outras modalidades, a chave 312pode ser implementada com uma chave de estado sólido, tal como um tran-sistor. Uma segunda chave 314, como, por exemplo, uma chave de botão deempurrar, pode ser usada para controlar se uma força é aplicada ao motor65. Ainda, uma chave dianteira/reversa (F/R) 316 pode ser usada para con-trolar se o motor 65 gira no sentido dianteiro ou no sentido reverso. A chavedianteira/reversa 316 pode ser implementada com uma chave bipolar bidire-cional, como, por exemplo, o relê 140 mostrado na Figura 11.
Em funcionamento, o usuário do instrumento 10 pode selecionaro nível de força desejado por meio do uso de algum tipo de controle de cha-ve, como, por exemplo, uma chave dependente de posição (não mostrada),tal como uma chave de balancim, uma chave de alavanca mecânica, ou umcarne, que controla a posição da chave 312. Em seguida, o usuário poderáacionar a segunda chave 314 a fim de conectar as células de bateria sele-cionadas 310 ao motor 65. Além disso, o circuito mostrado na Figura 12 po-de ser usado para acionar o motor de outros tipos de instrumentos cirúrgicosmotorizados, tais como instrumentos cortadores circulares e/ou laparoscópi-cos. Mais detalhes relativos aos cortadores circulares podem ser encontra-dos nas Publicações de Pedidos de Patente U.S. N. 2006/0047307 A1 e naPublicação N. 2007/02621116 A1, incorporadas ao presente documento àguisa de referência.
Em outras modalidades, conforme mostrado na Figura 13, umafonte de força primária 340, como, por exemplo, uma célula de bateria, talcomo uma célula de bateria CR2 ou CR123A, pode ser usada para carregarum número de dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342. A fonte de forçaprimária 340 pode compreender uma ou várias células de bateria conecta-das em série, que, de preferência, são descartáveis na modalidade ilustrada.Os dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342 podem compreender, porexemplo, as células de bateria recarregáveis e/ou os supercapacitores (tam-bém conhecidos como "ultracapacitores" ou "capacitores eletroquímicos decamada dupla" (EDLC)). Os supercapacitores são capacitores eletroquími-cos dotados de uma densidade de energia raramente alta em comparaçãoaos capacitores eletrolíticos comuns, tipicamente da ordem de milhares devezes maiores que um capacitor eletrolítico de alta capacidade.
A fonte de força primária 340 pode carregar os dispositivos a-cumuladores secundários 342. Quando suficientemente carregada, a fontede força primária 340 pode ser removida e os dispositivos acumuladores se-cundários 342 podem ser usados para acionar o motor 65 durante um pro-cedimento ou operação. Em várias circunstâncias, os dispositivos de acumu-lação 342 podem demorar de cerca de quinze a trinta minutos para carregar.
Os supercapacitores possuem a característica de poderem carregar ou des-carregar de uma forma extremamente rápida em comparação às bateriasconvencionais. Além disso, enquanto as baterias são boas para apenas umnúmero limitado de ciclos de carga/descarga, os supercapacitores podem,com freqüência, ser repetidamente carregados/descarregados, às vezes de-zenas de milhões de ciclos. Para as modalidades que usam supercapacito-res como os dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342, os supercapacito-res poderão compreender nanotubos de carbono, polímeros condutivos (porexemplo, poliacenos), ou aerogéis de carbono.
Conforme mostrado na Figura 14, um circuito de gerenciamentode carga 344 pode ser empregado a fim de determinar quando os dispositi-vos acumuladores secundários 342 se encontram suficientemente carrega-dores. O circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 pode incluir um indicador,tal como um ou mais LEDs, um visor de LCD, etc, ativados para alertar aum usuário quanto ao instrumento 10 quando os dispositivos acumuladoressecundários 342 se encontram suficientemente carregados.
A fonte de força primária 340, os dispositivos acumuladores se-cundários 342, e o circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 podem fazer par-te da fonte de energia da porção de cabo de pistola 26 do manipulo 6 doinstrumento 10, ou em uma outra parte do instrumento 10. A fonte de ener-gia pode ser removível da porção de cabo de pistola 26, em cujo caso,quando o instrumento 10 deve ser usado para cirurgia, a fonte de energiapoderá ser inserida assepticamente na porção de cabo de pistola 26 (ou emoutra posição no instrumento de acordo com outras modalidades) , por e-xemplo, por uma enfermeira próxima que auxilia na cirurgia. Após a inserçãoda fonte de energia, a enfermeira pode colocar a fonte de força primáriadescartável 340 na fonte de força de modo a carregar os dispositivos acumu-ladores secundários 342 por um determinado período de tempo antes do usodo instrumento 10, por exemplo, trinta minutos. Quando os dispositivos acu-muladores secundários 342 são carregados, o circuito de gerenciamento decarga 344 poderá indicar que a fonte de força se encontra pronto para uso.
Neste momento, a fonte de força primária descartável 340 poderá ser remo-vida. Durante a operação, o usuário do instrumento 10 poderá, em seguida,acionar o motor 65, por exemplo, por meio da ativação da chave 314, pormeio do que os dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342 acionarão o mo-tor 65. Sendo assim, ao invés de ter um número de baterias descartáveispara acionar o motor 65, uma bateria descartável (como a fonte de forçaprimária 340) poderá ser usada em tal modalidade, e os dispositivos acumu-ladores secundários 342 poderão ser reutilizados. Em modalidades alternati-vas, no entanto, deve-se notar que os dispositivos acumuladores secundá-rios 342 podem ser não recarregáveis e/ou não reutilizáveis. Os acumulado-res secundários 342 podem ser usados com a chave de seleção de células312 descrita acima com relação à Figura 12.
O circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 pode incluir ainda in-dicadores (por exemplo, LEDs ou um visor de LCD) que indicam quanta car-ga permanece nos dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342. Desta ma-neira, o cirurgião (ou outro usuário do instrumento 10) poderá ver quantacarga permanece durante o procedimento envolvendo o instrumento 10.
O circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344, conforme mostradona Figura 15, pode compreender um medidor de carga 345 de modo a medira carga através dos acumuladores secundários 342. O circuito de gerencia-mento de carga 344 pode compreender ainda uma memória não volátil 346,como, por exemplo, uma memória flash ou memória ROM, e um ou maisprocessadores 348. Os processadores 348 podem ser conectados à memó-ria 346 a fim de controlar a memória. Além disso, os processadores 348 po-dem ser conectados ao medidor de carga 245 a fim de fazer as leituras doou, ainda, controlar o medidor de carga 345. Além disso, os processadores348 podem controlar os LEDs ou outros dispositivos de saída do circuito degerenciamento de carga 344. Os parâmetros podem incluir os parâmetrosoperacionais do instrumento detectados por vários sensores que podem serinstalados ou empregados no instrumento 10, tais como, por exemplo, o nú-mero de disparos, os níveis de forças envolvidas, a distância da abertura decompressão entre as garras opostas do manipulador de extremidade 12, aquantidade de articulação, etc. Além disso, os parâmetros armazenados namemória 346 podem compreender os valores de ID dos diversos componen-tes do instrumento 10 que o circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 pode lere armazenar. Os componentes tendo tais identificadores ID podem ser oscomponentes descartáveis, tais como o cartucho de grampos 34. Os identifi-cadores ID podem ser, por exemplo, as identificações RFID que o circuito degerenciamento de carga 344 lê através de um transponder de identificaçãoRFID 350. O transponder de identificação RFID 350 pode ler as identifica-ções RFID dos componentes do instrumento, tais como as do cartucho degrampos 34, incluindo as etiquetas de identificação RFID. Os valores do i-dentificador ID podem ser lidos, armazenados na memória 346, e compara-dos pelo processador 348 a uma lista de valores de identificadores ID acei-táveis armazenados na memória 346 ou em um outro armazenador associa-do ao circuito de gerenciamento de carga a fim de determinar, por exemplo,se o componente removível/descartável associado ao valor de identificadorID lido é autêntico e/ou adequado. De acordo com várias modalidades,quando o processador 348 determina que o componente removí-vel/descartável associado ao valor de identificador ID lido não é autêntico, ocircuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 poderá impedir o uso da fonte deenergia por parte do instrumento 10, como, por exemplo, abrindo uma chave(não mostrada) que impediria que a força da fonte de energia fosse liberadapara o motor 65. De acordo com várias modalidades, diversos parâmetrosque o processador 348 pode avaliar no sentido de determinar se o compo-nente é autêntico e/ou adequado incluem: o código de data; o modelo/tipo decomponente; o fabricante; as informações regionais; e os códigos de erroanteriores.
O circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 pode também com-preender uma interface de l/O (entrada/saída) 352 para comunicação comoutro dispositivo, tal como descrito a seguir. Desta maneira, os parâmetrosarmazenados na memória 346 podem ser transferidos para outro dispositivo.A interface de l/O 353 pode, por exemplo, ser uma interface com fio ou sem fio.
Conforme acima mencionado, a fonte de energia pode compre-ender os acumuladores secundários 342, o circuito de gerenciamento decarga 344, e/ou a chave dianteira/reversa (f/r) 316. De acordo com as diver-sas modalidades, conforme mostradas na Figura 16, a fonte de energia 299pode ser conectado a uma base carregadora 362, que poderá, entre outrascoisas, carregar os acumuladores secundários 342 na fonte de energia. Abase carregadora 362 pode ser conectada à fonte de energia 299 ao conec-tar assepticamente a base carregadora 362 à fonte de energia 299 enquantoa fonte de energia é instalado no instrumento 10. em outras modalidades,nas quais a fonte de energia é removível, a base carregadora 362 pode serconectada à fonte de energia 299 ao se remover a fonte de energia 299 doinstrumento 10 e conectar o mesmo à base carregadora 362. Para tais mo-dalidades, depois de a base carregadora 362 carregar suficientemente osacumuladores secundários 342, a fonte de energia 299 poderá ser assepti-camente instalado no instrumento 10.
Conforme mostrado na Figura 16, a base carregadora 362 podecompreender uma fonte de força 364 para carregar os acumuladores secun-dários 342. A fonte de força 364 da base carregadora 362 pode ser, por e-xemplo, uma bateria (ou várias baterias conectadas em série), ou um con-versor CA/CC que converte a força da corrente alternada, como, por exem-plo, de uma conduto de energia elétrica, em corrente CC, ou em qualqueroutra fonte de força adequada para carregar os acumuladores secundários342. A base carregadora 362 pode compreender ainda dispositivos indicado-res, tais como LEDs, um visor de LCD, etc, a fim de mostrar a condição decarga dos acumuladores secundários 342.
Além disso, conforme mostrado na Figura 16, a base carregado-ra 362 pode compreender um ou mais processadores 366, uma ou mais uni-dades de memória 368, e interfaces de l/O 370, 372. Através da primeirainterface de l/O 370, a base carregadora 362 pode se comunicar com a fontede energia 299 (através da interface de l/O da fonte de energia 352). Destamaneira, por exemplo, os dados armazenados na memória 346 da fonte deenergia 299 podem ser transferidos para a memória 368 da base carregado-ra 362. Desta forma, o processador 366 poderá avaliar os valores de identifi-cador ID para os componentes removíveis/descartáveis, transferidos do cir-cuito de gerenciamento de carga 344, a fim de determinar a autenticidade ea adequação dos componentes. Os parâmetros operacionais transferidos docircuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 podem ser também armazenados namemória 368, e em seguida transferidos para outro dispositivo computacio-nal através da segunda interface de l/O 372 para avaliação e análise, porexemplo, pelo sistema hospitalar no qual a operação envolvendo o instru-mento 10 é feita, por parte do cirurgião, do distribuidor do instrumento, dofabricante do instrumento, etc.
A base carregadora 362 pode compreender ainda um medidorde carga 374 para medir a carga através dos acumuladores secundários342. O medidor de carga 374 pode ficar em comunicação com o processa-dor 366, de modo que o processador 366 possa determinar em tempo real aadequação da fonte de energia 299 para uso com a garantia de um alto de-sempenho.
Em outra modalidade, conforme mostrado na Figura 17, o circui-to de baterias pode compreender um regulador de potência 320 de modo acontrolar a força suprida pelos economizadores de energia 310 ao motor 65.O regulador de potência 320 pode também fazer parte da fonte de energia299, ou pode ser componente separado. Conforme acima mencionado, omotor 65 pode ser um motor de corrente CC escovado. A velocidade dosmotores de corrente CC escovados é, de modo geral, proporcional à tensãode entrada aplicada. O regulador de potência 320 pode prover uma tensãode saída altamente regulada ao motor 65 de modo que o motor 65 opere auma velocidade constante (ou substancialmente constante). De acordo comvárias modalidades, o regulador de potência 320 pode compreender umconversor de energia de modo chave, como, por exemplo, um conversorbuck-boost (abaixador-elevador), conforme mostrado no exemplo da Figura17. Tal conversor buck-boost 320 pode compreender uma chave elétrica322, como, por exemplo, um FET (transistor de efeito de campo), um retifi-cador 32, um indutor 326, e um capacitor 328. Quando a chave elétrica 322é ligada, a fonte de tensão de entrada (por exemplo, as fontes de força 310)é diretamente conectada ao indutor 326, que armazena a energia neste es-tado. Neste estado, o capacitor 328 supre energia para a carga de saída (porexemplo, o motor 65). Quando a chave elétrica 320 está desligada, o indutor326 é conectado à carga de saída (por exemplo, ao motor 65) e ao capacitor328, de modo que a energia seja transferida do indutor 326 para o capacitor328 e à carga 65. Um circuito de controle 330 pode controlar a chave elétrica322. O circuito de controle 330 pode empregar loops de controle digitais e/ouanalógicos. Além disso, em outras modalidades, o circuito de controle 330pode receber informações de controle de uma controladora mestre (nãomostrada) por meio de um enlace de comunicação, como, por exemplo, umbarramento de dados digitais serial ou paralelo. O ponto de regulagem detensão para a saída do regulador de potência 320 podem ser ajustado, porexemplo, à metade da tensão de circuito aberto, em cujo momento a forçamáxima disponível a partir da fonte se torna disponível.
Em outras modalidades, diferentes topologias de conversor deenergia podem ser empregadas, incluindo os conversores de energia linea-res ou de modo chave. Outras topologias de modo chave que podem serempregadas incluem um conversor flyback, um conversor dianteiro, um con-versor buck (abaixador), um conversor boost (elevador), ou um conversorSEPIC. A tensão de ponto de regulagem para o regulador de potência 320pode ser alterada dependendo de quantas células de bateria são usadaspara acionar o motor 65. Além disso, o regulador de potência 320 pode serusado com os dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342 mostrados na Fi-gura 13. Além disso, a chave dianteira - reversa 316 pode ser incorporadano regulador de potência 320, embora a mesma seja mostrada separada-mente na Figura 17.
As baterias podem ser tipicamente modeladas como uma fontede tensão ideal ou como uma resistência de fonte ideal. Para um modeloideal, quando a fonte e a resistência de carga se combinam, a força máximaé transferida para a carga. A Figura 18 mostra uma típica curva de força pa-ra uma bateria. Quando o circuito de bateria é aberto, a tensão através dabateria é alta (em seu valor de circuito aberto) e a corrente arrastada da ba-teria é zero. A força liberada da bateria é também zero. Quanto mais corren-te é arrastada da bateria, a tensão através da bateria diminui. A força libera-da pela bateria é o produto da corrente e da tensão. A força atinge o seupico em torno de um nível de tensão menor que a tensão de circuito aberto.Conforme mostrado na Figura 18, na maior parte dos elementos químicos dabateria ocorre uma queda acentuada de tensão/força em uma corrente mai-or, em função do elemento químico ou do coeficiente de temperatura positiva(PTC), ou em função de um dispositivo de proteção de bateria.
Particularmente nas modalidades que usam uma bateria (ou ba-terias) para acionar o motor 65 durante um procedimento, o circuito de con-trole 330 pode monitorar a tensão emitida e controlar o ponto de regulagemdo regulador 320 de modo que a bateria opere no lado "esquerdo" ou demaior força da curva de potência. Quando a bateria atinge o nível de forçapico, o circuito de controle 330 poderá modificar (por exemplo, baixar) o pon-to de regulagem de modo que uma menor força total seja demandada porparte da bateria. O motor 65 em seguida se desacelera. Desta maneira, ademanda da fonte de energia raramente ou nunca excederia a força de picodisponível de modo a se poder evitar uma situação de economia de forçadurante um procedimento.
Além disso, de acordo com outras modalidades, a força arrasta-da a partir da bateria pode ser otimizada de tal modo que as reações quími-cas dentro das células da bateria tenham tempo de se recuperar, para, as-sim, otimizar a corrente e a força disponível a partir da bateria. Nas cargaspulsadas, as baterias tipicamente provêm mais força no início do pulso doque no fim do pulso. Isto se deve a diversos fatores, incluindo: (1) o coefici-ente PTC pode alterar a sua resistência durante o pulso; (2) a temperaturada bateria pode ser alterada; e (3) a taxa de reação eletroquímica se alteradevido ao eletrólito no catodo que é esvaziado e a taxa de difusão do eletró-lito novo limita a taxa de reação. De acordo com as várias modalidades, ocircuito de controle 330 pode controlar o conversor 320 no sentido de arras-tar uma corrente menor da bateria de modo a permitir que a bateria se recu-pere antes de ser novamente pulsada.
De acordo com outras modalidades, o instrumento 10 podecompreender um dispositivo limitador de torque do tipo embreagem. O dis-positivo limitador de torque do tipo embreagem pode se localizar, por exem-plo, entre o motor 65 e a engrenagem biselada 68, entre a engrenagem bise-lada 70 e a montagem de engrenagem planetária 72, ou sobre o eixo de saí-da da montagem de engrenagem planetária 72. De acordo com várias moda-lidades, o dispositivo limitador de torque pode usar uma embreagem magné-tica eletromagnética ou permanente.
As Figuras 19 a 22 mostram uma embreagem eletromagnéticade amostra 400 que pode ser usada no instrumento 10 de acordo com váriasmodalidades. A embreagem 400 pode compreender um estator em forma deferradura 402 tendo discos magnéticos 404, 406 em cada extremidade, oprimeiro disco 404 pode ser conectado a uma peça de polo rotativo, axial-mente móvel 408, tal como o polo de saída do motor 65. O segundo discomagnético 406 pode ser conectado a uma peça de polo rotativo, axialmenteestacionaria 410, tal como um polo de entrada a uma caixa de engrenagemdo instrumento 10. Nas Figuras 19 e 20, a primeira peça de polo 408 é axi-almente puxada para fora da segunda peça de polo 410 através de uma fol-ga 412 de tal modo que os discos magnéticos 404, 406 não fiquem encaixa-dos. Uma bobina de arame (não mostrada) que pode ser enrolada em tornodo estator 402 pode ser usada para criar o fluxo eletromagnético necessáriopara atuar a embreagem 400. Quando a bobina conduz uma corrente elétri-ca, o fluxo magnético resultante pode fazer com que os dois discos magnéti-cos 404, 406 se atraiam, fazendo com que a primeira peça de polo 408 semovimente axialmente na direção da segunda peça de polo 410, deste modofazendo com que os dois discos magnéticos 404, 406 se encaixem, confor-me mostrado nas Figuras 21 e 22, de tal modo que as duas peças de polo408, 410 girem juntas até que o torque exceda o torque de fricção geradoentre as faces dos discos magnéticos 404 e 406.
A força atrativa entre os dois discos 404, 406 e a capacidade detorque correspondente da embreagem 400 pode ser controlada por meio docontrole do diâmetro dos discos 404, 406, o coeficiente de fricção entre asfaces de contato dos discos magnéticos 404 e 406, e por meio do uso dosmateriais magnéticos para os discos 404, 406 que se saturam a uma densi-dade de fluxo conhecida e controlável. Sendo assim, quando há uma condi-ção operacional na qual mais corrente passa pela bobina, o material magné-tico dos discos 404, 406 não gera uma força atrativa maior e um torque limi-tante subsequente.
A utilização de tal embreagem traz muitos benefícios potenciaisadicionais. Sendo eletricamente controlada, a embreagem 400 pode ser ra-pidamente desativada por meio da remoção da corrente do fio no sentido delimitar a quantidade de calor gerado dentro da embreagem 400 e dentro domotor 65. Ao desconectar o motor do resto do trem de transmissão, via aembreagem 400, a maior parte da energia inercial armazenada no trem detransmissão é desconectada, limitando o choque quando a saída tem de serbloqueada repentinamente. Além disso, por ser eletricamente controlada,certo deslizamento limitado pode ser projetado a fim de ajudar na reduçãodos choque ao novamente partir o trem de transmissão sob carga. Além dis-so, devido às propriedades de saturação magnética de um ou mais compo-nentes (por exemplo, os discos magnéticos 404, 406) dentro da embreagemque podem ser usadas para controlar o limite de torque ao longo da correnteda bobina, a embreagem 400 é menos sensível às mudanças de tensão dosistema. O limite de torque em tais modalidades é basicamente uma questãodas dimensões físicas dos componentes da embreagem (por exemplo, osdiscos magnéticos 404, 406) e não requer reguladores de tensão ou outroscomponentes externos para uma operação apropriada.
Em uma outra modalidade, ao invés de se usar uma embreagemeletromagnética, o dispositivo limitador de torque pode compreender um ímãpermanente (não mostrado). O ímã permanente pode ser conectado, porexemplo, à primeira peça de polo, axialmente móvel 408, e atrair a segundapeça de polo axialmente fixa 410, ou vice versa, em tais modalidades, umdos discos 404, 406 podem ser feitos de um ímã permanente e o outro deum material magnético do tipo ferro. Em uma pequena variação, o estator402 pode ser feito na forma de um ímã permanente, fazendo com que osdiscos magnéticos 404 e 406 se atraíam entre si. Em função do ímã perma-nente, os dois discos 404, 406 sempre se encaixam. O uso de um ímã per-manente não prove um controle de torque tão preciso quanto a configuraçãode embreagem eletromagnética acima descrita, contudo tem as vantagensde: (1) não requerer controles ou uma lógica de controle para controlar acorrente através da bobina; (2) ser mais compacto que a configuração deembreagem eletromagnética; e (3) simplificar o desenho do instrumento 10.
Conforme acima mencionado, o manipulador de extremidade 12pode emitir uma energia de RF no sentido de coagular o tecido preso nomanipulador de extremidade. A energia de RF pode ser transmitida entre oseletrodos do manipulador de extremidade 12. Uma fonte de RF (não mostra-da), compreendendo, por exemplo, um oscilador e um amplificador, entreoutros componentes, que podem suprir uma energia de RF ao eletrodo, po-de se localizar no próprio instrumento, como, por exemplo, no manipulo 6para um instrumento sem corda 10, ou a fonte de RF pode ser externa aoinstrumento 10. A fonte de RF pode ser ativada conforme descrito em maisdetalhes abaixo.
De acordo com várias modalidades, o manipulador de extremi-dade 12 pode compreender múltiplas seções (ou segmentos) de eletrodos.Por exemplo, conforme mostrado no exemplo da Figura 23, a superfície infe-rior da placa de apoio 24 (isto é, a superfície que faceia o cartucho de gram-pos 34) pode compreender três segmentos de RF colineares. Neste exem-plo, cada segmento possui o mesmo comprimento (por exemplo, 20 mm),embora, em outras modalidades, possa haver mais ou menos segmentos, eos segmentos podem ter diferentes comprimento. No exemplo da Figura 23,há três pares de terminais ou eletrodos ativos ou de "anodos" 500 alinhadoslongitudinalmente ao longo de cada lado do comprimento de canal sobre asuperfície inferior da placa de apoio 24. Em particular, na modalidade ilus-trada, há um par de eletrodos distais 500, um par de eletrodos intermediários5OO2, e um par de eletrodos proximais 5OO3 sobre cada lado do canal de lâ-mina 516. A porção ou canal externo metálico 22 do manipulador de extre-midade 12 ou a placa de apoio metálica 24 pode servir como um contra-eletrodo (ou catodo) para cada um dos três eletrodos ativos superiores (ouanodos) 500. Os eletrodos superiores 500 podem ser acoplados à fonte deRF. Quando acionada, a energia de RF pode se propagar entre os eletrodossuperiores 500 e o contra eletrodo, coagulando o tecido preso entre os ele-trodos.
Os eletrodos 500 podem ser acionados simultaneamente ou emvários comandos, como, por exemplo, em seqüência. Nas modalidades emque os eletrodos 500 são acionados de acordo com uma seqüência, a se-qüência poderá ser automática (controlada, por exemplo, por uma controla-dora (não mostrada) em comunicação com a fonte de RF) ou por meio deuma seleção do usuário. Por exemplo, os eletrodos proximais 5003 pode seracionados primeiro; em seguida os eletrodos intermediários 5002; em segui-da os eletrodos distais 500-|. Desta maneira, o operador (por exemplo, o ci-rurgião operador) pode seletivamente coagular as áreas da linha de gram-pos. Os eletrodos em tal modalidade podem ser controlados por um multi-plexador e/ou por um gerador de saída múltiplo, conforme descrito em maisdetalhes abaixo. Desta maneira, o tecido sob cada eletrodo 500 pode sertratado individualmente de acordo com as necessidades de coagulação. Ca-da eletrodo do par pode ser conectado à fonte de RF de modo que ambospossam ser acionados ao mesmo tempo. Ou seja, para o par de eletrodosativos distais 500i, cada qual, nos lados opostos do canal de lâmina, podeser acionado pela fonte de RF ao mesmo tempo. O mesmo para o par inter-mediário dos eletrodos 5002 e para o par de eletrodos proximais 5OO3, embo-ra, em uma modalidade na qual os pares de eletrodos são acionados emseqüência, o par distai não será acionado ao mesmo tempo como os paresintermediário e proximal, e assim por diante.
Além disso, vários parâmetros elétricos, tais como impedância,força ou energia liberada, etc, podem ser monitorados e a saída para oseletrodos particulares 500 pode ser modificada de modo a produzir o efeitode tecido mais desejável. Ademais, uma outra vantagem é no caso de umgrampo de metal ou outro objeto eletricamente condutivo de um disparo deinstrumento ou procedimento cirúrgico anterior que pode provocar um curtodos eletrodos. Tal situação de curto pode ser detectada pelo gerador e/oumultiplexador, e a energia pode ser modulada de uma maneira apropriadapara o curto circuito.
Além disso, o acionamento em seqüência dos eletrodos 500 re-duz a força instantânea requerida a partir da fonte de RF em comparação aum desenho que tem um conjunto de eletrodos tão longos quanto o compri-mento combinado dos três eletrodos segmentados 500 mostrados na Figura23. Por exemplo, para as configurações de eletrodo conforme mostradas naPatente 312, foi demonstrado que o mesmo precisa de cem watts para coa-gular com sucesso linhas de quarenta e cinco mm em ambos os lados dalinha de corte. Ao se usar eletrodos ativos menores (por exemplo, os eletro-dos superiores 500) com menos área de superfície que os eletrodos de re-torno maiores (por exemplo, a placa de apoio metálica 24), os eletrodos ati-vos menores 500 podem concentrar a energia terapêutica no tecido, enquan-to o eletrodo de retorno, maior é usado para completar o circuito com umimpacto mínimo sobre a interface de tecido. Além disso, o eletrodo de retor-no tem uma massa maior e, deste modo, poderá ficar mais frio durante umaaplicação eletrocirúrgica.
Os eletrodos 500 podem ser envolvidos por um material de iso-lamento elétrico 504, podendo compreender um material cerâmico.
A Figura 24 mostra uma outra modalidade tendo eletrodos deRF segmentados. Na modalidade mostrada na Figura 24, existem quatroeletrodos colineares segmentados 500i.4 de igual comprimento (15 mm, nes-te exemplo). Como na modalidade da Figura 23, os eletrodos 500 da Figura24 podem ser acionados simultaneamente ou em seqüência.
A Figura 25 mostra ainda uma outra modalidade, na qual os ele-trodos segmentados possuem comprimentos diferentes. Na modalidade ilus-trada, há quatro eletrodos colineares segmentados, mas os eletrodos maisdistais 500-1, 50Ü2 têm 10 mm de comprimento, e os dois eletrodos proximais5003, 5004 têm 20 mm de comprimento. Os eletrodos distais curtos podemoferecer a vantagem de concentrar a energia terapêutica, conforme acimamencionado.
A Figura 59 mostra uma modalidade tendo quinze pares de ele-trodos de RF segmentados 500 em uma placa de circuito 570, ou outro tipode substrato adequado, sobre a superfície inferior da placa de apoio 24 (istoé, sobre a superfície que faceia o canal 22). Os vários pares de eletrodo sãoacionados pela fonte (ou gerador) de RF 574. O multiplexador 576 pode dis-tribuir a energia de RF para os diversos pares de eletrodo, conforme deseja-do, sob o controle de uma controladora 578. De acordo com várias modali-dades, a fonte de RF 574, o multiplexador 576, e a controladora 578 podemse localizar no manipulo 6 do instrumento.
Em tal modalidade, a placa de circuito 570 pode compreendermúltiplas camadas que provêm conexões elétricas entre o multiplexador 576e os diversos pares de eletrodo. Por exemplo, conforme mostrado nas Figu-ras 60 a 63, a placa de circuito pode compreender três camadas 58O1.3, cadacamada 580 provendo conexões para cinco pares de eletrodo. Por exemplo,a camada mais superior 58O3 pode prover conexões para os cinco pares deeletrodo mais próximos, conforme mostrado nas Figuras 60 e 61; a camadaintermediária 58O2 pode prover conexões aos cinco pares de eletrodos in-termediários, conforme mostrado nas Figuras 60 e 62; e a camada mais infe-rior 580! pode prover conexões para os cinco pares de eletrodo mais distais,conforme mostrado nas Figuras 60 e 63.
A Figura 64 mostra uma vista de extremidade em seção trans-versal da placa de apoio 24 de acordo com tal modalidade. A placa de circui-to 570, adjacente às bolsas de grampo 584, compreende três camadas con-dutoras 580-I-3, tendo camadas isolantes 582i-4 entre as mesmas. As Figuras65 e 66 mostram como as diversas camadas 580-I-3 podem ser empilhadasde modo a se conectarem também ao multiplexador 576 do manipulo.
Uma vantagem de se ter muitos eletrodos de RF no manipuladorde extremidade 12, conforme mostrado na Figura 67 é que, no caso de umalinha de grampos de metal 590 ou outro objeto eletricamente condutivo dei-xado no tecido 592 a partir de um disparo de instrumento ou procedimentocirúrgico anterior que pode provocar um curto dos eletrodos, tal situação decurto poderá ser detectada pelo gerador ou multiplexador, e a energia podeser modulada de uma maneira apropriada para o curto circuito.
A Figura 27 mostra um outro manipulador de extremidade 12com eletrodos de RF. Nesta modalidade, o manipulador de extremidade 12compreende apenas os eletrodos distais 500i, com a placa de apoio metáli-ca 24 servindo como um eletrodo de retorno. Os eletrodos distais 500i nãose estendem por todo o comprimento da placa de apoio 24, mas apenas poruma fração do comprimento. Na modalidade ilustrada, os eletrodos distais500i têm apenas aproximadamente 20 mm de comprimento ao longo da pla-ca de apoio de 60 mm, de modo que os eletrodos distais 500i só cubramaproximadamente 1/3 do comprimento mais distai da placa de apoio. Emoutras modalidades, os eletrodos distais 5001 podem cobrir 1/10 ou 1/2 docomprimento da placa de apoio. Estas modalidades podem ser usadas parauma coagulação do local, conforme descrito na Patente U.S. N. 5 599 350,incorporada ao presente documento à guisa de referência.
A Figura 28 mostra ainda uma outra modalidade do manipuladorde extremidade 12 com eletrodos de RF. Nesta modalidade, um eletrodoativo 500 é posicionado na ponta distai da placa de apoio 24, isolado pelaplaca de apoio 24 por meio de um isolante não condutivo eletricamente 504,que pode ser feito de material cerâmico. Esta modalidade pode ser usadapara uma coagulação de ponto.
As Figuras 29 a 32 ilustram outras modalidades do manipuladorde extremidade 12 que podem ser úteis na coagulação de ponto. Nestasmodalidades, a placa de apoio 24 compreende um par de eletrodos 500i,5002 na extremidade distai da placa de apoio 24 e ao longo de uma lateralda placa de apoio 24. A Figura 29 é uma vista de extremidade frontal da pla-ca de apoio 24 de acordo com tal modalidade, a Figura 30 é uma vista late-ral, a Figura 31 é uma vista de extremidade frontal fragmentada, ampliada, ea Figura 32 é uma vista de topo. Em tal modalidade, a placa de apoio metáli-ca 24 pode atuar como o eletrodo de retorno. Os eletrodos ativos 500-I, 5OO2podem ser isolados da placa de apoio 24 por meio de isolantes eletricamen-te não condutivos 504 que podem compreender um material cerâmico.
As Figuras 33 a 36 mostram uma modalidade, na qual a placade apoio 24 compreende dois eletrodos distais 500i, 5OO2 localizados no to-po central da placa de apoio 24. Mais uma vez, a placa de apoio metálica 24pode atuar como o eletrodo de retorno, e os eletrodos ativos 500i, 5OO2 po-dem ficar isolados da placa de apoio 24 por meio de isolantes eletricamentenão condutivos 504.
As Figuras 37 a 40 mostram uma modalidade na qual um eletro-do ativo 500i (por exemplo, o eletrodo ativo) fica posicionado sobre a placade apoio 24, e um outro eletrodo ativo 5OO2 fica posicionado sobre a garrainferior 22, e, de preferência, sobre o cartucho 34. A placa de apoio metálica24 poderá servir como o eletrodo de retorno. O eletrodo de placa de apoio500i fica isolado da placa de apoio 24 graças ao isolante 54. O eletrodo 5OO2que fica posicionado no cartucho 34, que é de preferência feito de um mate-rial não condutivo, como, por exemplo, plástico, fica isolado do canal metáli-co 22 por meio do cartucho 34.
As Figuras 41 a 44 mostram uma modalidade na qual a placa deapoio 24 possui dois eletrodos ativos 500i, 5002 na extremidade mais distaida placa de apoio 24 que se estendem completamente a partir da superfíciesuperior da placa de apoio 24 para a superfície inferior. Mais uma vez, a pla-ca de apoio metálica 24 pode atuar como o eletrodo de retorno, e os eletro-dos ativos 500-I, 5OO2 podem ficar isolados da placa de apoio 24 por meiodos isolantes eletricamente não condutivos 504.
As Figuras 45 a 48 mostram uma modalidade na qual o cartucho34 tem dois eletrodos ativos 500-I, 5002 na extremidade mais distai do cartu-cho de grampos 34. Em tal modalidade, a placa de apoio metálica 24 ou ocanal metálico 22 podem atuar como o eletrodo de retorno. Na modalidadeilustrada, os eletrodos 500^ 50Ü2 são conectados aos insertos isolantes 503,porém, em outras modalidades, os insertos isolantes 503 podem ser omiti-dos e o cartucho de plástico 34 pode servir como isolante aos eletrodos500i, 5002.
As Figuras 49 a 52 mostram uma modalidade tendo um eletrodoativo 500i na extremidade mais distai da placa de apoio 24 e um outro ele-trodo ativo 5OO2 na extremidade muito mais distai do cartucho 34. Mais umavez, em tal modalidade, a placa de apoio 24 ou o canal metálico 22 podeatuar como o eletrodo de retorno. Nesta modalidade ilustrada, o eletrodo5002 é conectado aos insertos isolantes 503, 505, porém, em outras modali-dades, os insertos isolantes 503, 505 podem ser omitidos e o cartucho deplástico 34 pode servir como isolante ao eletrodo 5002.
A Figura 57 é uma vista lateral e a Figura 58 é uma vista lateralem seção transversal do manipulo 6 de acordo com outras modalidades dapresente invenção, a modalidade ilustrada inclui apenas um gatilho, o gatilhode fechamento 18. A atuação da lâmina, dos extratores de grampo, e/ou doseletrodos de RF, na presente modalidade, pode ser feita através de outrosmeios além de um gatilho de disparo separado. Por exemplo, conforme mos-trado na Figura 57, a atuação da lâmina, dos extratores de grampo, e/ou doseletrodos de RF pode ser acionada por uma chave de botão de empurrar540 ou outro tipo de chave que fica em uma posição conveniente ao opera-dor. Na Figura 57, a chave 540 é mostrada na porção mais proximal do ma-nípulo 6. Em uma outra modalidade, a chave pode ser posicionada próximaà extremidade distai 6 de modo que o arrasto do bocal 539 ative a chave nosentido de provocar a atuação do instrumento. Em tal modalidade, uma cha-ve (não mostrada) pode ser colocada sob ou próxima ao bocal 539 de modoque o movimento dos bocais segure a chave.
De maneira alternativa, a atuação da lâmina, dos extratores degrampo, e/ou dos eletrodos de RF pode ser feita por meio de comandos devoz ou outro som detectado por um microfone 542. Em outras modalidades,o manipulo 6 pode compreender um transceptor de RF ou sônico 541, quepode receber e/ou transmitir sinais de RF ou sônicos a fim de acionar o ins-trumento. Ainda, conforme mostrado na Figura 58, um pedal ou chave de pé544 pode ser usado no sentido de acionar o instrumento 10. O pedal de pé544 pode ser conectado ao manipulo 6 por uma corda 545. Ainda, o manipu-lo 6 pode compreender um controle mostrador 546 ou um outro tipo de dis-positivo de controle a fim de controlar a atuação dos eletrodos de RF seg-mentados (vide, por exemplo, as Figuras 23 a 24). Com o uso de tal disposi-tivo de controle 546, o operador poderá acionar em série os diversos paresde eletrodos de RF 500 no manipulador de extremidade 12.
O instrumento 10 mostrado nas Figuras 57 e 58 inclui ainda mui-tos sistemas de realimentação ao usuário. Conforme acima mencionado, oinstrumento 10 pode compreender o alto-falante 543 para comandos ou ins-truções audíveis ao operador. Além disso, o manipulo 6 pode compreenderindicadores visuais 548, tais como LEDs ou outras fontes de luz que provêmuma realimentação visual relativa à atuação dos diversos eletrodos de RFsegmentados. Por exemplo, cada um dos indicadores visuais 548 pode cor-responder a um dentre os pares de eletrodos segmentados. O indicador vi-sual correspondente 548 pode ser ativado quando o par de eletrodos de RFsegmentados é acionado. Além disso, o manipulo 6 pode compreender umvisor alfanumérico 550, que pode ser um LED ou um visor de LCD, por e-xemplo. O visor 550 pode ser conectado a uma placa de circuito 552 dentrodo manipulo 6. O manipulo 6 pode compreender ainda um vibrador 554 naporção de cabo de pistola 26 que pode prover um retorno vibracional ao ope-rador. Por exemplo, o vibrador 554 pode vibrar a cada momento que um dospares segmentados de eletrodos de RF do manipulador de extremidade 12 éacionado.
A Figura 26 é uma vista em seção transversal do manipuladorde extremidade 12 de acordo com várias modalidades, nas quais os eletro-dos ficam sobre a garra (ou placa de apoio) superior 24. Na modalidade ilus-trada, os eletrodos ativos 500 são posicionados adjacentes à fenda de lâmi-na 516. A placa de apoio metálica 24 pode servir como o eletrodo de retorno.Os isolantes 504, que podem ser feitos de cerâmica, isolam os eletrodos 500da placa de apoio metálica 24. A modalidade da Figura 68 é similar à da Fi-gura 26, exceto que os eletrodos 500 são menores, de tal modo que umaporção dos isolantes 504 possa se estender entre os respectivos eletrodos500 e as bordas do canal de lâmina 516.
A Figura 53 é uma vista de extremidade em seção transversaldo manipulador de extremidade 12 de acordo com uma outra modalidade.Nesta modalidade, como na modalidade da Figura 26, os eletrodos ativos500-I, 5002 ficam sobre a placa de apoio 24 do lado oposto do canal de lâmi-na. Os eletrodos 500i, 5002 são isolados da placa de apoio metálica pelosisolantes 504, que também compreendem, de preferência, um material ce-râmico. Na presente modalidade, no entanto, os isolantes 504 são finos (emcomparação aos da Figura 26). Os isolantes 504 muito finos oferecem a van-tagem potencial de a placa de apoio 24 poder incluir uma seção metálicarelativamente grande 520 acima dos eletrodos 500, desta forma, potencial-mente, suportando um perfil de placa de apoio mais fino para uma dada rigi-dez de placa de apoio, ou um perfil mais rígido para uma dada dimensão emseção transversal de placa de apoio. Os isolantes 504 podem ser fundidosou revestidos por faiscação sobre a placa de apoio 24.
A Figura 54 ilustra uma outra modalidade. Nesta modalidade, oseletrodos ativos 500i, 5OO2 são revestidos por faiscação ou ligados aos iso-lantes 504, os quais podem ser também revestidos por faiscação ou ligadosà placa de apoio. Como na modalidade da Figura 53, este desenho permitemais material de placa de apoio sobre os eletrodos. Em tal modalidade, oseletrodos 500-I, 5OO2 podem compreender prata, que vem a ser um bomcondutor de eletricidade e apresenta propriedades antimicrobianas.
A Figura 55 mostra uma vista lateral do manipulador de extremi-dade de acordo com uma outra modalidade. Nesta modalidade, um filme finode material eletricamente isolante 530 é depositado sobre a face do cartucho34. O filme isolante 530 compreende de preferência um material resistenteao calor e ao arco, como, por exemplo, cerâmica. Isto tenderia a aumentar aresistência do cartucho 34 à trilha e ao curto de arco, permitindo mais dispa-ros entre as mudanças de cartucho 34. Além disso, quando o cartucho 34 éum condutor elétrico fraco, o mesmo suportará um aquecimento mais rápidodo tecido e reduzirá a necessidade geral de energia. Os eletrodos ativos(não mostrados na Figura 55) podem estar na placa de apoio 24, conformedescrito nas modalidades acima.
A Figura 56 mostra uma modalidade similar à mostrada na Figu-ra 55, exceto que, na Figura 56, uma camada fina 532 de um material leve-mente condutivo é depositada sobre o topo do filme isolante 530. A conduti-vidade da camada fina, levemente condutiva 532 pode ser menor que a con-dutividade do tecido preso no manipulador de extremidade 12 para tratamen-to. Assim sendo, a camada fina, levemente condutiva 532 proveria uma pas-sagem de condutividade reduzida para prover um aquecimento adicional dotecido preso. Isto tenderia a reduzir o tempo necessário para aquecer o teci-do e obter coagulação.
Conforme acima descrito, o instrumento 10 pode compreenderum pivô de articulação 14 para articular o manipulador de extremidade 12.Um médico ou operador do instrumento 10 pode articular o manipulador deextremidade 12 com relação ao eixo 8 por meio do controle de articulação16, conforme descrito em mais detalhes na Publicação do Pedido de PatenteU.S. N. 2007/0158385 A1, intitulado "Surgical Instrument Having An Articula-ting End Effector", de Geoffrey C. Hueil et al., incorporado ao presente do-cumento a título de referência. Em outra modalidade, ao invés de um dispo-sitivo de controle integrado ao instrumento 10, o manipulador de extremida-de 12 pode ser articulado por um instrumento separado, como, por exemplo,uma pinça que é inserida no paciente de modo que a sua porção operativafique próxima do manipulador de extremidade 12 e possa articular o manipu-lador de extremidade 12 conforme desejado. O instrumento separado podeser inserido através de uma outra abertura além do manipulador de extremi-dade 12, ou pela mesma abertura. Da mesma forma, diferentes operadorespodem operar os instrumentos separados, ou uma única pessoa poderá ope-rar ambos os instrumentos, a fim de articular o manipulador de extremidade12. Em um outro cenário de articulação passiva, o manipulador de extremi-dade 12 pode ser articulado, empurrando o mesmo cuidadosamente contraoutras partes do paciente de modo a obter a articulação desejada.
Em uma outra modalidade, o manipulador de extremidade 12pode ser conectado ao manipulo por meio de um cabo flexível. Em tal moda-lidade, o manipulador de extremidade 12 pode ser posicionado conformedesejado e mantido em posição por meio do uso de um outro instrumento,por exemplo, um instrumento de pinça separado. Além disso, em outras mo-dalidades, o manipulador de extremidade 12 pode ser posicionado por meiode um instrumento separado e preso por um segundo instrumento separado.
Além disso, o manipulador de extremidade 12 pode ser feito suficientementepequeno, com uma largura de, por exemplo, 8 a 9 mm por 10 a 11 mm dealtura, de maneira que um mecanismo do tipo puxar para fechar possa serusado para prender o manipulador de extremidade no manipulo 6. O meca-nismo de puxar para fechar pode ser adaptado a partir do descrito na Paten-te U.S. N. 5 562 701, intitulada "Cable-Actuated Jaw Assembly For SurgicalInstruments", incorporada ao presente documento à guisa de referência. Ocabo 600 pode ser disposto dentro ou ao longo de um endoscópio flexívelpara uso, por exemplo, nos procedimentos do trato gastrointestinal superiorou inferior.
Em uma outra modalidade ainda, conforme mostrado nas Figu-ras 69 e 70, o instrumento 10 pode compreender uma montagem de hasteflexível 732, permitindo a articulação do manipulador de extremidade 12.Quando uma montagem de transmissão de articulação 731 acoplada ao eixo8 é girada, a mesma poderá provocar uma articulação remota da montagemde haste flexível 732. A montagem de haste flexível 732 pode compreenderuma primeira e segunda porções de haste flexíveis 733, 734, que alojamuma primeira e segunda montagens de banda flexíveis 735, 736. Após a ro-tação da montagem de transmissão de articulação 731, uma dentre a primei-ra e segunda montagens de banda de transmissão flexíveis 735, 736 se mo-vimenta para frente e a outra montagem de banda se movimenta para trás.Em resposta ao movimento alternativo das montagens de banda dentro daprimeira e segunda porções de haste flexível 733, 734 da montagem de has-te flexível 732, a montagem de haste flexível 732 se curva de modo a proveruma articulação. Uma descrição mais abrangente da haste flexível é feita naPatente U.S. N. 5.704.534, incorporada ao presente documento à guisa dereferência.
Os dispositivos aqui apresentados podem ser concebidos paraserem descartados após um único uso, ou podem ser concebidos para múl-tiplos usos. Em ambos os casos, no entanto, o dispositivo pode ser recondi-cionado para uma reutilização após pelo menos um uso. O recondiciona-mento pode incluir qualquer combinação das etapas de desmontagem dodispositivo, seguido da limpeza ou troca de peças particulares, e remonta-gem subsequente. Em particular, o dispositivo pode ser desmontado, e qual-quer número de peças ou partes determinadas do dispositivo pode ser sele-tivamente substituído ou removido em qualquer combinação. Após limpezae/ou troca de peças particulares, o dispositivo pode ser remontado, para usosubsequente, em uma fábrica de recondicionamento ou por uma equipe ci-rúrgica imediatamente antes de um procedimento cirúrgico. Os versados natécnica apreciarão que o recondicionamento de um dispositivo pode utilizaruma variedade de técnicas para desmontagem, limpeza/troca, e remonta-gem. O uso de tais técnicas e o dispositivo recondicionado resultante estãodentro do âmbito de aplicação do presente pedido.
De preferência, as várias modalidades da presente invençãodescritas no presente documento são processadas antes de uma cirurgia.Primeiramente, um instrumento novo ou usado é obtido e, se necessário,limpo. O instrumento pode, em seguida, ser esterilizado. Em uma técnica deesterilização, o instrumento é colocado em um recipiente fechado e vedado,como em um invólucro de plástico termoformado revestido com uma folha deTYVEK. O recipiente e o instrumento são, em seguida, colocados em umcampo de radiação que pode penetrar o recipiente, como, por exemplo, umaradiação gama, raios x, ou elétrons de alta energia. A radiação mata as bac-térias do instrumento e do recipiente. O instrumento esterilizado pode, emseguida, ser armazenado no recipiente estéril. O recipiente selado mantém oinstrumento estéril até que seja aberto no consultório médico.É preferido que o dispositivo seja esterilizado. Isto pode ser feitode diversas maneiras conhecidas pelos versados na técnica, incluindo pormeio de radiação beta ou gama, por oxido de etileno, a vapor ou por meio deoutros métodos.
Embora a presente invenção tenha sido ilustrada por meio dadescrição de diversas modalidades e embora as modalidades ilustrativassejam descritas em consideráveis detalhes, não vem a ser intenção da Re-querente restringir ou de alguma forma limitar o âmbito de aplicação das rei-vindicações em apenso a tais detalhes. Vantagens ou modificações adicio-nais podem, de pronto, surgir aos versados na técnica, as várias modalida-des da presente invenção representam vastos aperfeiçoamentos sobre osmétodos de grampeamento anteriores, que requerem o uso de diferentestamanhos de grampo em um único cartucho a fim de obter grampos de dife-rentes alturas (finais).
Por conseguinte, a presente invenção foi apresentada em ter-mos de procedimentos e aparelhos endoscópicos. No entanto, o uso de ter-mos, tais como "endoscópico", não deve ser concebido no sentido de limitara presente invenção a um instrumento cirúrgico de corte e grampeamentopara uso somente em conjunto com um tubo endoscópico (isto é, um trocar-te). Ao contrário, acredita-se que a presente invenção possa encontrar usoem qualquer procedimento no qual o acesso seja limitado, incluindo, porém,não se limitando a, procedimentos laparoscópicos, assim como a procedi-mentos abertos. Além disso, os aspectos únicos e novos das várias modali-dades de cartucho de grampos da presente invenção podem encontrar utili-dade quando usados com relação a outras formas de aparelhos de grampe-amento, sem se afastar do espírito e âmbito de aplicação da presente inven-ção.

Claims (14)

1. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação compreendendo:- um manipulador de extremidade;- um eixo conectado ao manipulador de extremidade, o eixocompreendendo um trem de transmissão para o acionamento do manipula-dor de extremidade;- um motor elétrico de corrente CC ao trem de acionamento parao acionamento do trem de transmissão; e- um dispositivo limitador de torque conectado entre um polo desaída do motor e um polo de entrada do trem de transmissão.
2. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 1, compreendendo ainda um manipulo conectado ao eixo, emque o motor se localiza no manipulo.
3. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 1, em que o dispositivo limitador de torque compreende uma em-breagem.
4. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 3, em que a embreagem compreende uma embreagem eletro-magnética.
5. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 4, em que a embreagem eletromagnética compreende:- um estator em forma de ferradura dotado de um primeiro discomagnético em uma primeira extremidade do estator e um segundo discomagnético em uma segunda extremidade do estator, em que o primeiro dis-co magnético é conectado ao polo de saída do motor, e o segundo discomagnético é conectado ao polo de entrada do trem de transmissão; e- uma bobina, de tal modo que, quando a bobina conduz umacorrente, o fluxo eletromagnético da bobina faz atuar a embreagem.
6. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 5, em que:- quando a bobina conduz corrente, os dois discos magnéticosse atraem entre si de modo a entrarem em contato um com o outro;- quando a bobina não está conduzindo corrente, os dois discosmagnéticos não ficam em contato um com o outro.
7. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 6, em que a bobina é enrolada em torno do estator.
8. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 3, em que a embreagem compreende um ímã permanente.
9. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 8, em que a embreagem compreende um estator em forma deferradura dotado de um primeiro disco em uma primeira extremidade do es-tator e um segundo disco em uma segunda extremidade do estator, em queo primeiro disco é conectado ao polo de saída do motor e o segundo disco éconectado ao polo de entrada do trem de transmissão, e em que o ímã per-manente é conectado ao polo de saída do motor e atrai o polo de entrada dotrem de transmissão de tal modo que os discos magnéticos fiquem em con-tato um com o outro.
10. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com areivindicação 1, em que o manipulador de extremidade compreende:- garras superior e inferior, opostas; e- uma lâmina que atravessa um canal longitudinal da garra inferior.
11. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com areivindicação 10, em que o manipulador de extremidade compreende aindapelo menos um eletrodo de RF.
12. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com areivindicação 1, em que o dispositivo limitador de torque compreende umímã permanente, um estator em forma de ferradura dotado de um primeirodisco em uma primeira extremidade do estator e um segundo disco do esta-tor, em que o primeiro disco é conectado ao polo de saída do motor e o se-gundo disco é conectado ao polo de entrada do trem de transmissão.
13. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com areivindicação 1, em que o instrumento é um cortador endoscópico linear.
14. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com areivindicação 1, em que o instrumento é um dispositivo de corte e grampea-mento circulares.
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EP2090250A1 (en) 2009-08-19
EP2090238B1 (en) 2013-04-24
JP5484748B2 (ja) 2014-05-07
EP2457518B1 (en) 2017-12-06
CN101507627B (zh) 2013-02-13
JP2009189835A (ja) 2009-08-27
US20090209979A1 (en) 2009-08-20
BRPI0903065B8 (pt) 2021-06-22
CN101507627A (zh) 2009-08-19
BRPI0903065B1 (pt) 2019-07-16
EP2090249B1 (en) 2019-04-24
US8622274B2 (en) 2014-01-07
EP2457518A1 (en) 2012-05-30
EP2090238A1 (en) 2009-08-19

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