WO2015115410A1 - 水素化反応方法 - Google Patents
水素化反応方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015115410A1 WO2015115410A1 PCT/JP2015/052161 JP2015052161W WO2015115410A1 WO 2015115410 A1 WO2015115410 A1 WO 2015115410A1 JP 2015052161 W JP2015052161 W JP 2015052161W WO 2015115410 A1 WO2015115410 A1 WO 2015115410A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for hydrogenating a compound with hydrogen, and more specifically, a method for hydrogenating a compound to be hydrogenated using hydrogen obtained by reacting a hydrogen-containing compound with a reduced compound.
- a method of obtaining ammonia by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen in the presence of an iron catalyst at 20 atm and 500 ° C. (Haber Bosch method), in the presence of a catalyst such as copper oxide from carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 50 to 100 atm.
- a catalyst such as copper oxide from carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 50 to 100 atm.
- examples thereof include a method for producing methanol, a method for selectively hydrogenating hydrocarbons such as acetylene and benzene, and a method for hydrocracking hydrocarbons such as heavy petroleum oil and paraffin.
- a catalyst such as molybdenum (Patent Document 1), in the presence of a carrier in which nickel, manganese, etc. are supported on viscous minerals from normal paraffins, etc.
- Patent Document 2 A method of synthesizing olefins under high pressure conditions (Patent Document 2), a method of hydrocracking hydrocarbon oils using a catalyst containing zeolite and silica alumina and a metal (Patent Document 3), hydrocracking fats and oils
- Patent Document 4 A number of techniques such as a method for producing a higher hydrocarbon oil (Patent Document 4) have been proposed.
- a biomass raw material such as cellulose is pretreated in alcohol and then hydrocracked using a catalyst to produce hydrocarbons
- Patent Document 5 Group 8-11 transition metals
- a method of producing a sugar alcohol from cellulose under a hydrogen-containing atmosphere and pressure using a catalyst (Patent Document 6), by reducing hydrogen of glycerin in the presence of a catalyst, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-
- Patent Document 7 A method for obtaining a glycerin-reducing compound comprising propanediol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol with high selectivity
- Patent Document 7 a method for obtaining a glycerin-reducing compound comprising propanediol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol with high selectivity
- Patent Document 7 Many methods such as a method for producing a hydrocracked product of (Patent Document 8) have been proposed.
- JP 2011-148909 A JP 2005-272731 JP 2010-137227 A JP 2010-84060 A JP 2012-17373 A International Publication No. 2007/100052 Pamphlet JP 2009-275029 A JP 2013-10708
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for easily and efficiently hydrogenating a compound without requiring a large-scale hydrogen supply facility or high-pressure facility.
- the inventors of the present invention have made extensive studies to solve the above problems. As a result, the inventors found that if activated hydrogen generated from a hydrogen-containing compound and a reduced compound is used, the compound can be hydrogenated or hydrocracked without using dangerous hydrogen or a large-scale apparatus, and the present invention has been completed.
- a method for producing a hydrogenated compound comprising: Step 1: generating hydrogen by reacting a hydrogen-containing compound (A) with a reduced compound (B), and Step 2: A method comprising the step of producing a hydrogenated compound (c) by reducing the hydrogenated compound (C) with hydrogen.
- the reduced compound (B) is Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Zr, Nb, Mo, In, Sn, W and The method according to any one of [1] to [5] above, which is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ce.
- the present invention provides a new hydrogenation reaction method, and provides a technique that does not require a separate large-scale hydrogen supply facility for the reaction and does not require a high-pressure facility.
- FIG. 1 shows a continuous flow type reactor which is one of the embodiments according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a batch-type reaction apparatus which is one of the embodiments according to the present invention.
- the method for producing a hydrogenated compound according to the present invention comprises a step 1: a step of generating hydrogen by reacting a hydrogen-containing compound (A) with a reduced compound (B), and a step 2: hydrogenation by the hydrogen. Characterized in that it comprises a step of producing a hydrogenated compound (c) by reducing the hydrogenated compound (C).
- step 1 a step of generating hydrogen by reacting a hydrogen-containing compound (A) with a reduced compound (B)
- a step 2 hydrogenation by the hydrogen. Characterized in that it comprises a step of producing a hydrogenated compound (c) by reducing the hydrogenated compound (C).
- hydrogenation includes “hydrogenolysis” in which a carbon-carbon bond or a carbon-heteroatom bond is cleaved with hydrogenation. That is, the hydrogenated compound (C) includes the hydrocracked compound (C ′), and the hydrogenated compound (c) includes the hydrocracked compound (c ′).
- the hydrogenated cracking compound (C ′) or the hydrocracking compound (c ′) is included, respectively. Shall be.
- Step 1 Hydrogen generation step [hydrogen-containing compound (A)]
- the “hydrogen-containing compound (A)” refers to a compound other than H 2 containing a hydrogen atom in its chemical structure.
- the hydrogen-containing compound (A) any compound can be used as long as it is reduced by the reduced compound (B) to generate hydrogen that contributes to the reaction.
- a protic compound can be used as the hydrogen-containing compound (A).
- Protic compound refers to a compound having a proton-donating group in its chemical structure that releases a hydrogen atom as a proton, such as OH or NH.
- Examples of such protic compounds include protic solvents, organic acids, and inorganic acids.
- Protic solvent refers to a solvent having a proton-donating group and liquid at room temperature and pressure.
- “normal temperature” means, for example, 20 ° C. or higher and 30 ° C. or lower, and normal pressure means 1 atm.
- Examples of the protic solvent include water; alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; diol solvents such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol; amine solvents such as propylamine and ethylenediamine.
- organic carboxylic acids such as formic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, malic acid; methanesulfonic acid, Sulfonic acids such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, 10-camphorsulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and p-trifluoromethanesulfonic acid; sulfinic acids such as methanesulfinic acid, benzenesulfinic acid and p-chlorobenzenesulfinic acid Can be mentioned.
- organic carboxylic acids such as formic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, malic acid
- the hydrogen-containing compound (A) is preferably water, formic acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, citric acid, sulfonic acid, and sulfinic acid, and more preferably water.
- Water is the ultimate renewable resource and is not only easily reduced by the reduced compound (B) to generate hydrogen that contributes to the reaction, but the reduced compound (B) is not oxidized in water but is oxidized. This is because (b), that is, exists as a metal oxide.
- the hydrogen-containing compound (A) Only one kind of the hydrogen-containing compound (A) may be used, or two or more kinds may be mixed and used. Further, a solvent may be used separately from the hydrogen-containing compound (A). Furthermore, the above protic solvents, organic acids and inorganic acids that are liquid at normal temperature and pressure, such as formic acid and acetic acid, can also be used as solvents. In particular, alcohol solvents such as methanol and ethanol, and water may be used as the solvent. As the solvent that can be used other than the protic solvent, a solvent that is not hydrogenated or decomposed by the reaction according to the present invention is preferable.
- solvents examples include chain hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane, octane, decane, tetradecane, and hexadecane; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and tetralin; and cyclic carbonization such as cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane.
- chain hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane, octane, decane, tetradecane, and hexadecane
- aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and tetralin
- cyclic carbonization such as cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane.
- a hydrogen-based solvent or the like can be used.
- the hydrogen-containing compound (A) is reduced by the reduced compound (B) to generate hydrogen that contributes to the reaction.
- the “hydrogen contributing to the reaction” refers to active hydrogen capable of hydrogenating or hydrocracking the hydrogenated compound (C).
- the amount of the hydrogen-containing compound (A) used is determined by the required amount of hydrogen that contributes to the reaction, and is not particularly limited, but it is 1 mol times or more and 10 mol times or less with respect to the hydrogenated compound (C). It is preferable that it is 2 mol times or more and 5 mol times or less. If the ratio is 1 mol times or more, a sufficient amount of hydrogen contributing to the reaction can be ensured more reliably than the hydrogenated compound (C). On the other hand, if the ratio is too large, the generated hydrogen may be excessive, and the ratio is preferably 10 moles or less. However, when the hydrogen-containing compound (A) is used as a solvent, the amount of the hydrogen-containing compound (A) used may be excessively large relative to the hydrogenated compound (C).
- the “reduced compound (B)” is not limited as long as it can reduce the hydrogen-containing compound (A) and generate hydrogen that contributes to the reaction. It can be done.
- the reduced compound (B) can be a metal or a metal oxide in a low oxidation state.
- the element contained in the reduced compound (B) is not particularly limited, but preferably Mg, Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Zr, Nb, It is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mo, In, Sn, W and Ce, and two or more kinds can be mixed and used. More preferably, it is at least one selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mo, W and Ge, and most preferably Fe. If it is Fe, it can be easily reduced and a reduced compound can be easily obtained, and hydrogen contributing to the reaction can be easily generated. In addition, Fe can have a valence of II and III and can easily undergo a redox reaction, so that it can be recycled and used. Moreover, since Fe is cheap and abundant, it can be easily obtained, and the hydrogenation reaction method of the present invention can be industrially implemented more economically.
- the reduced compound (B) is oxidized by reacting with the hydrogen-containing compound (A) to become an oxidized compound (b).
- the hydrogen-containing compound (A) generates hydrogen that contributes to the reaction.
- the oxidized compound (b) can also be reduced to the reduced compound (B), and can be reacted again with the hydrogen-containing compound (A).
- the reduced compound (B) may be either solid or liquid, but is preferably solid.
- a method for preparing the reduced compound (B) a physical mixing method, an impregnation method, and a precipitation method can be used, and a precipitation method is preferred. Moreover, it can carry
- a shape corresponding to the reaction such as pellets, spheres, rings, and honeycombs can be used as appropriate.
- the amount of the reduced compound (B) used is not particularly limited as long as it is appropriately adjusted within a range in which a sufficient amount of hydrogen can be obtained to hydrogenate the hydrogenated compound (C).
- a sufficient amount of the hydrogen-containing compound (A) it can be 1-fold mol to 20-fold mol with respect to the hydrogenated compound (C).
- the temperature at which the hydrogen-containing compound (A) and the reduced compound (B) are reacted is 50 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower, preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower. May not be sufficient, and if it exceeds 700 ° C., it is not preferable because the redox rate may be reduced if it is repeatedly used by sintering the particles of the reduced compound (B).
- the reaction may be performed in the gas phase or in the liquid phase.
- an inert gas such as argon, helium, or nitrogen can be used as the dilution gas.
- the gas phase portion of the sealed container may be replaced with the inert gas.
- the reaction pressure can be arbitrarily set as long as it is suitable for the reaction, but is preferably 0.01 MPa or more and 20 MPa or less. If the reaction pressure exceeds 20 MPa, the cost of the reaction equipment is high and the economy is low, which is not preferable.
- the reaction pressure is preferably 10 MPa or less or 5 MPa or less, more preferably 1.2 MPa or less, 0.8 MPa or less, 0.5 MPa or less, or 0.2 MPa or less.
- the present invention is characterized in that it can be carried out at a low reaction pressure by utilizing hydrogen generated in the reaction system.
- the reaction time depends on the reaction rate, so it depends significantly on the reaction temperature. That is, when the reaction time is short, the temperature does not sufficiently reach the predetermined temperature, and therefore, the reaction is performed at a temperature lower than the target. In addition, when the reaction time is long, not only heat and time are uneconomical, but also undesirable results such as sequential reaction and side reaction proceed and the reaction becomes very complicated and gasification rate increases. .
- the specific reaction time may be determined by confirming the consumption of the hydrogen-containing compound (A) and / or the reduced compound (B) or by preliminary experiments.
- the oxidized compound (b) produced from the reduced compound (B) by the reaction according to the present invention can be repeatedly used by reducing with a reducing agent.
- the reducing agent may be any as long as it can reduce the oxidized compound (b), and is not particularly limited, but is preferably a dry gas such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbon, a waste mainly composed of organic matter, It is at least one selected from the group consisting of biomass.
- the hydrocarbon can include methane, and the waste can include plastic waste.
- the temperature at which the oxidized compound (b) is reduced is 200 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower, preferably 300 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower.
- the reduction rate of the oxidized compound (b) is not sufficient. Therefore, when the temperature exceeds 500 ° C., it is not preferable to repeatedly use the oxidized compound (b) by sintering because the oxidation-reduction rate decreases.
- Step 2 Hydrogenation Step
- the hydrogenation reaction method of the present invention uses the hydrogen generated by the reaction between the hydrogen-containing compound (A) and the reduced compound (B) to convert the hydrogenated compound (C) into a hydrogenated compound. This is a method of conversion to (c).
- reaction of the hydrogen-containing compound (A) and the reduced compound (B) and the reaction of hydrogenating the hydrogenated compound (C) can be reacted in the same system.
- the hydrogenated compound (C) is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that is hydrogenated or hydrocracked with hydrogen.
- biomass-derived vegetable oils saccharides such as cellulose and glucose, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, polyols such as glycerin, and the like.
- Plant-derived biomass is a renewable carbon resource because it absorbs carbon dioxide by photosynthesis during its growth process, and it can be a sustainable chemical raw material in terms of a defossil resource. High significance.
- the hydrogenated compound (C) is hydrogenated or hydrocracked with hydrogen generated by the reaction between the hydrogen-containing compound (A) and the reduced compound (B), and the hydrogenated compound (c) or the hydrocracked compound ( c ′).
- the hydrogenated compound (c) or the hydrocracked compound (c ′) include higher alcohols obtained from vegetable oils and fats; hydrocarbons obtained from cellulose and glucose; sugar alcohols, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, glycerin. 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol obtained from 1, butanediol obtained from 1,4-anhydroerythritol, and the like.
- the compound is not limited to these.
- the step 1 and the step 2 are carried out simultaneously to obtain a deoxygenated compound. You can also.
- the obtained deoxygenated compound is the same compound as the hydrocracking compound (c ′), and in the present invention, the deoxygenated compound is also referred to as a hydrocracking compound (c ′).
- Compounds having the function of the hydrogenated compound (C) as the hydrogen-containing compound (A) include synthetic hydrocarbon oils; vegetable oils such as methyl laurate; polysaccharides such as cellulose, cellobiose and sucrose; glucose, fructose, xylose Monosaccharides such as erythritol; sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and mannitol; polyols such as glycerin and the like.
- Examples of the deoxygenated compounds include higher alcohols such as C 6-20 alcohol; hydrocarbons; propylene glycol, Examples include diols such as ethylene glycol and butanediol; C 1-4 alcohols such as propanol and ethanol.
- the amount of the hydrogenated compound (C) used is not particularly limited and may be appropriately determined.
- the amount of hydrogen can be sufficiently hydrogenated or hydrocracked by the hydrogen generated in step 1 above. Specifically, it can be 1 mol% or more and 60 mol% or less with respect to the reduced compound (B).
- the concentration of the raw material hydrogenated compound (C) in the reaction solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1% by mass or more and 98% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or more and 60% by mass or less. If the concentration is less than 1% by mass, the production efficiency may be lowered and may be unsuitable for commercial production. On the other hand, if the concentration is excessively high, the viscosity of the reaction solution containing the raw material becomes high, the operability may be deteriorated, and it may be unsuitable for commercial production.
- the reaction solution may contain other components as long as the reaction of the present invention is not inhibited. Examples of other components include an antioxidant and a polymerization inhibitor.
- the concentration of the raw material hydrogenated compound (C) in the reaction gas is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1% by mass or more and 98% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or more. 40 mass% or less.
- a hydrogenation catalyst (D) may be used to further promote the hydrogenation reaction or the hydrocracking reaction.
- the hydrogenation catalyst (D) used any metal element having a catalytic function capable of hydrogenating or hydrocracking the hydrogenated compound (C) can be used.
- metal elements of Groups 6 to 10 of the periodic table are preferable, and vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium It is preferable to include at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of (Ir), platinum (Pt), and gold (Au).
- cobalt Co
- Ni nickel
- Cu copper
- Rh rhodium
- Pr palladium
- Ir iridium
- platinum Pt
- the metal element is not limited to metals, but may be oxides and sulfides thereof, or a mixture of two or more types.
- the metal element When the metal element is used as a catalyst, it can be supported on a solid support having a high specific surface area.
- a carrier alkaline earth metal oxides such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, and magnesia, lanthanoid metal oxides, mixtures thereof, composite oxides, zeolites, clay minerals, activated carbon, and the like can be used.
- the shape and form of the solid carrier are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include powder, particles, granules, pellets, honeycomb structures, extrusion molds, ring shapes, columnar shapes, rib extrusion shapes, and rib ring shapes.
- the size of these shapes can also be selected as appropriate.
- the amount of the metal element supported is appropriately determined according to various conditions such as the type of metal and the reaction. For example, 0.01 mass% or more and 60 mass% or less, preferably 0.01 mass% or more and 30 mass% or less. More preferably, it is 0.01 mass% or more and 10 mass% or less. If the metal loading is less than 0.01% by mass, the conversion rate of the raw material may be lowered, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if the loading amount exceeds 60% by mass, the catalyst cost may increase and the economy may decrease, which is not preferable.
- Impregnation method-a method in which a catalyst component precursor is dissolved in a solvent and supported on a carrier having a high specific surface area
- -Ion exchange method-A method in which a metal compound solution is added with a carrier having an ion exchange capacity, and a metal is supported by ionic bonding
- -Metal colloid method-A method in which a polymer or a surfactant is added to the corresponding metal salt solution and then reduced to obtain a uniform metal colloid.
- the impregnation methods include the equilibrium adsorption method, the evaporation to dryness method, There is a pore filling method.
- the impregnation method and the ion exchange method after a metal is supported on a carrier, it is subjected to a reaction through washing, drying, firing, and reduction.
- the hydrogenation catalyst (D) fine particle noble metal black itself can be used.
- the reduction activation of the catalyst can be carried out by reduction using hydrogen or the like in the presence of an inert gas containing hydrogen gas or a solvent.
- the amount of the hydrogenation catalyst (D) used is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately determined within a range in which the hydrogenation reaction or hydrocracking reaction is sufficiently promoted.
- the amount of hydrogen can be sufficiently hydrogenated or hydrocracked by the hydrogen generated in step 1 above. Specifically, it is 0.01 mass% or more and 60 mass% or less with respect to a hydrogenated compound (C), More preferably, it can be 0.1 mass% or more and 20 mass% or less.
- the temperature at which the hydrogenated compound (C) is hydrogenated or hydrocracked may be appropriately set according to the target reaction, but it is appropriate to carry out the reaction at 50 ° C. or more and 600 ° C. or less. However, when the reaction temperature is too low, the conversion rate of the reaction is low, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the reaction temperature is too high, the quality of the product such as by-products increases and the catalyst life is shortened. In many reactions, it is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower, more preferably 120 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower, but is not limited thereto.
- the reaction pressure can be arbitrarily set as long as it is suitable for the reaction, but is preferably 0.01 MPa or more and 20 MPa or less. If the reaction pressure exceeds 20 MPa, the cost of the reaction equipment is high and the economy is low, which is not preferable.
- the reaction pressure is preferably 10 MPa or less or 5 MPa or less, more preferably 1.2 MPa or less, 0.8 MPa or less, 0.5 MPa or less, or 0.2 MPa or less.
- the present invention is characterized in that it can be carried out at a low reaction pressure by utilizing hydrogen generated in the reaction system.
- an inert gas such as argon, helium, or nitrogen can be arbitrarily used.
- the reaction time depends on the reaction rate, so it depends significantly on the reaction temperature. That is, when the reaction time is short, the temperature does not sufficiently reach the predetermined temperature, and therefore, the reaction is performed at a temperature lower than the target. In addition, when the reaction time is long, not only is heat and time uneconomical, but sequential reactions and side reactions proceed to make the reaction very complicated, increasing the gasification rate and consuming a large amount of hydrogen. Undesirable results.
- the specific reaction time may be determined by confirming the consumption of the hydrogenated compound (C), preliminary experiments, or the like.
- the step 1 and the step 2 may be performed in one pot. That is, at least a hydrogen-containing compound (A), a reduced compound (B), and a hydrogenated compound (C) are added to a reactor and heated to generate hydrogen and hydrogenate the hydrogenated compound (C). Can be implemented in one pot.
- the reaction conditions such as the reaction temperature and reaction time can be made mainly the same as the reaction conditions in the above step 2.
- reaction format Although the form of the hydrogenation reaction of the present invention is not particularly limited, it can be carried out in any of batch type (batch type), semi-batch type, and continuous flow type.
- the hydrogen-containing compound (A) and the hydrogenated compound (C) may be in the gas phase or in the liquid phase, respectively, and the reduced compound (B) and the hydrogenation catalyst (D)
- the entire reaction system may be any of a gas-liquid solid three-phase system, a gas-solid two-phase system, and a liquid-solid two-phase system, and is not particularly limited.
- each reaction mode will be described.
- a reaction gas or reaction solution containing an unreacted hydrogenated compound (C), a hydrogenated compound and / or a hydrocracked compound is discharged. And / or hydrocracking compounds can be obtained.
- the separation and purification method is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined from conventional methods such as distillation and extraction in consideration of the properties of the compound contained in the reaction solution. Since the reduced compound (B) retained in the reactor is an oxidized compound (b), the reduced compound (B) is recovered and reduced to be used for the next reaction.
- the hydrogenation catalyst (D) does not necessarily need to be activated upon reuse, but can be reused after being activated by an ordinary metal-supported solid catalyst activation method as needed.
- liquid flow rate it is necessary to set the liquid flow rate to a predetermined value.
- hydrocarbons can be produced by setting the liquid space velocity to 0.1 h ⁇ 1 or more and 10.0 h ⁇ 1 or less.
- Liquid hourly space velocity is preferably 0.2 h -1 or more and 5.0 h -1 or less, more preferably 0.5h -1 or more and 4.0 h -1 or less. If the liquid space velocity is less than 0.1 h ⁇ 1 , the raw material throughput may be low, which is not preferable. If the liquid space velocity exceeds 10.0 h ⁇ 1 , the reaction may not proceed sufficiently. It is not preferable because it is possible.
- the hydrogenation catalyst (D) can be used as a fixed bed, a moving bed, or a fluidized bed, and a single reactor or two or more reactors in series can be used.
- the reaction mixture is subjected to solid-liquid separation, a solution containing a hydrogenated compound and / or a hydrocracked compound is recovered as a liquid phase, and at least a reduced compound is oxidized as a solid phase by the hydrogen-containing compound (A).
- the solid containing the type compound (b) and the hydrogenation catalyst (D) is separated.
- the solid-liquid separation method is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined from conventional methods such as a filtration method, a centrifugal separation method, and a sedimentation method in consideration of the shape and form of the catalyst and the amount of unreacted raw materials.
- the solid containing the catalyst and the unreacted raw material can be used as it is for the next reaction.
- the hydrogenation catalyst (D) does not necessarily need to be activated upon reuse, but can be reused after being activated in a timely manner by an ordinary method for activating a metal-supported solid catalyst.
- the above technique is a method for treating biomass, and includes a step of heat-treating biomass in the presence of a reduced compound. That is, by using biomass as a raw material as a hydrogenated compound (C), heat treatment in the presence of a reduced compound (B), preferably reduced iron, preferably at 100 ° C. or more and 600 ° C. or less, This is a method for obtaining a hydrogenated compound (c) or a hydrocracked compound (c ′) by lowering the molecular weight, deoxygenating and hydrogenating (reducing) biomass.
- biomass lowering, deoxygenation, hydrogenation (reduction) reaction is referred to as biomass lowering, deoxygenation, hydrogenation (reduction) reaction.
- the hydrocracking compound (c ′) can be obtained directly by deoxygenation reaction between biomass and the reduced compound (B), the low molecular weight can be obtained without using the hydrogen-containing compound (A). , Deoxygenation and hydrogenation (reduction) reactions proceed. However, a hydrogen-containing compound (A) can also be used.
- the biomass used for the low molecular weight / deoxygenation / hydrogenation (reduction) reaction of the biomass may be any as long as it is generally referred to as biomass.
- Woody biomass such as sawn timber, driftwood, and pruned wood; herbaceous biomass such as weeds, pastures, sugarcane, and corn; Etc.
- non-edible biomass that cannot be used for food.
- the form of the biomass is not particularly limited, but when the biomass is a solid material, it is preferable to perform a pre-grinding treatment in order to improve reaction efficiency and facilitate handling. In particular, when the reaction is carried out in a fluidized bed type, it is necessary to form a powder.
- the reduced iron is sufficient if it contains a lower oxidation state than trivalent and has a reducing power, preferably divalent, monovalent, and zero-valent, such as Fe 3 O 4 , FeO and Fe. These substances can be used alone or as a mixture, for example, Fe (FeO).
- Examples of reduced iron include FeO, Fe 3 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3, and mixtures thereof that become an oxidized compound (b) by reaction.
- the method of reducing the oxidized compound (b) can be achieved by bringing a compound having a reducing action such as hydrogen into contact with the oxidized compound (b).
- the components of the hydrogenated compound (c) and the hydrocracked compound (c ′) obtained by reacting the biomass and the reduced compound have a relatively high content of aliphatic compounds such as alkanes and olefins. .
- an aliphatic compound such as alkane or olefin
- the component of the hydrocracking compound (c ′) is rich in aromatic compounds.
- a noble metal such as Cu, Pt, Pd, Rh, or Ru may be supported on the surface of the solid acid such as zeolite. Such loading can also be performed by ion exchange.
- the reduced compound in the case of reducing the molecular weight, deoxygenating and hydrogenating (reducing) biomass by using the reduced compound (B) in combination with a solid acid, the reduced compound can be used for batch type, distribution type and fluidized bed type. Both (B) and a solid acid can be mixed and used.
- a reduced compound (B) is installed upstream, and the resulting hydrogenated compound (c) and hydrocracked compound (c ′) are reduced with a solid acid installed downstream. It can also be converted to an aromatic compound by isomerization.
- Shale gas is attracting new attention with concerns over the depletion of petroleum-derived resources.
- the main component in shale gas is lower alkanes such as methane, and the production of aromatic chemicals is small. It is industrially meaningful if aromatic chemicals can be produced using biomass as a raw material amid the concern about the decrease in the distribution of aromatic chemicals with the development of shale gas in the future.
- an inert gas can be used.
- the heat treatment can be made uniform, the processing inhibitor generated during the heat treatment can be excluded from the system, and a low molecular weight product can be moved out of the system.
- the gas include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, industrial exhaust gas, and a mixture of these gases, preferably inexpensive nitrogen, industrial exhaust gas, and a mixture thereof.
- a substance having a reducing action such as water vapor or hydrogen can be added.
- the substance having the reducing action is not less than 0% by volume and not more than 100% by volume with respect to the inert gas, preferably 2 volume% or more and 98 volume% or less can be used.
- the substance having the reducing action assists the reducing action of the reduced compound (B), and further lowers the molecular weight and deoxygenates the biomass that is the hydrogen-containing compound (A) and the hydrogenated compound (C). This is because it can contribute to hydrogenation (reduction).
- the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower, more preferably 150 ° C. or higher and 550 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 200 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower.
- a reactor used for the above-mentioned biomass low molecular weight, deoxygenation, hydrogenation (reduction) reaction use a general reactor such as a batch type, flow type, fixed bed type, fluidized bed type reactor, etc.
- a fluidized bed reactor is preferable.
- woody biomass and herbaceous biomass with a large abundance are often solid, and particularly reduced iron, which is a particularly preferred reduced compound (B), is also solid, so that both can maximize the contact efficiency. This is because it is a fluidized bed.
- the said reaction requires initial heating and it may be necessary to control excess reaction at the time of reaction, it is preferable to install the apparatus which has a function which can be heated and removed in a reactor.
- the obtained hydrogenated compound or reduced compound (c) and hydrocracked compound (c ′) can be separated and purified by a commonly used separation and purification means.
- the separation and purification means include a distillation method, a recrystallization method, a precipitation method, a separation membrane method, and a column separation method.
- a specific procedure for obtaining a hydrogenated compound (c) and a hydrocracked compound (c ′) by lowering the molecular weight, deoxygenating and hydrogenating (reducing) biomass can be as follows. Can do. However, the following procedure is not limited as long as the same effect is obtained. In consideration of the convenience of description, an example in which reduced iron (reduced compound (B)) and zeolite loaded with Pd (metal-supported solid acid) are used together is representatively described in a flow-through reaction form.
- a reactor provided with an inert gas inlet on the upstream side and an outlet for discharging the hydrogenated (reduced) compound (c) or hydrocracked compound (c ′) and inert gas on the downstream side is used.
- An apparatus is prepared in which a woody biomass powder and Fe (FeO) are installed on the upstream side of the reactor, and a zeolite powder carrying Pd is installed on the downstream side separated by a metal net.
- the reactor of the apparatus is heated by a heating means, and an inert gas and water vapor are introduced into the reactor and the biomass is heat-treated, whereby a hydrogenated (reduced) compound (c) and a hydrocracked compound (c ′ ) Is generated.
- the hydrogenated (reduced) compound (c) and hydrocracked compound (c ′) obtained by the heat treatment are converted by the downstream zeolite to produce a new compound from the outlet.
- a highly stable compound can be obtained by reducing the molecular weight, deoxygenating and hydrogenating (reducing) biomass.
- Example 1 Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene Iron powder was obtained by reduction using iron oxide powder. Subsequently, nitrobenzene (0.4922 g, 4 mmol), iron powder (average particle size of about 60-80 nm, 0.6701 g, 12 mmol) and water (20 mL) were added to a 50 mL stainless steel autoclave, and the lid was closed. After purging the autoclave with nitrogen gas, the inside of the autoclave was heated at 120 ° C. using a heater while stirring the mixture with a magnetic stirrer. Thereafter, stirring was continued while maintaining at 120 ° C. for 20 hours, and then heating was stopped and the mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature. The reaction solution was taken out from the autoclave cooled to room temperature, and various products in the solution were analyzed by gas chromatography. As a result, the production of aniline in which nitrobenzene was hydrogenated was confirmed.
- Examples 2 to 21 In a 50 mL stainless steel autoclave, a hydrogenated compound shown in Table 1 and a zinc powder (0.395 g, 6 mmol or 0.789 g, 12 mmol) having a particle size of 6 to 9 ⁇ m or iron having a particle size of 60 to 80 nm are used as a reduced compound. Powder (0.391 g, 6 mmol), a mixture of water (3 mL) and ethanol (17 mL) or water (20 mL) as a hydrogen-containing compound, and optionally a hydrogenation catalyst as shown in Table 1 were added and the lid was closed. The gas phase inside the autoclave was replaced with nitrogen gas, and the internal pressure was set to 0.5 MPa.
- Example 21 While stirring the mixture with a magnetic stirrer, the inside of the autoclave was heated to 180 ° C. using a heater and reacted for 20 hours. However, only in Example 21, the internal temperature was 165 ° C. and the reaction time was 5 hours. Next, heating was stopped and the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. The reaction solution was taken out from the autoclave, analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, and the hydrogenated compound produced by hydrogenation of the hydrogenated compound was identified and the yield was calculated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 22 Hydrogenation of phenol
- phenol 0.376 g, 4 mmol
- iron powder 1.564 g, 24 mmol
- Water 40 mL
- activated carbon-supported 5% palladium catalyst 0.020 g
- the gas phase inside the autoclave was replaced with nitrogen gas, and the internal pressure was set to 1.0 MPa. While stirring the mixture with a stirring blade, the inside of the autoclave was heated to 230 ° C. using a heater and reacted for 4 hours.
- Example 23 Hydrogenation of methyl laurate
- methyl laurate 0.870 g, 4 mmol
- iron powder 1.564 g of particle size 60 to 80 nm as a reduced compound
- 24 mmol water (1 mL) as a hydrogen-containing compound
- a mixture of tetradecane 40 mL
- a ruthenium-tin-molybdenum catalyst 0.0431 g
- the present invention is a novel hydrogenation reaction, which can be used for ordinary hydrogenation reactions, and it is not necessary to use a conventional hydrogen storage facility or high-pressure facility, so a reaction such as hydrogenation in an area away from a complex.
- This technology can be applied to reactions such as hydrogenation in a small-scale space, and has superior applicability compared to conventional facilities such as hydrogenation.
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Abstract
Description
工程1: 水素含有化合物(A)と還元型化合物(B)とを反応させることにより水素を発生させる工程、および、
工程2: 上記水素により被水素化化合物(C)を還元して水素化化合物(c)を製造する工程を含むことを特徴とする方法。
[水素含有化合物(A)]
本発明において「水素含有化合物(A)」は、その化学構造中に水素原子を含む、H2以外の化合物をいうものとする。水素含有化合物(A)としては、還元型化合物(B)により還元され、反応に寄与する水素を生じさせるものであればいかなる化合物でも使用できる。水素含有化合物(A)としては、例えば、プロトン性化合物を用いることができる。
本発明において「還元型化合物(B)」は、水素含有化合物(A)を還元し、反応に寄与する水素を発生させることができるものであればよく、少なくとも反応に用いられる程度安定して維持できるものである。例えば当該還元型化合物(B)が金属、低酸化状態の金属酸化物を用いることができる。
水素含有化合物(A)と還元型化合物(B)とを反応させる温度は50℃以上、700℃以下、好ましくは100℃以上、500℃以下であり、50℃未満であれば、水素の発生速度が十分でないおそれがあり得るために好ましくなく、700℃を超える場合には還元型化合物(B)の粒子の焼結により、繰り返し利用すると酸化還元速度が低下するおそれがあり得るので好ましくない。
本発明の水素化反応方法は、水素含有化合物(A)と還元型化合物(B)との反応により発生する水素を用いて、被水素化化合物(C)を水素化化合物(c)へと転化する方法である。
被水素化化合物(C)は、水素により水素化または水素化分解する化合物であればよく、特に限定されない。例えば、一酸化炭素;二酸化炭素;ベンゼン、フェノール、スチレン、ナフタレンなどの芳香族炭化水素化合物;フラン、フルフラールなどのヘテロアリール化合物;シクロヘキセンなどの環状不飽和炭化水素化合物;エチレン、アセチレン、1-デセンなどの鎖状不飽和炭化水素化合物;ニトロベンゼンなどのニトロ化合物;アゾ化合物、ニトリル化合物、オキシム化合物、アミド化合物などの含窒素化合物;アセトン、ヒドロキシアセトン、ジヒドロキシアセトン、シクロヘキサノンなどのケトン類;クロトンアルデヒドなどのアルデヒド類;酢酸や乳酸などのオキソ酸またはカルボン酸;ペンタノールなどのアルコール類;合成炭化水素油;ラウリン酸メチルなどの植物油脂;セルロース、セロビオース、スクロースなどの多糖類;グルコース、フルクトース、キシロース、エリスリトールなどの単糖類;ソルビトールやマンニトールなどの糖アルコール;グリセリンなどのポリオールなどが挙げられる。好ましくは、バイオマス由来の植物油脂、セルロース、グルコースなどの糖類、ソルビトールなどの糖アルコール、グリセリンなどのポリオールなどである。植物由来のバイオマスは、その成長過程で光合成によって二酸化炭素を吸収するため、再生可能な炭素資源であり、脱化石資源という観点で持続可能な化学原料になりうる点で、社会的インパクトが大きく工業的意義も高い。
上記水素化反応においては、水素化反応または水素化分解反応をより一層促進するために水素化触媒(D)を用いてもよい。用いられる水素化触媒(D)は、被水素化化合物(C)を水素化または水素化分解することができる触媒機能を有する金属元素であれば何れのものであっても使用することができる。例えば、周期律表第6族~10族の金属元素が好ましく、さらに、バナジウム(V)、クロム(Cr)、マンガン(Mn)、鉄(Fe)、コバルト(Co)、ニッケル(Ni)、銅(Cu)、亜鉛(Zn)、モリブデン(Mo)、ルテニウム(Ru)、ロジウム(Rh)、パラジウム(Pd)、銀(Ag)、タングステン(W)、レニウム(Re)、オスミウム(Os)、イリジウム(Ir)、白金(Pt)および金(Au)からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種の金属元素を含むことが好ましい。さらに好ましくは、コバルト(Co)、ニッケル(Ni)、銅(Cu)、ロジウム(Rh)、パラジウム(Pd)、イリジウム(Ir)、白金(Pt)である。上記金属元素は金属だけでなく、これらの酸化物および硫化物であってもよく、2種以上混合して用いることもできる。
・含浸法 - 触媒成分前駆体を溶媒に溶解して高比表面積の担体に担持する方法;
・イオン交換法 - 金属化合物溶液にイオン交換能をもつ担体を添加し、イオン結合により金属を担持する方法;
・金属コロイド法 - 高分子や界面活性剤などを該当する金属塩溶液に添加し、その後還元を行い、均一な金属コロイドを得る方法
なお、含浸法としては、平衡吸着法、蒸発乾固法、ポアフィリング法がある。また、一般的に、含浸法とイオン交換法では、金属を担体に担持した後、洗浄・乾燥・焼成・還元を経て反応に供される。
被水素化化合物(C)を水素化または水素化分解する温度は、対象となる反応に合わせて適宜設定すればよいが、50℃以上、600℃以下で行うことが適当である。ただし、反応温度が低すぎると、反応の転化率が低くなるため好ましくなく、逆に高すぎると、副生成物が多くなるなど品質低下が起こったり、触媒寿命が短くなったりするため好ましくない。多くの反応においては、好ましくは、100℃以上、300℃以下、より好ましくは120℃以上、250℃以下であるが、これには限定されない。
本発明の水素化反応の形式は、特に限定されないが、回分式(バッチ式)、半回分式、連続流通式のいずれでも実施できる。上記水素化反応は、水素含有化合物(A)、被水素化化合物(C)がそれぞれ気相であっても液相であってもよく、還元型化合物(B)および水素化触媒(D)を含む反応系全体は、気液固三相系、気固二相系、液固二相系のいずれであってもよく、特に限定されない。以下、各反応形式につき説明する。
本発明の水素化反応方法を連続流通式で実施する場合、還元型化合物(B)を滞留させた反応器に水素含有化合物(A)を通して反応させて水素を発生させ、次に、被水素化化合物(C)を導入し、発生した水素と共に水素化触媒(D)を滞留させた反応器に通すことによって水素化反応を行う(図1を参照)。水素化触媒(D)は固定床、移動床、流動床として使用することができ、単一の反応器でも、連続した2つ以上の反応器を用いることもできる。
本発明の水素化反応方法を回分式で実施する場合には、少なくとも水素含有化合物(A)、還元型化合物(B)および被水素化化合物(C)を反応器に仕込み、加熱・攪拌することによって反応させることができる(図2を参照)。水素化触媒(D)は固定床、移動床、流動床として使用することができ、単一の反応器でも、連続した2つ以上の反応器を用いることもできる。
酸化鉄の粉体を用いて還元し鉄粉を得た。次いで、50mL容のステンレス製オートクレーブに、ニトロベンゼン(0.4922g,4mmol)、鉄粉(平均粒径約60-80nm,0.6701g,12mmol)および水(20mL)を加え、蓋を閉めた。このオートクレーブを窒素ガスでパージした後、マグネティックスターラーで混合物を撹拌しながら、ヒーターを用いてオートクレーブ内部を120℃で加熱した。その後20時間、120℃に保持しながら撹拌を続けた後、加熱を停止し室温中で放冷した。室温まで冷却したオートクレーブ中から反応溶液を取り出し、溶液中の各種生成物をガスクロマトグラフィーにより分析した結果、ニトロベンゼンが水素化されたアニリンの生成が確認された。
50mL容のステンレス製オートクレーブに、表1に示す被水素化化合物、還元型化合物として粒径6~9μmの亜鉛粉末(0.395g,6mmolもしくは0.789g,12mmol)または粒径60~80nmの鉄粉末(0.391g,6mmol)、水素含有化合物として水(3mL)とエタノール(17mL)との混合物または水(20mL)、および場合によって表1に示す水素化触媒を加え、蓋を閉めた。当該オートクレーブ内部の気相を窒素ガスで置換し、内圧を0.5MPaとした。マグネティックスターラーで混合物を攪拌しながら、ヒーターを用いてオートクレーブ内部を180℃に加熱し、20時間反応させた。但し、実施例21のみ、内部温度を165℃、反応時間を5時間とした。次に、加熱を停止し、室温まで放冷した。オートクレーブ中から反応液を取り出し、高速液体クロマトグラフィーで分析し、被水素化化合物の水素化により生成する水素化化合物の同定と収率の算出を行った。結果を表1に示す。
100mL容のハステロイ製オートクレーブに、被水素化化合物としてフェノール(0.376g,4mmol)、還元型化合物として粒径60~80nmの鉄粉末(1.564g,24mmol)、水素含有化合物として水(40mL)、および水素化触媒として活性炭担持5%パラジウム触媒(0.020g)を加え、蓋を閉めた。当該オートクレーブ内部の気相を窒素ガスで置換し、内圧を1.0MPaとした。攪拌翼で混合物を攪拌しながら、ヒーターを用いてオートクレーブ内部を230℃に加熱し、4時間反応させた。次に、加熱を停止し、室温まで放冷した。オートクレーブ中から反応液を取り出し、ガスクロマトグラフィーで分析し、被水素化化合物の水素化により生成する水素化化合物の同定と収率の算出を行った。結果を表2に示す。
100mL容のハステロイ製オートクレーブに、被水素化化合物としてラウリン酸メチル(0.870g,4mmol)、還元型化合物として粒径60~80nmの鉄粉末(1.564g,24mmol)、水素含有化合物として水(1mL)、溶媒としてテトラデカン(40mL)との混合物、および水素化触媒としてルテニウム-スズ-モリブデン触媒(0.0431g)を加え、蓋を閉めた。当該オートクレーブ内部の気相を窒素ガスで置換し、内圧を0.1MPaとした。攪拌翼で混合物を攪拌しながら、ヒーターを用いてオートクレーブ内部を270℃に加熱し、24時間反応させた。次に、加熱を停止し、室温まで放冷した。オートクレーブ中から反応液を取り出し、ガスクロマトグラフィーで分析し、被水素化化合物の水素化により生成する水素化化合物の同定と収率の算出を行った。結果を表2に示す。
1-2: 還元型化合物(B)
1-3: 水素含有化合物(A)導入用ポンプ
1-4: 被水素化化合物(C)の水素化反応器
1-5: 水素化触媒(D)
1-6: 被水素化化合物(C)導入用ポンプ
2-1: 撹拌機
2-2: 水素含有化合物(A)導入路
2-3: 被水素化化合物(C)導入路
2-4: 水素化化合物排出路
2-5: 還元型化合物(B)
2-6: 水素化触媒(D)
Claims (8)
- 水素化化合物を製造するための方法であって、
工程1: 水素含有化合物(A)と還元型化合物(B)とを反応させることにより水素を発生させる工程、および、
工程2: 上記水素により被水素化化合物(C)を還元して水素化化合物(c)を製造する工程を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 上記工程1と上記工程2とをワンポットで行う請求項1に記載の方法。
- 上記水素含有化合物(A)がプロトン性化合物である請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 上記水素含有化合物(A)が、プロトン性溶媒、有機酸および無機酸からなる群より選択される少なくとも一種である請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 上記水素含有化合物(A)がプロトン性溶媒である請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 上記還元型化合物(B)が、Mg、Al、Si、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ge、Zr、Nb、Mo、In、Sn、WおよびCeからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つの金属である請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 当該被水素化化合物(C)が、植物油脂、セルロース、スクロース、グルコース、フルクトース、キシロース、ソルビトール、乳酸、フルフラール、フェノールおよびグリセリンからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種である請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 上記工程2において、さらに水素化触媒(D)を添加する請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の方法。
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US20160326093A1 (en) | 2016-11-10 |
EP3101000A1 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
JP6259839B2 (ja) | 2018-01-10 |
JPWO2015115410A1 (ja) | 2017-03-23 |
EP3101000A4 (en) | 2017-08-09 |
US10106488B2 (en) | 2018-10-23 |
EP3101000B1 (en) | 2020-07-29 |
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