WO2015033815A1 - 水素製造装置、水素製造方法、水素製造用シリコン微細粒子、及び水素製造用シリコン微細粒子の製造方法 - Google Patents
水素製造装置、水素製造方法、水素製造用シリコン微細粒子、及び水素製造用シリコン微細粒子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J7/00—Apparatus for generating gases
- B01J7/02—Apparatus for generating gases by wet methods
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
- B01J8/20—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles with liquid as a fluidising medium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
- C01B33/021—Preparation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00592—Controlling the pH
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/02—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor with stationary particles
- B01J2208/023—Details
- B01J2208/024—Particulate material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hydrogen production apparatus, a hydrogen production method, silicon fine particles for hydrogen production, and a method for producing silicon fine particles for hydrogen production.
- the silicon powder is not limited to those obtained by pulverization from a silicon wafer into fine particles by the inventors of the present application, and so-called cutting when forming a thin substrate (wafer) from a silicon base material (ingot).
- a method for producing silicon fine particles using silicon particles called chips as a raw material and a technique for applying the obtained silicon fine particles to silicon ink and solar cells are disclosed (for example, Patent Document 2).
- the present invention eliminates at least one of the above technical problems, makes effective use of silicon waste, and greatly contributes to the realization of a hydrogen production apparatus and a hydrogen production method excellent in economic efficiency and industrial efficiency.
- silicon waste fine silicon chips and chips (hereinafter collectively referred to as silicon waste) that are normally handled as waste in the cutting of silicon in the production process of semiconductor products that are discarded in large quantities.
- silicon scraps also referred to as “silicon chips”.
- silicon waste can be effectively used and a large amount of hydrogen can be produced even under mild conditions.
- the present invention has been created based on the above viewpoint.
- One hydrogen production apparatus of the present invention includes a pulverizing unit that forms silicon fine particles by pulverizing silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps, and contacting the silicon fine particles with water or an aqueous solution and / or the water.
- a hydrogen generation unit that generates hydrogen by being dispersed in the aqueous solution is provided.
- this hydrogen production apparatus for example, an amount of hydrogen that can withstand practical use is obtained starting from silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps that are normally handled as waste by silicon cutting in the production process of semiconductor products. It becomes possible to manufacture with high accuracy. In this way, this hydrogen production device not only contributes greatly to environmental protection by effectively using silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps, which can be said to be waste, but also as a next-generation energy resource such as a fuel cell. Realize a significant reduction in the production cost of the hydrogen used. Therefore, according to this hydrogen production apparatus, industrial productivity in the production of hydrogen can be remarkably improved.
- one hydrogen production method of the present invention includes a pulverization step of forming silicon fine particles by pulverizing silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps, and contacting the silicon fine particles with water or an aqueous solution and / or A hydrogen generation step of generating hydrogen by dispersing in the water or the aqueous solution.
- this hydrogen production method for example, an amount of hydrogen that can withstand practical use is obtained starting from silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps that are normally handled as waste by silicon cutting in the production process of semiconductor products. It becomes possible to manufacture with high accuracy. In this way, this hydrogen production method not only contributes greatly to environmental protection by effectively using silicon chips or silicon scraps, which can be said to be waste, but also as a next-generation energy resource such as a fuel cell. Realize a significant reduction in the production cost of the hydrogen used. Therefore, according to this hydrogen production method, industrial productivity in the production of hydrogen can be significantly improved.
- one method for producing silicon fine particles for hydrogen production includes a crushing step of forming silicon fine particles by crushing silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps.
- silicon fine particles for hydrogen production and the method for producing silicon fine particles for hydrogen production for example, silicon chips or silicon normally handled as waste by silicon cutting in the production process of semiconductor products. It is possible to provide an intermediate material capable of realizing with high accuracy the production of hydrogen that can withstand practical use from the polishing scrap.
- the amount of metal that can withstand practical use is obtained by using silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps, which are normally waste, as a starting material. It becomes possible to produce hydrogen with high accuracy. Therefore, it contributes to environmental protection through effective use of silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps, which can be regarded as waste, and also contributes to a significant reduction in the cost of producing hydrogen used as the next-generation energy resource.
- wastes are usually generated by cutting of silicon in the production process of a semiconductor product. It is possible to provide an intermediate material that can realize highly accurate production of hydrogen that can withstand practical use from silicon chips or silicon scraps.
- Example 6 is a graph showing the amount of hydrogen generated immediately after the start of the reaction of Example 4 and Example 5. It is explanatory drawing which shows roughly the structure of the hydrogen production apparatus in the modification of 4th Embodiment.
- 10 is a graph showing the amount of hydrogen generation with respect to the reaction time in Example 6.
- 10 is a graph showing a difference in maximum hydrogen generation rate due to a difference in pH value in Example 6.
- 6 is an XPS spectrum diagram of silicon fine particles after hydrogen generation reaction in Example 6.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the amount of hydrogen generation per gram with respect to the reaction time in Example 7.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing each step of the hydrogen production method of the present embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1, the hydrogen production method of this embodiment includes the following steps (1) to (3). (1) Cleaning step (S1) (2) Grinding step (S2) (3) Hydrogen generation step (S3)
- cleaning step (S1) of the present embodiment for example, silicon waste material generated in the cutting process of a single crystal or polycrystalline silicon ingot is cleaned.
- This cleaning step (S1) is mainly intended to remove organic substances adhering to the silicon waste material, typically organic substances such as cutting oil and additives used in the cutting process.
- a predetermined first liquid is added, and the silicon waste material is dispersed in the liquid by a ball mill.
- the ball mill of the present embodiment is a pulverizer that uses steel balls, magnetic balls, cobblestones, and the like as pulverization media.
- the example of the 1st liquid of the above-mentioned this embodiment is acetone.
- the silicon waste material that has undergone the cleaning process is passed through a filter, and the first liquid is removed by suction filtration.
- the removed first liquid is disposed as a waste liquid.
- the filtered silicon waste material is dried using a dryer.
- the drying temperature in this embodiment is 40 degreeC or more and 60 degrees C or less, for example. Further, since the ball mill is used in the cleaning process of the present embodiment, the cleaning efficiency can be remarkably improved as compared with the process of simply immersing in the first liquid.
- fine silicon particles having a crystallite diameter of 100 nm or less are formed by grinding the cleaned silicon sludge. If the crystallite diameter of the silicon fine particles is 100 nm or less, even if the aggregate particle size distribution of the silicon fine particles is in the range of 100 nm to 5 ⁇ m, a good effect, that is, an effect equivalent to the effect of the present embodiment is obtained. It is possible to obtain.
- a predetermined second liquid is added to the cleaned silicon sludge.
- An example of the second liquid is propanol.
- coarse pulverization is performed using a ball mill.
- the coarsely pulverized silicon waste material is passed through a filter to remove relatively coarse particles, and the remaining silicon waste material is finely pulverized using a bead mill. Thereafter, by removing the second liquid using a rotary evaporator, silicon fine particles are obtained as a finely pulverized product.
- the pulverization step (S2) of this embodiment makes it possible to form silicon fine particles having an irregular shape, a crystallite size distribution in the range of 100 nm, and a hydrophilic surface.
- the pulverization treatment can be performed by using any one of a bead mill, a ball mill, a jet mill, a shock wave pulverizer, or a combination thereof.
- the silicon fine particles obtained in the pulverization step (S2) are brought into contact with and / or dispersed in water or an aqueous solution to generate hydrogen.
- the water used in this hydrogen generation step is not necessarily pure water, and may be water containing electrolytes and organic substances such as general tap water and industrial water.
- the kind of aqueous solution of this embodiment is not specifically limited.
- the hydrogen ion concentration index (pH value) of the aqueous solution is not particularly limited, but the pH value is more preferably 10 or more.
- the water temperature used in the hydrogen generation step can be arbitrarily set in order to obtain a desired hydrogen production rate.
- stirring, water flow, shaking and the like can be employed as necessary.
- the speed which manufactures hydrogen can be accelerated.
- the hydrogen production method of the present embodiment for example, by using silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps, which are normally discarded by silicon cutting in the production process of semiconductor products, as a starting material, Therefore, it is possible to produce with high accuracy an amount of hydrogen that can withstand practical use. Therefore, it contributes to environmental protection through the effective use of silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps, which can be regarded as waste, and to a significant reduction in the cost of producing hydrogen used as the next-generation energy resource. Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, it is worthy to note that a large amount of hydrogen at a practical level can be produced without going through complicated steps.
- This embodiment is the same as the first embodiment except that a surface oxide film removal step for removing the oxide film on the surface of the silicon fine particles is added after the pulverization step in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing each step of the hydrogen production method of the present embodiment.
- the hydrogen production method of this embodiment includes the following steps (1) to (4).
- (1) Cleaning process (T1) (2) Grinding step (T2) (3) Surface oxide film removal step (T3) (4) Hydrogen generation process (T4)
- the cleaning step (S1), pulverization step (S2), and hydrogen generation step (S3) in the hydrogen production method of the first embodiment the cleaning step (T1) of this embodiment, the pulverization step (T2), And the contents overlap with the hydrogen generation step (T4). Therefore, description of each process other than the surface oxide film removal process (T3) may be omitted.
- the silicon fine particles obtained in the above pulverizing step (T2) are contacted with a hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution or an ammonium fluoride aqueous solution.
- silicon fine particles having a crystallite size distribution in the range of 100 nm or less obtained in the pulverization step (T2) are immersed in an aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution or an aqueous ammonium fluoride solution.
- the silicon fine particles are contacted and / or dispersed in each of the aqueous solutions described above in the hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution or the ammonium fluoride aqueous solution.
- the silicon fine particles and the hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution are separated by a centrifuge. Then, the silicon fine particles are immersed in a third liquid such as an ethanol solution. Then, silicon fine particles for producing hydrogen are obtained by removing the third liquid.
- the silicon fine particles are immersed in a hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution or an ammonium fluoride aqueous solution to bring the hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution or the ammonium fluoride aqueous solution into contact with the silicon fine particles.
- the surface oxide film removing step in the present embodiment is not limited to these aspects.
- a step of bringing a hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution or an ammonium fluoride aqueous solution into contact with silicon fine particles by other methods may be employed.
- hydrogen is generated by bringing the silicon fine particles after removal of the surface oxide film into contact with water and / or an aqueous solution and / or dispersing them in each of the aforementioned aqueous solutions.
- the same effects as those of the first embodiment can be obtained, and an increase in the amount of hydrogen produced can be improved by removing the oxide film on the surface of the silicon fine particles. Can do.
- This embodiment is the same as the second embodiment except that a hydrophilic treatment process for hydrophilizing the silicon fine particle surface is added after the surface oxide film removing process in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing each step of the hydrogen production method of the present embodiment.
- the hydrogen production method of this embodiment includes the following steps (1) to (5).
- (1) Cleaning process (U1) (2) Grinding step (U2) (3) Surface oxide film removal step (U3) (4) Hydrophilization treatment process (U4) (5) Hydrogen generation step (U5)
- the cleaning step (T1), the pulverization step (T2), the surface oxide film removal step (T3), and the hydrogen generation step (T4) in the hydrogen production method of the second embodiment, and the cleaning step of this embodiment The contents overlap with (U1), pulverization step (U2), surface oxide film removal step (U3), and hydrogen generation step (U5). Therefore, description of each process other than the hydrophilic treatment process (U4) may be omitted.
- the surface of the silicon fine particles is treated with a surfactant or nitric acid after the surface oxide film removal step.
- a representative example of the surfactant is at least one selected from the group of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, and a nonionic surfactant.
- silicon fine particles are brought into contact with and / or dispersed in a fourth liquid such as propanol, and after adding a surfactant or nitric acid, stirring is performed.
- a 4th solution is removed by a rotary evaporator.
- hydrogen is generated by bringing the silicon fine particles after the hydrophilization treatment into contact with water or an aqueous solution and / or dispersing the fine particles in the aforementioned aqueous solutions.
- the same effects as those of the first embodiment can be obtained, and the surface tension of silicon fine particles is lowered by a hydrophilization treatment process, which is a phenomenon peculiar to fine particles.
- the floating of fine particles to the water surface can be suppressed with high accuracy.
- the familiarity between the silicon fine particles and the water or the aqueous solution is improved, and the contact area between the silicon fine particles and the water or the aqueous solution is increased, so that the hydrogen generation reaction can be promoted. Therefore, it becomes possible to increase the production amount of hydrogen remarkably.
- silicon fine particles formed by pulverizing silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps chemical treatment (typically, hydrofluoric acid in the second embodiment)
- the silicon fine particles subjected to the oxide film removal treatment with an aqueous solution or an aqueous ammonium fluoride solution or the hydrophilization treatment with the fourth liquid in the third embodiment) are the silicon fine particles for hydrogen production in the above-described embodiments.
- including a chemical treatment step for chemically treating the silicon fine particles as described above is a preferable aspect from the viewpoint of further promoting the generation of hydrogen.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing the configuration of the hydrogen production apparatus 100 in the present embodiment.
- the hydrogen production apparatus 100 of this embodiment mainly includes a pulverizer 10, a drying chamber 30, a rotary evaporator 40, a surface oxide film removal tank 50, a centrifuge 58, a hydrophilization treatment tank 60, hydrogen
- the generator 70 and the hydrogen storage container 90 are provided.
- the hydrogen production apparatus 100 in the present embodiment can be said to be an assembly of apparatuses (processing units) that perform a plurality of processes to be described later, the hydrogen production apparatus 100 may be called a hydrogen production system.
- the pulverizer 10 is a wet pulverizer that receives an object to be processed together with a liquid and performs pulverization processing, dispersion processing, or the like in the liquid. Further, the pulverizer 10 can perform steps such as dispersion, mixing, and pulverization on the workpiece and the liquid that have been input. Furthermore, the pulverizer 10 can be any one of a pulverizer including a bead mill, a ball mill, a jet mill, and a shock wave pulverizer, or a combination thereof.
- the pulverizer 10 has a cleaning unit that cleans silicon waste material such as silicon chips or silicon polishing waste generated in the silicon cutting process, and the cleaned silicon waste material. And a pulverizing part for forming silicon fine particles having a crystallite diameter of 100 nm or less.
- the silicon waste material 1 that is the object to be processed and the second liquid of the first embodiment are introduced into the pulverizer 10 from the input port 11 to clean the silicon waste material 1.
- the cleaned silicon waste material 1 is passed through a filter 15 provided in the vicinity of the discharge port 14 together with the second liquid, and the second liquid is removed by suction filtration to become a waste liquid.
- the residue (silicon waste material 1) is dried in the drying chamber 30, and is again charged together with the second liquid from the charging port 11, and is pulverized by the pulverizer 10.
- the pulverized product is passed through the filter 15 together with the second liquid to remove coarse particles.
- fine pulverization is performed with a bead mill or the like.
- the finely pulverized material is collected, and the second liquid is removed using a rotary evaporator 40 that automatically performs vacuum distillation to obtain silicon fine particles 2.
- the surface oxide film removal tank 50 which is an example of the surface oxide film removal unit of the present embodiment includes a stirrer 57 and converts the silicon fine particles 2 obtained from the pulverizer 10 into hydrofluoric acid or ammonium fluoride aqueous solution 55. Process with. Thereafter, the silicon fine particles 3 after the removal of the surface oxide film and the aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution are separated by the centrifuge 58. In the case where the surface oxide film is not removed from the silicon fine particles 2, the silicon fine particles 2 are sent to a hydrogen generation unit 70 described later.
- the hydrophilization treatment tank 60 which is an example of the hydrophilization treatment part of this embodiment includes a stirrer 67, and adds a surfactant or nitric acid to the silicon fine particles 3 before or after removing the surface oxide film.
- the fourth liquid 65 is contacted and / or dispersed in the fourth liquid 65. Note that, when the silicon fine particles 2 are not subjected to the hydrophilization treatment, the silicon fine particles before or after the surface oxide film removal are sent to the hydrogen generation unit 70 described later.
- silicon fine particles in a state prior to removal of the surface oxide film can be targeted for the hydrophilization treatment, but the silicon microparticles can be more hydrophilicized with higher accuracy. From the viewpoint, it is preferable that the silicon fine particles after removal of the surface oxide film are subjected to a hydrophilic treatment.
- the hydrogen generation unit 70 of this embodiment includes a reaction tank 72 provided with a stirrer 77, a water tank 80, a hydrogen collector 87, a transfer pipe 79, and a hydrogen pipe 89.
- a reaction vessel 72 In the reaction vessel 72, at least one selected from the group of the silicon fine particles 2, the silicon fine particles 3 after removal of the surface oxide film, and the silicon fine particles 4 after the hydrophilization treatment is brought into contact with water or an aqueous solution 75 and / or.
- hydrogen 5 is generated by dispersing in water or an aqueous solution 75.
- the generated hydrogen 5 is sent into the water 85 of the water tank 80 via the transfer pipe 79.
- the hydrogen 5 collected by the hydrogen collector 87 by the water displacement method as an example is collected in the hydrogen storage container 90 via the hydrogen pipe 89.
- the hydrogen production apparatus 100 of the present embodiment for example, an amount that can be practically used, starting from silicon chips or silicon scraps, which are normally discarded by silicon cutting in the production process of semiconductor products. It is possible to produce the hydrogen at a relatively high speed.
- Example 1 hydrogen was produced by the hydrogen production apparatus 100 based on the hydrogen production method of the first embodiment. Specifically, a hydrogen generation step was performed after the washing step and the pulverization step.
- washing step 200 mL (gram) of acetone was added to 200 g (gram) of silicon chips and dispersed for 1 hour with a ball mill.
- ball mill Universal BALL MILL manufactured by MASUDA was used.
- balls used alumina beads having a particle diameter of ⁇ 10 mm (millimeter) and ⁇ 20 mm were used. Thereafter, the liquid was removed by suction filtration, and the residue was dried with a dryer set at 40 ° C.
- alumina balls were put into a bead mill and pulverized for 4 hours at a peripheral speed of 2908 rpm.
- the bead mill used in this example is a star mill LMZ015 manufactured by Ashizawa Fineting. Further, 456 g of zirconia beads having a particle diameter of 0.5 mm was used as beads used in this example.
- the finely pulverized product was collected, and 2-propanol was removed using a rotary evaporator to obtain fine silicon particles.
- Example 2 hydrogen was produced by the hydrogen production apparatus 100 based on the hydrogen production method of the second embodiment. Therefore, the same process as in Example 1 was performed except that a surface oxide film removal process was added after the pulverization process in the first example. Specifically, it was manufactured in the order of a cleaning process, a pulverization process, a surface oxide film removal process, and a hydrogen generation process.
- the surface oxide film removal process is as follows.
- the silicon fine particles obtained in the pulverization step of this example are dispersed in a 50% aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution, and then the silicon fine particles and the aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution are separated by a centrifuge. And isolate. Thereafter, the obtained silicon fine particles were immersed in an ethanol solution. Later, the ethanol solution was removed to obtain silicon fine particles for hydrogen production.
- Example 3 hydrogen was produced by the hydrogen production apparatus 100 based on the hydrogen production method of the third embodiment. Therefore, the same process as in Example 2 was performed except that a treatment using a surfactant was added as a hydrophilization treatment step after the surface oxide film removal step in Example 2.
- the cleaning step, the pulverizing step, and the surface oxide film removing step were performed under the same conditions as in Example 2. Further, in the treatment using the surfactant in the hydrophilization treatment step, the concentration of silicon fine particles was adjusted to 5 wt% in 2-propanol as the fourth liquid in the third embodiment. And 0.05% of nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene noniphenyl ether (Nippon Yushi Co., Ltd. product "nonion NS206”) was added with respect to this liquid, and stirring was performed for 1 hour. Thereafter, 2-propanol was removed by a rotary evaporator.
- nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene noniphenyl ether Nippon Yushi Co., Ltd. product "nonion NS206
- Example 4 the hydrogen production apparatus 100 includes 0.1 mol / L sodium bicarbonate and 0.1 mol / L sodium carbonate as an aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step in the hydrogen production method of the second embodiment.
- the same procedure as in Example 2 was performed except that the pH value of the aqueous solution was adjusted to 10 using a buffer solution.
- Example 5 the hydrogen production apparatus 100 uses the 0.1 mol / L potassium hydroxide aqueous solution as the aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step in the hydrogen production method of the second embodiment, and the pH value of the aqueous solution is 13
- the procedure was the same as in Example 2 except that the adjustment was made.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional TEM (transmission electron microscope) photograph showing the crystal structure of silicon fine particles after the crushing step in Example 1.
- FIG. 5A shows a state in which silicon fine particles are partially aggregated to form irregularly large particles.
- FIG. 5 (b) is a TEM photograph focusing on individual silicon fine particles. As indicated by the circle at the center in FIG. 5B, silicon fine particles having a size of about 5 nm or less were confirmed. Moreover, it was confirmed that the silicon fine particles have crystallinity.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results of analyzing the crystallite size distribution of silicon fine particles after the pulverization step by the X-ray diffraction method.
- the horizontal axis represents the crystallite diameter (nm), and the vertical axis represents the frequency.
- the solid line indicates the crystallite size distribution based on the number distribution, and the broken line indicates the crystallite size distribution based on the volume distribution.
- the mode diameter was 1.97 nm
- the median diameter (50% crystallite diameter) was 3.70 nm
- the average diameter was 5.1 nm.
- the mode diameter was 13.1 nm
- the median diameter was 24.6 nm
- the average diameter was 33.7 nm.
- the silicon fine particles obtained after the pulverization process are so-called silicon nano-particles whose crystallite diameter is distributed in the range of 100 nm or less, particularly 50 nm or less by the treatment by the bead mill method. It was done.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of measuring the hydrogen generation amount for Example 1, Example 2, and Example 3.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 7 indicates the immersion time (minutes), and the vertical axis in FIG. 7 indicates the amount of hydrogen generation (mL / g) per gram of silicon fine particles for hydrogen production.
- Example 1 where the surface oxide film removal step was not performed, 10.7 mL of hydrogen could be obtained at an immersion time of 7905 minutes.
- Example 2 in which hydrogen was produced by the above-described hydrogen production apparatus 100 using the hydrogen production method of the second embodiment, after an immersion time of 5700 minutes (that is, 95 hours). Equilibrium was reached and approximately 54.1 mL of hydrogen was obtained. In Example 1, a large amount of hydrogen of 50 mL to 60 mL per 1 g of silicon fine particles for hydrogen production was finally produced, and extremely good results to be noted were obtained.
- Example 3 116.7 mL of hydrogen was obtained by immersion for 9805 minutes (that is, about 163 hours), and a better result than in Example 2 was obtained.
- the amount of hydrogen generated in Examples 2 and 3 until 500 minutes from the beginning or 1000 minutes from the beginning is much larger than the amount of hydrogen generated in Example 1.
- the hydrogen generation rate of Example 2 and Example 3 is extremely high until 500 minutes from the beginning or 1000 minutes from the beginning. Accordingly, FIG. 7 shows a remarkable effect of the surface oxide film removing step or the surface oxide film removing portion.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the results of measuring the hydrogen generation amount for Example 4 and Example 5.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the amount of hydrogen generated from the start of the reaction in Example 4 and Example 5 until 60 minutes have passed.
- the horizontal axis of FIGS. 8 and 9 indicates the immersion time (minutes), and the vertical axis of FIGS. 8 and 9 indicates the amount of hydrogen generation (mL / g) per gram of silicon fine particles for hydrogen production. .
- Example 4 in which the pH value of the aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step is 10, an equilibrium state is reached after 5000 minutes (about 80 hours), and about 720 ml per 1 g of silicon fine particles for hydrogen production. Of hydrogen was obtained.
- Example 5 in which the pH value of the aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step is 13, an equilibrium state is reached after 6254 minutes (about 104 hours), and about 942.1 ml of hydrogen per gram of silicon fine particles for hydrogen production is about 942.1 ml. Obtained.
- Example 5 in which the pH value of the aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step is 13
- Example 5 in which the pH value of the aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step is 13
- an equilibrium state is reached after 6254 minutes (about 104 hours)
- about 942.1 ml of hydrogen per gram of silicon fine particles for hydrogen production is about 942.1 ml. Obtained.
- it was made alkaline until the pH value became 10 or 13 it was possible to obtain a large amount of hydrogen
- Example 4 where the pH value of the aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step is 10, about 3.5 ml of hydrogen is generated per 1 g of silicon fine particles for hydrogen production after 13 minutes, and after 30 minutes, About 15 ml of hydrogen was generated per 1 g of silicon fine particles.
- the reaction was slower than in Example 5, but in comparison with Examples 1 to 3, a larger amount of hydrogen could be obtained in a shorter time.
- Example 4 and Example 5 were significantly faster than those of Examples 1 to 3. Therefore, in the hydrogen generation step, by increasing the pH value of the aqueous solution (that is, by setting the pH value to 10 or more), the slow hydrogen generation reaction in a long time as shown in Example 1 to Example 3, It was found that this reaction rapidly promotes hydrogen production in a short time. Therefore, setting the pH value of the aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step to 10 or more (14 or less) is a very preferable embodiment from the viewpoint of obtaining a larger amount of hydrogen faster.
- the hydrogen production method and the hydrogen production apparatus disclosed in each of the above-described embodiments can be expected to be used in a technical field requiring hydrogen, such as a fuel cell.
- the interesting point of the hydrogen production method and the hydrogen production apparatus of each of the above-described embodiments is that, for example, silicon chips or silicon polishing scraps, which are normally discarded by silicon cutting in the production process of semiconductor products, are used. It is used as a material. Therefore, the cost per gram of produced hydrogen is very low compared with the hydrogen obtained by the conventional hydrogen production method, so not only contributing to environmental protection through the effective use of waste, Economic efficiency in hydrogen production can be significantly improved. Furthermore, the hydrogen production method and the hydrogen production apparatus of each of the above-described embodiments that do not require complicated devices, equipment, or systems, or complicated processes, can greatly contribute to enhancing industrial productivity.
- FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing the configuration of the hydrogen production apparatus 200 according to a modification of the fourth embodiment.
- the silicon fine particles in the reaction tank 72 in which the hydrogen generation amount or the hydrogen generation speed is once saturated or is likely to be saturated are contained in the reaction tank 72.
- the oxide film on the surface of the silicon fine particles is removed by being introduced into an additional surface oxide film removing tank 250 constituting at least a part of the additional surface oxide film removing unit in the hydrogen production apparatus 200.
- An additional step is performed in which a step (additional surface oxide film removal step) and then a step of generating hydrogen by sending the silicon fine particles from which the oxide film has been removed to the reaction vessel 72 again (additional hydrogen generation step) are performed. Except for the point provided with the hydrogen generation part 270, it is the same as that of the hydrogen production apparatus 100 of 4th Embodiment. Therefore, the overlapping description can be omitted.
- the silicon fine particles have the ability to generate hydrogen again. That is, during or after the hydrogen generation step in each of the above-described embodiments, an additional surface oxide film removal step of bringing the hydrofluoric acid or ammonium fluoride aqueous solution into contact with the silicon fine particles again is performed. In other words, the generation capacity of hydrogen will be regenerated or restored. Therefore, the utilization efficiency of silicon fine particles for hydrogen generation is remarkably increased, and it can greatly contribute to reduction of hydrogen production cost.
- the silicon fine particles in the reaction tank 72 are separated from the water or the aqueous solution 75 by a filter, they pass through a flow path communicating from the reaction tank 72 to the surface oxide film removal tank 50. It is another aspect that can adopt a means for feeding silicon fine particles to the surface oxide film removal tank 50.
- the silicon fine particles introduced into the surface oxide film removal tank 50 in such an embodiment are also included in the “silicon fine particles emitted from the hydrogen generation unit”.
- a hydrophilic treatment step is performed after the additional surface oxide film removal step, which is another aspect that can be adopted.
- the surface oxide film removal step and the additional surface oxide film removal step are performed using the same surface oxide film removal tank, and the hydrogen generation step and the additional hydrogen generation step are the same.
- the reaction tank 72 is used, the above-described aspect is not limited to this aspect. Therefore, the surface oxide film removal step and the additional surface oxide film removal step may be performed by separate tanks, and the hydrogen generation process and the additional hydrogen generation process may be performed by separate tanks.
- Example 6 In the hydrogen generation process of Example 6, 0.86 g of silicon fine particles formed by pulverizing p-type silicon chips with beads beads made of ZiO 2 in the same manner as in Example 5 above. Then, it was immersed in an aqueous solution (0.1 mol / L potassium hydroxide aqueous solution) 75. In addition, the aqueous solution of Example 6 was prepared in four types of pH values of 12.1, 12.9, 13.4, and 13.9 by changing the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) added. Each aqueous solution 75 was prepared.
- KOH potassium hydroxide
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the difference in maximum hydrogen generation rate due to the difference in pH value in Example 6.
- Each numerical value shown in FIG. 12 indicates the maximum hydrogen generation rate per minute and per gram in the above-described four kinds of aqueous solutions when the pH value shown in FIG. 11 is changed. From the results shown in FIG. 12, it can be seen that the maximum hydrogen generation rate per minute and per gram clearly depends on the pH value, and the maximum hydrogen generation rate increases as the pH value increases. It was. Further, by using the fact that the hydrogen generation rate depends on the pH value of the solution, the hydrogen generation rate can be controlled. In this stage, the additional surface oxide film removal process and the additional hydrogen generation process are not performed.
- FIG. 13 is an XPS spectrum diagram of silicon fine particles after the generation amount or generation rate of hydrogen in Example 6 is saturated.
- Example 6 the step of removing the SiO 2 film by bringing silicon fine particles in which this reaction has reached or almost reached equilibrium with an aqueous HF solution having a concentration of 5% (additional surface oxide film removal) Step). Thereafter, it was immersed again in the aqueous solution 75 having the pH value of 13.9. As a result, 470 ml / g (per 1 g of the initial amount) of hydrogen was generated again from the silicon fine particles (additional hydrogen generation step).
- the total amount of hydrogen gas generated in Example 6 (up to saturation) and the amount of hydrogen gas generated by performing the additional surface oxide film removing step and the additional hydrogen generating step is It became about 1570 mL per 1 g of silicon fine particles. This is a generation amount close to 1600 mL (theoretical value) of the maximum hydrogen generation amount that can be generated from 1 g of silicon in the reaction in the aqueous solution 75. Therefore, it has been found that performing the additional surface oxide film removing step and the additional hydrogen generation step is very useful as a means capable of realizing a very large amount of hydrogen generation.
- the aqueous solution 75 is a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution or an aqueous solution containing ammonia.
- the aqueous solution 75 0.86 g of silicon fine particles were contacted and / or dispersed in the aqueous solution 75 and reacted at room temperature.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the amount of hydrogen generated per gram with respect to the reaction time in Example 7.
- FIG. The experimental value (a) is a result when 20 mL of an aqueous solution having a pH value of 13.4 to which sodium hydroxide (NaOH, also referred to as caustic soda) is added is used.
- the experimental value (b) is a result when 20 mL of an aqueous solution having a pH value of 11.9 to which ammonia (NH 3 ) has been added is used.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 14 indicates the immersion time (minutes).
- shaft in FIG. 14 has shown the hydrogen generation amount (mL / g) per 1g of silicon
- Example 7 the silicon fine particles were brought into contact with the aqueous solution 75 to which ammonia was added using a method in which ethanol was dropped into the aqueous solution 75 to settle the silicon fine particles to the bottom of the reaction vessel 72. .
- the aqueous solution 75 to which sodium hydroxide was added was tested by contacting and / or dispersing it in the aqueous solution 75 as in the case of potassium hydroxide.
- the amount of hydrogen generation or the rate of hydrogen generation can be controlled by changing the type or pH value of the aqueous solution. Therefore, for example, in the hydrogen generation step in each of the above-described embodiments, adjusting the hydrogen generation rate and / or the hydrogen generation amount by changing the pH value of water or the aqueous solution 75 is a very suitable one that can be adopted. It is an aspect. Similarly, in the hydrogen generation unit 70 or the additional hydrogen generation unit 270 in the hydrogen production apparatus 100 or the hydrogen production apparatus 200, the hydrogen generation rate and / or the amount of hydrogen generation is adjusted by changing the pH value of the water or the aqueous solution 75. The provision of the adjustment unit is a very preferable aspect that can be adopted.
- the above-described water or each aqueous solution (an aqueous solution added with NaOH, an aqueous solution added with KOH, an aqueous solution added with NH 3 , etc.) whose pH value can be changed, for a desired time
- An apparatus equipped with a means for dropping so as to obtain a desired amount and a control means for controlling the pH value can be employed.
- the dripping means that has received the Fordback of the measurement result from the measurement unit that measures the pH value of water or each aqueous solution 75 has a desired amount of time for a desired time so that the desired pH value is obtained.
- the pH value it is preferable to set the pH value to 10 or more, more preferably 11.9 or more from the viewpoint of obtaining a larger amount of hydrogen faster, based on the results of the above-mentioned Examples.
- the treatment using the surfactant or nitric acid is not performed as an independent step as the hydrophilization treatment step, and the surfactant or nitric acid is added to the water or the aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step. It is also possible to carry out during the hydrogen generation step.
- the hydrogen generation step when silicon fine particles are added and dispersed in water or an aqueous solution, the silicon fine particles are dissolved in water or an aqueous solution, and silicic acid is generated on the surface of the silicon fine particles. Is done. Furthermore, since the silicic acid is oxidized to silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), the hydrogen generation reaction weakens or ends with the passage of time. Therefore, in order to suppress the formation of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) on the surface of the silicon fine particles and continue the hydrogen generation reaction, a small amount of hydrofluoric acid is added to water or an aqueous solution in the hydrogen generation step. Sustaining the hydrogen production reaction by contact with water or an aqueous solution is another preferred embodiment that can be employed.
- hydrogen is generated by contacting and / or dispersing in the aqueous solution 75 with water or the aqueous solution 75 without fixing the location of the formed silicon fine particles (or aggregates thereof).
- the hydrogen generator 70 or the additional hydrogen generator 270 is employed.
- the method for contacting the silicon fine particles with water or the aqueous solution 75 is not limited to the method described above.
- hydrogen may be generated by bringing the formed silicon fine particles into contact with water or an aqueous solution 75 in a state of being fixed on the surface of a solid (for example, a sponge body). .
- the solid when the solid is formed of a material that can absorb and hold a liquid to some extent, such as a sponge body, the solid is impregnated with a hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution or an ammonium fluoride aqueous solution.
- a hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution or an ammonium fluoride aqueous solution When the solid is formed of a material that can absorb and hold a liquid to some extent, such as a sponge body, the solid is impregnated with a hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution or an ammonium fluoride aqueous solution.
- silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) on the fine particles is increased.
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Abstract
Description
2 シリコン微細粒子
3 表面酸化膜除去後のシリコン微細粒子
4 親水化処理後のシリコン微細粒子
5 水素
10 粉砕機
14 排出口
15 フィルター
30 乾燥室
40 ロータリーエバポレータ
50 表面酸化膜除去槽
57,67,77 撹拌器
58 遠心分離機
60 親水化処理槽
70 水素発生部
72 反応槽
75 水又は水溶液
79 移送管
80 水槽
87 水素捕集器
89 水素管
90 水素貯蔵容器
100,200 水素製造装置
250 追加的表面酸化膜除去槽
270 追加的水素発生部
<第1の実施形態>
本実施形態の水素製造方法は、半導体製品の生産過程におけるシリコンの切削加工において通常は廃棄物とされるシリコンの切粉又はシリコンの研磨屑(以下、「シリコン廃材」とも称する。)を出発材料の一例とした、各種の工程を備える。また、シリコン廃材には、廃棄ウェハを粉砕した微細な屑も含まれる。図1は、本実施形態の水素製造方法の各工程を示す図である。図1に示すように、本実施形態の水素製造方法は、以下の(1)乃至(3)の工程を含む。
(1)洗浄工程(S1)
(2)粉砕工程(S2)
(3)水素発生工程(S3)
本実施形態の洗浄工程(S1)では、例えば、単結晶又は多結晶のシリコンのインゴットの切削過程において生成されるシリコン廃材を洗浄する。この洗浄工程(S1)は、主として、シリコン廃材に付着する有機物、代表的には、切削過程で使用する切削油及び添加剤等の有機物の除去を目的とする。まず、洗浄の対象となるシリコン廃材を秤量した後、所定の第1液体を添加し、ボールミル機によりシリコン廃材を前記液体中に分散させる。ここで、本実施形態のボールミル機は、鋼球、磁性ボール、玉石及びその類似物を粉砕媒体とする粉砕機である。また、前述の本実施形態の第1液体の例は、アセトンである。
その後、粉砕工程(S2)では、洗浄されたシリコンスラッジを粉砕することにより、結晶子径が100nm以下のシリコン微細粒子を形成する。なお、シリコン微細粒子の結晶子径が100nm以下であれば、シリコン微細粒子の凝集粒度分布が100nm以上5μm以下の範囲内であっても良好な効果、すなわち本実施形態の効果と同等の効果を得ることが可能である。その後、洗浄後のシリコンスラッジに、所定の第2液体を添加する。第2液体の例は、プロパノールである。さらにその後、ボールミル機を用いて粗粉砕処理を行う。粗粉砕処理されたシリコン廃材を、フィルターに通して比較的粗い粒子を取り除いた後、残ったシリコン廃材を、ビーズミル機を用いて微粉砕処理する。その後、ロータリーエバポレータを用いて第2液体を除去することによって、微粉砕処理された結果物としてシリコン微細粒子が得られる。
その後の水素発生工程(S3)では、粉砕工程(S2)により得られたシリコン微細粒子を水又は水溶液に接触及び/又は水又は水溶液中に分散させることにより水素を発生させる。この水素発生工程で使用する水は、必ずしも純水である必要はなく、一般の水道水や工業用水等の電解質や有機物を含んだ水でもよい。また、本実施形態の水溶液の種類も、特に限定されない。また、該水溶液の水素イオン濃度指数(pH値)は特に限定されないが、pH値は10以上であることがより好ましい。これは、発明者らの分析結果によれば、pH値が高いほど水素の生成速度が速くなり、より短時間で水素生成反応が終了する傾向が確認されているためである。従って、長期間にわたって少量の水素を供給し続けたい場合には、意図的に上述の水溶液のpH値を低くすることが好適な一態様である。一方、一時的に大量の水素を供給したい場合には、上述の水溶液のpH値を高く設定することによって、各産業界あるいは各種のデバイスの利用者の要求に応じた水素の製造を行うことが可能である。
本実施形態では、第1実施形態における粉砕工程後にシリコン微細粒子表面の酸化膜を除去する表面酸化膜除去工程を追加した点を除いて、第1実施形態と同じである。
(1)洗浄工程(T1)
(2)粉砕工程(T2)
(3)表面酸化膜除去工程(T3)
(4)水素発生工程(T4)
本実施形態では、第2の実施形態における表面酸化膜除去工程の後に、シリコン微細粒子表面を親水化する親水化処理工程を追加した点を除いて、第2の実施形態と同じである。
(1)洗浄工程(U1)
(2)粉砕工程(U2)
(3)表面酸化膜除去工程(U3)
(4)親水化処理工程(U4)
(5)水素発生工程(U5)
本実施形態における親水化処理工程(U4)では、表面酸化膜除去工程の後に、シリコン微細粒子の表面を界面活性剤又は硝酸で処理する。界面活性剤を用いて処理する場合、界面活性剤の代表例は、アニオン界面活性剤、カチオン界面活性剤、及びノニオン界面活性剤の群から選択される少なくとも1種である。本実施形態では、例えば、プロパノール等の第4液体にシリコン微細粒子を接触及び/又は第4液体内に分散させ、界面活性剤又は硝酸を添加した後、撹拌を行う。また、本実施形態では、撹拌した後、第4溶液をロータリーエバポレータにより除去する。
<第4の実施形態>
以下に、本実施形態の水素製造装置100について説明する。図4は、本実施形態における水素製造装置100の構成を概略的に示す説明図である。図4に示すように、本実施形態の水素製造装置100は、主として、粉砕機10、乾燥室30、ロータリーエバポレータ40、表面酸化膜除去槽50、遠心分離機58、親水化処理槽60、水素発生部70、及び水素貯蔵容器90とを備える。なお、本実施形態における水素製造装置100は、後述する複数の工程を行う各装置(処理部)の集合体ともいえるため、この水素製造装置100は、水素製造システムと呼びかえても良い。
以下、上述の実施形態をより詳細に説明するために、実施例をあげて説明するが、上述の実施形態はこれらの例によって限定されるものではない。以下の実施例1乃至5については、水素製造装置100を用いて水素製造試験を行った結果を示す。
実施例1においては、水素製造装置100によって、第1実施形態の水素製造方法に基づき、水素を製造した。具体的には、洗浄工程及び粉砕工程の後、水素発生工程を実施した。
シリコンの切粉200g(グラム)にアセトン200mL(ミリリットル,「ml」とも表記する)を添加し、ボールミル機で1時間分散させた。ボールミルは、MASUDA社製Universal BALL MILLを使用した。使用ボールは、粒径φ10mm(ミリメートル)とφ20mmのアルミナビーズを使用した。その後、液体を吸引ろ過によって除去し、残渣を40℃設定の乾燥機で乾燥させた。
次に、洗浄したシリコンスラッジ15gをポリ容器に秤量し、2-プロパノール285gを添加する。次に、ボールミル機にアルミナボールを入れ、周速80rpmで2時間粗粉砕を行う。本実施例で使用するボールミルは、MASUDA社製Universal BALL MILLである。また、本実施例で使用するボールは、粒径φ10mmとφ20mmのアルミナボールである。粉砕工程によって得られた結果物を、180μmメッシュフィルターに通すことにより粗い粒子を除去した。
超純水50.21g中に水素製造用のシリコン微細粒子0.86gを浸漬した。なお、本実施例では、常温(約25℃)下で実験を実施した。
実施例2においては、水素製造装置100によって、第2の実施形態の水素製造方法に基づき、水素を製造した。従って、第1実施例における粉砕工程後に表面酸化膜除去工程を追加した点を除いて、実施例1と同じ工程で行った。具体的には、洗浄工程、粉砕工程、表面酸化膜除去工程、水素発生工程の順で製造した。表面酸化膜除去工程は、以下の通りである。
実施例3においては、水素製造装置100によって、第3の実施形態の水素製造方法に基づき、水素を製造した。従って、実施例2に表面酸化膜除去工程後に親水化処理工程として界面活性剤を用いた処理を追加した点を除いて、実施例2と同じ工程で行った。
実施例4においては、水素製造装置100によって、第2の実施形態の水素製造方法において、水素発生工程の水溶液として、0.1mol/Lの炭酸水素ナトリウム及び0.1mol/Lの炭酸ナトリウムからなる緩衝液を用いて、水溶液のpH値を10に調整した以外は、実施例2と同様の方法で行った。
実施例5においては、水素製造装置100によって、第2の実施形態の水素製造方法において、水素発生工程の水溶液として、0.1mol/Lの水酸化カリウム水溶液を用いて、水溶液のpH値を13に調整した以外は、実施例2と同様の方法で行った。
1.断面TEM写真による結晶構造解析
図5は、実施例1における粉砕工程後におけるシリコン微細粒子の結晶構造を示す断面TEM(透過型電子顕微鏡)写真である。図5(a)は、シリコン微細粒子が一部凝集して、不定形のやや大きな微粒子が形成されている状態を示している。一方、図5(b)は、個別のシリコン微細粒子に着目したTEM写真である。図5(b)中の中央部の丸囲いで示すように、約5nm以下の大きさのシリコン微細粒子が確認された。また、このシリコン微細粒子が、結晶性を有していることが確認された。
図6は、粉砕工程後におけるシリコン微細粒子の結晶子径分布をX線回折法によって、解析した結果を示す図である。図6に示すグラフは、横軸が結晶子径(nm)を表し、縦軸は、頻度を表している。また、実線は個数分布基準の結晶子径分布を示し、破線は体積分布基準の結晶子径分布を示している。個数分布においては、モード径が1.97nm、メジアン径(50%結晶子径)が3.70nm、平均径が5.1nmであった。また、体積分布においては、モード径が13.1nm、メジアン径が24.6nm、平均径が33.7nmであった。これらの結果により、粉砕工程後に得られるシリコン微細粒子は、ビーズミル法での処理で結晶子径が、100nm以下の範囲で、特に50nm以下に分布しているいわゆるシリコンナノ粒子物であることが確認された。
図7は、実施例1、実施例2、及び実施例3について、水素発生量を測定した結果を示すグラフである。図7中の横軸は、浸漬時間(分)を示し、図7中の縦軸は、水素製造用のシリコン微細粒子1g当りの水素発生量(mL/g)を示している。
ところで、上述の第4の実施形態においては、水素発生部70の反応槽72において、シリコン微細粒子2、表面酸化膜除去後のシリコン微細粒子3、及び親水化処理後のシリコン微細粒子4の群から選択される少なくとも1種を、水又は水溶液75に接触及び/又は水又は水溶液75中に分散して水素を発生させている。しかしながら、時間の経過とともに反応が平衡状態に至り、その結果として水素の発生量又は発生速度が飽和する可能性がある。そこで、そのような問題を解決するための第4の実施形態の変形例として、図10に示す水素製造装置200の構成を開示するとともに、実施例6を開示する。
実施例6の水素発生工程においては、p型のシリコンの切粉をZiO2製のビーズを用いて、上述の実施例5と同様にビーズミル機によって粉砕して形成したシリコン微細粒子0.86gを、水溶液(0.1mol/Lの水酸化カリウム水溶液)75中に浸漬した。なお、実施例6の水溶液は、水酸化カリウム(KOH)を添加する量を変えることにより、pH値が12.1、12.9、13.4、及び13.9の4種類に調製された各水溶液75が準備された。
次に、水素製造装置100を用いて水素製造試験を行った他の結果について説明する。実施例7の水素発生工程においては、水溶液75が、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液又はアンモニアを含む水溶液である。水溶液75に、シリコン微細粒子0.86gを接触及び/又は水溶液75中に分散して常温下で反応させた。
Claims (22)
- シリコンの切粉又はシリコンの研磨屑を粉砕することにより、シリコン微細粒子を形成する粉砕部と、
前記シリコン微細粒子を水又は水溶液に接触及び/又は該水又は該水溶液中に分散させることにより水素を発生させる水素発生部と、
を備える、
水素製造装置。 - 前記粉砕部によって得られた前記シリコン微細粒子にフッ化水素酸又はフッ化アンモニウム水溶液を接触させる表面酸化膜除去部をさらに備え、
前記水素発生部は、前記フッ化水素酸又は前記フッ化アンモニウム水溶液に接触させた前記シリコン微細粒子を、水又は水溶液に接触及び/又は該水又は該水溶液中に分散させることにより水素を発生させる、
請求項1に記載の水素製造装置。 - 前記フッ化水素酸又は前記フッ化アンモニウム水溶液に接触させた前記シリコン微細粒子の表面を親水化処理する親水化処理部をさらに備え、
前記親水化処理部は、前記シリコン微細粒子の表面に界面活性剤又は硝酸を接触させる、
請求項2に記載の水素製造装置。 - 前記水素発生部から出された前記シリコン微細粒子に、フッ化水素酸又はフッ化アンモニウム水溶液を再度接触させる追加的表面酸化膜除去部と、
前記追加的表面酸化膜除去部によって前記フッ化水素酸又は前記フッ化アンモニウム水溶液に再度接触させた前記シリコン微細粒子を、水又は水溶液中に接触及び/又は分散させることにより水素を発生させる追加的水素発生部をさらに備える、
請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の水素製造装置。 - 前記水素発生部において、前記水又は前記水溶液の水素イオン濃度指数(pH)を変化させることにより水素発生速度及び/又は水素発生量を調整する調整部をさらに備えた、
請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の水素製造装置。 - シリコンの切粉又はシリコンの研磨屑を粉砕することにより、シリコン微細粒子を形成する粉砕工程と、
前記シリコン微細粒子を水又は水溶液に接触及び/又は該水又は該水溶液中に分散させることにより水素を発生させる水素発生工程と、
を含む、
水素製造方法。 - 前記水素発生工程の前に、前記粉砕工程によって得られた前記シリコン微細粒子にフッ化水素酸又はフッ化アンモニウム水溶液を接触させる表面酸化膜除去工程をさらに含み、
前記水素発生工程は、前記フッ化水素酸又は前記フッ化アンモニウム水溶液に接触させた前記シリコン微細粒子を、水又は水溶液中に接触及び/又は分散させることにより水素を発生させる、
請求項6に記載の水素製造方法。 - 前記水素発生工程の前に、前記フッ化水素酸又は前記フッ化アンモニウム水溶液に接触させた前記シリコン微細粒子の表面を親水化処理する親水化処理工程をさらに含み、
請求項7に記載の水素製造方法。 - 前記水素発生工程の途中、又はその後に、前記シリコン微細粒子にフッ化水素酸又はフッ化アンモニウム水溶液を再度接触させる追加的表面酸化膜除去工程と、
前記追加的表面酸化膜除去工程の後、前記シリコン微細粒子を前記水又は前記水溶液中に再度接触及び/又は分散させることにより水素を発生させる追加的水素発生工程と、を含む、
請求項6乃至請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の水素製造方法。 - 前記水素発生工程において、前記水又は前記水溶液の水素イオン濃度指数(pH)を変化させることにより水素発生速度及び/又は水素発生量を調整する、
請求項6乃至請求項9のいずれか1項に記載の水素製造方法。 - 前記親水化処理工程は、前記シリコン微細粒子の表面に界面活性剤又は硝酸を接触させる、
請求項8に記載の水素製造方法。 - 前記シリコン微細粒子の結晶子径が100nm以下である、
請求項6乃至請求項11のいずれか1項に記載の水素製造方法。 - 前記水素発生工程の前記水溶液のPH値が10以上である、
請求項6乃至請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の水素製造方法。 - 形状が不定形であるとともに、結晶子径が100nm以下であり、かつ表面が親水性である、
水素製造用シリコン微細粒子。 - 表面が親水性である、
請求項14に記載の水素製造用シリコン微細粒子。 - シリコンの切粉又はシリコンの研磨屑を粉砕することにより形成されたシリコン微細粒子を化学的処理したシリコン微細粒子を含む、
請求項14又は請求項15に記載の水素製造用シリコン微細粒子。 - シリコンの切粉又はシリコンの研磨屑を粉砕することにより、シリコン微細粒子を形成する粉砕工程を含む、
水素製造用シリコン微細粒子の製造方法。 - 前記粉砕工程によって得られた前記シリコン微細粒子にフッ化水素酸又はフッ化アンモニウム水溶液を接触させる表面酸化膜除去工程をさらに含む、
請求項17に記載の水素製造用シリコン微細粒子の製造方法。 - 前記フッ化水素酸又は前記フッ化アンモニウム水溶液に接触させた前記シリコン微細粒子の表面を親水化処理する親水化処理工程をさらに含む、
請求項18に記載の水素製造用シリコン微細粒子の製造方法。 - 前記親水化処理工程は、前記シリコン微細粒子の表面に界面活性剤又は硝酸を接触させる、
請求項19に記載の水素製造用シリコン微細粒子の製造方法。 - 前記シリコンの前記切粉又は前記シリコンの前記研磨屑を粉砕することにより形成された前記シリコン微細粒子を化学的処理したシリコン微細粒子を形成する化学的処理工程をさらに含む、
請求項17乃至請求項20のいずれか1項に記載の水素製造用シリコン微細粒子の製造方法。 - 請求項17乃至請求項21のいずれか1項に記載の水素製造用シリコン微細粒子の製造方法によって製造された、
水素製造用シリコン微細粒子。
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JPWO2018037818A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-23 | 2019-06-20 | 小林 光 | 水素供給材及びその製造方法、並びに水素供給方法 |
JP2021178320A (ja) * | 2016-08-23 | 2021-11-18 | 株式会社Kit | 配合物及びその製造方法、並びに水素供給方法 |
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JPWO2018037819A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-23 | 2019-07-25 | 小林 光 | 配合物及びその製造方法、並びに水素供給方法 |
WO2018037819A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-23 | 2018-03-01 | 小林 光 | 配合物及びその製造方法、並びに水素供給方法 |
US11583483B2 (en) | 2016-08-23 | 2023-02-21 | Bosquet Silicon Corp. | Hydrogen supply material and production therefor, and hydrogen supply method |
US11707063B2 (en) | 2016-08-23 | 2023-07-25 | Bosquet Silicon Corp. | Compound, production method therefor, and hydrogen supply method |
WO2018037818A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-23 | 2018-03-01 | 小林 光 | 水素供給材及びその製造方法、並びに水素供給方法 |
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US20240059557A1 (en) | 2024-02-22 |
US20210300756A1 (en) | 2021-09-30 |
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