WO2015012282A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質とその製造方法、および、非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質とその製造方法、および、非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material as a positive electrode material.
- lithium ion secondary battery that is a kind of non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- This lithium ion secondary battery is composed of a negative electrode, a positive electrode, an electrolytic solution, and the like, and a material capable of desorbing and inserting lithium is used as an active material used as a material for the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
- lithium ion secondary batteries using a layered or spinel type lithium metal composite oxide as a positive electrode material, Since a high voltage of 4V class can be obtained, the battery is being put to practical use as a battery having a high energy density.
- lithium cobalt composite oxide As a positive electrode material for such a lithium ion secondary battery, lithium cobalt composite oxide (LiCoO 2 ), which is currently relatively easy to synthesize, lithium nickel composite oxide (LiNiO 2 ) using nickel cheaper than cobalt, Lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), lithium manganese composite oxide using manganese (LiMn 2 O 4 ), lithium nickel manganese composite oxide (LiNi 0.5 Mn Lithium composite oxides such as 0.5 O 2 ) have been proposed.
- lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide has attracted attention as a positive electrode material that has good cycle characteristics, low resistance, and high output.
- attempts have been made to improve the performance by introducing various additive elements into the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide.
- the ratio of the diffraction peak intensity (H (003) ) at the (003 ) plane and the diffraction peak intensity (H (104) ) at the (104) plane is 1.0 to 1. .5
- a positive electrode active material that has high lithium ion conductivity and can suppress an increase in internal resistance of the battery has been proposed.
- a lithium nickel manganese composite oxide is obtained by firing a raw material having a small particle diameter at 950 ° C. or higher, preferably 1000 ° C. to 1100 ° C., and for 10 hours to 50 hours. It is stated that it can be done.
- the positive electrode active material has a hollow structure, and the value of FWHM (003) / FWHM (104) is controlled to 0.7 or less, so that ⁇ 30 can be obtained in a low charge state.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries that can exhibit high output characteristics even in an extremely low temperature environment of ° C. have been proposed.
- such a positive electrode active material is prepared by mixing a transition metal hydroxide crystallized under a predetermined condition with a lithium compound, and setting a maximum firing temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere to 700 ° C. to 1000 ° C. It describes that it can be obtained by baking at a temperature for 3 to 20 hours.
- JP-A-5-258751 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-22893 JP-A-8-55624 JP-A-10-308218 JP 2000-195514 A JP 2005-197004 A JP 2013-51772 A
- An object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that can improve the output characteristics of a lithium ion secondary battery, in particular, the output characteristics when used in a low temperature environment. . Moreover, it aims at providing the manufacturing method which can manufacture such a positive electrode active material easily in industrial scale production.
- the ratio of the integrated width of the diffraction peak at the (104) plane to the integrated width of the diffraction peak at the (003) plane in the Miller index (hkl) is preferably 1.38 or more, preferably 1.39 to
- the ratio of the peak integrated intensity of the (003) plane to the peak integrated intensity of the (104) plane in the Miller index (hkl) is It is preferable that it is 1.20 or more.
- the volume-based average particle diameter determined by a laser diffraction scattering method is preferably in the range of 3 [mu] m ⁇ 20 [mu] m, specific surface area, in the range of 0.3m 2 /g ⁇ 2.5m 2 / g preferable.
- the heating rate is 4 ° C / min to 10 ° C / min and Firing at a temperature of 800 ° C. to 1000 ° C., a holding time at the baking temperature of 5 hours or less, and a time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding of 3.0 to 7.0 hours. It is characterized by.
- lithium carbonate lithium hydroxide
- lithium hydroxide lithium hydroxide
- the oxygen concentration in the oxidizing atmosphere is 10 volume% to 100 volume%.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a nonaqueous electrolyte, and the positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is used as a positive electrode material of the positive electrode. It is characterized by that.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention has battery characteristics such that an initial discharge capacity is 150 mAh / g or more, and a cryogenic output at ⁇ 30 ° C. is 110 W or more.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent output characteristics in a low temperature environment.
- a secondary battery can be suitably applied to a small secondary battery mounted on a power supply device such as a portable electronic device such as a mobile phone or a notebook computer, a power tool, and an electric vehicle including a hybrid vehicle. it can.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having such excellent characteristics can be provided by a method that can be easily and mass-produced. For this reason, the industrial significance of the present invention is extremely large.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of a cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery in which the present invention is used for battery evaluation.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the integral width ratio and the output at ⁇ 30 ° C.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the peak integrated intensity ratio and the output at ⁇ 30 ° C.
- the inventors of the present invention have made extensive studies to solve the above-described problems. As a result, in powder X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays, it is specified by the ratio of the integration width of the diffraction peak on the (104) plane to the integration width of the diffraction peak on the (003) plane in the Miller index (hkl). In addition, the inventors have found that there is a correlation between the crystal form of the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide and the output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery using this in an extremely low temperature environment. In addition, as a result of repeated studies in detail on the crystal growth process of lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide, it was found that the growth direction of the crystal can be controlled by controlling the firing conditions. The present invention has been completed based on these findings.
- compositions The positive electrode active material of the present invention is composed of lithium composite oxide particles.
- the composition of the lithium composite oxide particles is represented by the general formula (A) described above.
- the value of a indicating an excess amount of lithium (Li) is ⁇ 0.05 or more and 0.20 or less, preferably 0 or more and 0.18 or less, more preferably more than 0 and 0.15 or less.
- the value of a is less than ⁇ 0.05, the positive electrode resistance of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using this positive electrode active material increases, and the output of the battery decreases.
- the value of a exceeds 0.20, the initial discharge capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using this positive electrode active material is lowered.
- Nickel (Ni) is an element that contributes to improving battery capacity.
- the value x indicating the nickel content is 0.30 to 0.70, preferably 0.30 to 0.65, and more preferably 0.33 to 0.60.
- the value of x is less than 0.30, the battery capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using this positive electrode active material is reduced.
- the value of x exceeds 0.70, the content of other additive elements decreases, and the effect of addition may not be sufficiently obtained.
- Co Co is an element that contributes to improving the cycle characteristics.
- the positive electrode active material has good cycle characteristics, that is, high durability.
- the value of y indicating the cobalt content is 0.10 or more and 0.40 or less, preferably 0.10 or more and 0.35 or less, and more preferably 0.15 or more and 0.35 or less. If the value of y is less than 0.10, sufficient cycle characteristics cannot be obtained, and the capacity retention rate decreases. On the other hand, when the value of y exceeds 0.40, the initial discharge capacity is greatly reduced.
- Manganese (Mn) is an element that contributes to improved thermal stability.
- the value of z indicating the manganese content is 0.10 or more and 0.40 or less, preferably 0.10 or more and 0.35 or less, and more preferably 0.15 or more and 0.35 or less. If the value of z is less than 0.10, the effect of adding manganese cannot be sufficiently obtained. On the other hand, if the value of z exceeds 0.40, the elution amount of manganese increases at high temperature operation, and the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention can contain an additive element (M) in the lithium composite oxide particles. Thereby, durability, an output characteristic, etc. of the secondary battery using this positive electrode active material can be improved.
- M additive element
- Such additive elements (M) include calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), and niobium (Nb).
- One or more elements selected from molybdenum (Mo), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), and tungsten (W) can be used. These additive elements (M) are appropriately selected according to the use of the secondary battery in which the obtained positive electrode active material is used and the required performance.
- the value of t indicating the content of the additive element (M) is 0 or more and 0.01 or less, preferably more than 0.0003 and 0.01 or less, more preferably more than 0.0005 and 0.008 or less, Preferably, it exceeds 0.001 and is set to 0.007 or less.
- the value of t is 0.0003 or less, the effect of improving the durability characteristics and output characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using this positive electrode active material cannot be sufficiently obtained.
- the value of t exceeds 0.01, the metal element contributing to the Redox reaction decreases, and the battery capacity decreases.
- the additive element (M) is crystallized together with nickel, cobalt and manganese in the crystallization step, and in the nickel cobalt manganese composite hydroxide particles (hereinafter referred to as “composite hydroxide particles”). Although it can be dispersed uniformly, the surface of the composite hydroxide particles may be coated with the additive element (M) after the crystallization step. Moreover, in a mixing process, it is also possible to mix with a lithium compound with a composite hydroxide particle, You may use these methods together. Regardless of which method is used, it is necessary to adjust the content so that the composition of the general formula (A) is obtained.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is composed of hexagonal lithium composite oxide particles having a layered structure, and (003) in Miller index (hkl) in powder X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays.
- the ratio of the integral width of the diffraction peak at the (104) plane to the integral width of the diffraction peak at the () plane (integral width ratio) is 1.38 or more.
- the integration width of the diffraction peak at the (003) plane in the Miller index (hkl) is W (003) and the integration width of the diffraction peak at the (104) plane is W ( 104) Integral width ratio: 1.38 ⁇ W (104) / W (003) It is characterized by that.
- lithium composite oxide lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide
- insertion and desorption of lithium ions accompanying charge / discharge are in the a-axis direction orthogonal to the c-axis. It is known to be done in On the other hand, in order to improve the output characteristics, it is advantageous that the diffusion distance of lithium ions is short. In particular, in an extremely low temperature state where the diffusion rate is slow, the contribution of the diffusion distance to the output characteristics is considered to be large. For this reason, if the growth in the a-axis direction proceeds more than the c-axis direction, the output characteristics are disadvantageous.
- W (104) represents crystal growth in the a-axis and c-axis directions
- W (003) represents crystal growth in the c-axis direction
- W (104) / W (003) is approximately c
- W (104) and W (003) mean that crystal growth is progressing, so that the value is small. From this, it can be said that the larger the W (104) / W (003) is, the more the crystal growth in the a-axis direction is suppressed and the crystal growth in the c-axis direction is progressing. Therefore, the larger W (104) / W (003) , the shorter the lithium ion diffusion distance, and the higher the output characteristics at cryogenic temperatures.
- W (104) / W (003) is preferably set to 1.39 or more. , 1.40 or more is more preferable. However, if W (104) / W (003) becomes too large, the crystallinity becomes unstable and the battery characteristics may deteriorate. For this reason, in consideration of manufacturing restrictions, the upper limit value is preferably 1.51 or less, more preferably 1.49 or less, and even more preferably 1.48 or less.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) with respect to the diffraction peak is used when evaluating crystal growth.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is a relative crystallinity between crystal planes, and is not considered quantitatively, so that sufficient reliability cannot be obtained.
- Another problem is that the peak shape varies greatly due to the resolution.
- W integral width
- Peak integrated intensity ratio In the positive electrode active material of the present invention, the integral width ratio is controlled as described above, and the peak integrated intensity (I (003) on the (003) plane of powder X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays is used. ) And (104) plane peak integrated intensity (I (104) ) ratio (peak integrated intensity ratio: I (003) / I (104) ) is preferably controlled to 1.20 or more. It is more preferable to control to 22 to 1.35, and it is more preferable to control to 1.23 to 1.28.
- the peak integrated intensity is an index of crystal growth, and by controlling the peak integrated intensity ratio in the above-described range, crystal growth in the a-axis direction orthogonal to the c-axis can be suppressed. It is possible to improve.
- the peak integrated intensity ratio is less than 1.20, the crystallinity becomes insufficient, and battery characteristics such as capacity and cycle retention ratio may be deteriorated. Although it is preferable that crystal growth in the c-axis direction proceeds, problems such as the formation of a heterogeneous phase may occur when the peak integrated intensity ratio becomes excessively large. For this reason, the peak integrated intensity ratio is preferably 1.35 or less.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is composed of substantially spherical secondary particles formed by agglomerating a plurality of primary particles (lithium composite oxide particles).
- the shape of the primary particles constituting the secondary particles various forms such as a plate shape, a needle shape, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, an ellipse shape, and a ridge surface shape can be adopted.
- the aggregation state can be applied to the present invention not only in the case of aggregation in a random direction but also in the case where the major axis direction of particles aggregates radially from the center.
- the primary particles are preferably spherical.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention has an interface or a grain boundary through which the electrolytic solution can permeate between primary particles constituting the secondary particles. For this reason, the electrolyte solution can be infiltrated to the surface of the primary particles where lithium ions are desorbed and inserted, and the output characteristics are greatly improved by the synergistic effect with the control of the integral width ratio and the peak integral intensity ratio described above. Can be improved.
- Such secondary particles can be easily manufactured by using, as a precursor, composite hydroxide particles obtained in a crystallization process as described later.
- the average particle size of the positive electrode active material of the present invention is preferably 3 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter means a volume-based average particle diameter (MV) obtained by a laser diffraction scattering method.
- the average particle size is less than 3 ⁇ m, the packing density of the positive electrode active material may decrease, and the battery capacity per positive electrode volume may decrease. Moreover, it may react with electrolyte solution excessively and safety
- the average particle size exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material decreases and the interface with the electrolytic solution decreases, so that the positive electrode resistance increases and the output characteristics of the secondary battery may decrease.
- the average particle size is more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of increasing the battery capacity per unit volume and obtaining battery characteristics excellent in high safety and high output.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material having a specific surface area of the present invention preferably to 0.3m 2 /g ⁇ 2.5m 2 / g, and 0.5m 2 /g ⁇ 2.0m 2 / g It is more preferable. If the specific surface area is less than 0.3 m 2 / g, a sufficient reaction area with the electrolytic solution may not be ensured. On the other hand, when it exceeds 2.5 m 2 / g, it reacts excessively with the electrolytic solution, and the safety may decrease.
- the specific surface area can be measured by the BET method using nitrogen gas adsorption.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material according to the present invention comprises adding a lithium compound to nickel cobalt manganese composite hydroxide particles (hereinafter referred to as “composite hydroxide particles”).
- composite hydroxide particles a lithium compound to nickel cobalt manganese composite hydroxide particles
- a mixing step of mixing to obtain a lithium mixture and a baking step of baking the lithium mixture in an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain lithium composite oxide particles are provided.
- the general formula (B): Ni x Co y Mn z M t (OH) 2 + ⁇ (x + y + z + t 1,0.30 ⁇ x ⁇ 0 .70, 0.10 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.40, 0.10 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.40, 0 ⁇ t ⁇ 0.01,
- M is Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb,
- Composite hydroxide particles represented by one or more elements selected from Mo, Hf, Ta, and W can be used.
- the method for producing such composite hydroxide particles is not particularly limited, and a known method can be applied.
- a mixed aqueous solution in which a metal compound of nickel, cobalt, manganese and an additive element (M) is dissolved so that the composition ratio represented by the general formula (B) is obtained, or an ammonium ion supplier is added to this mixed aqueous solution.
- the added aqueous solution is supplied to the reaction vessel while stirring, and a reaction aqueous solution is formed by supplying an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and the pH value is controlled within a predetermined range to crystallize composite hydroxide particles.
- the shape of the obtained composite hydroxide particles can be made spherical.
- a crystallization method either a continuous crystallization method or a batch crystallization method can be employed.
- a nucleation stage in which the core part of the composite hydroxide particles precipitates and a particle growth stage in which particles grow around this nucleus are clearly defined. It is preferable to employ a batch type crystallization method separated into two.
- the composite hydroxide particles may optionally be heat treated before the mixing step after the crystallization step, and then mixed with the lithium compound.
- the heat treatment step is a step of removing moisture contained in the composite hydroxide particles by heating the composite hydroxide particles to a temperature of 105 ° C. to 400 ° C. for heat treatment.
- moisture remaining in the particles until the firing step can be reduced to a certain amount, resulting in variations in the number of atoms of each metal component and the ratio of the number of lithium atoms in the obtained positive electrode active material.
- the lithium atom number ratio (Li / Me) can be stabilized.
- the heating temperature in the heat treatment step is 105 ° C to 400 ° C, preferably 150 ° C to 400 ° C. If the heating temperature is less than 105 ° C., excess moisture in the composite hydroxide particles cannot be removed, and variation may not be sufficiently suppressed. On the other hand, even if the heating temperature exceeds 400 ° C., not only a further effect cannot be expected, but the production cost increases.
- variation mentioned above can be suppressed by calculating
- the atmosphere in which the heat treatment is performed is not particularly limited and may be any non-reducing atmosphere, but is preferably performed in an air stream that can be easily performed.
- the heat treatment time is not particularly limited, but if it is less than 1 hour, excess moisture of the composite hydroxide particles may not be sufficiently removed. Therefore, the heat treatment time is preferably at least 1 hour or more, more preferably 5 hours to 15 hours.
- the equipment used for such heat treatment is not particularly limited as long as the composite hydroxide particles can be heated in a non-reducing atmosphere, preferably in an air stream, and no electric gas is generated. Etc. are preferably used.
- the ratio (Li / Me) of the number of lithium atoms (Li) to the total number (Me) of atoms of the metal elements constituting the composite hydroxide particles or heat-treated particles is determined.
- This is a step of obtaining a lithium mixture by mixing lithium compounds so as to be 0.95 to 1.20, preferably 1.00 to 1.20, more preferably greater than 1.00 and 1.15 or less. That is, since Li / Me does not change before and after the firing step, the composite hydroxide particles or the heat treatment is performed so that Li / Me of the lithium mixture obtained by this mixing step becomes Li / Me of the target positive electrode active material. It is necessary to mix a lithium compound with the particles.
- the lithium compound used to form the lithium mixture is not particularly limited, but considering the availability, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, lithium carbonate, or a mixture thereof should be preferably used. Can do. In particular, lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate is preferably used, and lithium carbonate is more preferably used in consideration of ease of handling and quality stability.
- the lithium mixture is sufficiently mixed before firing.
- mixing is insufficient, Li / Me varies among individual particles, and sufficient battery characteristics may not be obtained.
- a general mixer can be used for mixing, for example, a shaker mixer, a V blender, a ribbon mixer, a Julia mixer, a Ladige mixer, or the like can be used.
- the composite oxide particles or the heat-treated particles and the lithium compound may be sufficiently mixed so that the shape of the composite hydroxide particles or the heat-treated particles is not destroyed.
- the compound of an additional element (M) can also be mixed with a lithium compound.
- the surface of the composite hydroxide particles or composite oxide particles may be coated with the compound of the additive element (M) and then mixed with the lithium compound.
- these methods may be used in combination. In any case, it is necessary to appropriately adjust the additive element (M) so as to have the composition of the general formula (A).
- the firing step is a step of obtaining lithium composite oxide particles by firing the lithium mixture obtained in the mixing step under predetermined conditions and then cooling to room temperature.
- the temperature rise rate in a temperature range of at least 30 ° C. to 800 ° C. in an oxidizing atmosphere is set to 4 ° C./min to 10 ° C./min, and the firing temperature is set to 800 ° C. to 1000 ° C.
- it is important to perform firing so that the holding time at this firing temperature is within 5 hours, and the time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding is 3 to 7 hours.
- W (104) / W (003) is 1.38 or more. It can be.
- the firing furnace used in the firing step is not limited as long as the conditions described below can be controlled. However, those that can be heated in the atmosphere or in an oxygen stream are preferred, and an electric furnace that does not generate gas is more preferred. If it is such a baking furnace, both a batch type electric furnace and a continuous type electric furnace can be used suitably.
- the firing temperature is 800 ° C. to 1000 ° C., preferably 830 ° C. to 980 ° C., more preferably 840 ° C. to 960 ° C.
- the firing temperature is less than 800 ° C.
- the composite hydroxide particles or composite oxide particles do not sufficiently react with the lithium compound, and the surplus lithium compound and unreacted composite hydroxide particles or composite oxide particles remain.
- the diffusion of lithium into the composite hydroxide particles or composite oxide particles becomes insufficient, the crystal structure is not uniform.
- the firing temperature exceeds 1000 ° C., sintering between the generated lithium composite oxide particles proceeds vigorously and abnormal grain growth occurs, so that the particles become coarse and can maintain the shape of spherical secondary particles. Disappear.
- the firing temperature is less than 800 ° C.
- the average particle diameter of the lithium composite oxide particles is small and the specific surface area is large.
- it exceeds 1000 ° C. the average particle size is large and the specific surface area is small. For this reason, in any case, it is difficult to obtain a positive electrode active material having a suitable average particle diameter and specific surface area.
- the rate of temperature rise in the temperature range of at least 30 ° C. to 800 ° C. is 4 ° C./min to 10 ° C./min, preferably 5 ° C./min to 9 ° C./min, more preferably 5 ° C./min to It is necessary to set the temperature at 8 ° C./min. Thereby, crystal growth in the a-axis direction orthogonal to the c-axis can be suppressed.
- the rate of temperature increase in this temperature range is less than 4 ° C./min, the composite hydroxide particles are converted to composite oxide particles during the temperature increase, and the composite oxide particles and the lithium compound Since the reaction with lithium proceeds, crystal growth in the a-axis direction orthogonal to the c-axis also proceeds.
- the rate of temperature increase in this temperature range exceeds 10 ° C./min, the reaction between the composite hydroxide particles or composite oxide particles and the lithium compound becomes non-uniform, and the sintering between the particles proceeds locally. Therefore, the positive electrode resistance value of the obtained secondary battery is increased.
- the rate of temperature increase means an average value of temperature increase rate (average temperature increase rate) in a target temperature range.
- the heating rate from 800 ° C. to firing temperature in the firing step is not particularly limited, but as with the temperature raising rate in the temperature range of 30 ° C. to 800 ° C., 4 It is preferable that the temperature is set to 10 ° C./min. If the rate of temperature increase in this temperature range is less than 4 ° C./min, the time that the temperature is maintained at 800 ° C. or more becomes too long, and thus crystal growth in the a-axis direction orthogonal to the c-axis may proceed excessively. On the other hand, if the rate of temperature rise in this temperature range exceeds 10 ° C./min, the temperature of the lithium mixture varies, crystal growth becomes non-uniform, and battery characteristics may deteriorate.
- the holding time at the firing temperature is within 5 hours, preferably within 4 hours.
- the holding time is within such a range, the crystal structure of the obtained positive electrode active material becomes uniform, and W (104) / W (003) can be 1.38 or more.
- the holding time exceeds 5 hours, crystal growth proceeds in the a-axis direction orthogonal to the c-axis.
- the lower limit of the holding time is not particularly limited as long as the composite hydroxide particles or composite oxide particles can be sufficiently reacted with the lithium compound, and is sufficient during the temperature raising process up to the firing temperature. If it can be made to react, it does not need to provide holding time.
- Total firing time 3.0 hours to 7.0 hours, preferably 4.0 hours to 6. 9 hours, more preferably 4.5 hours to 6.5 hours. If the total firing time is less than 3 hours, the composite hydroxide or composite oxide particles do not sufficiently react with the lithium compound, and the surplus lithium compound and unreacted composite hydroxide particles or composite oxide particles remain, Or, since the diffusion of lithium into the composite hydroxide particles or composite oxide particles becomes insufficient, the crystal structure is not uniform. On the other hand, if the total firing time exceeds 7 hours, crystal growth proceeds in the a-axis direction orthogonal to the c-axis.
- the firing atmosphere is preferably an oxidizing atmosphere, and is preferably performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 18% by volume to 100% by volume, that is, in the air to an oxygen stream. Considering the cost, it is particularly preferable to perform in an air stream. When the oxygen concentration is less than 18% by volume, the oxidation reaction does not proceed sufficiently, and the resulting lithium composite oxide particles may not have sufficient crystallinity.
- the lithium composite oxide particles obtained by the firing process may be aggregated or slightly sintered.
- the average particle diameter (MV) of the obtained positive electrode active material is easily adjusted to a suitable range of 3 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m by crushing the aggregate or sintered body of the lithium composite oxide particles. can do.
- pulverization means that mechanical energy is applied to an aggregate composed of a plurality of secondary particles generated by sintering necking between secondary particles during firing, and the secondary particles themselves are hardly destroyed. It is an operation of separating and loosening the aggregates.
- known means can be used, for example, a pin mill or a hammer mill can be used. At this time, it is preferable to adjust the crushing force to an appropriate range so as not to destroy the secondary particles.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes the same components as a general non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, such as a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a general non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the embodiment described below is merely an example, and the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is applied to various modifications and improvements based on the embodiment described in the present specification. It is also possible.
- a conductive material and a binder are mixed with the powdered positive electrode active material obtained according to the present invention, and activated carbon and a solvent such as viscosity adjustment are added as necessary, and these are kneaded and mixed.
- a material paste is prepared.
- the mixing ratio in the positive electrode mixture paste is also an important factor for determining the performance of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the solid content of the positive electrode mixture excluding the solvent is 100 parts by mass
- the content of the positive electrode active material is 60 parts by mass to 95 parts by mass in the same manner as the positive electrode of a general nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the content is preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass
- the binder content is preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass.
- the obtained positive electrode mixture paste is applied to the surface of a current collector made of aluminum foil, for example, and dried to disperse the solvent. If necessary, pressurization may be performed by a roll press or the like to increase the electrode density. In this way, a sheet-like positive electrode can be produced.
- the sheet-like positive electrode can be cut into an appropriate size according to the target battery and used for battery production.
- the method for manufacturing the positive electrode is not limited to the above-described examples, and other methods may be used.
- the conductive material for example, graphite (natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, etc.), and carbon black materials such as acetylene black and ketjen black can be used.
- the binder plays a role of anchoring the active material particles.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- fluorine rubber ethylene propylene diene rubber
- styrene butadiene styrene butadiene
- cellulosic resin and polyacrylic
- An acid can be used.
- a positive electrode active material, a conductive material and activated carbon can be dispersed and a solvent for dissolving the binder can be added to the positive electrode mixture.
- a solvent an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be used.
- activated carbon can be added to the positive electrode mixture in order to increase the electric double layer capacity.
- Electrode metallic lithium or lithium alloy, or a negative electrode active material that can occlude and desorb lithium ions is mixed with a binder, and an appropriate solvent is added into a paste to form a negative electrode mixture such as copper. It is applied to the surface of the metal foil current collector, dried, and compressed to increase the electrode density as necessary.
- the negative electrode active material for example, a fired organic compound such as natural graphite, artificial graphite and phenol resin, and a powdery substance of carbon material such as coke can be used.
- a fluorine-containing resin such as PVDF can be used as the negative electrode binder as in the positive electrode
- an organic material such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be used as a solvent for dispersing these active materials and the binder.
- a solvent can be used.
- a separator is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode and retains an electrolyte, and a thin film such as polyethylene or polypropylene and a film having many minute holes can be used.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte The nonaqueous electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as a supporting salt in an organic solvent.
- organic solvent examples include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and trifluoropropylene carbonate, chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and dipropyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, 2- One kind selected from ether compounds such as methyltetrahydrofuran and dimethoxyethane, sulfur compounds such as ethylmethylsulfone and butanesultone, and phosphorus compounds such as triethyl phosphate and trioctyl phosphate are used alone or in admixture of two or more. be able to.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and trifluoropropylene carbonate
- chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and dipropyl carbonate
- LiPF 6 LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , and complex salts thereof can be used.
- non-aqueous electrolyte may contain a radical scavenger, a surfactant, a flame retardant, and the like.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention composed of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the separator and the nonaqueous electrolytic solution described above has various shapes such as a cylindrical shape and a laminated shape. Can do.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated through a separator to form an electrode body, and the obtained electrode body is impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte and communicated with the positive electrode current collector and the outside.
- the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode terminal communicating with the outside are connected using a current collecting lead or the like, and sealed in a battery case to complete a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. .
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the present invention can improve output characteristics, particularly output characteristics when used in an extremely low temperature (-30 ° C.) environment.
- the output value at ⁇ 30 ° C. is 110 W or more, preferably 114 W or more, more preferably 120 W. This can be done.
- the cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the present invention can achieve a high initial discharge capacity of 150 mAh / g or more, preferably 153 mAh / g or more, more preferably 156 mAh / g or more.
- a high capacity retention rate can be obtained even in a long-term cycle, so it can be said that the capacity is high and the life is long.
- the thermal stability is high and the safety is also excellent. For this reason, an expensive protection circuit can be simplified and the secondary battery can be reduced in size and cost.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention having the above-described characteristics is required to have high output characteristics including use in a cold region, and small portable electronic devices that are restricted in mounting space, It can be suitably used as a power source for transportation machinery such as automobiles.
- the present invention can be used not only as a power source for an electric vehicle driven purely by electric energy but also as a power source for a so-called hybrid vehicle used in combination with a combustion engine such as a gasoline engine or a diesel engine.
- Example 1 [Crystalling process] Composite hydroxide particles were prepared using known crystallization techniques. First, nickel, cobalt and manganese sulfates, a mixed aqueous solution of a zirconium compound and a tungsten compound, and an aqueous solution containing an ammonium ion supplier were supplied into the reaction vessel while stirring. At the same time, by supplying an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, a reaction aqueous solution was formed, and the composite hydroxide particles were crystallized. At this time, the supply amount of the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was adjusted so that the pH value of the aqueous reaction solution was maintained within a predetermined range. Thereafter, the composite hydroxide particles were collected, washed with water and dried to obtain powder.
- the composite hydroxide particles thus obtained were subjected to composition analysis using an ICP emission spectrometer (ICPS-8100, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 ) 0.993 Zr 0.002 W 0.005 (OH) 2 + ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5) was confirmed.
- the lithium mixture obtained in the mixing step was fired in an air (oxygen: 21% by volume) airflow at a firing temperature of 950 ° C. Specifically, the temperature was raised from room temperature (30 ° C.) to a firing temperature at a rate of temperature rise of 8 ° C./minute, fired at a holding time at this temperature for 3 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 4.9 hours.
- the positive electrode active material thus obtained was subjected to composition analysis using an ICP emission spectrometer.
- the composition of the positive electrode active material was as follows: General formula: Li 1.14 (Ni 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 ) 0.993 Zr 0.002 W 0.005 It was confirmed that it was represented by O 2 .
- the average particle size of the positive electrode active material was determined as the particle size at which the volume integration obtained by particle size distribution measurement with a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measurement device (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd., Microtrac HRA) is 50%. It was confirmed to be 5.2 ⁇ m.
- this positive electrode active material Furthermore, with respect to this positive electrode active material, measurement of applied voltage 40 kV, current value 40 mA, step width 0.0168 °, integration time 20 seconds using an X-ray diffractometer (manufactured by Panalical, X'Pert PRO). Under the conditions, powder X-ray diffraction measurement using CuK ⁇ rays was performed. As a result, this positive electrode active material was confirmed to have a hexagonal layered structure.
- the integral width ratio and peak integral intensity ratio of this positive electrode active material were measured using powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprehensive analysis software (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation, JADE), and the peak angle range on the (003) plane was 17.
- the analysis was performed using the Lorentz function with 0 ° to 20.0 ° and the peak angle range on the (104) plane of 42.5 ° to 46.5 °. As a result, it was confirmed that the integral width ratio was 1.48 and the peak integral intensity ratio was 1.23.
- Positive electrode The positive electrode active material is mixed with carbon black as a conductive material and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder so that the mass ratio of these materials is 85: 10: 5.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- a positive electrode mixture paste was prepared by dissolving in -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution.
- the positive electrode mixture paste was applied to both surfaces of an aluminum foil with a comma coater, heated at 100 ° C., and dried to obtain a positive electrode. And this positive electrode was passed through the roll press machine, the load was added, and the positive electrode sheet (1) which improved the electrode density was produced.
- Negative electrode Graphite as a negative electrode active material and PVDF as a binder are mixed so that the mass ratio of these materials is 92.5: 7.5, and dissolved in an NMP solution. A material paste was obtained.
- This negative electrode mixture paste was applied to both sides of a copper foil with a comma coater in the same manner as the positive electrode, heated to 1200 ° C., and dried to obtain a negative electrode. And this negative electrode was passed through the roll press machine, the load was added, and the negative electrode sheet (2) which improved the electrode density was produced.
- Lithium ion secondary battery The positive electrode sheet (1) and the negative electrode sheet (2) were wound with a separator (3) made of a microporous polyethylene sheet having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m interposed therebetween, and a wound isomorphous electrode body ( 4) was formed.
- the wound-type electrode body (4) is arranged so that the lead tabs provided on the positive electrode sheet (1) and the negative electrode sheet (2) are joined to the positive electrode terminal or the negative electrode terminal. Inserted into.
- an organic solvent composed of a mixed solution in which ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethylene carbonate (DEC) are mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 7 is used as a lithium salt so as to be 1 moI / dm 3 in the electrolytic solution.
- LiPF 6 was dissolved to prepare an electrolytic solution.
- This electrolytic solution was poured into a battery case in which a wound electrode assembly was inserted, and the open portion of the battery case (5) was sealed and sealed to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery (6).
- the production conditions of the positive electrode active material are shown in Table 1, and the characteristics of the obtained positive electrode active material and the lithium ion secondary battery are shown in Table 2, respectively.
- the firing temperature was 890 ° C., and the temperature was raised from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the baking was carried out at a rate of 8 ° C./min and a holding time of 4 hours. In addition, the total baking time from the temperature rising start to the end of holding at this time was 5.8 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 3 In the firing step, a positive electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the firing temperature was 890 ° C., the heating rate from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature was 8 ° C./min, and the holding time was 4 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. In addition, the total baking time from the temperature rising start to the end of holding at this time was 5.8 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the baking was carried out at a rate of 8 ° C./min and a holding time of 4 hours. In addition, the total baking time from the temperature rising start to the end of holding at this time was 5.8 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- the firing temperature was 930 ° C., and the temperature was raised from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the baking was carried out at a rate of 8 ° C./min and a holding time of 4 hours. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 5.9 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 6 In the firing step, the positive electrode was treated in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the firing temperature was 930 ° C., the heating rate from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature was 8 ° C./min, and the holding time was 4 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 5.9 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- the firing temperature was 930 ° C., and the temperature was raised from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the baking was carried out at a rate of 8 ° C./min and a holding time of 4 hours. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 5.9 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- the firing temperature was 960 ° C., and the temperature was raised from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the baking was carried out at a rate of 8 ° C./min and a holding time of 4 hours. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 5.9 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 9 In the firing step, a positive electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that firing was performed at a firing temperature of 960 ° C., a heating rate from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature of 8 ° C./min, and a holding time of 4 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 5.9 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- the firing temperature was 960 ° C., and the temperature was raised from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature.
- a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the baking was carried out at a rate of 8 ° C./min and a holding time of 4 hours. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 5.9 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 11 In the firing step, a positive electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the firing temperature was 950 ° C., the rate of temperature increase from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature was 4 ° C./min, and the holding time was 3 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 6.8 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 12 In the firing step, the positive electrode was treated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was 800 ° C., the temperature rising rate from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature was 8 ° C./min, and the holding time was 3 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 4.6 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 1 In the firing step, a positive electrode was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that firing was performed at a firing temperature of 950 ° C., a heating rate from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature of 3 ° C./min, and a holding time of 3 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. In addition, the total baking time from the temperature rising start at this time to the end of holding was 8.1 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 2 In the firing step, a positive electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the firing temperature was 950 ° C., the temperature rising rate from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature was 8 ° C./min, and the holding time was 10 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 11.9 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 6 In the firing step, a positive electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the firing temperature was 950 ° C., the temperature rising rate from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature was 11 ° C./min, and the holding time was 3 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. In addition, the total baking time from the temperature rising start to the completion
- Example 7 In the firing step, the positive electrode was treated in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the firing temperature was 950 ° C., the heating rate from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature was 8 ° C./min, and the holding time was 6 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. In addition, the total baking time from the temperature rising start to the completion
- Example 8 In the firing step, a positive electrode was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was 780 ° C., the temperature rising rate from room temperature (30 ° C.) to the firing temperature was 8 ° C./min, and the holding time was 3 hours. An active material was obtained and evaluated. Note that the total firing time from the start of temperature rise to the end of holding at this time was 4.6 hours. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- the integral width ratio can be controlled to 1.38 or more. Therefore, it can be seen that the initial discharge capacity can be 150 mAh / g or more and the cryogenic output can be 110 W or more. In particular, in Examples 1 to 10 and 12 in which the peak integrated intensity ratio is controlled to 1.20 or more, it can be seen that the cryogenic output can be 114 W or more.
- Comparative Example 4 although the conditions in the firing step are within the range specified in the present invention, the Li / Me value is too small, so the positive electrode resistance is increased and the cryogenic output is decreased.
- Comparative Example 5 similarly, although the conditions in the firing step are within the range specified in the present invention, the initial discharge capacity is reduced because the value of Li / Me is too large.
- FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the integral width ratio and the output at ⁇ 30 ° C. (cryogenic output)
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the peak integrated intensity ratio and the cryogenic output.
- the integral width ratio increases, the cryogenic output tends to improve.
- the integral width ratio is controlled to be 1.38 or higher. It turns out that is necessary.
- FIG. 3 shows that a favorable cryogenic output can be obtained by setting the peak integrated intensity ratio to 1.20 or more.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質(以下、「正極活物質」という)は、一般式(A):Li1+aNixCoyMnzMtO2(-0.05≦a≦0.20、x+y+z+t=1、0.30≦x≦0.70、0.10≦y≦0.40、0.10≦z≦0.40、0≦t≦0.01、Mは、Ca、Mg、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf、Ta、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表され、層状構造を有する六方晶系のリチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物粒子(以下、「リチウム複合酸化物粒子」という)からなり、かつ、CuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折において、ミラー指数(hkl)における(003)面での回折ピークの積分幅に対する、(104)面での回折ピークの積分幅の比が1.38以上、好ましくは1.39~1.49であることを特徴とする。
本発明の正極活物質は、リチウム複合酸化物粒子により構成される。このリチウム複合酸化物粒子の組成は、上述した一般式(A)で表される。
本発明の正極活物質は、層状構造を有する六方晶系リチウム複合酸化物粒子からなり、かつ、CuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折において、ミラー指数(hkl)における(003)面での回折ピークの積分幅に対する、(104)面での回折ピークの積分幅の比(積分幅比)が1.38以上であることを特徴とする。すなわち、CuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折において、ミラー指数(hkl)における(003)面での回折ピークの積分幅をW(003)、(104)面での回折ピークの積分幅をW(104)とした場合に、
積分幅比:1.38≦W(104)/W(003)
が成り立つことを特徴とする。ここで、積分幅:W(104)、W(003)は、CuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折のミラー指数(hkl)における(003)面、(104)面での回折ピークでの積分強度(ピーク積分強度)を、回折ピークでのピーク強度(回折ピーク強度)で除することによって求められる値(W=ピーク積分強度/回折ピーク強度)である。
本発明の正極活物質では、上述のように積分幅比を制御するとともに、CuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折の(003)面のピーク積分強度(I(003))と、(104)面のピーク積分強度(I(104))の比(ピーク積分強度比:I(003)/I(104))を、1.20以上に制御することが好ましく、1.22~1.35に制御することがより好ましく、1.23~1.28に制御することがより好ましい。ピーク積分強度は、結晶成長の指標であり、ピーク積分強度比を上述した範囲に制御することにより、c軸と直交するa軸方向への結晶成長を抑制することができるため、さらなる出力特性の向上を図ることが可能となる。
本発明の正極活物質は、一次粒子(リチウム複合酸化物粒子)が複数凝集して形成された、略球状の二次粒子により構成されている。二次粒子を構成する一次粒子の形状としては、板状、針状、直方体状、楕円状、稜面体状などのさまざまな形態を採り得る。また、その凝集状態も、ランダムな方向に凝集する場合のほか、中心から放射状に粒子の長径方向が凝集する場合も本発明に適用することは可能である。ただし、得られる正極活物質の充填密度を向上させるためには、一次粒子の形状は球状であることが好ましい。
本発明の正極活物質の平均粒径は、3μm~20μmとすることが好ましい。ここで、平均粒径とは、レーザ回折散乱法で求められる体積基準平均粒径(MV)を意味する。
本発明の正極活物質の比表面積は、0.3m2/g~2.5m2/gとすることが好ましく、0.5m2/g~2.0m2/gとすることがより好ましい。比表面積が0.3m2/g未満では、電解液との反応面積を十分に確保することができない場合がある。一方、2.5m2/gを超えると、電解液との過剰に反応し、安全性が低下する場合がある。なお、比表面積は、窒素ガス吸着によるBET法により測定することができる。
本発明の正極活物質の製造方法は、ニッケルコバルトマンガン複合水酸化物粒子(以下、「複合水酸化物粒子」という)にリチウム化合物を加えて混合し、リチウム混合物を得る混合工程と、リチウム混合物を酸化性雰囲気中で焼成して、リチウム複合酸化物粒子を得る焼成工程とを備えることを特徴とする。ただし、得られる正極活物質の特性をさらに高いものとするために、追加的に、所定の晶析工程、熱処理工程および/または解砕工程を備えることが好ましい。
本発明では、正極活物質の前駆体として、一般式(B):NixCoyMnzMt(OH)2+α(x+y+z+t=1、0.30≦x≦0.70、0.10≦y≦0.40、0.10≦z≦0.40、0≦t≦0.01、Mは、Ca、Mg、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf、Ta、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表される複合水酸化物粒子を使用することができる。
本発明の製造方法においては、任意的に、晶析工程後混合工程前に、複合水酸化物粒子を熱処理し、熱処理粒子としてから、リチウム化合物と混合してもよい。ここで、熱処理粒子には、熱処理工程において余剰水分を除去された複合水酸化物粒子のみならず、熱処理工程により転換された、一般式(C):NixCoyMnzMtO2(x+y+z+t=1、0.30≦x≦0.70、0.10≦y≦0.40、0.10≦z≦0.40、0≦t≦0.01、Mは、Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf、Ta、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表されるニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物粒子(以下、「複合酸化物粒子」という)、または、これらの混合物も含まれる。
混合工程は、複合水酸化物粒子または熱処理粒子に、これらを構成する金属元素の原子数の合計(Me)に対する、リチウムの原子数(Li)の比(Li/Me)が0.95~1.20、好ましくは1.00~1.20、より好ましくは1.00よりも大きく1.15以下となるように、リチウム化合物を混合し、リチウム混合物を得る工程である。すなわち、焼成工程前後でLi/Meは変化しないため、この混合工程によって得られるリチウム混合物のLi/Meが、目的とする正極活物質のLi/Meとなるように、複合水酸化物粒子または熱処理粒子にリチウム化合物を混合することが必要となる。
焼成工程は、混合工程で得られたリチウム混合物を、所定条件で焼成した後、室温まで冷却し、リチウム複合酸化物粒子を得る工程である。
焼成温度は800℃~1000℃、好ましくは830℃~980℃、より好ましくは840℃~960℃とする。焼成温度が800℃未満では、複合水酸化物粒子または複合酸化物粒子とリチウム化合物とが十分に反応せず、余剰のリチウム化合物と未反応の複合水酸化物粒子または複合酸化物粒子が残存し、あるいは、複合水酸化物粒子または複合酸化物粒子中へのリチウムの拡散が不十分になるため結晶構造が均一なものとはならない。一方、焼成温度が1000℃を超えると、生成したリチウム複合酸化物粒子間での焼結が激しく進行するとともに、異常粒成長が起こるため、粒子が粗大化し、球状二次粒子の形態を保持できなくなる。
a)30℃~800℃
焼成工程のうち、少なくとも30℃~800℃の温度域における昇温速度は、4℃/分~10℃/分、好ましくは5℃/分~9℃/分、より好ましくは5℃/分~8℃/分とすることが必要となる。これにより、c軸と直交するa軸方向への結晶成長を抑制することができる。
焼成工程のうち、800℃~焼成温度までの昇温速度は、特に制限されることはないが、30℃~800℃の温度域における昇温速度と同様に、4℃/分~10℃/分とすることが好ましい。この温度域における昇温速度が4℃/分未満では、800℃以上に保持される時間が長くなり過ぎるため、c軸と直交するa軸方向への結晶成長が進みすぎる場合がある。一方、この温度域における昇温速度が10℃/分を超えると、リチウム混合物の温度にばらつきが生じて結晶成長が不均一となり、電池特性が低下する場合がある。
a)保持時間
焼成温度での保持時間は5時間以内、好ましくは4時間以内とする。保持時間が、このような範囲にあれば、得られる正極活物質の結晶構造が均一なものとなり、かつ、W(104)/W(003)を1.38以上とすることができる。これに対して、保持時間が5時間を超えると、c軸と直交するa軸方向への結晶成長が進行してしまう。なお、保持時間の下限は、複合水酸化物粒子または複合酸化物粒子とリチウム化合物とを十分に反応させることができる限り、特に制限されることはなく、焼成温度までの昇温過程中に十分に反応させることができれば、保持時間を設けなくてもよい。
昇温開始から保持終了までの時間(以下、「全焼成時間」という)は3.0時間~7.0時間、好ましくは4.0時間~6.9時間、より好ましくは4.5時間~6.5時間とする。全焼成時間が3時間未満では、複合水酸化物または複合酸化物粒子とリチウム化合物が十分に反応せず、余剰のリチウム化合物と未反応の複合水酸化物粒子または複合酸化物粒子が残存し、あるいは、複合水酸化物粒子または複合酸化物粒子中へのリチウムの拡散が不十分になるため結晶構造が均一なものとはならない。一方、全焼成時間が7時間を超えると、c軸と直交するa軸方向への結晶成長が進行してしまう。
焼成時の雰囲気は、酸化性雰囲気とし、酸素濃度が18容量%~100容量%の雰囲気、すなわち、大気~酸素気流中で行うことが好ましい。コスト面を考慮すると、空気気流中で行うことが、特に好ましい。酸素濃度が18容量%未満では、酸化反応が十分に進行せず、得られるリチウム複合酸化物粒子の結晶性が十分なものとならない場合がある。
本発明の製造方法においては、焼成工程後に、リチウム複合酸化物粒子を解砕する解砕工程を、さらに備えることが好ましい。焼成工程により得られたリチウム複合酸化物粒子は、凝集または軽度の焼結が生じている場合がある。このような場合、このリチウム複合酸化物粒子の凝集体または焼結体を解砕することにより、得られる正極活物質の平均粒径(MV)を、容易に3μm~20μmという好適な範囲に調整することができる。なお、解砕とは、焼成時に二次粒子間の焼結ネッキングなどにより生じた複数の二次粒子からなる凝集体に、機械的エネルギを投入して、二次粒子自体をほとんど破壊することなく分離させて、凝集体をほぐす操作のことである。
本発明の非水電解質二次電池は、正極、負極、セパレータ、非水電解液などの、一般の非水電解質二次電池と同様の構成要素を備える。なお、以下に説明する実施形態は例示にすぎず、本発明の非水電解質二次電池は、本明細書に記載されている実施形態を基づき、種々の変更、改良を施した形態に適用することも可能である。
[正極]
本発明により得られた正極活物質を用いて、たとえば、以下のようにして非水電解質二次電池の正極を作製する。
負極には、金属リチウムやリチウム合金など、あるいは、リチウムイオンを吸蔵および脱離できる負極活物質に、結着剤を混合し、適当な溶剤を加えてペースト状にした負極合材を、銅などの金属箔集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥し、必要に応じて電極密度を高めるべく圧縮して形成したものを使用する。
正極と負極との間には、セパレータを挟み込んで配置する。セパレータは、正極と負極とを分離し、電解質を保持するものであり、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレンなどの薄い膜で、微少な孔を多数有する膜を用いることができる。
非水電解液は、支持塩としてのリチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解したものである。
上述した正極、負極、セパレータおよび非水電解液で構成される本発明の非水電解質二次電池は、円筒形や積層形など、種々の形状にすることができる。いずれの形状を採る場合であっても、正極および負極を、セパレータを介して積層させて電極体とし、得られた電極体に、非水電解液を含浸させ、正極集電体と外部に通ずる正極端子との間、および、負極集電体と外部に通ずる負極端子との間を、集電用リードなどを用いて接続し、電池ケースに密閉して、非水電解質二次電池を完成させる。
本発明の正極活物質を用いた非水電解質二次電池は、出力特性、特に、極低温(-30℃)環境下での使用時における出力特性を改善することができる。たとえば、本発明の正極活物質を用いて図1に示すような円筒形のリチウムイオン二次電池を構成した場合に、-30℃における出力値を110W以上、好ましくは114W以上、より好ましくは120W以上とすることができる。
上述した特性を備える本発明の非水電解質二次電は、寒冷地における使用も含めて、高い出力特性が要求され、かつ、搭載スペースに制約を受ける小型携帯電子機器や、電気自動車などの輸送機械器具用電源として、好適に使用することができる。なお、本発明は、純粋に電気エネルギで駆動する電気自動車用の電源のみならず、ガソリンエンジンやディーゼルエンジンなどの燃焼機関と併用する、いわゆるハイブリッド車用の電源としても用いることができる。
[晶析工程]
複合水酸化物粒子を公知の晶析技術を用いて作製した。はじめに、ニッケル、コバルトおよびマンガンの各硫酸塩と、ジルコニウム化合物およびタングステン化合物の混合水溶液と、アンモニウムイオン供給体を含む水溶液を、撹拌しながら反応槽内に供給した。同時に、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を供給することで、反応水溶液を形成し、複合水酸化物粒子を晶析させた。この際、反応水溶液のpH値が所定の範囲に維持されるように、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液の供給量を調整した。その後、この複合水酸化物粒子を回収し、水洗および乾燥することで、粉末状とした。
この複合水酸化物粒子を、電気炉を用いて、大気雰囲気中、150℃で12時間熱処理し、熱処理粒子を得た。
熱処理粒子に対して、Li/Me=1.14となるように炭酸リチウムを加えて、シェーカミキサ装置(ウィリー・エ・バッコーフェン(WAB)社製、TURBULA TypeT2C)を用いて、20分間混合し、リチウム混合物を得た。
混合工程で得られたリチウム混合物を、焼成温度を950℃として、空気(酸素:21容量%)気流中で焼成した。具体的には、昇温速度を8℃/分として室温(30℃)から焼成温度まで昇温し、この温度での保持時間を3時間として焼成した後、室温まで冷却した。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は4.9時間であった。
次に、以下の手順にて、図1に示す評価用の巻同型非水電解質二次電池(リチウムイオン二次電池)を作製した。
正極活物質に、導電材としてのカーボンブラックと、結着材としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)とを、これらの材料の質量比が85:10:5となるように混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)溶液に溶解させ、正極合材ペーストを作製した。
負極活物質としてのグラファイトと、結着材としてのPVDFとを、これらの材料の質量比が92.5:7.5となるように混合し、NMP溶液に溶解させて、負極合材ペーストを得た。
正極シート(1)および負極シート(2)を、厚さ25μmの微多孔性ポリエチレンシートからなるセパレータ(3)を介した状態で巻回させて、巻同型電極体(4)を形成した。巻同型電極体(4)は、正極シート(1)および負極シート(2)にそれぞれに設けられたリードタブが、正極端子あるいは負極端子に接合した状態となるように、電池ケース(5)の内部に挿入した。
a)初期放電容量
リチウムイオン二次電池を24時間程度放置し、開路電圧OCV(opencircuit voItage)が安定した後、正極に対する電流密度を0.5mA/cm2として、カットオフ電圧4.3Vまで充電した。1時間の休止後、カットオフ電圧3.0Vまで放電したときの容量を、初期放電容量とした。この結果、実施例1の初期放電容量は156.8mAh/gであった。
25℃の温度条件下で3.0Vまでの定電流放電後、定電流定電圧で充電を行って、40%充電電位に調整した。その後、-30℃にて適宜電流を変化させ、放電開始から2秒後の電力を測定し、I-V特性グラフを作成した。放電カット電圧は2.0Vとして、このI-V特性グラフから求めた出力を、極低温出力とした。この結果、実施例1の極低温出力は132Wであった。
混合工程において、熱処理粒子に対して、Li/Me=1.12となるように炭酸リチウムを加えたこと、焼成工程において、焼成温度を890℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を4時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.8時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を890℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を4時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.8時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
混合工程において、熱処理粒子に対して、Li/Me=1.16となるように炭酸リチウムを加えたこと、焼成工程において、焼成温度を890℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を4時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.8時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
混合工程において、熱処理粒子に対して、Li/Me=1.12となるように炭酸リチウムを加えたこと、焼成工程において、焼成温度を930℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を4時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.9時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を930℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を4時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.9時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
混合工程において、熱処理粒子に対して、Li/Me=1.16となるように炭酸リチウムを加えたこと、焼成工程において、焼成温度を930℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を4時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.9時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
混合工程において、熱処理粒子に対して、Li/Me=1.12となるように炭酸リチウムを加えたこと、焼成工程において、焼成温度を960℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を4時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.9時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を960℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を4時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.9時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
混合工程において、熱処理粒子に対して、Li/Me=1.16となるように炭酸リチウムを加えたこと、焼成工程において、焼成温度を960℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を4時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.9時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を950℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を4℃/分、保持時間を3時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は6.8時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を800℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を3時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は4.6時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を950℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を3℃/分、保持時間を3時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は8.1時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を950℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を10時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は11.9時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を1050℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を3℃/分とし、昇温後に保持せずに焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は5.7時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
混合工程において、熱処理粒子に対して、Li/Me=0.94となるように炭酸リチウムを加えたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
混合工程において、熱処理粒子に対して、Li/Me=1.22となるように炭酸リチウムを加えたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を950℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を11℃/分、保持時間を3時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は4.4時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を950℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を6時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は7.9時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
焼成工程において、焼成温度を780℃、室温(30℃)から焼成温度までの昇温速度を8℃/分、保持時間を3時間として焼成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、正極活物質を得るとともに、その評価を行った。なお、このときの昇温開始から保持終了までの全焼成時間は4.6時間であった。その結果を表1および表2に示す。
表1および表2により、正極活物質の組成および焼成工程における条件が本発明に規定する範囲内にある実施例1~12では、積分幅比を1.38以上に制御することができ、このため、初期放電容量を150mAh/g以上、かつ、極低温出力を110W以上とすることが可能であることが分かる。特に、ピーク積分強度比を1.20以上に制御している実施例1~10および12では、極低温出力を114W以上とすることが可能であることが分かる。
2 負極シート
3 多孔性セパレータ
4 電極体
5 電池ケース
6 リチウムイオン二次電池
Claims (12)
- 一般式(A):Li1+aNixCoyMnzMtO2(-0.05≦a≦0.20、x+y+z+t=1、0.30≦x≦0.70、0.10≦y≦0.40、0.10≦z≦0.40、0≦t≦0.01、Mは、Ca、Mg、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf、Ta、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表され、層状構造を有する六方晶系リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物粒子からなり、かつ、CuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折において、ミラー指数(hkl)における(003)面での回折ピークの積分幅に対する、(104)面での回折ピークの積分幅の比が1.38以上である、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- CuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折において、ミラー指数(hkl)における(104)面のピーク積分強度に対する、(003)面のピーク積分強度の比が1.20以上である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記積分幅の比が、1.39~1.49の範囲にある、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- レーザ回折散乱法で求めた体積基準平均粒径が、3μm~20μmの範囲にある、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 比表面積が、0.3m2/g~2.5m2/gの範囲にある、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 一般式(B):NixCoyMnzMt(OH)2+α(x+y+z+t=1、0.30≦x≦0.70、0.10≦y≦0.40、0.10≦z≦0.40、0≦t≦0.01、Mは、Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Hf、Ta、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表されるニッケルコバルトマンガン複合水酸化物粒子に、リチウム以外の金属元素の原子数の合計に対する、リチウムの原子数の比が1:0.95~1.20となるように、リチウム化合物を混合して、リチウム混合物を得る混合工程と、
前記リチウム混合物を、酸化性雰囲気中において、少なくとも30℃~800℃の温度域における昇温速度を4℃/分~10℃/分とするとともに、焼成温度を800℃~1000℃、該焼成温度での保持時間を5時間以内とし、かつ、昇温開始から保持終了までの時間を3.0時間~7.0時間として焼成する工程と
を備える、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記混合工程の前に、前記ニッケルコバルトマンガン複合水酸化物粒子を105℃~400℃で熱処理し、熱処理粒子とする熱処理工程をさらに備える、請求項6に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム化合物として、炭酸リチウム、水酸化リチウム、またはこれらの混合物を用いる、請求項6に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記酸化性雰囲気における酸素濃度を10容量%~100容量%とする、請求項6に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記焼成工程後に、該焼成工程により得られたリチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物粒子を解砕する解砕工程をさらに備える、請求項6に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 正極と、負極と、セパレータと、非水電解質とを備え、前記正極の正極材料として、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質が用いられている、非水電解質二次電池。
- 初期放電容量が、150mAh/g以上で、かつ、-30℃における極低温出力が110W以上である、請求項11に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
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JP2013134822A (ja) * | 2011-12-26 | 2013-07-08 | Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc | 非水系二次電池用正極活物質及び非水系リチウム二次電池 |
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US20160248085A1 (en) * | 2015-02-20 | 2016-08-25 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and method for manufacturing the same |
CN105914346A (zh) * | 2015-02-20 | 2016-08-31 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 非水电解质二次电池及其制造方法 |
US10431814B2 (en) * | 2015-02-20 | 2019-10-01 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and method for manufacturing the same |
CN109075335B (zh) * | 2016-02-03 | 2022-01-07 | 住友化学株式会社 | 正极活性物质、锂离子二次电池用正极及锂离子二次电池 |
CN108604680A (zh) * | 2016-02-22 | 2018-09-28 | 巴斯夫户田电池材料有限公司 | 非水电解质二次电池用正极活性物质颗粒及其制备方法、以及非水电解质二次电池 |
JP2020501329A (ja) * | 2016-12-12 | 2020-01-16 | ポスコPosco | リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法、およびそれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
US11670766B2 (en) | 2016-12-12 | 2023-06-06 | Posco Holdings Inc. | Positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery, method for preparing same, and lithium secondary battery comprising same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3026738B1 (en) | 2019-01-09 |
KR20160037960A (ko) | 2016-04-06 |
KR101871075B1 (ko) | 2018-06-25 |
JP6133720B2 (ja) | 2017-05-24 |
CN105409039A (zh) | 2016-03-16 |
JP2015026457A (ja) | 2015-02-05 |
CN105409039B (zh) | 2018-07-20 |
US20160172673A1 (en) | 2016-06-16 |
EP3026738A4 (en) | 2017-02-22 |
EP3026738A1 (en) | 2016-06-01 |
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