WO2016185924A1 - 電力変換装置およびこれを適用した車両駆動システム - Google Patents
電力変換装置およびこれを適用した車両駆動システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016185924A1 WO2016185924A1 PCT/JP2016/063717 JP2016063717W WO2016185924A1 WO 2016185924 A1 WO2016185924 A1 WO 2016185924A1 JP 2016063717 W JP2016063717 W JP 2016063717W WO 2016185924 A1 WO2016185924 A1 WO 2016185924A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
- H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
- H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
- H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
- H02P27/085—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation wherein the PWM mode is adapted on the running conditions of the motor, e.g. the switching frequency
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/38—Means for preventing simultaneous conduction of switches
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
- H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
- H02M7/53871—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
- H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
- H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
- H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61C—LOCOMOTIVES; MOTOR RAILCARS
- B61C3/00—Electric locomotives or railcars
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0009—Devices or circuits for detecting current in a converter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/38—Means for preventing simultaneous conduction of switches
- H02M1/385—Means for preventing simultaneous conduction of switches with means for correcting output voltage deviations introduced by the dead time
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
- H02M7/539—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency
- H02M7/5395—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency by pulse-width modulation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a power conversion device that performs pulse width modulation (hereinafter referred to as PWM) control to calculate an actual resistance value and a dead time error of an electric motor.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- variable speed motor control device by the power conversion device is applied to various fields including railway vehicles, elevators, electric vehicles, and general-purpose inverters. In each of these fields, further improvements in performance and reliability such as improvement in output torque and speed control accuracy of motors, high efficiency and low noise are expected. In order to improve the control performance as described above, it is necessary to quickly acquire the circuit constants of the electric motor and design the control parameters appropriately.
- Non-Patent Document 1 introduces various methods for removing the influence of dead time.
- the above-described dead time is a difference between the actual effective value and the set value added in the control configuration, due to various factors such as the characteristics of the semiconductor elements constituting the conversion device and the circuit configuration. It is necessary to accurately grasp the dead time error. Therefore, grasping the actual resistance value and dead time error of the motor is an important factor for improving the control performance.
- Patent Document 1 describes the calculation method of the resistance value in detail, but does not disclose the dead time error, and a separate means is required to obtain the dead time error. Further, the method of Patent Document 1 requires a long time to reach a measurable condition because it is necessary to change the frequency of the AC power supply of the main circuit and measure the voltage and current at each frequency.
- Non-Patent Document 1 introduces a method for compensating an output voltage error due to a set dead time, but does not disclose any method for obtaining an actual dead time error. Therefore, none of the documents can contribute to the improvement of the control performance.
- the present invention has been made in order to solve the above-described conventional problems, and applied a power conversion device capable of calculating and estimating the resistance value and dead time error of an electric motor in a short time using the same common means, and the same.
- the object is to obtain a vehicle drive system.
- a power conversion device includes a bridge formed by connecting switching elements in series between both poles of a DC power supply, converts a voltage of the DC power supply, and supplies the electric current to the motor by converting the voltage of the DC power supply.
- a current detection unit for detecting and a dead time for preventing a DC short-circuit by the switching elements constituting the bridge are set and added, and a switching signal for driving the switching elements on and off by PWM control based on the voltage command value and the carrier wave is provided.
- a power conversion device including a control unit to generate,
- the control unit can generate a first switching signal based on the voltage command value and the first carrier wave and a second switching signal based on the voltage command value and a second carrier wave having a frequency different from the frequency of the first carrier wave, Based on the first operation characteristic of the power conversion unit obtained when the switching element is driven by the first switching signal and the second operation characteristic of the power conversion unit obtained by driving the switching element by the second switching signal, the resistance value of the motor and the dead A characteristic calculation unit is provided that estimates and calculates one or both of the dead time errors that are the difference between the effective time value and the set value.
- the control unit of the power conversion device includes a first switching signal based on the voltage command value and the first carrier wave, and a second switching signal based on the voltage command value and a second carrier wave having a frequency different from the frequency of the first carrier wave. Based on the first operating characteristic of the power converter determined when the switching element is driven by the first switching signal and the second operating characteristic of the power converter determined when the switching element is driven by the second switching signal. Since the characteristic calculation unit for estimating and / or calculating either or both of the resistance value and the dead time error of the motor is provided, of course, either the resistance value of the motor or the dead time error is determined by the same characteristic calculation unit. Both can be estimated at the same time, and the conditions on the main circuit can be changed as in Patent Document 1. By changing the control over settings rather than intended to enough to realize the calculation estimation in a short time.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an equivalent circuit when the operations of the power conversion unit 1 and the electric motor 7 reach a steady state in the configuration of FIG. 5. It is a figure which shows the example of 1 structure of the vehicle drive system which applied the power converter device to the railway vehicle by Embodiment 4 of this invention.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an overall configuration of a power conversion device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- the power converter 1 converts the voltage of the DC power supply 3 and supplies it to the electric motor 7, and the internal configuration thereof is well known, so illustration thereof is omitted, but between the two poles of the DC power supply 3 IGBT, MOSFET Provided with a bridge in which switching elements such as these are connected in series with each other, and has a function of converting DC power supplied from the DC power source 3 into AC power having a variable voltage and variable frequency and supplying the AC power to the motor 7.
- the frequency of the AC power having the variable voltage and variable frequency includes DC power of 0 Hz.
- the current detection unit 2 individually detects each phase current supplied from the power conversion unit 1 to the electric motor 7 and sends it to the control unit 4 described later.
- the control unit 4 is configured by a control system using a known orthogonal two-axis dq-axis rotating coordinate system. Specifically, a coordinate converter 41, a current controller 42, a coordinate converter 43, a PWM controller 44, and a selector 45 are provided. Hereinafter, each of these elements will be described.
- the coordinate converter 41 receives each phase current from the current detector 2 and outputs dq-axis currents Id and Iq.
- the d-axis is an axis indicating the direction of the rotor magnetic flux of the electric motor 7
- the q-axis is defined as an axis that controls the output torque of the electric motor 7 in a direction orthogonal to the d-axis.
- the current controller 42 generates a voltage command value so that the deviation between the current detection value detected by the current detection unit 2 and the current command value becomes zero.
- the dq axis currents Id and Iq and a desired value are generated.
- the voltage command values Vd * and Vq * are output by the following equation (1).
- the proportional gain kcp and the time constant ⁇ cpi in the above equation (1) are expressed by the following equation (2), for example, when the electric motor 7 in the first embodiment is an induction motor.
- ⁇ cc is a predetermined current response target value for designing the response speed of the dq-axis currents Id and Iq controlled by the control unit 4, and the carrier frequency of the PWM controller 44 described later is This is determined in consideration of the required specifications for controlling the current supplied to the electric motor 7.
- Ls in the following equation (2) is a primary inductance of the induction motor, and is the sum of the mutual inductance and the primary leakage inductance of the induction motor.
- the coordinate converter 43 receives the voltage command values Vd * and Vq * and outputs phase voltage command values Vu *, Vv * and Vw *.
- the PWM controller 44 receives the phase voltage command values Vu *, Vv *, and Vw *, performs PWM control based on a desired carrier wave, and outputs a switching signal to the power conversion unit 1. To do.
- the selector 45 receives the carrier wave switching signal and outputs a desired carrier wave to the PWM controller 44.
- FIG. 2 shows an internal configuration example of the power conversion unit 1 and the PWM controller 44 of FIG.
- the configuration of FIG. 2 describes only one phase (U phase) for a three-phase power converter. Since the other phases have the same configuration, the description is omitted here.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 2 is a known technique and is not particularly limited to this configuration.
- an upper switching unit 11 and a lower switching unit 12, which are switching elements, are connected in series to the DC power source 3 to form a bridge, and an intermediate terminal 13 is an electric motor 7. Connected to.
- the DC power supply short circuit is caused when the two switching units connected in series in each phase are turned on at the same time (become conductive). Invite the destruction. Therefore, when switching the switching signal by PWM control, it is necessary to provide a period in which both of the two switching units connected in series are turned off (become nonconductive). This period is referred to as a short circuit prevention period (hereinafter referred to as dead time). Further, if there is such a dead time, an error occurs in the output voltage as will be described later.
- Td is the dead time
- Fc is the frequency of the carrier wave
- EFC is the voltage value of the DC power supply 3. Therefore, the PWM controller 44 shown in FIG. 2 is configured in consideration of the above, and the configuration and operation will be described below with reference to FIG.
- the modulation wave generation circuit 441 receives the U-phase voltage command Vu * and normalizes the voltage value EFC of the DC power supply 3 to generate the U-phase modulation wave Au.
- FIG. 2 shows a configuration in which the voltage value EFC of the DC power supply 3 is assumed to be a known value in advance. However, when the voltage value EFC of the DC power supply 3 fluctuates, the DC power supply 3 It is desirable to provide a sensor for detecting the voltage value of the current and to normalize the detected voltage value to generate the U-phase modulated wave Au.
- the switching signal generation circuit 442 generates the previous switching signal Su1 from the magnitude relationship between the U-phase modulated wave Au and the carrier wave by PWM control.
- the dead time correction circuit 443 corrects the preceding switching signal Su1 so as to compensate for the output voltage error caused by the dead time, and generates the succeeding switching signal Su2.
- the on-time is a time added by a dead time generation circuit 445 described later. Increase the dead time and shorten the off time by the dead time. If the current sign is negative (when current flows from the electric motor 7 toward the power conversion unit 1), the adjustment is performed so that the on time is shortened by the dead time and the off time is lengthened by the dead time.
- the dead time adjusted by the dead time correction circuit 443 is set and added by the dead time generation circuit 445.
- this value is limited to this value. It is not something that can be done.
- the signal inverting circuit 444 In order to generate the switching signal Sx that is inverted with respect to the switching signal Su that operates the upper switching unit 11, the signal inverting circuit 444 generates the signal Sx2 that is the inverted signal Su2, and the dead time generating circuit 445 A dead time is set and added to the signals Su2 and Sx2, and a switching signal Su for driving the upper switching unit 11 on and off and a switching signal Sx for driving the lower switching unit 12 on and off are generated.
- this error is referred to as a dead time error ⁇ Td.
- FIG. 1 is a nonlinear temperature characteristic and current characteristic of a semiconductor device, a parasitic capacitance due to a wiring length, and a driver circuit for driving the semiconductor device. Due to a response delay or the like, a delay occurs until the upper switching unit 11 and the lower switching unit 12 actually operate with respect to the on / off signals of the switching signals Su and Sx. Theoretically, the voltage waveform is approximated by a rectangular wave, but is not actually a rectangular wave, and the voltage waveform during the switching operation changes continuously with a certain slope. In practice, this inclination also changes in a complicated manner depending on the nonlinear temperature characteristics and current characteristics of the semiconductor device and the circuit constants of the driver circuit.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows the situation of the dead time error when it is assumed that a time delay occurs during the above dead time correction and switching operation.
- the left half of the figure shows the case where the current direction is positive and the right half is negative.
- the upper part shows the operation of the dead time correction circuit 443, that is, the operation of performing the correction of Td (correction amount) on the previous switching signal Su1 from the switching signal generation circuit 442 and outputting the subsequent switching signal Su2. ing.
- the middle stage sets and adds Td (set amount) to the operation of the dead time generation circuit 445, that is, the subsequent switching signals Su2 and Sx2 from the dead time correction circuit 443, and sends them to the upper switching unit 11 and the lower switching unit 12, respectively.
- Td set amount
- the lower row shows the U-phase voltage Vu when driven by the middle-stage switching signals Su and Sx.
- Ton and Toff in the case where the current direction is positive indicate a time delay that occurs when the upper switching unit 11 rises and a time delay that occurs when it falls.
- Toff and Ton when the current direction is negative indicate a time delay at the time of falling and a time delay at the time of rising of the lower switching unit 12, respectively.
- the dead time Td (set amount) is set and added by the dead time generation circuit 445 (see FIG. 2)
- the dead time Td (actual amount) that actually occurs is the case where the current direction is positive. If it shows, it will become (3) Formula.
- Td (actual amount) Td (set amount) + Ton-Toff (3)
- Td corrected amount
- Td (error amount) Td (actual amount) ⁇ Td (correction amount) (4)
- Td (error amount) dead time error expressed by the equation (4) is actually the power conversion unit 1. This is the dead time that causes an error in the output voltage, that is, the dead time effective value.
- this dead time effective value dead time error is ⁇ Td
- the output voltage error ⁇ Vtd generated by this ⁇ Td is obtained by the equation (5).
- the dead time correction circuit 443 When the dead time correction circuit 443 is not employed in the PWM controller 44 (the present invention is also within the assumed range in such a case), the Td (actual amount) expressed by the equation (3) is The dead time effective value is obtained, and the dead time error ⁇ Td is obtained by equation (6).
- the resistance value calculator 5 calculates the resistance value of the electric motor 7 from the voltage command value Vd *, the d-axis current Id, and the carrier wave switching signal.
- the dead time error calculation unit 6 calculates a dead time error from the voltage command value Vd * and the carrier wave switching signal.
- the carrier wave switching signal is input to the resistance value calculation unit 5 and the dead time error calculation unit 6.
- the configuration is not particularly limited, and PWM control is performed by the PWM controller 44. Any configuration is possible as long as the frequency of the carrier wave at that time is known.
- the processing unit 8 performs processing of the control unit 4, the resistance value calculation unit 5, and the dead time error calculation unit 6 by executing a program stored in the storage unit 9 described later.
- the storage unit 9 is configured by a memory in which electric circuit constants of the electric motor 7, parameters necessary for control, a program describing the above processing, and the like are stored.
- the processing unit 8 includes a processor logically configured in a hardware circuit such as a microcomputer (DSP), a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), or an FPGA. Further, the plurality of processing units 8 and the plurality of storage units 9 may execute the above functions in cooperation.
- the present invention was created by paying attention to the fact that the actual dead time is not related to the frequency of the carrier wave for PWM control, and that the output voltage error caused by the existence of the dead time is proportional to the dead time.
- the basic principle is as follows. That is, the control unit 4 includes a selector 45 that selects and outputs a first carrier wave and a second carrier wave having a frequency different from the frequency of the first carrier wave as a carrier wave for PWM control. The first switching signal based on the input voltage command value and the first carrier wave and the second switching signal based on the voltage command value and the second carrier wave can be generated.
- the characteristic calculating part 10 drives a switching element with the 1st operation characteristic of the power conversion part 1 when a switching element is driven with a 1st switching signal, and a 2nd switching signal in the state which the electric motor 7 stopped rotation
- the second operating characteristic of the power converter 1 is obtained, and the target resistance value and dead time error of the electric motor 7 are calculated from these two operating characteristics.
- Various types of operation characteristics can be targeted.
- the power conversion device including the current controller 42 shown in FIG. 1 will be described as an example. That is, here, the two operating characteristics are obtained under the control conditions in which the current detection value detected by the current detection unit 2 follows the current command value.
- the phase ⁇ input to the coordinate converters 41 and 43 is set to a constant value of the phase ⁇ 0 so that each phase current does not become zero.
- the reason for setting in this way is that the error voltage during the dead time period near the current value of zero is generally non-linear and it is difficult to determine the sign of the error. This is because the influence of the error ⁇ Td appears very large.
- the configuration of FIG. 1 is configured by a control system using a known orthogonal two-axis dq-axis rotational coordinate system as described above, and the orthogonal two-axis current value controlled by the control unit 4 is used. It is possible to control the response of certain Id and Iq with a predetermined current response target value. As a result, the current value can be set to a constant value within a desired period, so that it is possible to instantaneously estimate the resistance value and dead time error of the motor so as not to hinder normal operation.
- the d-axis current Id1 and the d-axis voltage command value Vd1 * are obtained from the first operating characteristics collected in the manner described above, and the first resistance value R1 is calculated by the equation (9).
- the switching element is driven by the second switching signal generated by the second carrier wave (frequency Fc2), and the second operation characteristic is collected when the voltage / current is in a steady state. Then, from this second operating characteristic, the d-axis current Id2 and the d-axis voltage command value Vd2 * are obtained, and the second resistance value R2 is calculated by the equation (10).
- the current command value Id * is set to the same value to obtain the first operating characteristic and the second operating characteristic, and the voltage command value Vd1 * and the current command value Id * in the first operating characteristic are
- the first resistance value R1 is calculated from the voltage command value Vd2 * and the current command value Id * in the second operating characteristic
- the second resistance value R2 is calculated from the first resistance value R1 and the second resistance value R2. That is, the resistance value Rs of the electric motor 7 can be calculated.
- the current command value Id * is set to the same value to obtain the first operation characteristic and the second operation characteristic, and the voltage command value Vd1 * in the first operation characteristic and the voltage command value Vd2 * in the second operation characteristic are obtained. That is, the dead time error ⁇ Td can be calculated from the difference.
- Td (correction amount) Td (set amount), but the dead time error ⁇ Td obtained by the above equation (14) is fed back.
- the dead time correction circuit when the dead time correction circuit is not provided, the Td (actual amount) of the equation (3) corresponding to the dead time effective value is applied to the ⁇ Td of the equations (11) and (12).
- the dead time error is a value obtained by subtracting Td (set amount) from ⁇ Td obtained from the equation (14).
- the power conversion unit 1 has stopped switching operation.
- the vehicle is stopped.
- normal control for example, a driving
- the estimation calculation can be performed in the rotation stop state of the electric motor 7 immediately after the end of the normal control.
- the power converter 1 is switched from time T0 to start resistance value estimation.
- PWM control is performed with the first carrier wave (frequency Fc1), and current control is performed so that the d-axis current Id1 becomes a desired constant value Id *.
- the period from time T0 to T0a is a transient response period until the d-axis current Id1 becomes a desired constant value. It can be seen that in this transient response period, the resistance value is not a constant value and it is difficult to correctly estimate the resistance value.
- the transient response period can be shortened by setting the current response target value ⁇ cc as described above, and is set to be sufficiently shorter than the L / R time constant of the electric motor 7.
- the first resistance value R1 is calculated from the first operating characteristic collected during the period from time T0a to T1 when the d-axis current Id1 is a constant value Id *, and stored together with the voltage command value Vd1 * at this time.
- the dead time error ⁇ Td cannot be calculated, so it is set to zero.
- the carrier wave is switched from the first carrier wave to the second carrier wave (frequency Fc2) in the period from time T1 to T2 (hereinafter referred to as the second period).
- the d-axis current is continuously controlled to the constant value Id * without stopping the control.
- the second resistance value R2 is calculated from the second operating characteristic collected in the second period from the time T1 to the time T2 when the d-axis current Id2 is a constant value Id *, and the voltage command value Vd2 * at this time is calculated. At the same time, it is stored in the storage unit 9. In this case, since the first operating characteristic and the second operating characteristic are obtained under the same current value condition, the resistance value and the dead time are compared to the case where the current value is different in both of the second embodiment described later. The error estimation accuracy can be improved.
- the true value Rs of the resistance value can be estimated from both frequencies Fc1 and Fc2 by the above-described equation (13). Further, the dead time error ⁇ Td can be calculated from the voltage command values Vd1 * and Vd2 * in both operation characteristics, the two frequencies Fc1 and Fc2, and the voltage EFC of the DC power supply 3 by the above-described equation (14).
- ⁇ Td is reflected in the control parameter of normal motor control, and the control is shifted to normal motor control.
- the carrier frequency is also switched to the normal control carrier frequency Fc3, although not shown in FIG.
- the reason for this configuration is that by providing the normal control carrier frequency Fc3, the carrier frequency can be set according to the current response target value required for the normal control, and the design flexibility in the control system design is increased. In addition to improvement, it can be designed separately from the current response target value in the resistance dead time error estimation period.
- the power conversion unit 1 switches the power conversion unit 1 from the switching stop state by continuously shifting from the resistance value dead time error estimation period to the normal control. It is possible to shift to a normal control in which the electric motor 7 is operated and operated in a short time.
- the normal control carrier frequency Fc3 is set to a value different from both the carrier frequency Fc1 and the carrier frequency Fc2.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and one of the carrier frequency Fc1 and the carrier frequency Fc2 is used. May be.
- the value adopted in an actual apparatus as each of these carrier frequencies is about 500 Hz to several tens of kHz.
- the current value is switched from the first period to the second period in a state where the current value is continuously controlled to a constant value, but the present invention is not limited to this, and the first period A gate-off period (stopping the switching operation of the power conversion unit 1 so that no current flows) may be provided between the first period and the second period.
- the calculation is made from Vd and Id on the orthogonal two-axis dq-axis rotation coordinates.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and it can be calculated from the phase voltage and phase current of each phase. Good.
- the electrical circuit configuration includes a so-called T-type equivalent circuit configuration including a mutual inductance, a secondary inductance, and a secondary resistance in addition to a primary resistance and a primary inductance. Therefore, even if an attempt is made to control the primary side current to a constant DC value, the voltage applied to the motor (for example, Vd1 *, Vd2 * is equivalent) does not become a constant DC value in a short time, and mutual inductance Therefore, it is necessary to correct the following equation (15) in consideration of the circuit response.
- Vd ** Vd ** ⁇ Secondary side circuit response (15)
- the control unit 4 of the power conversion device includes the first switching signal based on the voltage command value and the first carrier wave of the frequency Fc1, the voltage command value, and the frequency of the first carrier wave.
- the first operation of the power conversion unit 1 is obtained when the second switching signal based on the second carrier wave of the different frequency Fc2 can be generated and the switching element is driven by the first switching signal while the motor 7 is stopped rotating.
- a characteristic calculator that estimates and calculates one or both of the resistance value Rs and the dead time error ⁇ Td of the electric motor 7 based on the characteristic and the second operation characteristic of the power converter 1 that is obtained when the switching element is driven by the second switching signal.
- the same characteristic calculation unit 10 makes the resistance value Rs of the motor 7 and the dead time error ⁇ Either Td or both of them can be estimated and calculated at the same time. Also, as in Patent Document 1, it is sufficient to change the control settings rather than changing the conditions on the main circuit. The calculation estimation in time is realized.
- a current controller 42 is provided, and the first operation characteristic and the second operation characteristic are obtained under control conditions for causing the current detection value detected by the current detection unit 2 to follow the current command value, and Since the time constant related to the current response of the current controller 42 is set to be smaller than the time constant determined by the resistance value and the inductance value of the electric motor 7, the resistance value and the dead time error cause an obstacle to the normal control of the power converter. It is possible to identify accurately in a short time.
- FIG. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of a power conversion device according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- the first operation characteristic and the second operation characteristic are obtained under the control conditions for causing the current detection value detected by the current detection unit 2 to follow the current command value.
- the second embodiment is different in that the first operation characteristic and the second operation characteristic are obtained under the control conditions in which the voltage command value is constant.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit when the operations of the power conversion unit 1 and the electric motor 7 reach a steady state in the configuration of FIG.
- R in FIG. 6 is the resistance value of the winding of the electric motor 7.
- dead time correction is performed as described in FIG. 2 of the first embodiment, and the effective value of the dead time corresponds to the dead time error ⁇ Td.
- ⁇ Td is 1 [ ⁇ s]
- Fc 1000 [Hz]
- EFC 1500 [V]
- the result includes an estimation error of about 30%.
- the first operating characteristic when the switching element is driven by the PWM control using the first carrier wave of the frequency Fc1, and the frequency Fc2 different from the frequency Fc1 are used.
- the second operating characteristic when the switching element is driven by PWM control using two carrier waves is obtained.
- the current obtained from the first operating characteristic is Iu1
- the current obtained from the second operating characteristic is Iu2
- the true value of the resistance value is Rs
- the DC voltage command value is V *
- the voltage of the DC power supply 3 The following simultaneous equations hold with the value as EFC.
- the first operation characteristic and the second operation characteristic are obtained by setting the voltage command value V * to the same value, and the first current detection detected by the current detector 2 in the first operation characteristic.
- the resistance value Rs of the electric motor 7 can be calculated from the value Iu1 and the second current detection value Iu2 detected by the current detector 2 in the second operation characteristic.
- the voltage command value V * is set to the same value to obtain the first operation characteristic and the second operation characteristic, and the first current detection value Iu1 detected by the current detection unit 2 in the first operation characteristic and the second operation characteristic are obtained.
- the dead time error ⁇ Td can be calculated from the difference from the second current detection value Iu2 detected by the current detection unit 2 in the characteristics.
- the control unit 4A of the power conversion device performs the first switching signal based on the voltage command value and the first carrier wave of the frequency Fc1, as in the first embodiment. And generating a second switching signal based on the voltage command value and a second carrier wave having a frequency Fc2 different from the frequency of the first carrier wave, and driving the switching element with the first switching signal in a state where the motor 7 is stopped rotating.
- the resistance value Rs of the electric motor 7 and the dead time error ⁇ Td are determined based on the first operation characteristic of the power conversion unit 1 obtained when the switching element is driven and the second operation characteristic of the power conversion unit 1 obtained when the switching element is driven by the second switching signal.
- the characteristic calculation unit 10A for estimating and calculating one or both of them Since the characteristic calculation unit 10A for estimating and calculating one or both of them is provided, the same characteristic calculation unit 10A allows the electric motor to The resistance value Rs and the dead time error ⁇ Td as well as both of them can be estimated and calculated at the same time. Also, as in Patent Document 1, the conditions on the main circuit are not changed, It is sufficient to change the setting, and calculation estimation in a short time is realized.
- the present invention can be applied to a power converter that drives and controls an electric motor with a simple control configuration.
- Embodiment 3 FIG.
- a switching element made of a wide band gap semiconductor such as silicon carbide (SiC) is applied to the material of the switching element provided in the power conversion unit 1 in the previous embodiment.
- SiC silicon carbide
- the switching element used in the power conversion unit 1 has a configuration in which a semiconductor transistor element (IGBT, MOSFET, etc.) made of silicon (Si) and a semiconductor diode element made of silicon are connected in antiparallel. Is common.
- IGBT semiconductor transistor element
- MOSFET MOSFET
- the technique described in the previous embodiment can be used for a power converter including this general switching element.
- the technique described in the previous embodiment is not limited to a switching element formed using silicon as a material.
- a switching element made of a wide band gap semiconductor such as silicon carbide (SiC)
- SiC silicon carbide
- silicon carbide which is one of the wide band gap semiconductors, has the feature that it can be used at a high temperature as well as greatly reducing the loss generated in the semiconductor element compared to silicon. If an element made of silicon carbide is used as the switching element provided in the power converter, the allowable operating temperature of the switching element module can be raised to the high temperature side, so that the carrier frequency is increased and the operating efficiency of the motor is improved. It is possible to make it.
- the characteristic calculation unit 10 described in the previous embodiment makes it possible to identify the resistance value and the dead time error of the motor in a shorter time by taking advantage of such characteristics of the wide band gap semiconductor.
- the current is controlled by the control unit 4. This is achieved by increasing the predetermined current response target value ⁇ cc for designing the above Id and Iq responses as much as possible.
- the setting of the current response target value ⁇ cc is limited by the carrier frequency.
- the current response target value ⁇ cc is set to about 1/10 of the carrier frequency Fc, and if a larger value is set, control may become unstable. Therefore, by applying a switching element made of a wide band gap semiconductor such as silicon carbide (SiC) to the material of the switching element provided in the power conversion unit 1, switching made of a non-wide band gap semiconductor made of silicon or the like is used. Since the carrier frequency can be set higher than when using an element, it is possible to identify the resistance value and the dead time error in a short time.
- SiC silicon carbide
- the carrier frequency is increased by using a switching element made of silicon carbide, and the above-mentioned Even if the identification time is shortened, the second period in which the PWM control is performed with the first carrier wave to obtain the first operation characteristic and the second operation characteristic is obtained by performing the PWM control with the second carrier wave. By having the period, it becomes possible to accurately identify the resistance value and the dead time error of the electric motor.
- silicon carbide is an example of a semiconductor referred to as a wide band gap semiconductor, capturing the characteristic that the band gap is larger than that of silicon (Si).
- SiC silicon carbide
- a semiconductor formed using a gallium nitride-based material or diamond belongs to a wide band gap semiconductor, and their characteristics are also similar to silicon carbide. Therefore, a configuration using a wide band gap semiconductor other than silicon carbide also forms the gist of the present invention.
- the switching element material provided in the power conversion unit 1 of the previous embodiment is made of a wide band gap semiconductor such as silicon carbide (SiC). Since the switching element is applied, the identification accuracy of the resistance value and the dead time error of the motor is improved, and the identification is completed in a shorter time than ever before.
- SiC silicon carbide
- the carrier frequency is increased even during normal control, and the control response is improved.
- the output voltage error ⁇ Vtd due to the dead time error may affect the control so that it cannot be ignored, and it may be difficult to improve the desired control response.
- the resistance value and the dead time error identified by the present invention can be stored in the storage unit 9 and reflected in the control parameters of the normal control, thereby contributing to the improvement of the control response of the normal control.
- the configurations shown in the above first to third embodiments show an example of the contents of the present invention, and can be combined with other known techniques and do not depart from the gist of the present invention. Thus, part of the configuration can be omitted or changed.
- the resistance value and the dead time error of the motor 7 are identified with high accuracy in a state where the motor 7 is stopped rotating.
- the present invention is not limited to this. The same effect can be obtained even when the electric motor 7 is slightly rotated. Specifically, it is sufficient that the rotation period of the electric motor 7 is longer than the identification period of the present invention, and it goes without saying that the application range of the present invention is expanded as the identification period of the present invention is shorter.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a vehicle drive system in which the power conversion device according to Embodiments 1 to 3 of the present invention is applied to a railway vehicle.
- the vehicle drive system according to the fourth embodiment includes an AC motor 101, a power conversion unit 102, a control unit 108, and an input circuit 103.
- the AC motor 101 corresponds to the motor 7 shown in FIG. 1 and is mounted on a railway vehicle.
- the power conversion unit 102 is the same as the power conversion unit 1 shown in FIG. 1, and includes switching elements 104a, 105a, 106a, 104b, 105b, and 106b.
- the control unit 108 includes all of the control unit 4, the processing unit 8, and the storage unit 9 shown in FIG. 1, and switching signals SWU, SWV, SWW for on / off control of the switching elements 104a to 106b of the power conversion unit 102 are included. Is generated.
- the input circuit 103 includes a switch, a filter capacitor, a filter reactor, and the like.
- the input side of the input circuit 103 is connected to the negative circuit 100 via a current collector 111 and a wheel 113. It is connected to the overhead wire 110 and the rail 114 which constitute, and the output side is connected to the power conversion unit 102.
- the input circuit 103 receives supply of DC power or AC power from the overhead line 110 and generates DC power to be supplied to the power conversion unit 102.
- the power converter 102 converts the DC voltage supplied from the input circuit 103 into an AC voltage having an arbitrary frequency and an arbitrary voltage, and drives the AC motor 101.
- control is performed even under the condition that the resistance value of AC motor 101 varies greatly depending on the temperature, as described in these embodiments. Degradation of performance can be prevented. In addition, it is possible to prevent deterioration of control performance due to a dead time error. Furthermore, by preventing deterioration of control performance as described above, safety is improved by improving the output torque and speed control accuracy of the motor, riding comfort is improved, energy is saved by high efficiency, environmental load is reduced by low noise, etc. Can be achieved.
- the present invention can be freely combined with each other within the scope of the invention, and each embodiment can be appropriately modified or omitted.
Abstract
Description
従って、いずれの文献も、制御性能の向上に十分寄与しうるものとは言えない。
前記制御部は、電圧指令値と第一搬送波とに基づく第一スイッチング信号および電圧指令値と第一搬送波の周波数と異なる周波数の第二搬送波とに基づく第二スイッチング信号を生成可能とするとともに、
第一スイッチング信号によりスイッチング素子を駆動したとき求まる電力変換部の第一動作特性および第二スイッチング信号によりスイッチング素子を駆動したとき求まる電力変換部の第二動作特性に基づき、電動機の抵抗値およびデッドタイムの実効値と設定値との差であるデッドタイム誤差のいずれか一方または双方を推定演算する特性演算部を備えたものである。
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1による電力変換装置の全体構成を示すブロック図である。図1において、電力変換部1は、直流電源3の電圧を変換して電動機7に供給し、その内部構成は公知であるのでその図示は省略するが、直流電源3の両極間にIGBT、MOSFET等のスイッチング素子を互いに直列に接続してなるブリッジを備え、直流電源3から供給される直流電力を可変電圧可変周波数の交流電力に変換して電動機7に供給する機能を有する。なお、上記の可変電圧可変周波数の交流電力の周波数は0Hzの直流電力を含む。
ここで、本発明では、d軸は電動機7の回転子磁束の方向を示す軸であり、q軸はd軸に対して直交する方向で、電動機7の出力トルクを制御する軸と定義する。
電流制御器42は、電流検出部2で検出された電流検出値と電流指令値との偏差が零となるよう電圧指令値を生成し、具体的には、dq軸電流Id、Iqと所望の電流指令値Id*、Iq*の差分を受けて電圧指令値Vd*、Vq*を以下の(1)式の演算式で出力する。
下記(2)式中のωccは、制御部4によって制御されるdq軸電流Id、Iqの応答速度を設計するための所定の電流応答目標値であり、後述するPWM制御器44の搬送波周波数と、電動機7に供給する電流を制御するための要求仕様を加味して決定する。
また、下記(2)式中のLsは、誘導電動機の一次側インダクタンスであり、誘導電動機の相互インダクタンスと一次漏れインダクタンスとの和である。
図2において、電力変換部1は、スイッチング素子である上位スイッチング部11と下位スイッチング部12とが直流電源3に対して互いに直列に接続されブリッジを形成しており、その中間端子13が電動機7に接続される。
そこで、図2に示すPWM制御器44は上記を勘案にて構成されたもので、以下、図2を参照してその構成および動作を説明する。
デッドタイム補正回路443は、デッドタイムにより発生する出力電圧誤差を補償するように前段スイッチング信号Su1を補正して後段スイッチング信号Su2を生成する。
しかしながら、実際にはデッドタイム生成回路445にて設定付加されるデッドタイムの設定値と電力変換部1で実際に発生するデッドタイムの実効値とは以下に述べるような理由により同じにはならない。本明細書ではこの誤差をデッドタイム誤差ΔTdと呼ぶことにする。
図3において、上段は、デッドタイム補正回路443の動作、即ち、スイッチング信号生成回路442からの前段スイッチング信号Su1に、Td(補正量)の補正を施して後段スイッチング信号Su2を出力する動作を示している。
中段は、デッドタイム生成回路445の動作、即ち、デッドタイム補正回路443からの後段スイッチング信号Su2、Sx2にTd(設定量)を設定付加してそれぞれ上位スイッチング部11および下位スイッチング部12に送出するスイッチング信号SuおよびSxを出力する動作を示している。
このデッドタイム実効値=デッドタイム誤差をΔTdとすると、このΔTdにより発生する出力電圧誤差ΔVtdは、(5)式により求まる。
抵抗値演算部5は、電圧指令値Vd*とd軸電流Idと搬送波切替え信号とから電動機7の抵抗値を算出する。デッドタイム誤差演算部6は、電圧指令値Vd*と搬送波切替え信号とからデッドタイム誤差を算出する。
ここで、記憶部9は、電動機7の電気回路定数や制御に必要なパラメータ、上記の処理を記述したプログラムなどが記憶されたメモリーにより構成される。処理部8は、マイコン(マイクロコンピュータ)やDSP(Digital Signal Processor)、FPGAなどのハードウェア回路に論理構成されたプロセッサにより構成される。また、複数の処理部8および複数の記憶部9が連携して上記機能を実行してもよい。
また、抵抗値演算部5やデッドタイム誤差演算部6で算出された抵抗値やデッドタイム誤差を一旦記憶部9に記憶させ、通常制御の処理に抵抗値やデッドタイム誤差を制御パラメータとして用いても良い。
その基本的な原理は以下の通りである。即ち、制御部4に、PWM制御のための搬送波として、第一搬送波とこの第一搬送波の周波数と異なる周波数の第二搬送波とを選択して出力する選択器45を備え、PWM制御器44は、入力される電圧指令値と第一搬送波とに基づく第一スイッチング信号および電圧指令値と第二搬送波とに基づく第二スイッチング信号を生成出来るようにする。
これら動作特性としては種々のものが対象となり得るが、先ず、この実施の形態1では、図1に示す、電流制御器42を備えた電力変換装置を使用した場合を例にとり説明する。
即ち、ここでは、両動作特性は、電流検出部2で検出される電流検出値を電流指令値に追従させる制御の条件下で求められるものを使用する。
なお、この場合、座標変換器41、43に入力する位相θとしては、各相電流が零にならないような位相θ0の一定値に設定する。このように設定する理由は、一般的に、電流値の零付近のデッドタイム期間中の誤差電圧は非線形かつ誤差の符号判定が困難なため、デッドタイム補正が正しく補正できない場合があり、デッドタイム誤差ΔTdの影響が非常に大きく表れるためである。
この場合、図1の構成では、前述のように公知である直交2軸のdq軸回転座標系を用いた制御系で構成しており、制御部4によって制御される直交2軸の電流値である上記IdおよびIqの応答を所定の電流応答目標値で制御することが可能になる。これにより、所望の期間内に電流値を一定値に制定できるため、通常の運転に支障の生じないよう瞬時に電動機の抵抗値およびデッドタイム誤差を推定することが可能になる。
例えば、(2)式の電流応答目標値ωccを500rad/s程度に設計すれば、第一動作特性および第二動作特性を、それぞれ10~100msec程度で獲得することが出来る。従って、L/Rの時定数に関係なく電流を応答させることができ、抵抗値およびデッドタイム誤差の推定演算に必要な時間の短縮が可能になる。
そして、この第二動作特性から、d軸電流Id2およびd軸電圧指令値Vd2*を入手し、(10)式により第二抵抗値R2を演算する。
=R1-(√2/3×ΔTd×Fc1×EFC)/Id*
・・・(11)
Rs=(Vd2*-ΔVtd2)/Id*
=R2-(√2/3×ΔTd×Fc2×EFC)/Id*
・・・(12)
・・・(13)
ΔTd=(Vd1*-Vd2*)/{√2/3×(Fc1-Fc2)
×EFC} [sec]・・・(14)
また、電流指令値Id*を互いに同一値に設定して第一動作特性および第二動作特性を求め、第一動作特性における電圧指令値Vd1*と第二動作特性における電圧指令値Vd2*との差からデッドタイム誤差ΔTdを演算することができる訳である。
この場合の出力電圧誤差の補償は、デッドタイム実効値、従って、Td(実際量)に基づく出力電圧誤差=Td(実際量)×Fc×EFCの値を使って、例えば、電圧指令値を補正する等の対策が考えられる。
時刻T0迄は、電力変換部1はスイッチング動作が停止しており、例えば、鉄道車両の例では、車両が停車している状態である。そして、後述する時刻T2から通常制御、例えば、運転を開始する。従って、この図4の例では、通常制御開始直前の電動機7の回転停止状態で推定演算を実施するものである。図4の例とは異なるが、通常制御終了直後の電動機7の回転停止状態で推定演算することもできるのは当然である。
ここで、時刻T0からT0aまでの期間は、d軸電流Id1が所望の一定値になるまでの過渡応答期間である。この過渡応答期間では抵抗値も一定値ではなく正しく抵抗値を推定することが困難であることが分かる。
なお、この過渡応答期間は前述のように電流応答目標値ωccの設定によって短縮可能であり、電動機7のL/Rの時定数よりも十分短くなるように設定されている。
また、時刻T0からT1までの期間では、デッドタイム誤差ΔTdの演算はできないので零としている。
この場合、第一動作特性と第二動作特性とは、互いに同一の電流値の条件で得られるので、後述する実施の形態2の両者で電流値が異なる場合に比較して抵抗値とデッドタイム誤差の推定精度を向上させることができる。
また、両動作特性における電圧指令値Vd1*、Vd2*、更には、両周波数Fc1、Fc2、直流電源3の電圧EFCとから上述の式(14)によりデッドタイム誤差ΔTdを算出できる。
この時、搬送波周波数に関しても、図4に図示していないが、通常制御の搬送波周波数Fc3に切替えるようにしている。このように構成する理由としては、通常制御の搬送波周波数Fc3を設けることで通常制御に要求されている電流応答目標値に応じた搬送波周波数の設定が可能になり、制御系設計における設計自由度が向上するのに加えて、抵抗値デッドタイム誤差推定期間の電流応答目標値と分けて設計できる。
また、図4に図示しているように、抵抗値デッドタイム誤差推定期間から通常制御へ連続的に移行するように構成することで、電力変換部1がスイッチング停止状態から電力変換部1をスイッチング動作させて電動機7を制御する通常制御へ短時間で移行させることができる。
また、これら各搬送波周波数として実際の装置で採用される値は、500Hz~数10kHz程度である。
また、上記の推定演算にあたっては、直交2軸のdq軸回転座標上のVdおよびIdから算出しているが、これに限定するものではなく、各相の相電圧、相電流から算出してもよい。
×EFC}[sec] ・・・(16)
更には、電動機の出力トルクや速度制御精度の向上による安全性向上、高効率による省エネ化、低騒音による環境負荷低減等が得られる。
図5は、本発明の実施の形態2による電力変換装置の構成を示す図である。先の実施の形態1では、第一動作特性および第二動作特性を、電流検出部2で検出される電流検出値を電流指令値に追従させる制御の条件下で求めるようにしたのに対し、この実施の形態2では、第一動作特性および第二動作特性を、電圧指令値を一定とする制御の条件下で求めるようにした点が異なる。以下、具体的な構成および推定演算の動作について説明する。
図6は、図5の構成において、電力変換部1と電動機7の動作が定常状態に達したときの等価回路を示す図である。ここで、図6のRは電動機7の巻線の抵抗値である。
=(V*-ΔTd×Fc1×EFC)/Iu1 ・・・(17)
Rs=(V*-ΔVtd2)/Iu2
=(V*-ΔTd×Fc2×EFC)/Iu2 ・・・(18)
/(Fc1×Iu2-Fc2×Iu1)[Ω] ・・・(19)
ΔTd=V*×(Iu1-Iu2)
/{EFC×(Fc2×Iu1-Fc1×Iu2)}[sec]
・・・(20)
また、電圧指令値V*を互いに同一値に設定して第一動作特性および第二動作特性を求め、第一動作特性における電流検出部2で検出された第一電流検出値Iu1と第二動作特性における電流検出部2で検出された第二電流検出値Iu2との差からデッドタイム誤差ΔTdを演算することができる訳である。
この実施の形態3では、先の実施の形態での電力変換部1に具備されるスイッチング素子の素材に炭化珪素(SiC)等のワイドバンドギャップ半導体からなるスイッチング素子を適用した場合について説明する。
なお、図面上の構成は先の実施の形態の場合と変わりがないので、ここでは説明を割愛する。
ここで、ワイドバンドギャップ半導体の一つである炭化珪素は、珪素と比較して半導体素子で発生する損失を大幅に低減できるとともに高温での使用が可能であるという特徴を有しているので、電力変換部に具備されるスイッチング素子として炭化珪素を素材とするものを用いれば、スイッチング素子モジュールの許容動作温度を高温側に引き上げることができるので、搬送波周波数を高めて、電動機の運転効率を向上させることが可能である。
先の実施の形態1でも説明したように、同定演算を短時間で実行するためには電動機7に供給する電流をできるだけ早く制定させることが重要であり、そのためには、制御部4によって制御される上記IdおよびIqの応答を設計するための所定の電流応答目標値ωccをできるだけ大きくすることで達成される。しかしながら、電流応答目標値ωccの設定は搬送波周波数により制約される。
これに対し、先の実施の形態1で説明した本発明に係る技術によれば、PWM制御を行う電力変換装置において、炭化珪素を素材とするスイッチング素子を用いて搬送波周波数を増大させ、上述のような同定時間の短縮を図ったとしても、第一搬送波でPWM制御を実施して第一動作特性を求める第一期間と第二搬送波でPWM制御を実施して第二動作特性を求める第二期間とを有することで、電動機の抵抗値とデッドタイム誤差を精度よく同定することが可能となる。
なお、以上の実施の形態1~3に示した構成は、本発明の内容の一例を示すものであり、別の公知の技術と組み合わせることも可能であるし、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲で、構成の一部を省略、変更することも可能である。
図7は、本発明の実施の形態1から3に係る電力変換装置を鉄道車両に適用した車両駆動システムの一構成例を示す図である。この実施の形態4に係る車両駆動システムは、交流電動機101、電力変換部102、制御部108および入力回路103を備えている。
制御部108は、図1に示した制御部4、処理部8および記憶部9をすべて含むもので、電力変換部102のスイッチング素子104a~106bをオンオフ制御するためのスイッチング信号SWU、SWV、SWWを生成する。
電力変換部102は、入力回路103から供給された直流電圧を任意周波数および任意電圧の交流電圧に変換して交流電動機101を駆動する。
更には、以上のような制御性能の劣化も防止することにより、電動機の出力トルクや速度制御精度の向上による安全性向上、乗り心地の向上、高効率による省エネ化、低騒音による環境負荷低減等が得られる車両制御を実現することができる。
Claims (19)
- 直流電源の両極間にスイッチング素子を互いに直列に接続してなるブリッジを備え前記直流電源の電圧を変換して電動機に供給する電力変換部、前記電動機に流入する電流を検出する電流検出部、および前記ブリッジを構成する前記スイッチング素子による直流短絡を防止するためのデッドタイムを設定付加するとともに電圧指令値と搬送波とに基づきPWM制御により前記スイッチング素子をオンオフ駆動するためのスイッチング信号を生成する制御部を備えた電力変換装置であって、
前記制御部は、前記電圧指令値と第一搬送波とに基づく第一スイッチング信号および前記電圧指令値と前記第一搬送波の周波数と異なる周波数の第二搬送波とに基づく第二スイッチング信号を生成可能とするとともに、
前記第一スイッチング信号により前記スイッチング素子を駆動したとき求まる前記電力変換部の第一動作特性および前記第二スイッチング信号により前記スイッチング素子を駆動したとき求まる前記電力変換部の第二動作特性に基づき、前記電動機の抵抗値および前記デッドタイムの実効値と前記デッドタイムの設定値との差であるデッドタイム誤差のいずれか一方または双方を推定演算する特性演算部を備えた電力変換装置。 - 前記特性演算部は、前記電動機の抵抗値を推定演算する請求項1記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記特性演算部は、更に、前記デッドタイム誤差を推定演算する請求項2記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記第一動作特性および前記第二動作特性は、前記電流検出部で検出される電流検出値を電流指令値に追従させる制御の条件下で求めるようにした請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記制御部は、前記電流検出部で検出された前記電流検出値と前記電流指令値との偏差が零となるよう前記電圧指令値を生成する電流制御器、前記第一搬送波と前記第二搬送波とを選択して出力する選択器、および前記電圧指令値と前記選択器から出力された搬送波とに基づき前記スイッチング信号を生成するPWM制御器を備え、
前記特性演算部は、前記電流指令値として直流値を設定し、前記PWM制御器からの前記第一スイッチング信号により求まる前記第一動作特性および前記PWM制御器からの前記第二スイッチング信号により求まる前記第二動作特性に基づき、前記電動機の前記抵抗値および前記デッドタイム誤差のいずれか一方または双方を推定演算する請求項4に記載の電力変換装置。 - 前記PWM制御器は、前記電圧指令値を前記直流電源の電圧値で規格化して変調波を出力する変調波生成回路、前記変調波と前記搬送波とに基づき前記PWM制御により前段スイッチング信号を生成するスイッチング信号生成回路、前記デッドタイムにより発生する出力電圧誤差を補償するように前記前段スイッチング信号を補正して後段スイッチング信号を生成するデッドタイム補正回路、および前記後段スイッチング信号にデッドタイム設定値を設定付加して前記スイッチング素子をオンオフ駆動するための前記スイッチング信号を生成するデッドタイム生成回路を備えた請求項5に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記電流制御器の電流応答に係る時定数を前記電動機の抵抗値とインダクタンス値とで決まる時定数より小さく設定した請求項5または請求項6に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記特性演算部は、前記電動機の前記抵抗値を演算し、
前記電流指令値を互いに同一値に設定して前記第一動作特性および前記第二動作特性を求め、前記第一動作特性における前記電圧指令値と前記電流指令値とから第一抵抗値を演算し、前記第二動作特性における前記電圧指令値と前記電流指令値とから第二抵抗値を演算し、前記第一抵抗値と前記第二抵抗値とから前記電動機の前記抵抗値を演算するようにした請求項4から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の電力変換装置。 - 前記特性演算部は、前記デッドタイム誤差を演算し、
前記電流指令値を互いに同一値に設定して前記第一動作特性および前記第二動作特性を求め、前記第一動作特性における前記電圧指令値と前記第二動作特性における前記電圧指令値との差から前記デッドタイム誤差を演算するようにした請求項4から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の電力変換装置。 - 前記第一動作特性および前記第二動作特性は、前記電圧指令値を一定とする制御の条件下で求めるようにした請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記特性演算部は、前記電動機の前記抵抗値を演算し、
前記電圧指令値を互いに同一値に設定して前記第一動作特性および前記第二動作特性を求め、前記第一動作特性における前記電流検出部で検出された第一電流検出値と、前記第二動作特性における前記電流検出部で検出された第二電流検出値とから前記電動機の前記抵抗値を演算するようにした請求項10に記載の電力変換装置。 - 前記特性演算部は、前記デッドタイム誤差を演算し、
前記電圧指令値を互いに同一値に設定して前記第一動作特性および前記第二動作特性を求め、前記第一動作特性における前記電流検出部で検出された第一電流検出値と前記第二動作特性における前記電流検出部で検出された第二電流検出値との差から前記デッドタイム誤差を演算するようにした請求項10に記載の電力変換装置。 - 前記特性演算部は、第一期間で前記第一動作特性を求め、前記第一期間に続く第二期間で前記第二動作特性を求めるようにした請求項1から請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記第一期間および前記第二期間は、前記電動機の通常制御開始直前に設定した請求項13に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記第一期間および前記第二期間は、前記電動機の通常制御終了直後に設定した請求項13に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記スイッチング素子をワイドバンドギャップ半導体で形成した請求項1から請求項15のいずれか1項に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記ワイドバンドギャップ半導体は、炭化ケイ素、窒化ガリウム系材料、または、ダイヤモンドを用いた半導体である請求項16に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記第一搬送波および前記第二搬送波の周波数を、前記スイッチング素子を非ワイドバンドギャップ半導体で形成した場合より高く設定した請求項16または請求項17に記載の電力変換装置。
- 請求項1から請求項18のいずれか1項に記載の電力変換装置、饋電回路と前記電力変換装置との間に接続され前記電力変換装置への電力を生成する入力回路、および前記電力変換装置によって駆動される電動機を備えた車両駆動システム。
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WO2022003886A1 (ja) * | 2020-07-02 | 2022-01-06 | 三菱電機株式会社 | モータ制御装置 |
JP7321375B2 (ja) | 2020-07-02 | 2023-08-04 | 三菱電機株式会社 | モータ制御装置 |
CN112910360A (zh) * | 2021-02-04 | 2021-06-04 | 湖南科技大学 | 电机驱动器载波频率调节方法及装置 |
WO2022234832A1 (ja) * | 2021-05-07 | 2022-11-10 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 電力変換装置および電力変換方法 |
WO2023286272A1 (ja) * | 2021-07-16 | 2023-01-19 | 三菱電機株式会社 | モータ制御装置およびモータ制御方法、電気回路定数測定装置および電気回路定数測定方法 |
Also Published As
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US20180287544A1 (en) | 2018-10-04 |
DE112016002281T5 (de) | 2018-02-15 |
JPWO2016185924A1 (ja) | 2017-06-01 |
US10910984B2 (en) | 2021-02-02 |
JP6045765B1 (ja) | 2016-12-14 |
CN107148739B (zh) | 2019-04-16 |
CN107148739A (zh) | 2017-09-08 |
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