WO2015198511A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用負極材、非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池並びに負極活物質粒子の製造方法 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用負極材、非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池並びに負極活物質粒子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- C01B33/325—After-treatment, e.g. purification or stabilisation of solutions, granulation; Dissolution; Obtaining solid silicate, e.g. from a solution by spray-drying, flashing off water or adding a coagulant
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- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
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- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- This secondary battery is not limited to a small electronic device, but is also considered to be applied to a large-sized electronic device represented by an automobile or the like, or an electric power storage system represented by a house.
- the above lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator together with an electrolyte, and the negative electrode includes a negative electrode active material involved in a charge / discharge reaction.
- this negative electrode active material a carbon material is widely used, but further improvement in battery capacity is required due to recent market demand.
- silicon As a negative electrode active material, use of silicon as a negative electrode active material has been studied. This is because the theoretical capacity of silicon (4199 mAh / g) is 10 times or more larger than the theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mAh / g), so that significant improvement in battery capacity can be expected.
- the development of a siliceous material as a negative electrode active material has been examined not only for silicon itself but also for compounds represented by alloys and oxides.
- the shape of the active material has been studied from a standard coating type for carbon materials to an integrated type directly deposited on a current collector.
- the negative electrode active material when silicon is used as the negative electrode active material as the main raw material, the negative electrode active material expands and contracts during charge / discharge, and therefore, it tends to break mainly near the surface of the negative electrode active material. Further, an ionic material is generated inside the active material, and the negative electrode active material is easily broken. When the negative electrode active material surface layer is cracked, a new surface is generated thereby increasing the reaction area of the active material. At this time, a decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution occurs on the new surface, and a coating that is a decomposition product of the electrolytic solution is formed on the new surface, so that the electrolytic solution is consumed. For this reason, the cycle characteristics are likely to deteriorate.
- silicon and amorphous silicon dioxide are deposited simultaneously using a vapor phase method (see, for example, Patent Document 1). Further, in order to obtain a high battery capacity and safety, a carbon material (electron conductive material) is provided on the surface layer of the silicon oxide particles (see, for example, Patent Document 2). Furthermore, in order to improve cycle characteristics and obtain high input / output characteristics, an active material containing silicon and oxygen is produced, and an active material layer having a high oxygen ratio in the vicinity of the current collector is formed ( For example, see Patent Document 3). Further, in order to improve the cycle characteristics, oxygen is contained in the silicon active material, the average oxygen content is 40 at% or less, and the oxygen content is increased at a location close to the current collector. (For example, refer to Patent Document 4).
- particles having a silicon microcrystalline phase dispersed in silicon dioxide are used in order to improve high battery capacity and cycle characteristics (see, for example, Patent Document 11).
- silicon oxide in which the atomic ratio of silicon and oxygen is controlled to 1: y (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 2) is used (see, for example, Patent Document 12).
- a mixed electrode of silicon and carbon is prepared and the silicon ratio is designed to be 5 mass% or more and 13 mass% or less (see, for example, Patent Document 13).
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and is capable of improving battery capacity, cycle characteristics, and initial charge / discharge characteristics, and a negative electrode material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and the nonaqueous It aims at providing the manufacturing method of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which has a negative electrode using the negative electrode material for electrolyte secondary batteries, and negative electrode active material particle.
- the present invention provides a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising negative electrode active material particles comprising a silicon compound (SiO x : 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) containing a Li compound.
- the negative electrode active material particles include C y H z (1 ⁇ y ⁇ ) as a cation spectrum obtained by a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule, phosphoryl fluoride, lithium carbonate, and TOF-SIMS. 3.
- a negative electrode material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery characterized in that it is coated with a coating containing at least two or more of hydrocarbons in which 3, 2 ⁇ z ⁇ 5) is detected.
- Such a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can suppress the surface reaction with the electrolytic solution accompanying charging and discharging, and can improve the initial efficiency, which is a problem when a silicon compound is used. it can. Moreover, since the irreversible Li component inserted from a positive electrode can be removed by producing
- a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule suppresses decomposition of the cyclic carbonate contained in the battery electrolyte, and phosphoryl fluoride suppresses decomposition of the supporting salt contained in the electrolyte.
- Lithium carbonate suppresses the decomposition of the chain carbonate contained in the electrolytic solution, and the hydrocarbon is effective in suppressing the decomposition of the additive contained in the electrolytic solution, particularly vinylene carbonate.
- the above-described coating film coated on the negative electrode active material particles can effectively suppress the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution in the battery. With the reaction suppression mechanism by this coating and the Li compound present inside the silicon compound, stable battery cycle characteristics can be obtained, and the initial efficiency, which was a problem when using the silicon compound as a negative electrode active material, It will be possible to greatly improve.
- the negative electrode active material particles are further coated with a film containing at least one of an ethylene carbonate polymer and a propylene carbonate polymer. If it is such a thing, decomposition
- the negative electrode active material particles are preferably coated with a carbon film. With such a thing, electroconductivity can be improved greatly. In this case, it is desirable that the decomposition suppression mechanism is substantially coated on the surface of the carbon coating.
- the content rate of the said carbon film is 0.1 to 15 mass% with respect to the sum total of the said negative electrode active material particle and the said carbon film. If the said content rate of a carbon film is 0.1 mass% or more, sufficient electroconductivity improvement effect can be acquired. Moreover, if the content is 15% by mass or less, the battery capacity can be sufficiently secured.
- carbon particles adhere to the surface layer of the negative electrode active material particles via a binder having a carboxyl group. With such a configuration, it is possible to smoothly obtain electronic contact between the negative electrode active material particles and between the negative electrode active material particles and other active material particles (for example, carbon-based active material particles).
- the carbon particles adhering to the negative electrode active material particles preferably have a median diameter of 20 nm to 200 nm. If the median diameter is 20 nm or more, sufficient electronic contact can be obtained, and the carbon particles do not adversely affect the battery characteristics. Further, if the median diameter is 200 nm or less, the carbon particles necessary for obtaining sufficient electronic contacts do not increase excessively, and the capacity of the entire battery can be sufficiently secured.
- the substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule is preferably one containing at least one of ethylene glycol and propanediol.
- these substances are particularly suitable, and the decomposition of the cyclic carbonate contained in the battery electrolyte can be further suppressed.
- the full width at half maximum (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction of the silicon compound is 1.2 ° or more, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane is 7.5 nm or less. It is preferable that In such a case, since there are few Si crystal nuclei, a favorable battery cycle characteristic is acquired.
- the negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a carbon nanotube.
- Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are suitable for obtaining electrical contacts between a silicon-based active material and a carbon-based active material having a high expansion coefficient and shrinkage ratio, and can impart good conductivity to the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode active material layer preferably contains carboxymethyl cellulose or a metal salt thereof, polyacrylic acid or a metal salt thereof, and styrene-butadiene rubber as a binder. If it contains such a thing as a binder, the negative electrode material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of this invention can be used stably.
- a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material, the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention, and a nonaqueous electrolyte having a nonaqueous solvent, a supporting salt, and an additive are provided.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is provided. If it is such, since the decomposition reaction of the nonaqueous electrolyte is effectively suppressed by the negative electrode material for the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention, it has high capacity and good cycle characteristics and initial charge / discharge A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable of obtaining characteristics can be obtained.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte may include a chain carbonate, a cyclic carbonate, or both as the nonaqueous solvent.
- the decomposition reaction of the chain carbonate and the cyclic carbonate is effectively suppressed.
- the present invention is a method for producing negative electrode active material particles contained in a negative electrode material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, wherein a silicon compound represented by SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) is produced.
- a step of modifying the silicon compound by generating Li compound in the silicon compound by inserting Li into the silicon compound, and two hydroxyl groups per molecule in the surface of the silicon compound.
- a method for producing negative electrode active material particles wherein the negative electrode active material particles are produced by a step of coating with a coating layer containing the above.
- the SiO 2 component part contained in the negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is modified in advance to another Li compound, and a hydroxyl group C y H z (1 ⁇ y ⁇ 3, 2 ⁇ z ⁇ 5) is detected as a cation spectrum obtained by a substance having two or more per molecule, phosphoryl fluoride, lithium carbonate, and TOF-SIMS Negative electrode active material particles having a coating containing at least two or more of hydrocarbons can be produced.
- the step of modifying the silicon compound and the step of coating with the coating layer can be simultaneously performed by an electrochemical method.
- a stable Li compound and a coating layer can be efficiently obtained by simultaneously modifying and coating the silicon compound by an electrochemical method.
- the negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries and the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using this negative electrode can improve battery capacity, cycle characteristics, and initial charge / discharge characteristics for the same reason as described above. Moreover, the same effect can be acquired also in the electronic device using the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this invention, an electric tool, an electric vehicle, an electric power storage system, etc.
- FIG. 1 It is sectional drawing which shows an example of a structure of the negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of this invention. It is the reformer in a bulk used when manufacturing the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of this invention. It is a figure showing the structural example (laminate film type) of the lithium secondary battery containing the negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of this invention. It is a figure which shows the increase rate of a battery capacity at the time of increasing the ratio of the negative electrode active material particle of the negative electrode material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of this invention in a negative electrode active material.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- a negative electrode using a silicon material as a main material as a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery has been studied.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using this silicon material is expected to have cycle characteristics similar to those of a lithium ion secondary battery using a carbon material, but the cycle is equivalent to that of a lithium ion secondary battery using a carbon material.
- a negative electrode that exhibits stability has not been proposed.
- the negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes negative electrode active material particles made of a silicon compound (SiO x : 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) containing a Li compound.
- the negative electrode active material particles include C y H z (1 ⁇ y ⁇ 3, 2) as a cation spectrum obtained by a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule, phosphoryl fluoride, lithium carbonate, and TOF-SIMS. ⁇ z ⁇ 5) is covered with a film containing at least two kinds of hydrocarbons to be detected. Note that TOF-SIMS is an abbreviation for Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.
- the negative electrode 10 is configured to have a negative electrode active material layer 12 on a negative electrode current collector 11.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 may be provided on both surfaces or only one surface of the negative electrode current collector 11. Furthermore, the negative electrode current collector 11 may not be provided in the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention.
- the negative electrode current collector 11 is an excellent conductive material and is made of a material that is excellent in mechanical strength.
- Examples of the conductive material that can be used for the negative electrode current collector 11 include copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni). This conductive material is preferably a material that does not form an intermetallic compound with lithium (Li).
- the surface of the negative electrode current collector 11 may be roughened or not roughened.
- the roughened negative electrode current collector is, for example, a metal foil subjected to electrolytic treatment, embossing treatment, or chemical etching.
- the non-roughened negative electrode current collector is, for example, a rolled metal foil.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 includes a plurality of particulate negative electrode active materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and a binder (negative electrode binder). It may be included.
- the structure of the negative electrode active material particles comprising at least a silicon compound and a film coated on the surface thereof is such that the negative electrode active material particles are coated with a conductive carbon film, and further a hydroxyl group is formed on the surface of the carbon film.
- a structure that covers a film containing two or more of hydrogen is preferable.
- the content of the carbon coating is 0.1% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less with respect to the total of the negative electrode active material particles and the carbon coating. If the said content rate of a carbon film is 0.1 mass% or more, sufficient electroconductivity improvement effect can be acquired. Moreover, if the content is 15% by mass or less, the battery capacity can be sufficiently secured.
- the negative electrode active material particles of the present invention are capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and have a carbon film capable of obtaining conductivity on the surface layer, and a decomposition reaction of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- C y H z (1 ⁇ y ⁇ 3, 2 ⁇ z ⁇ 5) is obtained as a cation spectrum obtained by a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule, phosphoryl fluoride, lithium carbonate, and TOF-SIMS. ) In which two or more types of hydrocarbons are detected (hereinafter, also referred to as “decomposition reaction suppression coating”).
- occlusion / release of lithium ions may be performed in at least a part of the carbon coating.
- the carbon film and the decomposition reaction-inhibiting film can be effective in either an island shape or a film shape.
- the coating method of the carbon coating is not particularly limited, but a sugar carbonization method and a hydrocarbon gas pyrolysis method are preferable. This is because these methods can improve the coverage of the carbon film.
- the silicon compound used for the negative electrode of the present invention is a silicon oxide material (SiO x : 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), and the composition is preferably such that x is close to 1. This is because high cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the siliceous material composition in the present invention does not necessarily mean 100% purity, and may contain a trace amount of impurity elements.
- the negative electrode active material particles are further coated with a film containing at least one of a polymer of ethylene carbonate and a polymer of propylene carbonate.
- This coating can be obtained, for example, by controlling the potential, current regulation, and discharging process by an electrochemical method. If the negative electrode active material particles are further coated with such a film as a decomposition reaction-inhibiting film, the decomposition of the cyclic carbonate can be particularly effectively suppressed.
- the negative electrode active material particles are further coated with a film containing at least one of lithium fluoride and lithium oxide. If it is such, more stable cycle characteristics and battery characteristics can be obtained. It is preferable that the decomposition reaction suppressing coating as described above is substantially coated on the carbon coating.
- the negative electrode active material particles have carbon particles attached to the surface layer through a binder having a carboxyl group.
- the negative electrode material of the present invention may have carbon particles attached to the upper part of the carbon coating covering the negative electrode active material particles, and is preferably firmly attached via a binder having a carboxyl group. This is because it is easy to make electronic contact between particles, and stable battery characteristics can be obtained.
- the binder having a carboxyl group for attaching the carbon particles to the negative electrode active material particles includes at least one of carboxymethyl cellulose and its metal salt, and polyacrylic acid and its metal salt. Preferably there is. If such a thing is interposed between the negative electrode active material particles and the carbon particles, the carbon particles can be firmly attached to the surface layer of the negative electrode active material particles.
- XPS ⁇ Device X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, ⁇ X-ray source: Monochromatic Al K ⁇ ray, ⁇ X-ray spot diameter: 100 ⁇ m, Ar ion gun sputtering conditions: 0.5 kV 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm. 29 Si MAS NMR (magic angle rotating nuclear magnetic resonance) Apparatus: 700 NMR spectrometer manufactured by Bruker, ⁇ Probe: 4mmHR-MAS rotor 50 ⁇ L, Sample rotation speed: 10 kHz, -Measurement environment temperature: 25 ° C.
- the method for producing the selective compound, that is, the modification of the silicon compound is preferably performed by an electrochemical method.
- negative electrode active material particles By producing negative electrode active material particles using a modification (in-bulk modification) method such as an electrochemical technique, it is possible to reduce or avoid the formation of Li compounds in the Si region. It becomes a stable substance in the aqueous slurry and the solvent slurry. Further, by performing the modification by an electrochemical method, it is possible to make a more stable substance with respect to the thermal modification (thermal doping method) in which the compound is randomly formed.
- a modification in-bulk modification
- Li 4 SiO 4 Li 2 SiO 3
- Li 6 Si 2 O 7 generated in the bulk of the silicon-based active material improves the characteristics, but these characteristics are more improved. It is a coexistence state of more than one species of Li compound.
- the negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention has carboxymethyl cellulose or a metal salt thereof, polyacrylic acid or a metal salt thereof, and styrene butadiene as a binder (negative electrode binder) in the negative electrode active material layer.
- the metal salt of carboxymethyl cellulose may be, for example, one in which a part of carboxymethyl cellulose is a sodium salt.
- Preferable examples of the metal salt of polyacrylic acid include lithium polyacrylate and sodium polyacrylate.
- Examples of the negative electrode conductive assistant include one or more carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, ketjen black, carbon nanotube (CNT), and carbon nanofiber.
- carbon nanotubes are included as the negative electrode conductive assistant.
- Carbon nanotubes are suitable for obtaining electrical contacts between a siliceous material and a carbon material having a high expansion / contraction rate.
- the negative electrode active material layer is formed by, for example, a coating method.
- the coating method is a method in which a negative electrode active material particle and the above-described binder, and the like, and a conductive additive and a carbon material are mixed as necessary, and then dispersed and coated in an organic solvent or water.
- a raw material that generates silicon oxide gas is heated in a temperature range of 900 ° C. to 1600 ° C. in the presence of an inert gas or under reduced pressure to generate silicon oxide gas.
- the raw material is a mixture of metal silicon powder and silicon dioxide powder, and considering the surface oxygen of the metal silicon powder and the presence of trace amounts of oxygen in the reactor, the mixing molar ratio is 0.8 ⁇ metal silicon powder / It is desirable that the silicon dioxide powder is in the range of ⁇ 1.3.
- the Si crystallites in the particles are controlled by changing the preparation range (mixing molar ratio) and vaporization temperature, and by heat treatment after generation.
- the generated gas is deposited on the adsorption plate. The deposit is taken out with the temperature in the reactor lowered to 100 ° C. or lower, and pulverized and powdered using a ball mill, a jet mill or the like.
- the surface layer of the obtained powder material (silicon oxide powder) can be coated with a carbon film, but this step is not essential. However, it is effective for improving battery characteristics.
- pyrolysis CVD As a method for coating the surface layer of the obtained powder material with a carbon coating, pyrolysis CVD is desirable. Pyrolysis CVD sets a silicon compound in the furnace and fills it with hydrocarbon gas, then raises the temperature in the furnace and pyrolyzes the hydrocarbon gas to generate a carbon film on the surface of the powder material. .
- the decomposition temperature is not particularly limited, but is particularly preferably 1200 ° C. or lower. More desirably, the temperature is 950 ° C. or lower, and disproportionation of the active material particles can be suppressed.
- the hydrocarbon gas is not particularly limited, but 3 ⁇ n is desirable in the CnHm composition. This is because the low production cost and the physical properties of the decomposition products are good.
- the obtained modified particles may not contain a carbon coating.
- the obtained modified particles may not contain a carbon coating.
- organic solvent 23 in the bathtub 27 ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, fluoromethyl methyl carbonate, difluoromethyl methyl carbonate, or the like can be used.
- electrolyte salt contained in the organic solvent 23 lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode 21 may use a Li foil or a Li-containing compound.
- the Li-containing compound include lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, lithium cobaltate, lithium olivine, lithium nickelate, and lithium vanadium phosphate.
- the silicon-based active material is mixed with the carbon-based active material as necessary, and the negative-electrode active material particles are mixed with other materials such as a binder (negative-electrode binder) and a conductive auxiliary agent.
- a binder negative-electrode binder
- a conductive auxiliary agent e.g., an organic solvent or water is added to form a slurry.
- a binder composed of a total of three kinds of substances in which carboxymethyl cellulose or a metal salt thereof and polyacrylic acid or a metal salt thereof are added to styrene butadiene rubber can be used as a binder.
- Lithium ion secondary battery> a lithium ion secondary battery will be described as a specific example of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the negative electrode of the present invention.
- a laminated film type secondary battery 30 shown in FIG. 3 is one in which a wound electrode body 31 is accommodated mainly in a sheet-like exterior member 35.
- the wound electrode body 31 has a separator between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and is wound.
- a separator is provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and a laminate is accommodated.
- the positive electrode lead 32 is attached to the positive electrode
- the negative electrode lead 33 is attached to the negative electrode.
- the outermost peripheral part of the electrode body is protected by a protective tape.
- the positive and negative electrode leads 32 and 33 are led out in one direction from the inside of the exterior member 35 to the outside, for example.
- the positive electrode lead 32 is formed of a conductive material such as aluminum
- the negative electrode lead 33 is formed of a conductive material such as nickel or copper.
- the exterior member 35 is, for example, a laminate film in which a fusion layer, a metal layer, and a surface protective layer are laminated in this order.
- This laminate film is formed of two films so that the fusion layer faces the electrode body 31.
- the outer peripheral edges of the fusion layer are bonded together with an adhesive or an adhesive.
- the fused part is, for example, a film such as polyethylene or polypropylene, and the metal part is aluminum foil or the like.
- the protective layer is, for example, nylon.
- An adhesion film 34 is inserted between the exterior member 35 and the positive and negative electrode leads to prevent intrusion of outside air.
- This material is, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyolefin resin.
- the positive electrode current collector is made of, for example, a conductive material such as aluminum.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes one or more positive electrode materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and includes other materials such as a positive electrode binder, a positive electrode conductive additive, and a dispersant depending on the design. You can leave. In this case, details regarding the positive electrode binder and the positive electrode conductive additive are the same as, for example, the negative electrode binder and negative electrode conductive additive already described.
- a lithium-containing compound is desirable.
- the lithium-containing compound include a composite oxide composed of lithium and a transition metal element, or a phosphate compound having lithium and a transition metal element.
- compounds having at least one of nickel, iron, manganese, and cobalt are preferable.
- These chemical formulas are represented by, for example, Li x M 1 O 2 or Li y M 2 PO 4 .
- M 1 and M 2 represent at least one transition metal element.
- the values of x and y vary depending on the battery charge / discharge state, but are generally expressed as 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.10 and 0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.10.
- Examples of the composite oxide having lithium and a transition metal element include lithium cobalt composite oxide (Li x CoO 2 ), lithium nickel composite oxide (Li x NiO 2 ), and lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide. .
- Examples of the lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide include lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composite oxide (NCA) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide (NCM).
- Examples of the phosphate compound having lithium and a transition metal element include a lithium iron phosphate compound (LiFePO 4 ) or a lithium iron manganese phosphate compound (LiFe 1-u Mn u PO 4 (0 ⁇ u ⁇ 1)). Is mentioned. If these positive electrode materials are used, a high battery capacity can be obtained, and excellent cycle characteristics can also be obtained.
- the negative electrode has the same configuration as the negative electrode 10 for lithium ion secondary battery in FIG. 1 described above, and has, for example, a negative electrode active material layer on both sides of the current collector.
- This negative electrode preferably has a negative electrode charge capacity larger than the electric capacity (charge capacity as a battery) obtained from the positive electrode active material agent. Thereby, precipitation of lithium metal on the negative electrode can be suppressed.
- the positive electrode active material layer is provided on a part of both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector, and similarly, the negative electrode active material layer is provided on a part of both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer provided on the negative electrode current collector is provided with a region where there is no opposing positive electrode active material layer. This is to perform a stable battery design.
- the non-opposing region that is, the region where the negative electrode active material layer and the positive electrode active material layer are not opposed to each other, there is almost no influence of charge / discharge. Therefore, the state of the negative electrode active material layer is maintained as it is, so that the composition and the like of the negative electrode active material can be accurately examined with good reproducibility without depending on the presence or absence of charge / discharge.
- the separator separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and allows lithium ions to pass through while preventing current short-circuiting due to bipolar contact.
- This separator is formed of, for example, a porous film made of synthetic resin or ceramic, and may have a laminated structure in which two or more kinds of porous films are laminated.
- the synthetic resin include polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene.
- Electrode At least a part of the active material layer or the separator is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution).
- This electrolytic solution has an electrolyte salt (supporting salt) dissolved in a solvent, and may contain other materials such as additives.
- a non-aqueous solvent for example, a non-aqueous solvent can be used.
- the non-aqueous solvent include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and tetrahydrofuran.
- a halogenated chain carbonate ester or a halogenated cyclic carbonate ester is contained as a solvent. This is because a stable coating is formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material during charging / discharging, particularly during charging.
- the halogenated chain carbonate is a chain carbonate having halogen as a constituent element (at least one hydrogen is replaced by a halogen).
- the halogenated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate having halogen as a constituent element (at least one hydrogen is replaced by halogen).
- the kind of halogen is not particularly limited, but fluorine is more preferable. This is because a film having a higher quality than other halogens is formed. Also, the larger the number of halogens, the better. This is because the resulting coating is more stable and the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is reduced.
- halogenated chain carbonate ester examples include fluoromethyl methyl carbonate and difluoromethyl methyl carbonate.
- halogenated cyclic carbonate examples include 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one and 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one.
- sultone cyclic sulfonic acid ester
- solvent additive examples include propane sultone and propene sultone.
- the supporting salt can include any one or more of light metal salts such as lithium salts.
- the lithium salt include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ).
- a positive electrode is produced using the positive electrode material described above.
- a positive electrode active material and, if necessary, a positive electrode binder and a positive electrode conductive additive are mixed to form a positive electrode mixture, which is then dispersed in an organic solvent to form a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the mixture slurry is applied to the positive electrode current collector with a coating apparatus such as a die coater having a knife roll or a die head, and dried with hot air to obtain a positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode active material layer is compression molded with a roll press or the like. At this time, heating may be performed or compression may be repeated a plurality of times.
- the electrolytic solution is adjusted.
- the positive electrode lead 32 is attached to the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode lead 33 is attached to the negative electrode current collector by ultrasonic welding or the like.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated or wound via a separator to produce a wound electrode body 31, and a protective tape is bonded to the outermost periphery.
- the wound body is molded so as to have a flat shape.
- the insulating portions of the exterior member are adhered to each other by a heat fusion method, and the wound electrode body is released in only one direction. Enclose.
- the laminated film type secondary battery 30 can be manufactured as described above.
- the negative electrode utilization rate during charge / discharge is preferably 93% or more and 99% or less. If the negative electrode utilization rate is in the range of 93% or more, the initial charge efficiency does not decrease, and the battery capacity can be greatly improved. Moreover, if the negative electrode utilization rate is in the range of 99% or less, Li is not precipitated and safety can be ensured.
- Example 1-1 The laminate film type secondary battery 30 shown in FIG. 3 was produced by the following procedure.
- a positive electrode was produced.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared by mixing 95 parts by mass of lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ), 2.5 parts by mass of a positive electrode conductive additive and 2.5 parts by mass of a positive electrode binder (polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF). An agent was used. Subsequently, the positive electrode mixture was dispersed in an organic solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP) to obtain a paste slurry. Then, the slurry was apply
- the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode material of the present invention were prepared as follows. First, a raw material (vaporization starting material) mixed with metallic silicon and silicon dioxide was placed in a reactor, and the vaporized material in a vacuum atmosphere of 10 Pa was deposited on the adsorption plate and cooled sufficiently. The deposit was taken out and pulverized with a ball mill. After adjusting the particle size, the carbon coating was coated by pyrolysis CVD. The produced powder was subjected to bulk modification using an electrochemical method in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate having a volume ratio of 3: 7 (containing LiPF 6 as an electrolyte salt at a concentration of 1.3 mol / kg). Thus, negative electrode active material particles were produced.
- the negative electrode active material particles contained Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 inside.
- the coating film covering the negative electrode active material particles includes CH 2 as a cation spectrum obtained by ethylene glycol, phosphoryl fluoride, lithium carbonate, and TOF-SIMS as a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule. , C 2 H 3 , C 3 H 5 (both satisfying C y H z (1 ⁇ y ⁇ 3, 2 ⁇ z ⁇ 5)) were detected.
- the prepared negative electrode material conductive additive 1 (carbon nanotube, CNT), conductive additive 2, styrene butadiene rubber (styrene butadiene copolymer, hereinafter referred to as SBR), carbomethyl cellulose (hereinafter referred to as CMC), poly Acrylic acid (hereinafter referred to as PAA) was mixed at a dry weight ratio of 90: 1.25: 1.25: 2.5: 4: 1 and then diluted with pure water to obtain a negative electrode mixture slurry.
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- CMC carbomethyl cellulose
- PAA poly Acrylic acid
- the outer peripheral edges except for one side were heat-sealed, and the electrode body was housed inside.
- the exterior member a nylon film, an aluminum foil, and an aluminum laminate film in which a polypropylene film was laminated were used.
- the prepared electrolyte was injected from the opening, impregnated in a vacuum atmosphere, and then heat-sealed and sealed.
- Example 1-2 Example 1-3, Comparative example 1-1, Comparative example 1-2
- a secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that the amount of oxygen in the bulk of the silicon compound at the time of manufacturing the negative electrode material was adjusted. In this case, the amount of oxygen deposited was adjusted by changing the ratio and temperature of the vaporized starting material.
- Table 1 shows the value x of the silicon compound represented by SiO x in Examples 1-1 to 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-1 and 1-2 described later.
- the negative electrode active material particles in Examples 1-1 to 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-1 and 1-2 all had the following physical properties.
- Median diameter D 50 of the anode active material particles was 4 [mu] m.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction was 2.593 °, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane (111) was 3.29 nm.
- the negative electrode active material particles contained Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 inside.
- the content rate of the carbon film was 5 mass% with respect to the sum total of a negative electrode active material particle and a carbon film.
- the coating film covering the negative electrode active material particles includes CH 2 as a cation spectrum obtained by ethylene glycol, lithium carbonate, phosphoryl fluoride, and TOF-SIMS as a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule. , Hydrocarbons in which C 2 H 3 and C 3 H 5 were detected were included.
- Example 2-1 ethylene glycol and lithium carbonate, in Example 2-2, propanediol and lithium carbonate, in Example 2-3, ethylene glycol, lithium carbonate, and phosphoryl fluoride were used.
- Example 2-4 Lithium carbonate and phosphoryl fluoride, ethylene glycol, lithium carbonate, and hydrocarbons in which CH 2 , C 2 H 3 , and C 3 H 5 are detected as cation spectra obtained by TOF-SIMS in Example 2-5 The included coating was coated.
- the negative electrode active material particles in Examples 2-1 to 2-5 and Comparative Example 2-1 all had the following physical properties.
- Median diameter D 50 of the anode active material particles was 4 [mu] m.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction was 2.593 °, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane (111) was 3.29 nm.
- the negative electrode active material particles contained Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 inside.
- the content rate of the carbon film was 5 mass% with respect to the sum total of a negative electrode active material particle and a carbon film.
- the solvent used for bulk modification by the electrochemical method is DMC, and LiBF 4 salt or LiPF 6 salt is used as the electrolyte salt, so that lithium carbonate is It adheres to the surface of the negative electrode active material particles. Thereafter, the residual salt can be removed with propylene carbonate or the like, but the surface state is not sufficient, and the effect of suppressing the decomposition reaction of the nonaqueous electrolyte of the battery has not been sufficiently obtained.
- Phosphoryl fluoride can be obtained by decomposition of the electrolyte salt LiPF 6 used for bulk modification by an electrochemical method. Phosphoryl fluoride can suppress decomposition of the electrolyte salt (supporting salt) added to the non-aqueous electrolyte. Therefore, it is not particularly necessary to remove after generation. As can be seen from Table 2, in Example 2-3, in addition to ethylene glycol and lithium carbonate, phosphoryl fluoride is contained in the coating, so that decomposition of the electrolyte salt (supporting salt) can be suppressed. Better battery characteristics than those of 2-1 and 2-2 were obtained.
- Hydrocarbons in which C y H z (1 ⁇ y ⁇ 3, 2 ⁇ z ⁇ 5) is detected as a cation spectrum obtained by TOF-SIMS are used in the formation of a carbon film by thermal decomposition CVD.
- the desired hydrocarbon can be obtained by changing the gas type.
- it can also be produced by decomposing vinylene carbonate or the like used as a solvent in an electrochemical method, resulting in a high-quality reaction-suppressing coating. Therefore, good battery characteristics could be obtained as shown in Example 2-5.
- the TOF-SIMS measurement conditions can be as follows.
- Operating range 250 ⁇ m ⁇ 250 ⁇ m
- the coating film covering the negative electrode active material particles includes CH 2 as a cation spectrum obtained by ethylene glycol, phosphoryl fluoride, lithium carbonate, and TOF-SIMS as a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule. , Hydrocarbons in which C 2 H 3 and C 3 H 5 were detected were included.
- the negative electrode active material particles are further covered with a film containing at least one of an ethylene carbonate polymer and a propylene carbonate polymer, better battery characteristics can be obtained. I understood that. This is considered to be because such a coating further suppresses the decomposition reaction of the cyclic carbonate.
- Example 4-1 to Example 4-3 A secondary battery was produced basically in the same manner as in Example 1-2, but the negative electrode active material particles were further covered with a film containing at least one of lithium fluoride and lithium oxide.
- Example 4-1 was further coated with lithium fluoride
- Example 4-2 was further coated with lithium oxide
- Example 4-3 was further coated with a film containing both lithium fluoride and lithium oxide.
- the negative electrode active material particles in Examples 4-1 to 4-3 all had the following physical properties.
- Median diameter D 50 of the anode active material particles was 4 [mu] m.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction was 2.593 °, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane (111) was 3.29 nm.
- the negative electrode active material particles contained Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 inside.
- the content rate of the carbon film was 5 mass% with respect to the sum total of a negative electrode active material particle and a carbon film.
- the coating film covering the negative electrode active material particles includes CH 2 as a cation spectrum obtained by ethylene glycol, phosphoryl fluoride, lithium carbonate, and TOF-SIMS as a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule. , Hydrocarbons in which C 2 H 3 and C 3 H 5 were detected were included.
- the negative electrode active material particles are further coated with a film containing at least one of a polymer of ethylene carbonate and a polymer of propylene carbonate, the cycle retention rate is improved. It was found that better battery characteristics can be obtained.
- Example 5-1 to Example 5-10 A secondary battery was produced basically in the same manner as in Example 1-2, but the median diameter as shown in Table 5 below was applied to the surface layer of the negative electrode active material particles via a binder having a carboxyl group. Of carbon particles were deposited.
- the negative electrode active material particles in Examples 5-1 to 5-10 all had the following physical properties.
- Median diameter D 50 of the anode active material particles was 4 [mu] m.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction was 2.593 °, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane (111) was 3.29 nm.
- the negative electrode active material particles contained Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 inside.
- the content rate of the carbon film was 5 mass% with respect to the sum total of a negative electrode active material particle and a carbon film.
- the coating film covering the negative electrode active material particles includes CH 2 as a cation spectrum obtained by ethylene glycol, phosphoryl fluoride, lithium carbonate, and TOF-SIMS as a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule. , Hydrocarbons in which C 2 H 3 and C 3 H 5 were detected were included. Furthermore, the negative electrode active material particles were covered with a film containing an ethylene carbonate polymer. Furthermore, the negative electrode active material particles were covered with a film containing lithium fluoride.
- Example 6-1 A secondary battery was manufactured basically in the same manner as in Example 5-3. However, the coating film covering the negative electrode active material particles had propanediol, carbonic acid as a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups in one molecule. Lithium, phosphoryl fluoride, and hydrocarbons in which CH 2 , C 2 H 3 , and C 3 H 5 are detected were included as a cation spectrum obtained by TOF-SIMS.
- Example 5-3 As shown in Table 6, when the ethylene glycol of Example 5-3 was changed to propanediol, good battery characteristics were obtained as in Example 5-3.
- Examples 7-1 to 7-3 A secondary battery was manufactured basically in the same manner as in Example 5-3, but the potential, current amount, and insertion / extraction method of Li during bulk modification of the silicon compound, that is, during the preparation of the Li compound were controlled. The state of inclusions generated in the silicon compound was changed. When electrochemically modified, Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 6 Si 2 O 7 , and Li 4 SiO 4 are generated inside. Thus, in Example 7-1, Li 2 SiO 3 in the interior silicon compound, Li 6 Si 2 O 7, Li 4 SiO 4 is the generation state. In Example 7-2, Li 2 SiO 3 was present in the silicon compound, and in Example 7-3, Li 4 SiO 4 was present in the silicon compound.
- the negative electrode active material particles in Examples 7-1 to 7-3 all had the following physical properties.
- Median diameter D 50 of the anode active material particles was 4 [mu] m.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction was 2.593 °, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane (111) was 3.29 nm.
- the content rate of the carbon film was 5 mass% with respect to the sum total of a negative electrode active material particle and a carbon film.
- Example 8-1 to 8-6 A secondary battery was manufactured basically in the same manner as in Example 5-3, but the amount of carbon coating covering the total amount of negative electrode active material particles and carbon coating was changed by changing the amount of carbon coating covering the negative electrode active material particles. The content was changed as shown in Table 8. The amount of the carbon coating is adjusted by changing the temperature and the treatment time when the silicon compound is subjected to the thermal decomposition CVD treatment.
- the negative electrode active material particles in Examples 8-1 to 8-6 all had the following physical properties.
- Median diameter D 50 of the anode active material particles was 4 [mu] m.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction was 2.593 °, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane (111) was 3.29 nm.
- Example 8-6 the battery capacity decreased compared to Examples 8-2 to 8-5.
- Example 9-1 to Example 9-9 A secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 5-3 except that the crystallinity of the silicon compound was changed.
- the change in crystallinity can be controlled by heat treatment in a non-atmospheric atmosphere after Li insertion and desorption.
- the full widths at half maximum of the silicon compounds of Examples 9-1 to 9-9 are shown in Table 9.
- the half-value width is calculated to be 20 ° or more, but it is a result of fitting using analysis software, and a peak is not substantially obtained. Therefore, it can be said that the silicon-based active material of Example 9-9 is substantially amorphous.
- the negative electrode active material particles in Examples 9-1 to 9-9 all had a median diameter D 50 of 4 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode active material particles in Examples 10-1 to 10-7 all had the following physical properties.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction was 2.593 °, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane (111) was 3.29 nm.
- Example 11-1 to Example 11-8 A secondary battery was manufactured basically in the same manner as in Example 5-3, but the negative electrode was manufactured by changing the proportion of the carbon-based active material mixed with the negative electrode material of the present invention.
- Table 11 shows the ratio of the silicon compound to the total amount of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode active material particles in Examples 11-1 to 11-8 all had the following physical properties.
- Median diameter D 50 of the anode active material particles was 4 [mu] m.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction was 2.593 °, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane (111) was 3.29 nm.
- the reversible capacity of general carbon materials is about 330 mAh / g, and the siliceous material obtained at 1500 mAh / g (0V-1.2V) has a sufficiently high capacity.
- the battery capacity retention rate is lowered, but the battery capacity is greatly improved.
- the siliceous material has a higher discharge potential than the carbon material, and when considering the battery capacity, it is difficult to substantially improve the capacity.
- the capacity improvement was obtained when about 4% by mass was added.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the ratio of the negative electrode material of the present invention to the total amount of the negative electrode active material and the increasing rate of the battery capacity of the secondary battery.
- the graph indicated by a in FIG. 4 shows the rate of increase in battery capacity when the ratio of the negative electrode material of the present invention is increased in the negative electrode active material.
- the graph indicated by b in FIG. 4 shows the rate of increase in battery capacity when the ratio of the silicon-based active material not doped with Li is increased.
- the ratio of the negative electrode active material particles of the present invention in the negative electrode active material is 4% by mass or more, the increase rate of the battery capacity becomes larger than the conventional one, and the volume energy density is particularly remarkable. To increase.
- Example 12-1 Although a secondary battery was manufactured basically in the same manner as in Example 5-3, in Example 12-1, carbon nanotubes (CNT) were not added as a conductive additive when the negative electrode mixture slurry was prepared. It was.
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- the negative electrode active material particles in Example 12-1 had the following physical properties.
- Median diameter D 50 of the anode active material particles was 4 [mu] m.
- the half width (2 ⁇ ) of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction was 2.593 °, and the crystallite size attributed to the crystal plane (111) was 3.29 nm.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- the above-described embodiment is an exemplification, and the present invention has any configuration that has substantially the same configuration as the technical idea described in the claims of the present invention and that exhibits the same effects. Are included in the technical scope.
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Abstract
Description
この二次電池は、小型の電子機器に限らず、自動車などに代表される大型の電子機器、家屋などに代表される電力貯蔵システムへの適用も検討されている。
電池容量向上のために、負極活物質材としてケイ素を用いることが検討されている。なぜならば、ケイ素の理論容量(4199mAh/g)は黒鉛の理論容量(372mAh/g)よりも10倍以上大きいため、電池容量の大幅な向上を期待できるからである。
負極活物質材としてのケイ素材の開発はケイ素単体だけではなく、合金、酸化物に代表される化合物などについても検討されている。
また、活物質形状は、炭素材では標準的な塗布型から、集電体に直接堆積する一体型まで検討されている。
負極活物質表層が割れると、それによって新表面が生じ、活物質の反応面積が増加する。この時、新表面において電解液の分解反応が生じるとともに、新表面に電解液の分解物である被膜が形成されるため電解液が消費される。このためサイクル特性が低下しやすくなる。
また、高い電池容量や安全性を得るために、ケイ素酸化物粒子の表層に炭素材(電子伝導材)を設けている(例えば特許文献2参照)。
さらに、サイクル特性を改善するとともに高入出力特性を得るために、ケイ素及び酸素を含有する活物質を作製し、かつ、集電体近傍での酸素比率が高い活物質層を形成している(例えば特許文献3参照)。
また、サイクル特性を向上させるために、ケイ素活物質中に酸素を含有させ、平均酸素含有量が40at%以下であり、かつ集電体に近い場所で酸素含有量が多くなるように形成している(例えば特許文献4参照)。
また、サイクル特性改善のため、SiOx(0.8≦x≦1.5、粒径範囲=1μm~50μm)と炭素材を混合して高温焼成している(例えば特許文献6参照)。
また、サイクル特性改善のために、負極活物質中におけるケイ素に対する酸素のモル比を0.1~1.2とし、活物質、集電体界面近傍におけるモル比の最大値、最小値との差が0.4以下となる範囲で活物質の制御を行っている(例えば特許文献7参照)。
また、電池負荷特性を向上させるため、リチウムを含有した金属酸化物を用いている(例えば特許文献8参照)。
また、サイクル特性を改善させるために、ケイ素材表層にシラン化合物などの疎水層を形成している(例えば特許文献9参照)。
また、サイクル特性改善のため、酸化ケイ素を用い、その表層に黒鉛被膜を形成することで導電性を付与している(例えば特許文献10参照)。特許文献10において、黒鉛被膜に関するRAMANスペクトルから得られるシフト値に関して、1330cm-1及び1580cm-1にブロードなピークが現れるとともに、それらの強度比I1330/I1580が1.5<I1330/I1580<3となっている。
また、高い電池容量、サイクル特性の改善のため、二酸化ケイ素中に分散されたケイ素微結晶相を有する粒子を用いている(例えば、特許文献11参照)。
また、過充電、過放電特性を向上させるために、ケイ素と酸素の原子数比を1:y(0<y<2)に制御したケイ素酸化物を用いている(例えば特許文献12参照)。
また、高い電池容量、サイクル特性の改善のため、ケイ素と炭素の混合電極を作成しケイ素比率を5質量%以上13質量%以下で設計している(例えば、特許文献13参照)。
この問題を解決する1つの手法として、ケイ素材を主材として用いた負極からなるリチウムイオン二次電池の開発が望まれている。
また、ケイ素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池は、炭素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池と同等に近いサイクル特性が望まれている。
しかしながら、炭素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池と同等のサイクル安定性を示す負極電極を提案するには至っていなかった。
また、本発明の非水電解質二次電池用負極材における、負極活物質粒子は、水酸基を1分子中に2個以上有する物質、フッ化ホスホリル、炭酸リチウム、及び炭化水素のうち2種以上が含まれる被膜によって、その表面が被覆されたものである。特に、水酸基を1分子中に2個以上有する物質は、電池の電解液に含まれる環状カーボネートの分解を抑制し、フッ化ホスホリルは電解液に含まれる支持塩の分解を抑制する。炭酸リチウムは電解液に含まれる鎖状カーボネートの分解を抑制し、炭化水素は電解液に含まれる添加剤、特にビニレンカーボネートの分解抑制に効果的である。このように、負極活物質粒子に被覆した上記の被膜により、電池内での電解液の分解反応を効果的に抑制することができる。
この被膜による反応抑制機構、及びケイ素化合物の内部に存在するLi化合物によって、安定した電池サイクル特性を得ることができるとともに、ケイ素化合物を負極活物質として使用する場合の問題であった初期効率を、大幅に改善することが可能なものとなる。
このようなものであれば、特に環状カーボネートの分解をより効果的に抑制できるものとなる。
このようなものであれば、特にサイクル維持率を効果的に向上させることができるものとなる。
このようなものであれば、導電性を大きく向上させることができるものとなる。また、この場合、実質的に上記分解抑制機構が、炭素被膜の表面に被覆されたものであることが望ましい
炭素被膜の上記含有率が0.1質量%以上であれば、充分な導電性向上効果を得ることができる。また、含有率が15質量%以下であれば、電池容量を十分に確保することができる。
このようなものであれば、負極活物質粒子間及び負極活物質粒子とその他の活物質粒子(例えば炭素系活物質粒子など)との電子コンタクトをスムーズに得ることができるものとなる。
メディアン径が20nm以上であれば、電子コンタクトを十分に取れるし、炭素粒子が電池特性に悪影響を及ぼすことが無い。また、メディアン径が200nm以下であれば、電子コンタクトを十分に得るために必要な炭素粒子が多くなり過ぎず、電池全体の容量を十分に確保することができる。
これらのようなものが、負極活物質粒子と炭素粒子との間に介在する結着剤として好適である。
本発明に用いる水酸基を1分子中に2個以上有する物質としては、これらの物質が特に好適であり、電池の電解液に含まれる環状カーボネートの分解をより一層抑制できる。
このようなものであれば、ケイ素化合物が、リチウムの挿入、脱離時に不安定化するSiO2成分部を予め別のLi化合物に改質させたものであるので、充電時に発生する不可逆容量を低減することができる。その結果、高い充放電効率を得られると共に、バルク安定性が向上させることができる。またこのようなものは、例えば電気化学的手法でケイ素化合物を改質することで得ることができる。
このようなものであれば、Si結晶核が少ないため、良好な電池サイクル特性が得られる。
メディアン径が0.5μm以上であれば、負極活物質粒子の表面における副反応量を抑制することができる。また、メディアン径は20μm以下であれば、充放電に伴う体積変化の影響を受けにくくなり、負極活物質粒子の崩壊が起こり難い。
このようなものであれば、電池容量を顕著に増加させることができるものとなる。
カーボンナノチューブ(CNT)は膨張率及び収縮率が高いケイ素系活物質と炭素系活物質の電気コンタクトを得ることに適しており、負極に良好な導電性を付与することができる。
このようなものをバインダーとして含むものであれば、本発明の非水電解質二次電池用負極材を安定的に使用することができる。
このようなものであれば、本発明の非水電解質二次電池用負極材により、非水電解質の分解反応が効果的に抑制されるため、高容量であるとともに良好なサイクル特性及び初期充放電特性が得られる非水電解質二次電池となる。
本発明の非水電解質二次電池における非水電解質においては、特に、鎖状カーボネート、環状カーボネートの分解反応が効果的に抑制されるものとなる。
このように電気化学的手法により、ケイ素化合物を同時に改質及び被覆することにより、安定したLi化合物及び被膜層を効率よく得ることができる。
前述のように、リチウムイオン二次電池の電池容量を増加させる1つの手法として、ケイ素材を主材として用いた負極をリチウムイオン二次電池の負極として用いることが検討されている。
このケイ素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池は、炭素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池と同等に近いサイクル特性が望まれているが、炭素材を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池と同等のサイクル安定性を示す負極電極を提案するには至っていなかった。
本発明の非水電解質二次電池用負極材は、Li化合物が含まれるケイ素化合物(SiOx:0.5≦x≦1.6)から成る負極活物質粒子を含む。そして、負極活物質粒子は、水酸基を1分子中に2個以上有する物質、フッ化ホスホリル、炭酸リチウム、及びTOF-SIMSで得られる陽イオンスペクトルとしてCyHz(1≦y≦3、2≦z≦5)が検出される炭化水素のうち少なくとも2種以上が含まれる被膜で被覆されているものである。尚、TOF-SIMSとは、飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析法(Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry)の略である。
本発明の非水電解質二次電池用負極材を用いた非水電解質二次電池用負極について説明する。図1は、本発明の一実施形態における非水電解質二次電池用負極(以下、単に「負極」と称することがある。)の断面構成を表している。
図1に示すように、負極10は、負極集電体11の上に負極活物質層12を有する構成になっている。この負極活物質層12は負極集電体11の両面、又は、片面だけに設けられていても良い。さらに、本発明の非水電解質二次電池用負極においては、負極集電体11はなくてもよい。
負極集電体11は、優れた導電性材料であり、かつ、機械的な強度に長けた物で構成される。負極集電体11に用いることができる導電性材料として、例えば銅(Cu)やニッケル(Ni)があげられる。この導電性材料は、リチウム(Li)と金属間化合物を形成しない材料であることが好ましい。
負極活物質層12は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出可能な複数の粒子状の負極活物質とバインダー(負極結着剤)を含んでおり、電池設計上、さらに導電助剤等の他の材料を含んでいても良い。
以上のような分解反応抑制被膜は、実質的に、炭素被膜の上に被覆されていることが好ましい。
Li化合物はNMR(核磁気共鳴)とXPS(X線光電子分光)で定量可能である。XPSとNMRの測定は、例えば、以下の条件により行うことができる。
XPS
・装置: X線光電子分光装置、
・X線源: 単色化Al Kα線、
・X線スポット径: 100μm、
・Arイオン銃スパッタ条件: 0.5kV 2mm×2mm。
29Si MAS NMR(マジック角回転核磁気共鳴)
・装置: Bruker社製700NMR分光器、
・プローブ: 4mmHR-MASローター 50μL、
・試料回転速度: 10kHz、
・測定環境温度: 25℃。
本発明では、非水電解質二次電池用負極における負極活物質の総量に対するケイ素化合物の比(割合)が、4質量%以上であることが望ましい。尚、この比は実質的に100%であっても十分な電池容量を得られる。これは、放電カーブ、負極容量、初期効率、及び厚み膨張を考慮した場合、電池容量を向上させることができるからである。
特に、負極導電助剤としてカーボンナノチューブが含まれていることが好ましい。カーボンナノチューブは、膨張収縮率が高いケイ素材と炭素材の電気コンタクトを得ることに向いている。
最初に本発明の非水電解質二次電池用負極材に含まれる負極活物質粒子の製造方法を説明する。まず、SiOx(0.5≦x≦1.6)で表されるケイ素化合物を作製する。次に、ケイ素化合物にLiを挿入することにより、ケイ素化合物の内部にLi化合物を生成させることができる。このとき、ケイ素化合物を、水酸基を1分子中に2個以上有する物質やフッ化ホスホリル、炭酸リチウム、及びTOF-SIMSで得られる陽イオンスペクトルとしてCyHz(1≦y≦3、2≦z≦5)が検出される炭化水素のうち少なくとも2種以上が含まれる被膜で被覆する。尚、炭化水素はその材料の作り方によって変化するが、Li挿入時、または炭素被膜生成時のどちらでも制御が可能である。
次に、上記した本発明の負極を用いた非水電解質二次電池の具体例として、リチウムイオン二次電池について説明する。
図3に示すラミネートフィルム型二次電池30は、主にシート状の外装部材35の内部に巻回電極体31が収納されたものである。この巻回電極体31は正極、負極間にセパレータを有し、巻回されたものである。また正極、負極間にセパレータを有し積層体を収納した場合も存在する。どちらの電極体においても、正極に正極リード32が取り付けられ、負極に負極リード33が取り付けられている。電極体の最外周部は保護テープにより保護されている。
正極は、例えば、図1の負極10と同様に、正極集電体の両面又は片面に正極活物質層を有している。
リチウムと遷移金属元素とを有するリン酸化合物としては、例えば、リチウム鉄リン酸化合物(LiFePO4)あるいはリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸化合物(LiFe1-uMnuPO4(0<u<1))などが挙げられる。これらの正極材を用いれば、高い電池容量を得ることができるとともに、優れたサイクル特性も得ることができる。
負極は、上記した図1のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極10と同様の構成を有し、例えば、集電体の両面に負極活物質層を有している。この負極は、正極活物質剤から得られる電気容量(電池としての充電容量)に対して、負極充電容量が大きくなることが好ましい。これにより、負極上でのリチウム金属の析出を抑制することができる。
セパレータは正極、負極を隔離し、両極接触に伴う電流短絡を防止しつつ、リチウムイオンを通過させるものである。このセパレータは、例えば合成樹脂、あるいはセラミックからなる多孔質膜により形成されており、2種以上の多孔質膜が積層された積層構造を有しても良い。合成樹脂として例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンなどが挙げられる。
活物質層の少なくとも一部、又は、セパレータには、液状の電解質(電解液)が含浸されている。この電解液は、溶媒中に電解質塩(支持塩)が溶解されており、添加剤など他の材料を含んでいても良い。
以上のようにして、ラミネートフィルム型二次電池30を製造することができる。
負極利用率を93%以上の範囲とすれば、初回充電効率が低下せず、電池容量の向上を大きくできる。また、負極利用率を99%以下の範囲とすれば、Liが析出してしまうことがなく安全性を確保できる。
以下の手順により、図3に示したラミネートフィルム型の二次電池30を作製した。
まず、本発明の負極材に含まれる負極活物質粒子は以下のように作製した。
初めに、金属ケイ素と二酸化ケイ素を混合した原料(気化出発材)を反応炉へ設置し、10Paの真空度の雰囲気中で気化させたものを吸着板上に堆積させ、十分に冷却した後、堆積物を取出しボールミルで粉砕した。粒径を調整した後、熱分解CVDを行うことで炭素被膜を被覆した。作製した粉末はエチレンカーボネート及びジメチルカーボネートの体積比が3:7の混合溶媒(電解質塩としてLiPF6を1.3mol/kgの濃度で含んでいる。)中で電気化学法を用い、バルク改質を行うことで、負極活物質粒子を作製した。
続いて、この負極活物質粒子と、必要に応じて炭素系活物質として天然黒鉛(必要に応じて人造黒鉛、ハードカーボン、ソフトカーボンを一部配合)を所定の重量比で配合し、負極材を作製した。
本実験で用いるポリアクリル酸は特に限定する事は無いが、25万~125万の分子量範囲が望ましく、より望ましいのは100万である(例えば、和光純薬工業株式会社製品を使用できる)。
負極材を製造する際のケイ素化合物のバルク内酸素量を調整したことを除き、実施例1-1と同様に、二次電池の製造を行った。この場合、気化出発材の比率や温度を変化させ堆積される酸素量を調整した。実施例1-1~1-3、後述する比較例1-1、1-2における、SiOxで表されるケイ素化合物のxの値を表1中に示した。
実施例1-2(x=1.0)と同様に、二次電池を作製したが、負極材中のケイ素化合物の粉末表面を被覆する被膜に含まれる物質を変更した。実施例2-1ではエチレングリコールと炭酸リチウムを、実施例2-2ではプロパンジオールと炭酸リチウムを、実施例2-3ではエチレングリコール、炭酸リチウム、及びフッ化ホスホリルを、実施例2-4では炭酸リチウムとフッ化ホスホリルを、実施例2-5ではエチレングリコール、炭酸リチウム、及びTOF-SIMSで得られる陽イオンスペクトルとしてCH2、C2H3、C3H5が検出される炭化水素を含んだ被膜を被覆した。
実施例1-2(x=1.0)と同様に、二次電池を作製したが、負極材中のケイ素化合物の粉末表面を被覆する被膜に含まれる物質を炭酸リチウムの1種類とした。
負極活物質粒子のメディアン径D50は4μmであった。X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。負極活物質粒子は、内部にLi2SiO3及びLi4SiO4が含まれているものであった。また、炭素被膜の含有率が負極活物質粒子及び炭素被膜の合計に対し、5質量%であった。
表2から分かるように、実施例2-3では、エチレングリコール、炭酸リチウムに加え、フッ化ホスホリルも被膜に含まれているため、電解質塩(支持塩)の分解も抑制することができ実施例2-1、2-2よりも、更に良好な電池特性を得ることができた。
装置: ION-TOF社製 飛行時間型二次イオン質量分析装置(TOF-SIMS)
1次イオン: Bi3+、
イオン銃加速電圧: 25kV、
操作範囲:250μm×250μm
基本的に実施例1-2と同様に二次電池の製造を行ったが、負極活物質粒子を、さらに、エチレンカーボネートの重合物、及びプロピレンカーボネートの重合物のうち少なくとも1種以上が含まれる被膜で被覆した。実施例3-1ではエチレンカーボネート(EC)の重合物を、実施例3-2ではプロピレンカーボネート(PC)の重合物を、実施例3-3ではエチレンカーボネートの重合物とプロピレンカーボネートの重合物の両方を含む被膜をさらに被覆した。これらの被膜は、電気化学手法において、電位や電流の規制、放電過程を制御する手法を用いることで生成する。
負極活物質粒子のメディアン径D50は4μmであった。X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。負極活物質粒子は、内部にLi2SiO3及びLi4SiO4が含まれているものであった。また、炭素被膜の含有率が負極活物質粒子及び炭素被膜の合計に対し、5質量%であった。
基本的に実施例1-2と同様に二次電池の製造を行ったが、負極活物質粒子を、さらに、フッ化リチウム、及び酸化リチウムのうち少なくとも1種以上が含まれる被膜で被覆した。実施例4-1ではフッ化リチウムを、実施例4-2では酸化リチウムを、実施例4-3ではフッ化リチウムと酸化リチウムの両方を含む被膜をさらに被覆した。
負極活物質粒子のメディアン径D50は4μmであった。X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。負極活物質粒子は、内部にLi2SiO3及びLi4SiO4が含まれているものであった。また、炭素被膜の含有率が負極活物質粒子及び炭素被膜の合計に対し、5質量%であった。
基本的に実施例1-2と同様に二次電池の製造を行ったが、負極活物質粒子の表層に、カルボキシル基を有する結着剤を介して、以下の表5に示すようなメディアン径の炭素粒子を付着させた。
負極活物質粒子のメディアン径D50は4μmであった。X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。負極活物質粒子は、内部にLi2SiO3及びLi4SiO4が含まれているものであった。また、炭素被膜の含有率が負極活物質粒子及び炭素被膜の合計に対し、5質量%であった。
基本的に実施例5-3と同様に二次電池の製造を行ったが、負極活物質粒子を被覆している被膜には、水酸基を1分子中に2個以上有する物質としてプロパンジオール、炭酸リチウム、フッ化ホスホリル、及びTOF-SIMSで得られる陽イオンスペクトルとしてCH2、C2H3、C3H5が検出される炭化水素が含まれていた。
負極活物質粒子のメディアン径D50は4μmであった。X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。負極活物質粒子は、内部にLi2SiO3及びLi4SiO4が含まれているものであった。また、炭素被膜の含有率が負極活物質粒子及び炭素被膜の合計に対し、5質量%であった。
基本的に実施例5-3と同様に二次電池の製造を行ったが、ケイ素化合物のバルク改質時の、すなわち、Li化合物作製時の電位、電流量、Liの挿入離脱手法を制御し、ケイ素化合物に生成される含有物の状態を変化させた。電気化学的に改質すると、内部にLi2SiO3、Li6Si2O7、Li4SiO4が生成する。これにより、実施例7-1では、ケイ素化合物内部にLi2SiO3、Li6Si2O7、Li4SiO4が生成した状態とした。実施例7-2では、ケイ素化合物内部にLi2SiO3が、実施例7-3ではケイ素化合物内部にLi4SiO4が存在する状態とした。
XPS
・装置: X線光電子分光装置
・X線源: 単色化Al Kα線
・X線スポット径: 100μm
・Arイオン銃スパッタ条件: 0.5kV 2mm×2mm
29Si MAS NMR(マジック角回転核磁気共鳴)
・装置: Bruker社製700NMR分光器
・プローブ: 4mmHR-MASローター 50μL
・試料回転速度: 10kHz
・測定環境温度: 25℃
負極活物質粒子のメディアン径D50は4μmであった。X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。また、炭素被膜の含有率が負極活物質粒子及び炭素被膜の合計に対し、5質量%であった。
基本的に実施例5-3と同様に二次電池の製造を行ったが、負極活物質粒子を覆う炭素被膜の量を変化させることで、負極活物質粒子及び炭素被膜の合計に対する炭素被膜の含有率を表8に示すように変化させた。炭素被膜の量は、ケイ素化合物を熱分解CVD処理する際の、温度、処理時間を変化させることで調整している。
負極活物質粒子のメディアン径D50は4μmであった。X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。
ケイ素化合物の結晶性を変化させた他は、実施例5-3と同様に二次電池の製造を行った。結晶性の変化はLiの挿入、脱離後の非大気雰囲気下の熱処理で制御可能である。実施例9-1~9-9のケイ素化合物の半値幅を表9中に示した。実施例9-9では半値幅を20°以上と算出しているが、解析ソフトを用いフィッティングした結果であり、実質的にピークは得られていない。よって実施例9-9のケイ素系活物質は、実質的に非晶質であると言える。
ケイ素化合物のメディアン径を変化させた他は、実施例5-3と同様に二次電池の製造を行った。実施例10-1~10-7のケイ素化合物のメディアン径を表10中に示した。
X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。
基本的に実施例5-3と同様に二次電池の製造を行ったが、本発明の負極材と混合する炭素系活物質の割合を変化させて負極電極の作製を行った。
表11に、負極における負極活物質の総量に対する、ケイ素化合物の比を示す。
負極活物質粒子のメディアン径D50は4μmであった。X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。
しかしながら一般的な炭素材の可逆容量が330mAh/g程度であり、1500mAh/g(0V-1.2V)で得られるケイ素材は十分に容量が高く、実質的な使用方法として、ケイ素材を添加する事で電池容量維持率は低下するが、電池容量が大幅に向上する。特にケイ素材は炭素材に対して放電電位が高く、電池容量を考慮した場合、実質的な容量向上に繋がりづらい。
そこで実際に得られたケイ素材をもって容量向上がどの領域から得られるか算出したところ、4質量%程度添加すれば容量向上となることがわかった。
図4中のaで示すグラフは、負極活物質中において本発明の負極材の比率を増加させた場合の電池容量の増加率を示している。一方、図4中のbで示すグラフは、Liをドープしていないケイ素系活物質の比率を増加させた場合の電池容量の増加率を示している。図4から分かるように、負極活物質中での本発明の負極活物質粒子の比率が4質量%以上となると、電池容量の増加率は従来に比べて大きくなり、体積エネルギー密度が、特に顕著に増加する。
基本的に実施例5-3と同様に二次電池の製造を行ったが、実施例12-1では、負極合剤スラリーの作製の際、導電助剤としてカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)を添加しなかった。
負極活物質粒子のメディアン径D50は4μmであった。X線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)は2.593°であり、その結晶面(111)に起因する結晶子サイズは3.29nmであった。
Claims (19)
- Li化合物が含まれるケイ素化合物(SiOx:0.5≦x≦1.6)から成る負極活物質粒子を含む非水電解質二次電池用負極材であって、
前記負極活物質粒子は、水酸基を1分子中に2個以上有する物質、フッ化ホスホリル、炭酸リチウム、及びTOF-SIMSで得られる陽イオンスペクトルとしてCyHz(1≦y≦3、2≦z≦5)が検出される炭化水素のうち少なくとも2種以上が含まれる被膜で被覆されたものであることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池用負極材。 - 前記負極活物質粒子が、さらに、エチレンカーボネートの重合物、及びプロピレンカーボネートの重合物のうち少なくとも1種以上含まれる被膜で被覆されたものであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子が、さらに、フッ化リチウム、及び酸化リチウムのうち少なくとも1種以上が含まれる被膜で被覆されたものであることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子が炭素被膜で被覆されたものであることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記炭素被膜の含有率が、前記負極活物質粒子及び前記炭素被膜の合計に対し、0.1質量%以上15質量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子は、その表層に、カルボキシル基を有する結着剤を介して炭素粒子が付着していることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子に付着している前記炭素粒子はメディアン径が20nm以上200nm以下のものであることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記カルボキシル基を有する結着剤は、カルボキシメチルセルロース及びその金属塩並びに、ポリアクリル酸及びその金属塩のうち少なくとも1種以上が含まれるものであることを特徴とする請求項6又は請求項7に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記水酸基を1分子中に2個以上有する物質は、エチレングリコール、及びプロパンジオールのうち少なくとも1種以上が含まれるものであることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記ケイ素化合物に含まれるLi化合物として、Li2SiO3、Li6Si2O7、及びLi4SiO4のうち、少なくとも一つ以上が、前記ケイ素化合物の内部に存在することを特徴とする請求項1から請求項9のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記ケイ素化合物のX線回折により得られる(111)結晶面に起因する回折ピークの半値幅(2θ)が1.2°以上であると共に、その結晶面に起因する結晶子サイズが7.5nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のメディアン径は0.5μm以上20μm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項11のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材。
- 請求項1から請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極材を含む非水電解質二次電池用負極であって、前記非水電解質二次電池用負極における負極活物質の総量に対する前記ケイ素化合物の比が、4質量%以上のものであることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記非水電解質二次電池用負極が、カーボンナノチューブを含むものであることを特徴とする請求項13に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記負極活物質層はバインダーとしてカルボキシメチルセルロースまたはその金属塩と、ポリアクリル酸またはその金属塩と、スチレンブタジエンゴムとを含むことを特徴とする請求項13又は請求項14に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 正極活物質を含有する正極と、請求項13から請求項15のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極と、非水溶媒と支持塩と添加剤を有する非水電解質とを備えたものであることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記非水電解質は、前記非水溶媒として鎖状カーボネート、環状カーボネート又はその両方を含むことを特徴とする請求項16に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 非水電解質二次電池用負極材に含まれる負極活物質粒子の製造方法であって、
SiOx(0.5≦x≦1.6)で表されるケイ素化合物を作製する工程と、
前記ケイ素化合物にLiを挿入することにより、該ケイ素化合物にLi化合物を生成させて該ケイ素化合物を改質する工程と、
前記ケイ素化合物の表面を、水酸基を1分子中に2個以上有する物質、フッ化ホスホリル、炭酸リチウム、及びTOF-SIMSで得られる陽イオンスペクトルとしてCyHz(1≦y≦3、2≦z≦5)が検出される炭化水素のうち少なくとも2種以上が含まれる被膜層で被覆する工程と
により前記負極活物質粒子を製造することを特徴とする負極活物質粒子の製造方法。 - 前記ケイ素化合物を改質する工程及び前記被膜層で被覆する工程を、電気化学的手法により同時に行うことを特徴とする請求項18に記載の負極活物質粒子の製造方法。
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JP2016009550A (ja) | 2016-01-18 |
TW201614899A (en) | 2016-04-16 |
KR20220005639A (ko) | 2022-01-13 |
CN106463716B (zh) | 2019-05-28 |
US10629890B2 (en) | 2020-04-21 |
JP6268049B2 (ja) | 2018-01-24 |
KR102348710B1 (ko) | 2022-01-11 |
TWI654790B (zh) | 2019-03-21 |
EP3159955B1 (en) | 2020-06-17 |
KR102459411B1 (ko) | 2022-10-27 |
KR20170023832A (ko) | 2017-03-06 |
US20170149050A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 |
CN106463716A (zh) | 2017-02-22 |
EP3159955A4 (en) | 2017-11-15 |
EP3159955A1 (en) | 2017-04-26 |
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