WO2015166788A1 - 凹版印刷機 - Google Patents

凹版印刷機 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2015166788A1
WO2015166788A1 PCT/JP2015/061308 JP2015061308W WO2015166788A1 WO 2015166788 A1 WO2015166788 A1 WO 2015166788A1 JP 2015061308 W JP2015061308 W JP 2015061308W WO 2015166788 A1 WO2015166788 A1 WO 2015166788A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
doctor blade
concave plate
flat concave
cleaning
end edge
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2015/061308
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
大 坂田
佐野 博之
Original Assignee
株式会社小森コーポレーション
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 株式会社小森コーポレーション filed Critical 株式会社小森コーポレーション
Priority to CN201580022423.6A priority Critical patent/CN106232363B/zh
Priority to JP2016515919A priority patent/JP6309618B2/ja
Priority to KR1020167029788A priority patent/KR102194669B1/ko
Publication of WO2015166788A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015166788A1/ja

Links

Images

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41FPRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F3/00Cylinder presses, i.e. presses essentially comprising at least one cylinder co-operating with at least one flat type-bed
    • B41F3/18Cylinder presses, i.e. presses essentially comprising at least one cylinder co-operating with at least one flat type-bed of special construction or for particular purposes
    • B41F3/36Cylinder presses, i.e. presses essentially comprising at least one cylinder co-operating with at least one flat type-bed of special construction or for particular purposes for intaglio or heliogravure printing
    • B41F3/38Wiping mechanisms
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41FPRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F3/00Cylinder presses, i.e. presses essentially comprising at least one cylinder co-operating with at least one flat type-bed
    • B41F3/18Cylinder presses, i.e. presses essentially comprising at least one cylinder co-operating with at least one flat type-bed of special construction or for particular purposes
    • B41F3/20Cylinder presses, i.e. presses essentially comprising at least one cylinder co-operating with at least one flat type-bed of special construction or for particular purposes with fixed type-beds and travelling impression cylinders
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41FPRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F35/00Cleaning arrangements or devices
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41PINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO PRINTING, LINING MACHINES, TYPEWRITERS, AND TO STAMPS
    • B41P2235/00Cleaning
    • B41P2235/10Cleaning characterised by the methods or devices
    • B41P2235/20Wiping devices

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an intaglio printing press.
  • a doctor blade is brought into contact with the surface of a plano-concave plate on which a groove of a wiring pattern is formed to supply ink. While the doctor blade is slid from one end side to the other end side of the flat concave plate while filling the groove of the flat concave plate with ink, the blanket cylinder having the silicone blanket wound around is rolled on the flat concave plate.
  • the attached ink remains at the tip of the doctor blade after the ink supply. It is desirable to periodically remove the residual ink because it may make it difficult to adjust the viscosity of the ink at the time of ink supply from the next time onwards, or may be dried and dropped to become foreign matter.
  • the present invention provides an intaglio printing machine capable of reducing the burden on the operator by automatically cleaning the doctor blade that supplies the ink to the flat intaglio plate, and improving the operation efficiency of the printing press.
  • the purpose is to
  • a cleaning device for cleaning the doctor blade is provided outside the one end edge of the flat concave plate or outside the other end edge.
  • the intaglio printing press according to the second invention is the intaglio printing press according to the first invention
  • the cleaning device is A cleaning member capable of contacting and disengaging the tip of the doctor blade;
  • cleaning member contact drive means for moving at least one of the cleaning member and the doctor blade to bring the cleaning member into contact with the tip of the doctor blade.
  • the intaglio printing press according to the third invention is the intaglio printing press according to the second invention
  • the cleaning member is a belt-like cleaning sheet
  • the cleaning device includes a sheet traveling means for moving the cleaning sheet in a state where the cleaning sheet is in contact with the tip of the doctor blade.
  • the intaglio printing press according to the fourth invention is the intaglio printing press according to any one of the first to third inventions,
  • the base material table is provided on one end edge side of the flat concave plate,
  • the image forming apparatus further includes a blanket cylinder that is movably and rotatably held by a blanket cylinder holding unit on the flat concave plate and the base material table to transfer the ink on the flat concave plate to the base material on the base substrate table.
  • the doctor blade is held by the blanket cylinder holding means on the upstream side of the direction of movement of the blanket cylinder when the blanket cylinder is moving from the flat concave plate to the substrate table,
  • the cleaning device is characterized in that it is provided between the plano-concave plate and the substrate table.
  • the intaglio printing press according to the fifth invention is the intaglio printing press according to the fourth invention, wherein
  • the doctor blade has a first doctor blade configured to be slidable from one end edge to the other end edge of the flat concave plate in a state where the tip is in contact with the flat concave plate, and the front edge contacts the flat concave plate or
  • a second doctor blade configured to be slidable from the other end edge side of the plano-concave plate toward the one end edge side in the close state, Cleaning the first doctor blade on the substrate table side of the cleaning device; The second doctor blade is cleaned on the side of the flat concave plate of the cleaning device.
  • the intaglio printing press according to the sixth invention is the intaglio printing press according to any one of the first to third inventions,
  • the doctor blade has a first doctor blade configured to be slidable from one end edge to the other end edge of the flat concave plate in a state where the tip is in contact with the flat concave plate, and the front edge contacts or approaches the flat concave plate And a second doctor blade configured to be slidable from the other end of the flat concave plate toward the one end.
  • the doctor blade for supplying ink to the plate can be cleaned automatically, and the burden on the operator can be alleviated, and the operating efficiency of the printing press can be improved.
  • FIG. 1 It is a schematic block diagram of the intaglio-printing machine based on Example 1 of this invention. It is a top view of FIG. It is operation
  • FIGS. 1 to 4 An intaglio printing press according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be described using FIGS. 1 to 4.
  • a base material such as a sheet-like resin film or flexible glass is provided on one end edge side (right side in FIG.
  • a base material table 112 holding 1 is disposed.
  • a plate table 113 holding a flat-plate-like plano-concave plate 101 in which grooves (width: about 1 to 100 ⁇ m) of wiring patterns are formed is disposed. It is set up.
  • guide rails 114 whose longitudinal direction is directed from the one end side toward the other end side are laid in a pair so as to sandwich the base material table 112 and the plate table 113.
  • the slide members 115 are respectively engaged with the guide rails 114.
  • the slide member 115 can slide in a synchronized state along the longitudinal direction of the guide rail 114 by a slide member drive means (for example, a linear motor etc.) not shown, , And a sub-frame 116 are provided.
  • Both axial ends of a blanket cylinder (rubber cylinder) 117 having a silicone blanket wound on the outer periphery thereof are rotatably supported by the opposing sub-frames 116 via eccentric bearings 118, respectively.
  • the eccentric bearing 118 is rotatably supported by the sub-frame 116, and can be rotated by an eccentric bearing drive means (for example, an actuator such as an air cylinder) (not shown).
  • the lower end edge of the blanket cylinder 117 is the upper surface of the substrate 1 and the plate surface of the plane concave plate 101 as shown by the solid line in FIG. 1 by turning the eccentric bearing 118 by operating the eccentric bearing drive means.
  • the height at which the lower end edge of the blanket cylinder 117 is in contact with the upper surface of the substrate 1 or the plate surface of the plano-concave plate 101 as shown by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. Position and can be moved between.
  • doctor blade (first doctor blade) 119 which is longitudinally oriented along the axial direction of the blanket cylinder 117, are pivotally supported via doctor blade holding members 127, respectively.
  • the doctor blade 119 is rocked by a doctor blade driving means (for example, an actuator such as an air cylinder) not shown, so that the tip thereof is the plate surface of the plano-concave plate 101 or the upper surface of the substrate 1 as shown by solid lines in FIG.
  • the tip of the doctor blade 119 is located closer to the one end edge than the doctor blade holding member 127.
  • both ends of the scraper (second doctor blade) 133 whose longitudinal direction is the same as the doctor blade 119 along the axial direction of the blanket cylinder 117 Each is supported swingably via the scraper holding member 134.
  • scraper driving means for example, an actuator such as an air cylinder
  • its tip is closer than the upper surface of the flat concave plate 101 and the upper surface of the base 1 as shown by solid lines in FIG.
  • the tip of the scraper 133 is located closer to the other end edge than the scraper holding member 134.
  • Reference numeral 126 in FIG. 2 denotes a drive motor for rotating the blanket cylinder 117.
  • a cleaning device 135 is disposed between the base material table 112 and the plate table 113. That is, a cleaning device holding member 136 having a longitudinal direction along the axial direction of the blanket cylinder 117 is held by the bed 111 via another holding member (not shown), and both longitudinal sides of the cleaning device holding member 136 A sub-frame 138 is fixed to be vertically movable via an air cylinder 137, respectively. Further, in the opposing sub-frame 138, both axial ends of the cleaning roller 139, the unwinding roller 140, and the winding roller 141 whose axial direction is directed in the axial direction of the blanket cylinder 117 are rotatably supported. There is. The cleaning roller 139 is disposed such that the upper portion thereof protrudes from the sub frame 138.
  • the unwinding roller 140 is disposed below the cleaning roller 139, and the winding roller 141 is disposed below the unwinding roller 140 and on the one end edge side.
  • a belt-shaped cleaning cloth 142 is wound around the cleaning roller 139, one end of the cleaning cloth 142 in the circumferential direction of the cleaning roller 139 is wound around the unwinding roller 140, and the other end is wound around the winding roller 141. It is taken.
  • the unwinding drive motor 143 and the winding drive motor 144 are connected to the unwinding roller 140 and the winding roller 141, respectively.
  • the unwinding drive motor 143 When the unwinding drive motor 143 is operated, the unwinding roller 140 rotates so as to wind up the cleaning cloth 142 (counterclockwise in FIG. 1), and the cleaning cloth 142 moves from the winding roller 141 to the unwinding roller 140 Drive towards.
  • the take-up drive motor 144 is operated, the take-up roller 141 rotates so as to take up the cleaning cloth 142 (clockwise in FIG.
  • the cleaning member (cleaning sheet) is constituted by the cleaning cloth 142
  • the cleaning member contact drive means is constituted by the air cylinder 137, the cleaning roller 139, the unwinding roller 140, the winding roller 141
  • the sheet driving means is constituted by the unwinding drive motor 143 and the winding drive motor 144
  • the blanket cylinder holding means is constituted by the sub frame 116.
  • the flat concave plate 101 is placed on the plate table 113, and the base material 1 is placed on the substrate table 112, as shown in FIG. 3A.
  • the eccentric bearing drive means actuated to position the blanket cylinder 117 in the separated position, operate the slide member drive means so as to position the tip of the doctor blade 119 on one end side (right side in FIG. 3) of the plate table 113.
  • the sub-frame 116 is slid along the guide rail 114 via the slide member 115, and the doctor blade driving means is actuated to position the tip of the doctor blade 119 in the facing position.
  • the slide member driving means is operated to move the sub frame 116 along the guide rail 114 via the slide member 115 from the one end edge side to the other end edge side of the plate table 113 (FIG. Then, slide it to the left side and supply (fill) the ink 2 to the groove of the wiring pattern of the plano-concave plate 101 by the tip of the doctor blade 119 and scrape the ink 2 from the portion other than the groove of the plano-concave plate 101 .
  • the doctor blade driving means is operated to position the tip of the doctor blade 119 in the separated position, and the eccentric bearing driving means is operated to position the blanket cylinder 117 in the abutting position and the scraper driving means is operated to scrape 133
  • the tip end of the blanket cylinder 117 is moved from the other end edge side of the flat concave plate 101 to the one end edge side while the drive motor 126 is operated to rotate the blanket cylinder 117 as shown in FIG.
  • the slide member driving means is operated to move the sub-frame 116 along the guide rail 114 via the slide member 115 so as to move the sub-frame 116 to the lower position.
  • the ink 2 filled in the groove of the wiring pattern of the flat concave plate 101 is transferred (received) onto the silicone blanket of the blanket cylinder 117 and on the plate surface of the flat concave plate 101, between the flat concave plate 101 and the scraper 133.
  • the thickness of the ink 2 is supplied to form a film of the ink 2.
  • the driving motor 126 is operated to rotate the blanket cylinder 117, as shown in FIG. 3 (d).
  • the slide member driving means is operated to move the blanket cylinder 117 from the other end side (left side in FIG. 3) to the one end side (right side in FIG. 3) of the substrate 1 to guide the sub-frame 116 through the slide member 115 Slide along 114.
  • the blanket cylinder 117 moves while rotating from the other end edge side of the base material 1 toward the one end edge side, rolls on the base material 1, and the ink 2 on the silicone blanket of the blanket cylinder 117
  • the wiring pattern is printed by being transferred onto the substrate 1 in a state corresponding to the wiring pattern.
  • the slide member driving means is operated to slide the sub-frame 116 along the guide rail 114 via the slide member 115.
  • the air cylinder 137 is operated to move the sub-frame 138 upward, and the tip of the doctor blade 119 is brought into contact with the cleaning cloth 142 on the upper side of the cleaning roller 139 and the base 1 side, and then the winding roller 141 By moving the cleaning cloth 142, the ink 2 adhering to the tip of the doctor blade 119 is scraped off by the cleaning cloth 142 and removed.
  • the slide member drive means is operated to slide the sub-frame 116 along the guide rail 114 via the slide member 115 and
  • the cylinder 137 is operated to move the sub frame 138 upward, and the tip of the scraper 133 is brought into contact with the cleaning cloth 142 on the upper side of the cleaning roller 139 and on the flat concave plate 101 side, and then the unwinding roller 140 is operated to perform cleaning.
  • the unwinding roller 140 is operated to perform cleaning.
  • the doctor blade 119 and the scraper 133 can be automatically cleaned by the single cleaning device 135 during the printing operation, the printing press is stopped. This eliminates the need for the operator to remove the ink attached to the tip of the doctor blade 119, which makes it possible to improve the operation efficiency of the printing machine and reduce the burden on the operator.
  • the cleaning device 135 is disposed between the base material table 112 and the plate table 113 is shown, but the cleaning device 135 is opposite to the substrate table 112 with the plate table 113 interposed therebetween. It may be disposed on the side.
  • the sub-frame 138 is configured to be movable up and down by the air cylinder 137 has been described.
  • the upper end of the cleaning roller 139 is substantially coplanar with the upper surface of the base 1
  • the intaglio printing press according to the present embodiment is an example in which the unwinding drive motor 143 and the winding drive motor 144 are eliminated in the cleaning device 135 for the intaglio printing press according to the first embodiment described above.
  • the other configuration is substantially the same as that of the intaglio printing press according to the first embodiment described above, and the detailed description will be omitted.
  • the slide member driving means is operated to move the sub frame 116 through the slide member 115
  • the sliding movement along the guide rail 114 and the air cylinder 137 are operated to move the sub frame 138 upward, and the tip of the doctor blade 119 abuts on the cleaning cloth 142 on the upper side of the cleaning roller 139 and the substrate 1
  • the slide member driving means is operated to move the doctor blade 119 toward the flat concave plate 101, the ink 2 attached to the tip of the doctor blade 119 is scraped off and removed by the cleaning cloth 142.
  • the slide member driving means is operated to slide the sub-frame 116 along the guide rail 114 via the slide member 115, and The cylinder 137 is operated to move the sub frame 138 upward, and the tip of the scraper 133 is abutted against the cleaning cloth 142 at the upper end and the other end side of the cleaning roller 139, and then the slide member driving means is operated to scrape.
  • the slide member driving means is operated to scrape.
  • automatic cleaning of the doctor blade 119 and the scraper 133 can be performed by one cleaning device 135 during the printing operation, so the operating efficiency of the printing press It is possible to reduce the load on the operator by stopping the printing machine and removing the ink attached to the tip of the doctor blade 119 by the operator.
  • the present invention is suitably applied to an intaglio printing press for forming a functional film (conductive film) of a high definition pattern on a substrate by a printing method.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Inking, Control Or Cleaning Of Printing Machines (AREA)
PCT/JP2015/061308 2014-04-28 2015-04-13 凹版印刷機 WO2015166788A1 (ja)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201580022423.6A CN106232363B (zh) 2014-04-28 2015-04-13 凹版印刷机
JP2016515919A JP6309618B2 (ja) 2014-04-28 2015-04-13 凹版印刷機
KR1020167029788A KR102194669B1 (ko) 2014-04-28 2015-04-13 요판 인쇄기

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2014092276 2014-04-28
JP2014-092276 2014-04-28

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015166788A1 true WO2015166788A1 (ja) 2015-11-05

Family

ID=54358523

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/JP2015/061308 WO2015166788A1 (ja) 2014-04-28 2015-04-13 凹版印刷機

Country Status (5)

Country Link
JP (1) JP6309618B2 (zh)
KR (1) KR102194669B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN106232363B (zh)
TW (1) TWI644804B (zh)
WO (1) WO2015166788A1 (zh)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115026045B (zh) * 2022-08-10 2022-12-09 邳州市江山木业有限公司 一种建筑模板清洗设备

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH05162287A (ja) * 1991-12-18 1993-06-29 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 多色刷オフセット印刷装置
JPH08187833A (ja) * 1995-01-10 1996-07-23 Nippon Seiko Kk ローラオフセット印刷装置
JPH09123390A (ja) * 1995-10-27 1997-05-13 Dainippon Screen Mfg Co Ltd 印刷装置
JP2001191498A (ja) * 2000-01-06 2001-07-17 Tani Denki Kogyo Kk クリーニングヘッドの残▲さ▼掻き取り除去と方法
JP2002187256A (ja) * 2000-12-20 2002-07-02 Tani Electronics Corp スクリーン印刷機におけるスクリーン版クリーニング装置
JP2009056721A (ja) * 2007-08-31 2009-03-19 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 印刷装置
JP2011255614A (ja) * 2010-06-10 2011-12-22 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd ドクターユニット、処理ユニットおよび印刷機
JP2015016571A (ja) * 2013-07-09 2015-01-29 富士機械製造株式会社 スクリーン印刷装置及び清掃処理装置

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0615809A (ja) * 1992-07-01 1994-01-25 Nippon Seiko Kk オフセット印刷装置
JPH09174801A (ja) * 1995-12-28 1997-07-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 印刷方法およびそれを用いた印刷機
JPH11188835A (ja) * 1997-12-26 1999-07-13 Canon Inc 印刷機及び画像形成装置の製造方法
KR101255295B1 (ko) * 2005-11-28 2013-04-15 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 인쇄 장치 시스템 및 그를 이용한 패턴 형성 방법
KR101255294B1 (ko) * 2005-12-29 2013-04-23 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 인쇄장비 및 이를 이용한 액정표시소자 제조방법
KR100986725B1 (ko) * 2008-11-11 2010-10-11 주식회사 에스에프에이 인쇄장치
JP5790075B2 (ja) 2011-03-30 2015-10-07 凸版印刷株式会社 電界効果トランジスタの製造方法及びそれに用いる製造装置

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH05162287A (ja) * 1991-12-18 1993-06-29 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 多色刷オフセット印刷装置
JPH08187833A (ja) * 1995-01-10 1996-07-23 Nippon Seiko Kk ローラオフセット印刷装置
JPH09123390A (ja) * 1995-10-27 1997-05-13 Dainippon Screen Mfg Co Ltd 印刷装置
JP2001191498A (ja) * 2000-01-06 2001-07-17 Tani Denki Kogyo Kk クリーニングヘッドの残▲さ▼掻き取り除去と方法
JP2002187256A (ja) * 2000-12-20 2002-07-02 Tani Electronics Corp スクリーン印刷機におけるスクリーン版クリーニング装置
JP2009056721A (ja) * 2007-08-31 2009-03-19 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 印刷装置
JP2011255614A (ja) * 2010-06-10 2011-12-22 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd ドクターユニット、処理ユニットおよび印刷機
JP2015016571A (ja) * 2013-07-09 2015-01-29 富士機械製造株式会社 スクリーン印刷装置及び清掃処理装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR20160147763A (ko) 2016-12-23
JP6309618B2 (ja) 2018-04-11
TWI644804B (zh) 2018-12-21
CN106232363B (zh) 2019-03-26
TW201600343A (zh) 2016-01-01
CN106232363A (zh) 2016-12-14
JPWO2015166788A1 (ja) 2017-05-25
KR102194669B1 (ko) 2020-12-23

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
KR100882136B1 (ko) 강판용 연속 인쇄기
TWI597179B (zh) Indirect gravure printing machine
WO2014203684A1 (ja) 凹版印刷機および凹版印刷方法
WO2015166788A1 (ja) 凹版印刷機
JP6379020B2 (ja) スクリーン印刷機
TWI728714B (zh) 印刷機以及用於印刷機中印刷單元滾筒的搬運車
JP2014046563A (ja) インクジェット記録装置
JP2007055259A (ja) 印刷機を運転するための方法
TWI627070B (zh) 無紙化轉移印花機
JP2015208928A (ja) 凹版印刷機
WO2010140368A1 (ja) インキング方法及び装置
JP6112501B2 (ja) グラビアオフセット印刷機
JP2009096201A (ja) 加工機における印刷版交換方法及び交換装置
JP2016107426A (ja) スクリーン印刷機
JP2007015796A (ja) クリーニング装置
JP2005014468A (ja) 薄膜印刷装置
TW201544335A (zh) 凹版印刷機及凹版印刷機的運轉方法
JP6286994B2 (ja) オフセット印刷装置
JP5792535B2 (ja) 液体供給装置
JP6671122B2 (ja) 印刷機
JP6535568B2 (ja) ゴムローラの再生装置
JP6361208B2 (ja) 版胴保湿装置
JP2015003424A (ja) 凹版印刷機
JPH0664879U (ja) 印刷機の印刷胴・ローラ洗浄装置
JPH06952A (ja) 段ボールシート用印刷機のインキ洗浄方法および装置

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 15786094

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

DPE1 Request for preliminary examination filed after expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed from 20040101)
ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 20167029788

Country of ref document: KR

Kind code of ref document: A

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2016515919

Country of ref document: JP

Kind code of ref document: A

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 15786094

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1