WO2014032595A1 - 负极材料及其制备方法、负极、具有该负极的电池 - Google Patents
负极材料及其制备方法、负极、具有该负极的电池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014032595A1 WO2014032595A1 PCT/CN2013/082518 CN2013082518W WO2014032595A1 WO 2014032595 A1 WO2014032595 A1 WO 2014032595A1 CN 2013082518 W CN2013082518 W CN 2013082518W WO 2014032595 A1 WO2014032595 A1 WO 2014032595A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/626—Metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode material, and more particularly to a negative electrode material containing silicon oxide.
- the invention also relates to a method of preparing a negative electrode material.
- the invention further relates to a negative electrode comprising a silicon oxide negative electrode material.
- the invention further relates to a battery comprising a silicon oxide negative electrode material.
- lithium-ion batteries Compared with traditional secondary batteries, lithium-ion batteries have many advantages such as high open circuit voltage, high energy density, long service life, and no memory effect.
- the development of a safe, low-cost, high-capacity, stable cycle performance, fast charge and discharge lithium-ion battery is an urgent need for technological advances in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles.
- the negative electrode material for commercial lithium-ion battery is carbon-based negative electrode material, and the negative electrode material made of carbon material is close to the theoretical capacity of graphite of 372 mAh/g. Therefore, a large amount of research has begun to turn to a new negative electrode material which can replace carbon material, among which silicon It is widely studied because of its extremely high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g and low intercalation potential.
- batteries containing silicon anode materials have serious volume effects during charge and discharge, resulting in The negative electrode material pulverizes, falls off, and gradually loses electrical contact, eventually causing poor cycle performance of the battery.
- US Patent No. 2008026 1 1 1 6 A 1 discloses a method of depositing silicon particles on the surface of a carbon material, using a silicon-containing precursor to contact a carbon material through a gas phase and decomposing to form a coating of silicon particles on the surface of the carbon material; US 20080280207 A 1 The invention discloses a negative electrode material for preparing a lithium ion battery by depositing carbon nanotubes on a continuous film surface composed of nanometer-sized silicon particles; however, these preparation methods are complicated in process, high in preparation cost, and unsuitable for mass production.
- the present invention is directed to a negative electrode material which has a high capacity, a stable cycle performance, and a simple preparation method.
- the technical solution of the present invention is: a negative electrode material, the negative The pole material includes at least silicon oxide SiO x and a carbon material, wherein 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 .
- At least a portion of the silicon oxide SiO x is a nanoparticle having a pore structure.
- the silicon oxide SiO x occupies a specific gravity ranging from 5 to 70%, and the carbon material accounts for 30 to 95% of the negative electrode material.
- the negative electrode material further comprises metal copper, and the metal copper accounts for 0.5 to 30% of the specific gravity of the negative electrode material.
- the metal copper is coated on the silicon oxide SiO x
- the carbon material is coated on the silicon oxide SiO x and metallic copper.
- the carbon material comprises ruthenium and disordered carbon.
- the graphene accounts for 0.5 to 20% of the specific gravity of the negative electrode material.
- the disordered carbon is coated on the silicon oxide SiO x and graphene.
- the silicon oxide SiO x is nano SiO 2 ; and the anode material has a spherical shape.
- the mass percentage of the nano-SiO 2 in the negative electrode material is 40% to 60% based on the mass of the spherical nano-SiO 2 /C negative electrode material.
- the silicon oxide SiO x is SiC ⁇ .5, and the carbon material is graphene.
- the present invention also provides a negative electrode comprising the negative electrode material as described above.
- the present invention also provides a battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the negative electrode comprising the negative electrode material as described above.
- the invention also provides a method for preparing a negative electrode material, the preparation method comprising the following steps:
- the invention also provides a method for preparing a negative electrode material, the preparation method comprising the following steps:
- the invention also provides a method for preparing a negative electrode material, the preparation method comprising the following steps:
- the copper oxide-coated silicon oxide SiO x precipitates, and the precipitated product is dried and then subjected to high temperature treatment to pyrolyze the carbon material precursor, and the copper oxide is reduced to copper to obtain a copper-coated silicon oxide SiO x coated with carbon material.
- the preparation method further comprises dissolving a part of the silicon oxide SiO x by the high temperature treated product with a hydrogen fluoride solution to obtain a negative electrode material having a porous structure.
- iron powder is added while adding silicon oxide SiO x to the first solvent in which the carbon material precursor is dissolved, and the high-temperature treated product is dissolved with dilute hydrochloric acid to obtain the negative electrode having a porous structure. material.
- the first solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimercaptophthalamide, dimercaptosulfoxide, sulfolane or N-mercaptopyrrolidone.
- the second solvent comprises one of water, decyl alcohol, ethanol or propanol.
- the carbon material precursor is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylonitrile, polypyrrole, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, coal tar pitch, petroleum pitch, and sucrose. Or at least one of glucose.
- the high temperature treatment has a temperature range of 600 to 1200 ° C, and the high temperature treatment time ranges from 1 to 6 hours.
- the invention also provides a preparation method of a negative electrode material, the preparation method of the negative electrode material comprises the following steps: first dispersing nano-SiO 2 in water; adding resorcinol, furfural and alkali in sequence, and obtaining a precipitate; The precipitated product was dried and subjected to high temperature treatment to obtain spherical nano-SiO 2 /C.
- the invention also provides a method for preparing a negative electrode material, the method for preparing the negative electrode material comprises the steps of: dissolving graphene in a surfactant, adding a catalyst to mix; adding a triethoxysilane mixture reaction, Precipitating; drying the precipitated product High temperature treatment gives SiO / graphene.
- the surfactant is an aqueous solution of cetyl ammonium bromide; and the catalyst is ammonia water.
- the anode material of the present invention has a porous structure, which provides space for the volume effect of silicon oxide during charge and discharge, and the nanometer-sized silicon oxide particles reduce volume change during ion insertion and extraction, further The volume effect of the anode material is improved; while the metal copper and graphene improve the conductivity of the anode material, which facilitates the rapid transfer of charge, so that the anode material has higher capacity and stable cycle performance.
- the preparation method of the anode material provided by the invention is simple and easy, and has industrialization prospects.
- Figure 1 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the negative electrode material of Example 1 provided Si0 2 / C of the embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a TG negative electrode material of Example 1 provided Si0 2 / C and DTA curves embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a negative electrode material of Example 2 provided in embodiment SiO / C
- a scanning electron microscope image of FIG. 4 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the negative electrode material of Example 3 provided Si0 2 / Cu / C of Example 5 is TG negative electrode material of Example 3 provided Si0 2 / Cu / C
- a DTA curve of Figure 6 is a scanning electron micrograph of SiO and graphene coated with the negative electrode material C provided in Example 4.
- Figure 7 is a graph showing the relationship between voltage and specific capacity during constant current charging and discharging of the battery provided in the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a cycle performance diagram of the battery provided in Example 5 during constant current charging and discharging
- FIG. 9 is a cycle performance diagram of the battery provided in Example 5 when charged and discharged at different current densities
- Figure 10 is a graph showing the cycle performance of the battery provided in Example 6 at a current density of 55 mA/g;
- Figure 11 is a graph showing the relationship between voltage and specific capacity when the battery provided in Example 6 is charged and discharged at a current density of 55 mA/g;
- Figure 12 is a graph showing the cycle performance of the battery provided in Example 6 at a current density of 110 mA/g;
- Figure 13 is a cycle performance diagram of the battery provided in Example 7 during constant current charge and discharge;
- Figure 14 is a cycle diagram of the battery provided in Example 7 when charged and discharged at different current densities. Energy map
- Figure 15 is a graph showing the relationship between voltage and specific capacity during constant current charging and discharging of the battery provided in Example 8;
- Figure 16 is a cycle performance diagram of the battery provided in Example 8 during constant current charging and discharging;
- Figure 17 is provided in Example 9.
- Figure 2 shows the cycle performance of the battery provided in Example 9 when the battery is charged and discharged at a current density of 55 mA/g.
- Figure 19 is a cycle performance diagram of the battery provided in Example 9 when charged and discharged at a current density of 110 mA/g;
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the relationship between voltage and specific volume during constant current charging and discharging of the battery provided in the embodiment 11.
- FIG. 21 is a cycle performance diagram of the battery provided in the embodiment 1 1 during constant current charging and discharging.
- FIG. 22 is a battery provided in the embodiment 11. Cyclic diagram when charging and discharging at different current densities
- FIG. 23 is a cycle performance diagram of the battery provided in Example 13 during constant current charge and discharge.
- FIG. 24 is a cycle performance diagram of the battery provided in Example 15 when charged and discharged at a current density of 55 mA/g;
- Figure 25 is a graph showing the cycle performance of the battery of Example 15 when charged and discharged at a current density of 1 10 mA/g;
- Figure 26 is a cycle diagram of the battery provided in Example 15 when charged and discharged at different current densities.
- Figure 27 is a cycle diagram of the battery provided in Example 17 when charged and discharged at different current densities.
- Fig. 28 is a graph showing the cycle performance of the battery provided in Comparative Example 1 during constant current charge and discharge.
- a negative electrode material used in an electrochemical device has a basic composition of a silicon-based material, and the electrochemical device includes but is not limited to a battery, and a battery using the same can be applied to, for example, a portable electronic device, a power tool, an electric car. And other fields.
- a negative electrode material comprising at least silicon oxide S iO x and a carbon material, wherein 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.
- the negative electrode material has a porous structure, and the pore size of the negative electrode material is on the order of nanometers or sub-meters.
- the silicon oxide S i O x accounts for 5 to 70% of the negative electrode material
- the carbon material accounts for 30 to 95% of the negative electrode material.
- the silicon oxide SiO x includes SiO, SiC .5 or SiO 2 , and at least a portion of the silicon oxide SiO x is a nanoparticle having a pore structure ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm.
- the carbon material is coated on the silicon oxide SiO x .
- the carbon material is coated on the surface and the pore walls of the silicon oxide SiO x nanoparticles having a pore structure.
- the form of the carbon material includes one or more of a film shape, a nano particle shape, a nano tube shape, a nano wire shape or a nano fiber shape.
- the carbon material may be disordered carbon or graphite. Or various carbon materials such as graphene.
- the nano-silicon oxide SiO x having a pore-like structure has a small absolute value of volume change during charging and discharging of the battery, and can alleviate structural damage of the negative electrode material.
- the effect of the volume of nano-sized silicon oxide SiO x appears in improving the battery charge-discharge process has a significant effect, but a silicon oxide nano-sized 310! ⁇ Agglomeration present, it is possible between the silicon oxide particles after agglomeration losing Electrical contact fails.
- the anode material provided by the present invention has a coating structure, and the silicon oxide coats a carbon material having excellent electron conductivity.
- the negative electrode material further comprises metallic copper, and the metallic copper accounts for 0.5 to 30% of the specific gravity of the negative electrode material.
- the metallic copper is coated on the silicon oxide, and the carbon material is coated on the silicon oxide and the metallic copper. Since the silicon oxide has a pore-like structure, the metallic copper is coated on the surface of the silicon oxide and the pore walls.
- the addition of metallic copper to the negative electrode material not only improves the electrical conductivity of the silicon oxide, but also facilitates the rapid transfer of charge on the negative electrode material, and also reduces the agglomeration of the nano-silicon oxide, ensuring electrical contact between the nano-silicon oxide and the negative electrode.
- the material has stable electrochemical properties.
- the broken material coated with the metal copper-coated silicon oxide can not only further improve the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode material, but also provide a good buffering effect on the volume effect of the negative electrode material during charging and discharging, so that the negative electrode material Has a stable cycle performance.
- the carbon material comprises graphene and disordered carbon.
- the specific gravity of graphene in the negative electrode material ranges from 0.5 to 20%.
- Disordered carbon is coated on silicon oxide SiO x and graphene, Specifically, the morphology of the disordered carbon includes, but is not limited to, a film or a particle.
- Graphene has outstanding thermal and mechanical properties, theoretical specific surface area up to 2600m 2 /g, high-speed electron mobility at room temperature, graphene can not only reduce the agglomeration of nano-silicon oxide, ensure the existence of electricity between nano-silicon oxide Contact, and can improve the electrical conductivity of silicon oxide.
- the disordered carbon coated on the silicon oxide and graphene in the anode material further improves the conductivity of the anode material, and provides a good buffer for the volume effect of the anode material during charge and discharge. The function is to make the anode material have stable cycle performance.
- the silicon oxide SiO x is nano SiO 2 ; the particle shape of the negative electrode material is spherical; that is, the negative electrode material is spherical nano SiO 2 /C.
- the mass percentage of the spherical nano-SiO 2 /C negative electrode material based on the mass percentage of the spherical nano-SiO 2 /C negative electrode material, wherein the mass percentage of the nano 310 2 is 40% to 60%; more preferably, the mass percentage of the nano Si 2 2 is 45%.
- the silicon oxide SiO x is SiO i . 5
- the carbon material is graphene.
- the first solvent is used for dissolving the carbon material precursor to sufficiently and uniformly disperse the carbon material precursor, and the first solvent is selected from one of dinonyl amide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane or N-decyl pyrrolidone. kind.
- the rotation speed in the ball milling is in the range of 100 to 900 rpm, and the time of the ball milling mixing is in the range of 5 to 45 hours.
- the ball mill can be ground using a zirconia ball. In order not to damage the ball mill, impurities are introduced, and the silicon oxide is sufficiently ground and uniformly dispersed.
- the preferred ball mill speed is 300 rpm. The ball mill can effectively disperse the nano material and uniformly disperse the silicon oxide in the carbon material precursor.
- the second solvent includes one of water, decyl alcohol, ethanol, and propanol.
- the purpose of adding the second solvent is to precipitate the silicon oxide SiO x coated by the carbon material precursor from the first solvent, and to ensure silicon oxidation.
- the matter is dispersed in the carbon material precursor.
- the silicon oxide SiO x coated with the precipitated product carbon material precursor is dried and then subjected to high temperature
- the method of drying is not limited.
- the purpose is to remove the residual solvent.
- the purpose of the high temperature treatment is to pyrolyze the carbon material precursor into carbon, obtain the carbon material coated silicon oxide S i O x , and the carbon material is coated on the silicon. On the surface of the oxide or on the pore walls, a negative electrode material in a coated form is obtained.
- the temperature range during high temperature treatment is 600 ⁇ 1200 °C, the temperature is too low, the carbon material precursor may be insufficiently pyrolyzed, and the temperature may be too high, other side reactions may occur; in order to make the pyrolysis sufficient, the high temperature treatment time range It is l ⁇ 6h.
- the carbon material precursor mainly refers to an organic compound precursor which can obtain disordered carbon or other types of carbon materials by high temperature pyrolysis, and does not include carbon materials such as graphite or ruthenium.
- a graphite or a graphene-based carbon material may be directly added as a reaction raw material to the reaction system.
- the carbon material precursor is selected from at least polyacrylonitrile, polypyrrole, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, coal tar pitch, petroleum pitch, sucrose or glucose.
- the carbon material precursor may be in a solid form or in a liquid form dissolved in a solvent.
- the product obtained by the high temperature treatment dissolves part of the silicon oxide with a hydrogen fluoride solution, further increases the porosity of the negative electrode material, and adds a porous material to the porous material, which is a volume effect when charging and discharging the negative electrode material. Provides more buffer space.
- the hydrogen fluoride solution is a dilute hydrogen fluoride solution, and the hydrogen fluoride solution has a mass concentration ranging from 5 to 10%.
- the iron oxide is added together with the silicon oxide S i O x added to the first solvent in which the carbon material precursor is dissolved, and then the product obtained by the high temperature treatment is dissolved in the dilute hydrochloric acid solution.
- the iron powder therein obtains a porous anode material, which provides a larger buffer space for the volume effect of the anode material during charging and discharging, and also improves the contact between the carbon material coating layer and the silicon oxide layer, thereby improving the anode.
- the electrochemical properties of the material Specifically, the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid is from 1.6 to 2.4 mol/L, and more preferably, the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid is 2 mol/L.
- polyacrylonitrile PAN
- NMP N-mercaptopyrrolidone
- the nano-S iO or S i 0 2 particles are dispersed in a homogenous solution, ball-milled for 36 hours, and ethanol is added to make PAN.
- the coated S i O or S i 0 2 is precipitated, and then the precipitated product is vacuum dried to remove NMP, and subjected to high temperature treatment at a protective gas of 1 000 ° C to pyrolyze PAN into carbon to obtain silicon oxide coated with carbon material. Things.
- a method for preparing a negative electrode material, the preparation method comprising the following steps:
- the first solvent is used for dissolving the carbon material precursor to sufficiently and uniformly disperse the carbon material precursor, and the first solvent is selected from one of dinonyl amide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane or N-decyl pyrrolidone. kind.
- the first solvent in which the carbon material precursor is dissolved, the silicon oxide S iO x and the graphene are mixed and ball-milled, and the rotational speed ranges from 1 000 to 900 rp m during ball milling, and the mixing time ranges from 5 to 45 h.
- the ball mill can be ground using zirconia balls.
- impurities are introduced, and the silicon oxide is sufficiently ground and uniformly dispersed.
- the preferred ball mill speed is 300 rp m.
- the second solvent includes one of water, decyl alcohol, ethanol, and propanol, and the purpose of adding the second solvent is to precipitate the silicon oxide S i O x and graphene coated by the carbon material precursor from the first solvent. And ensure that both silicon oxide and graphene are dispersed in the carbon material precursor.
- the silicon oxide S i O x and the graphene coated with the precipitated product carbon material precursor are dried and subjected to high temperature treatment, and the drying method is not limited, the purpose is to remove the residual solvent, and the purpose of the high temperature treatment is to heat the carbon material precursor.
- the solution is a disordered carbon, and the disordered carbon is coated on the silicon oxide S i O x and the graphene to obtain a negative electrode material in a coated form.
- the temperature range during high temperature treatment is 600 ⁇ 1200 °C, the temperature is too low, the carbon material precursor may be insufficiently pyrolyzed, and the temperature may be too high, other side reactions may occur; in order to make the pyrolysis sufficient, the high temperature treatment time range It is 1 ⁇ 6h.
- the carbon material precursor mainly refers to an organic compound precursor which can obtain disordered carbon or other types of carbon materials by pyrolysis at high temperature, and does not include carbon materials such as graphite or ruthenium.
- a graphite or a graphene-based carbon material may be directly added as a reaction raw material to the reaction system.
- the carbon material precursor is selected from at least polyacrylonitrile, polypyrrole, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, coal tar pitch, petroleum pitch, sucrose or glucose.
- the carbon material precursor may be in a solid form or in a liquid form dissolved in a solvent.
- the product obtained by the high temperature treatment is treated with a hydrogen fluoride solution.
- a hydrogen fluoride solution Part of the silicon oxide is dissolved, the porosity of the negative electrode material is further increased, and a porous negative electrode material is obtained, which provides a larger buffer space for the volume effect when the negative electrode material is charged and discharged.
- the hydrogen fluoride solution is a dilute hydrogen fluoride solution. Specifically, the hydrogen fluoride solution has a mass concentration ranging from 5 to 10%.
- the silicon oxide is added together with the silicon oxide SiO x and the graphene in the first solvent in which the carbon material precursor is dissolved, and then the product obtained by the high temperature treatment is dissolved in the dilute hydrochloric acid solution.
- the iron powder therein obtains a porous anode material, which provides a larger buffer space for the volume effect of the anode material during charging and discharging, and also improves the contact between the carbon material coating layer and the silicon oxide layer, thereby improving the anode.
- the electrochemical properties of the material Specifically, the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid is 1.6 to 2.4 mol/L, and more preferably, the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid is 2 mol/L.
- PAN is dissolved in NMP to form a homogeneous solution
- nano SiO or SiO 2 particles, graphene are dispersed in a homogeneous solution, ball milled for 36 hours, and ethanol is added to precipitate PAN-coated SiO or SiO 2 particles and graphene.
- the precipitated product was dried to remove NMP, and subjected to high temperature treatment at 1000 ° C under a protective gas to pyrolyze PAN into disordered carbon to obtain disordered carbon-coated silicon oxide and graphene.
- the disordered carbon-coated silicon oxide and graphene are partially dissolved with a dilute hydrogen fluoride solution to dissolve a part of SiO or SiO 2 to obtain a porous anode material.
- the preparation method provided by the invention combines mechanical ball milling and pyrolysis to prepare a negative electrode material, which greatly improves the dispersion degree of silicon oxide in the carbon material, and produces a negative electrode material having a coating form.
- the negative electrode material has a porous structure, and can provide sufficient buffer space for volume effect during charge and discharge, and the negative electrode material compounded with the graphene has a significant improvement in electrical conductivity.
- the preparation method in the present invention is simple and easy, and the prepared negative electrode material has excellent electrochemical properties.
- a method for preparing a negative electrode material comprising the following steps:
- the silicon oxide SiO x is dispersed in a copper nitrate solution, the solvent in the solution is removed by drying, and the dried silicon oxide SiO x and copper nitrate are treated at a temperature of 170 to 300 ° C for 1 to 4 hours to obtain a copper oxide coating.
- the copper oxide coated silicon oxide when preparing the copper oxide coated silicon oxide, taking SiO 2 as an example, dissolving the copper nitrate in deionized water, continuously stirring, and ultrasonically dispersing the nano silicon oxide particles in the copper nitrate solution, the diameter of the Si0 2 particles. The range is l ⁇ 100nm. Then, the water in the copper nitrate solution was removed by drying at 100 °C. In order to completely decompose copper nitrate into copper oxide and no other side reactions, the dried product is treated in an air environment at 170 300 ° C for 1-4 hours, and the resulting copper oxide is coated on the nano Si0 having a porous structure.
- the first solvent is used for dissolving the carbon material precursor to sufficiently and uniformly disperse the carbon material precursor, and the first solvent is selected from one of dinonyl amide, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane or N-decyl pyrrolidone. kind.
- the first solvent in which the carbon material precursor is dissolved, and the copper oxide-coated silicon oxide SiO x are mixed and ball-milled, and the rotation speed in the ball milling ranges from 100 to 900 rpm, and the mixing time ranges from 5 to 45 hours.
- the ball mill can be ground using zirconia balls. In order to prevent the ball mill from being damaged, impurities are introduced, and the silicon oxide is sufficiently ground and uniformly dispersed.
- the preferred ball mill speed is 300 rpm.
- the second solvent includes one of water, decyl alcohol, ethanol, and propanol, and the purpose of adding the second solvent is to precipitate the copper oxide-coated silicon oxide SiO x coated with the carbon material precursor from the first solvent. And ensuring that the copper oxide-coated silicon oxide SiO x is uniformly dispersed in the carbon material precursor.
- the copper oxide-coated silicon oxide SiO x coated with the precipitated product carbon material precursor is dried and subjected to high temperature treatment, and the drying method is not limited, the purpose is to remove the residual solvent, and the purpose of the high temperature treatment is to heat the carbon material precursor.
- the carbon further reduces the copper oxide to copper, and the carbon material is coated on the copper-coated silicon oxide SiOx to obtain a negative electrode material in a coated form.
- the ancient direction treatment is carried out in a protective gas atmosphere, and the shielding gas includes, but is not limited to, nitrogen gas and argon gas, and the high temperature treatment is performed after drying the precipitated product to pyrolyze the carbon material precursor into carbon, thereby coating the silicon oxide.
- the surface of the metal copper, the temperature range during high temperature processing is
- the carbon material precursor mainly refers to an organic compound precursor which can obtain disordered carbon or other types of carbon materials by pyrolysis at high temperature, and does not include the carbon material itself such as graphite or graphene.
- a graphite or graphene-based carbon material may be directly added as a reaction raw material to the reaction system.
- the carbon material precursor is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyacrylonitrile, polypyrrole, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, coal tar pitch, petroleum pitch, sucrose or glucose.
- the carbon material precursor may be in a solid form or in a liquid form dissolved in a solvent.
- the negative electrode material obtained by the high temperature treatment dissolves part of the silicon oxide with a dilute hydrogen fluoride solution, further increases the void ratio of the negative electrode material, and obtains a porous negative electrode material, thereby providing a larger volume effect for charging and discharging the negative electrode material. Buffer space.
- the copper oxide-coated silicon oxide S iO x is added to the first solvent in which the carbon material precursor is dissolved, and the iron powder is added together, and then the product obtained by the high temperature treatment is diluted.
- the hydrochloric acid solution dissolves the iron powder therein to obtain a porous anode material, which provides a larger buffer space for the volume effect of the anode material during charging and discharging, and also improves the contact between the carbon material coating layer and the silicon oxide layer. Thereby improving the electrochemical performance of the anode material.
- the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid is from 1.6 to 2.4 mol/L, and more preferably, the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid is 2 mol/L.
- the polyacrylonitrile is dissolved in N-decylpyrrolidone (NMP) to form a homogeneous solution
- NMP N-decylpyrrolidone
- the copper oxide coated silicon oxide is dispersed in the homogenate solution, ball milled for 36 hours, and ethanol is coated to coat the polyacrylonitrile.
- the copper oxide coated silicon oxide is precipitated, and then the precipitated product is dried to remove NMP, and subjected to high temperature treatment at a protective gas of 500 to 1 200 ° C.
- the temperature ranges from 600 to 1200 ° C to cause PAN pyrolysis.
- For carbon a copper-coated silicon oxide coated with a carbon material is obtained.
- the copper-coated silicon oxide coated with the carbon material dissolves a part of the silicon oxide with a hydrogen fluoride solution, thereby obtaining a porous structure of the negative electrode material.
- the hydrogen fluoride solution is a dilute hydrogen fluoride solution.
- the hydrogen fluoride solution has a mass concentration ranging from 5 to 10%.
- the preparation method provided by the invention combined with the mechanical ball milling and precipitation method to prepare the anode material, greatly improves the dispersion degree of the silicon oxide in the carbon material precursor.
- ball milling The copper oxide-coated silicon oxide can be effectively and sufficiently dispersed in the carbon material precursor, specifically, the uniformized copper oxide-coated silicon oxide is formed in the PA N solution.
- the PA N/copper oxide-coated silicon oxide can be quickly precipitated from the NM P solvent to obtain PA N/copper oxide-coated silicon oxide, and PA N is uniformly coated on the copper oxide.
- the surface of the coated silicon oxide ensures that the copper oxide-coated silicon oxide is uniformly distributed in the PA N during the high-temperature treatment, thereby preventing the electrode from being destroyed during the cycle: partial destruction of the structure.
- the preparation method in the invention is simple and easy, and the prepared anode material has excellent electrochemical performance.
- a method for preparing a negative electrode material comprises the steps of: dispersing nano S i 0 2 in water first; adding resorcinol, furfural and alkali in sequence to obtain a precipitate; drying the precipitated product and performing high temperature treatment to obtain spherical nanometer.
- S i 0 2 /C anode material is a commonly used various basic substances such as a P 1 27 block copolymer, lysine, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonia water.
- a method for preparing a negative electrode material comprises the steps of: dissolving graphene in a surfactant, adding a catalyst to mix; adding a triethoxysilane reaction to obtain a precipitate; drying the precipitated product and then performing high temperature treatment to obtain a precipitate S i C . 5 / graphene anode material.
- the reaction time is 4 to 12 h, and preferably, the reaction time is 12 h.
- the surfactant is an aqueous solution of cetyl ammonium bromide
- the catalyst is aqueous ammonia.
- the precipitated product is washed with deionized water or the like before drying, and the dried of the precipitated product is carried out at 100 °C.
- the present invention also discloses a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode material as described above.
- the negative electrode typically includes a negative current collector and a negative electrode material.
- the negative current collector is used to effectively collect the current generated at the negative pole and provide an effective electrical contact to direct the current to the external circuit.
- the material of the anode current collector can be selected from suitable materials based on the present invention.
- the anode current collector can include, but is not limited to, copper foil, copper foam or nickel foam.
- a conductive agent and a binder may be added to the negative electrode material as needed.
- the conductive agent is selected from one or more of a conductive polymer, activated carbon, lithene, carbon black, carbon fiber, metal fiber, metal powder, and metal flake. Specifically, the conductive agent is selected from acetylene black (A B ).
- the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, One of polyester, polyether, fluorinated polymer, carboxymethyl cellulose, polydivinyl polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimercapto acrylic acid or sodium silicate , or a mixture and derivative of the above polymers.
- the binder is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); specifically, the binder is selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate.
- the present invention also discloses a battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode includes the negative electrode material as described above.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material.
- the cathode current collector may include, but is not limited to, aluminum.
- the material of the positive current collector may be metallic nickel or other metals.
- the material of the positive current collector may also be aluminum having a carbon coating.
- the carbon coated aluminum current collector has good bonding properties and low contact resistance.
- aluminum coated with a carbon nanotube array can also be used.
- the cathode current collector may also be a carbon substrate or alloy.
- the positive active material participates in an electrochemical reaction, including a material capable of reversibly extracting - intercalating ions or functional groups.
- the positive electrode active material includes a material capable of reversibly extracting - intercalating lithium ions, sodium ions, zinc ions or magnesium ions.
- materials capable of reversible extraction-intercalation of lithium ions include, but are not limited to, materials having a spinel structure or a layered structure or an olivine structure.
- LiMn 2 0 4 is no longer able to represent the "lithium manganate" formula widely used, but should be understood to broadly include respective through A modified LiMn 2 0 4 cathode active material.
- LiFeP0 4 and LiCo0 2 should also be broadly understood to include positive active materials modified by various doping, coating, and the like.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is a lithium ion elution-embedded compound
- a compound such as LiMn 2 0 4 , LiFeP0 4 , LiCo0 2 , LiM x P0 4 , LiM x SiO y (wherein M is a variable valence metal) may be selected.
- a compound capable of deintercalating-inserting sodium ions such as NaVP0 4 F
- a compound capable of deintercalating-embedding a zinc ion such as ⁇ - ⁇ 0 2
- a compound capable of deintercalating-embedding a magnesium ion such as MgM x O y (wherein ⁇ is a metal, 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, 2 ⁇ y ⁇ 6) and a compound having a similar function capable of deintercalating-embedding an ion or a functional group
- the positive active material contains a sulfur-based material, and the sulfur-based material is selected from elemental sulfur.
- Li 2 S n at least one of an organic sulfide and a carbon sulfur polymer (C 2 S v ) m , wherein n ⁇ 1, 2.5 ⁇ V ⁇ 50, m ⁇ 2.
- the sulfur-based material accounts for 70 to 90% of the total weight of the positive active material.
- the sulfur-based material in the positive electrode active material has a weight specific gravity of 80%.
- a conductive agent and a binder may also be added as needed.
- the conductive agent is selected from one or more of a conductive polymer, activated carbon, lithene, carbon black, carbon fiber, metal fiber, metal powder, and metal flake.
- the conductive agent contains Ketjen carbon black (KB).
- the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyester, polyether, fluorinated polymer, polydivinyl polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol diacrylic acid One of an ester, polyethylene glycol dimercaptoacrylic acid, or a mixture and derivative of the above polymers.
- the binder comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); specifically, the binder comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
- the positive electrode and/or The negative electrode is pre-intercalated with lithium.
- the specific pre-intercalation of lithium is not limited, including lithium intercalation in chemical reaction or lithium intercalation in electrochemical reaction.
- the electrolyte includes at least an electrolyte lithium salt and a mixed organic solvent.
- the electrolyte includes an anode electrolyte and a cathode electrolyte.
- Electrolyte lithium salts include, but are not limited to, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), or lithium perchlorate (LiC10 4 ). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the lithium salt can effectively increase the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte.
- the mixed organic solvent of the electrolyte may be a usual organic liquid solution such as dimethoxyethane (DME), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1, 3 - Dioxolane (DIOX), various ethers, glycol dioxime ether, lactone, sulfone, sulfolane or a mixture of the above.
- DME dimethoxyethane
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- DIOX 1, 3 - Dioxolane
- various ethers glycol dioxime ether, lactone, sulfone, sulfolane or a mixture of the above.
- 1,3-dioxolane (DIOX) is used.
- It may also be a polymer such as polyacrylonitrile.
- It may also contain a gel, such as a gel polymer (PEGMEMA1100-
- the gel is used as an electrolyte, since it is a soft material, a certain deformation can occur, so that the manufacturing process of the corresponding battery does not change much.
- a solid polymer electrolyte such as Li 2 SP 2 S 5 glass-ceramic, or P(EO) 20 Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N-10 wt.% y-LiA10 2 .
- the electrolyte is disposed in the battery in the form of a gel, which helps to prevent leakage of the potential battery electrolyte, avoids environmental pollution, and also improves the safety of the battery.
- the separator is an organic porous material or a glass fiber material, and the separator has a pore diameter ranging from 0.001 to 100 ⁇ m and a porosity ranging from 20 to 95%. .
- the form of the battery includes, but is not limited to, a tablet structure in the battery field, and includes a conventional button battery, a cylindrical battery, or a plate battery.
- the battery provided by the invention has excellent cycle performance, and the battery negative electrode uses a negative electrode material having a coating form, and the negative electrode material includes at least an inner layer having a silicon oxide and an outer layer of a carbon material, and further, the negative electrode material further includes a metal. Copper or graphene, metallic copper or graphene can improve the conductivity of the negative electrode material and facilitate the rapid transfer of charge.
- the nano-sized silicon oxide particles can greatly reduce the volume change during lithium ion insertion and extraction, and at the same time, the first discharge process
- the Li 2 0 and lithium silicate formed in the middle are inert substrates, which can support and disperse the active Si body, undergo volume change during lithium ion extraction and embedding during charge and discharge; the carbon material located at the outermost layer, for large volume The change has a good buffering effect.
- the porous structure of the negative electrode material provides space for the volume change of the silicon oxide, improves the volume effect when the silicon-based negative electrode material is provided, and ensures the cycle performance of the negative electrode material.
- Example 1 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of a negative electrode material Si0 2 /C provided in Example 1. It can be seen from the figure that Si0 2 and C are amorphous.
- TG thermogravimetric analysis
- DTA differential thermal analysis
- the PAN-coated SiO was treated at 1000 °C under high-purity nitrogen for 3 hours, and the PAN was pyrolyzed to carbon at a heating rate of 1 OK/min and a gas flow rate of 100 KOH/min. Subsequently, in order to provide sufficient space for the volume expansion of SiO, a part of SiO was dissolved in a 5 % dilute hydrogen fluoride solution to obtain a negative electrode material having more pores.
- Figure 3 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the negative electrode material SiO/C provided in Example 2. It can be seen from the figure that the SiO particles are coated with C.
- the anode material is treated at 1000 ° C under high-purity nitrogen for 3 hours at a high temperature rate of 10 K/min, gas flow rate. It is 100 mL/min.
- Example 4 is an X-ray diffraction chart of a negative electrode material Si0 2 /Cu/C provided in Example 3. It can be seen from the figure that the negative electrode material consists of Si0 2 , Cu and C. And during the heat treatment, the copper oxide is successfully reduced to crystalline copper by C, and C is amorphous.
- Example 5 is a TG and DTA curve of the negative electrode material Si0 2 /Cu/C provided in Example 3, and it is seen from the figure that a part of C is surrounded by Cu, and it is required to be compared with C which is not coated with Cu. A higher combustion temperature is required because the thermal conductivity of CuO formed by heating in air is poor.
- Si0 2 , Cu, and C were 40%, 7%, and 53%, respectively.
- Figure 6 is an SEM image of SiO and ruthenium coated with a negative electrode material C provided in Example 4. It can be seen from the figure that the SiO particles and the graphene are coated with carbon.
- a 2032 button cell was assembled in an argon-filled glove box to study the electrochemical performance of the negative electrode material.
- the anode material SiO/C, acetylene black (AB) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were mixed, and the slurry was prepared by using water as a solvent, and the slurry was applied onto the foamed nickel.
- the formed film was vacuum dried at 10 CTC for 12 hours to prepare a working electrode.
- Lithium as a counter electrode the electrolyte is a mixed solvent of 1 M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate (EC;), dinonyl carbonate (DMC) (weight 1:1), wherein 2% of vinylene carbonate (VC) is added.
- the membrane was a microporous polypropylene membrane (PP, Celgard 2400). ⁇ Charge and discharge the battery with different constant current densities. The voltage range of the battery is 0 ⁇ 2.0 V. Each charge and discharge cycle is separated by 1 minute.
- Fig. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the charge and discharge, the battery voltage and the specific capacity of the battery of Example 5 at a constant current density of 100 mA/g.
- the discharge specific capacity and charge specific capacity of the battery for the first cycle are 1125 and 748 mAh/g, respectively, which is higher than that of carbon-based materials.
- the specific discharge capacity of the second cycle was 731 mAh/g.
- Figure 8 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 5 at a constant current density of 100 mA/g.
- the battery showed excellent cycle performance, and the battery discharge specific capacity became stable after 10 charge and discharge cycles, which was 600 mAh/g.
- the capacity retention rate of the battery after 100 cycles is higher than 85%, and the Coulomb efficiency is almost 100%, indicating that the cycle performance of the battery is very stable.
- Figure 9 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 5.
- Example 6 the silicon oxide in the negative electrode material was replaced by SiO 2 with SiO, and the rest of the material preparation process and battery composition were the same as in Example 5.
- the battery voltage range is 0 ⁇ 3.0V.
- Figure 10 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 6 at a constant current density of 55 mA/g.
- the discharge specific capacity and coulombic efficiency of the first cycle of the battery were 782 m Ah/g and 51.4%, respectively.
- Figure 11 is a graph showing the relationship between the battery voltage and the specific capacity of the battery provided in Example 6 at a constant current density of 110 mA/g.
- the first discharge specific capacity of the battery reached 630 mAh/g, and the discharge specific capacity of the second cycle was 350 mAh/g.
- Example 6 The battery capacity was smaller than that in Example 5, indicating that the anode material was replaced with Si0 2 instead of SiO, and the battery capacity was lowered.
- Figure 12 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 6 at a constant current density of 110 mA/g. Although the battery of Example 6 also exhibited good cycle performance, its specific capacity was significantly lower than that of the battery of Example 5. The results show that the performance of the battery containing SiO is significantly better than that of the battery containing SiO 2 .
- Example 7 the anode material was coated with C-coated SiO and graphene, and the remaining battery assembly and test methods were the same as in Example 5.
- Fig. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between the charge and discharge capacities, the discharge specific capacity and the number of cycles, and the Coulomb efficiency and the number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 7 at a constant current density of 100 mA/g. It can be seen from the figure that the battery has excellent cycle performance. After 10 charge and discharge cycles, the discharge specific capacity starts to be stable, about 700 mAh/g, and the discharge specific capacity after charge and discharge cycle is 600 mAh/g. Retention rate is higher than 85%, Coulomb efficiency is close 100%, and the discharge specific capacity of the SiO/C battery in Example 5 at 100 cycles is 510 mAh/g, indicating that further addition of graphene to the negative electrode material can significantly improve the utilization of silicon oxide in the negative electrode material. Improve battery performance.
- Figure 14 is a graph showing the relationship between the charge and discharge at different current densities, the discharge specific capacity and the number of cycles, and the coulomb efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 7. It can be seen from the figure that when the charge-discharge current density increases from 100 mA/g to 200 mA/g and 300 mA/g, the corresponding battery discharge specific capacity decreases in turn, and when the charge-discharge current density is from 300 mA/g, 200 mA/g. When restored to 100 mA/g, the battery discharge ratio will return to the original level, indicating that large current charge and discharge will not cause irreversible loss to the battery performance itself.
- Example 7 the battery provided in Example 7 has a higher specific capacity, indicating that the further addition of the octaene to the negative electrode material can significantly improve the utilization of silicon oxide in the negative electrode material, thereby improving the battery performance.
- the silicon oxide in the negative electrode material is replaced by SiO 2
- the negative electrode material is C-coated SiO 2 and graphene.
- the weight ratio of AB to CMC is 85:5:10, and the rest of the material preparation process and battery composition Same as Example 5.
- Figure 15 is a graph showing the relationship between the battery voltage and the specific capacity of the battery provided in Example 8 at a constant current density of 55 mA/g.
- the first discharge specific capacity of the battery was 550 m Ah/g, and the discharge specific capacity of the second cycle was slightly increased to 580 mAh/g.
- Figure 16 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 8 at a constant current density of 55 mA/g.
- the specific discharge capacity was about 450 mAh/g, and the coulombic efficiency was close to 95%, while the discharge specific capacity of the Si0 2 /C battery containing the Si0 2 /C battery in the sixth cycle was 400 mAh/g.
- the further addition of graphene in the anode material can significantly improve the utilization of silicon oxide in the anode material, thereby improving the battery performance.
- the battery capacity in Example 8 was significantly lower than that in Example 7, and it was also shown that the electrochemical performance of SiO was significantly better than that of Si0 2 .
- the negative electrode materials Si0 2 /Cu/C, AB and CMC were mixed at a weight ratio of 80:5:15, and a slurry was prepared using water as a solvent, and the slurry was applied to foamed nickel to prepare a working electrode. Will form The film was vacuum dried at 100 ° C for 12 hours with lithium as the counter electrode.
- the electrolyte was ethylene carbonate (EC;) containing 1 M LiPF 6 , dinonyl carbonate (DMC) (weight 1:1), 2% A mixed solvent for VC.
- the membrane was a ⁇ : pore polypropylene membrane (PP, Celgard 2400).
- the voltage range of the battery is 0 ⁇ 3.0V, and the battery is charged and discharged with different constant current density, and each charge and discharge cycle is separated by 1 minute.
- Fig. 17 is a graph showing the relationship between the battery voltage and the specific capacity of the battery of Example 9 charged and discharged at a constant current density of 55 mA/g. It can be seen from the figure that the discharge and charge specific capacities of the battery during the first cycle are 902 mAh/g and 651 mAh/g, respectively, which is higher than the first capacity of the battery in Example 8. In the second cycle, the specific discharge capacity was 653 mAh/g.
- Figure 18 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery of Example 9 at a constant current density of 55 mA/g. As can be seen from the figure, the battery has good cycle performance. After 10 charge and discharge cycles, the discharge specific capacity tends to be stable, about 537 mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate after 115 cycles is 100%.
- Figure 19 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 9 at a constant current density of 110 mA/g.
- the battery of Example 9 also showed excellent cycle performance and a high discharge specific capacity at the time of charging and discharging at a large current density.
- the reversible specific capacity of the battery charge and discharge cycle of 200 times is still as high as 423 mAh / g.
- the PAN-coated SiO was treated at 1000 ° C under high-purity argon for 3 hours, and the PAN was pyrolyzed to carbon at a heating rate of 1 OK/min and a gas flow rate of 1 00 mL/min. Subsequently, in order to provide sufficient space for the volume expansion of SiO, iron powder was then dissolved with 2M dilute hydrochloric acid to obtain a porous SiO/C composite negative electrode material.
- the porous anode material SiO/C, acetylene black (AB) and sodium diatomate in Example 10 were mixed at a weight ratio of 75:10:15, and a slurry was prepared using water as a solvent to coat the slurry to copper. Foil On top, the formed film was vacuum dried at 100 ° C for 12 hours to obtain a working electrode.
- Lithium as a counter electrode the electrolyte is a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) containing 1 M LiPF 6 and dinonyl carbonate (DMC) (weight 1:1), wherein 2% of vinylene carbonate (VC) is added.
- the membrane was a ⁇ : pore polypropylene membrane (PP, Celgard 2400). ⁇ Charge and discharge the battery with different constant current densities. The voltage range of the battery is 0 ⁇ 1.5V.
- Figure 20 is a graph showing the relationship between the battery voltage and the specific capacity of the battery provided in Example 11 at a constant current density of 100 mA/g. It can be seen from the figure that the discharge and charge specific capacities of the battery during the first cycle are 1255 mAh/g and 731 mAh/g, respectively. In the second cycle, the specific discharge capacity was 798 mAh/g.
- Figure 21 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 11 at a constant current density of 100 mA/g. It can be seen from the figure that the battery has good cycle performance, the reversible specific capacity after stabilization is higher than 740 mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate after 170 cycles is 100%.
- Figure 22 is a graph showing the relationship between the charge and discharge at a constant current density of 200 mA/g, the discharge specific capacity and the number of cycles, and the Coulomb efficiency and the number of cycles after the battery of Example 11 was charged and discharged with a constant current density of 100 mA/g. .
- the battery of Example 11 also showed excellent cycle performance and high discharge specific capacity at high current density charge and discharge.
- the coated nano-SiO 2 was treated with the polymer-coated nano-SiO 2 at a high temperature of 1000 ° C for 3 hours to obtain spherical nano-SiO 2 /C.
- the negative electrode material spherical nano-SiO 2 /graphene in Example 12 were mixed, and the slurry was prepared by using water as a solvent, and the slurry was coated on the foamed nickel.
- the formed film was vacuum dried at 100 ° C for 12 hours, lithium as a counter electrode, and the electrolyte was ethylene carbonate (EC) containing 1 M LiPF 6 , dinonyl carbonate (DMC) (weight 1:1), 2 % VC mixed solvent.
- the membrane was a microporous polypropylene membrane (PP, Celgard 2400). The voltage range of the battery is 0 ⁇ 3.0 V.
- Figure 23 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 13 at a constant current density of 55 mA/g. It can be seen from the figure that after a 20-week cycle, the stable reversible specific capacity is about 530 mAh/g, and the capacity retention after 200 cycles is 100%, indicating that the spherical nano-SiO 2 /graphene compound is Si0 2 The volume change has a good inhibitory effect.
- the coated nano-SiO 2 was treated with the polymer-coated nano-SiO 2 at a high temperature of 1000 ° C for 3 hours to obtain spherical nano-SiO 2 /C.
- the negative electrode material spherical nano-SiO 2 /C, AB and CMC in Example 14 were mixed, and the slurry was prepared by using water as a solvent, and the slurry was applied to the foamed nickel to obtain a work. electrode.
- the formed film was vacuum dried at 100 ° C for 12 hours, lithium was used as a counter electrode, and the electrolyte was ethylene carbonate (EC) containing 1 M LiPF 6 , dinonyl carbonate (DMC) (weight 1:1), 2 % VC mixed solvent.
- the membrane was a ⁇ : pore polypropylene membrane (PP, Celgard 2400).
- the voltage range of the battery is 0 3.0V, and the battery is charged and discharged with different constant current densities, and each charge and discharge cycle is separated by 1 minute.
- Figure 24 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 15 at a constant current density of 5 OmA/g. It can be seen from the figure that after a 20-week cycle, the stable reversible specific capacity is about 650 mAh/g, which is higher than the stable reversible specific capacity of the battery provided in Example 13.
- Figure 25 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 15 at a constant current density of 100 mA/g. It can be seen from the figure that the battery has good cycle performance, the reversible specific capacity after stabilization is about 600 mAh/g, and the capacity after 205 cycles is basically no degradation.
- Figure 26 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Example 15 at different current densities. As can be seen from the figure, when the battery in Example 15 is charged and discharged at a high current density of 400 mA/g, the stabilized capacity is about 300 mAh/g, and when the current density returns to 50 mAh/g, the specific capacity can still be obtained. Keep the initial value.
- the negative electrode material SiC .5 / graphene, acetylene black (AB) and sodium silicate ( BG ) in Example 16 were mixed at a weight ratio of 75:10:15, and a slurry was prepared using water as a solvent.
- the material was applied to a copper foil, and the formed film was vacuum dried at 100 ° C for 12 hours to obtain a working electrode.
- the electrolyte is a mixed solvent of 1 M LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate (EC;), dinonyl carbonate (DMC) (weight 1:1), wherein 2% of vinylene carbonate (VC) is added. ).
- the membrane was a ⁇ : pore polypropylene membrane (PP, Celgard 2400). ⁇ Charge and discharge the battery with different constant current densities. The voltage range of the battery is 0 ⁇ 3 V.
- Figure 27 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the batteries provided in Example 17 at constant current densities of 50 mA/g and 100 mA/g, respectively. It can be seen from the figure that the battery has good cycle performance.
- the reversible specific capacity is about 580 mAh/g, and then charged at a constant current density of 100 mA/g.
- the stable reversible specific capacity is about 500 mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate of the battery is close to 100% after 200 cycles.
- the SiO 2 , AB and CMC were mixed at a weight ratio of 50:20:30, and a slurry was prepared using water as a solvent, and the slurry was applied to the foamed nickel to prepare a working electrode.
- the electrochemical measurements of the remaining battery compositions were the same as in Example 7.
- Figure 28 is a graph showing the relationship between charge and discharge, discharge specific capacity and number of cycles, and coulombic efficiency and number of cycles of the battery provided in Comparative Example 1 at a constant current density of 55 mA/g.
- the specific capacity of a pure silica electrode is only 45 mAh/g, which may be related to the conductive material AB.
- its coulombic efficiency is very unstable. This result indicates that the pure silica has a very low electrochemical activity for lithium.
- SiO 2 and carbon are simply mixed, the interface between carbon and SiO 2 is poor and the conductivity of SiO 2 is low. This also shows that the Si0 2 surface package Covering C is very important.
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种负极材料,所述负极材料至少包括硅氧化物SiOx和碳材料,其中,1≤x≤2。本发明还涉及具有所述负极材料的负极,具有所述负极的电池,以及所述负极材料的制备方法。具有多孔结构的负极材料,可以为充放电过程硅氧化物的体积效应提供緩冲空间,同时纳米尺寸的硅氧化物颗粒降低了离子嵌入和脱出时的体积变化,降低了硅基负极材料的体积效应,保证了负极材料的循环性能。本发明提供的负极材料制备方法简单易行,具有工业化前景。
Description
负极材料及其制备方法、 负极、 具有该负极的电池 技术领域
本发明涉及一种负极材料, 尤其涉及一种含有硅氧化物的 负极材 料。
本发明还涉及一种负极材料的制备方法。
本发明还涉及一种含有硅氧化物负极材料的 负极。
本发明还涉及一种含有硅氧化物负极材料的 电池。
背景技术
锂离子电池与传统的二次电池相比, 具有开路电压高、 能量密度 大、 使用 寿命长、 无记忆效应等优点, 应用 非常广泛。 发展一种安全, 低成本, 高容量, 循环性能稳定, 快速充放电的锂离子电池是便携式 电子设备和电动汽车的技术进步的迫切需求。
目 前商用 的锂离子电池负 极材料为碳类负极材料, 碳材料制成的 负极材料已经接近石 墨的理论容量 372mAh/g , 因此, 大量的研究开 始转向寻找可以替代碳材料的新型 负极材料, 其中硅因其具有极高的 理论容量 4200 mAh/g 和低嵌锂电位而被广泛研究, 但是, 由于硅的 导电性能不佳, 含有硅负极材料的电池在充放电过程中存在严重的体 积效应, 导致负 极材料发生粉化、 脱落并逐渐失去电接触, 最终使得 电池的循环性能很差。
针对上述问题, 许多 研究都在致力 于改良硅基负 极材料的导 电 性、 体积效应等问题。
美国专利 U S 2008026 1 1 1 6 A 1 公开 了将硅颗粒沉积在碳材料表面 的方法, 利用含硅前躯体通过气相与碳材料接触并分解在碳材料表面 形成硅颗粒涂层; U S 20080280207 A 1 公开 了在纳米尺寸的硅颗粒组成 的连续薄膜表面, 沉积碳纳米管制备锂离子电池的 负极材料; 但这些 制备方法过程复杂, 制备成本高 , 不适合于大规模生产 。
发明 内容
本发明 旨在提供一种容量高、 循环性能稳定、 制备方法简单的 负 极材料。
为 实现上述目 的 , 本发明的技术方案是: 一种负极材料, 所述负
极材料至少 包括硅氧化物 SiOx和碳材料, 其中 , 1≤x≤2。
优选的, 至少部分所述硅氧化物 SiOx 为具有孔状结构的纳米颗 粒。
优选的 , 所述硅氧化物 SiOx 占 所述 负 极材料的 比重 范 围 为 5-70% , 所述碳材料占所述负极材料的比重范围为 30~95%。
优选的, 所述负 极材料还包括金属铜, 所述金属铜 占所述负极材 料的比重范围为 0.5~30%。
优选的, 所述金属铜 包覆于所述硅氧化物 SiOx , 所述碳材料包覆 于所述硅氧化物 SiOx和金属铜。
优选的, 所述碳材料包括石 墨烯和无序碳。
优选的, 所述石 墨烯占所述负极材料的比重范围为 0.5 ~20 %。 优选的, 所述无序碳包覆于所述硅氧化物 SiOx和石 墨烯。
优选的, 所述硅氧化物 SiOx 为纳米 Si02; 所述负 极材料的颗粒 形状为球状。
优选的, 以所述球状纳米 Si02/C 负极材料的质量为基准, 所述 负极材料中所述纳米 Si02的质量百分含量为 40%~60%。
优选的, 所述硅氧化物 SiOx为 SiC^.5 , 所述碳材料为石 墨烯。 本发明还提供了 一种负极, 所述负极包括如上所述的 负极材料。 本发明还提供了 一种电池, 包括正极、 负极以及设于正极和负极 之间的电解质, 所述负极包括如上所述的 负极材料。
本发明还提供了 一种负极材料的制备方法, 所述制备方法包括如 下步骤:
将碳材料前体溶解于第一溶剂 , 向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加入硅氧化物 SiOx , 其中 , 1≤χ≤2 , 混合后加入第二溶剂 , 使碳材 料前体包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx沉淀, 将沉淀产物干燥后进行高温处理, 获得碳材料包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx。
本发明还提供了 一种负极材料的制备方法, 所述制备方法包括如 下步骤:
将碳材料前体溶解于第一溶剂 , 向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加入硅氧化物 SiOx和石 墨烯, 其中 , 1≤χ≤2 , 混合后加入第二溶剂 , 使碳材料前体包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx 和石 墨烯沉淀, 将沉淀产物干燥
后进行高温处理, 获得无序碳包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx和石 墨烯。
本发明还提供了 一种负极材料的制备方法, 所述制备方法包括如 下步骤:
将硅氧化物 310!{分散在硝酸铜溶液中 , 其中 , l≤x≤2, 干燥去除 溶液中的溶剂 , 将干燥后的硅氧化物 SiOx和硝酸铜在温度 170 300 °C 下处理 1 ~4h , 获得氧化铜 包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx;
将碳材料前体溶解于第一溶剂 , 向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加入氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx , 混合后加入第二溶剂 , 使碳材料 前体包覆的氧化铜 包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx 沉淀, 将沉淀产物干燥后进 行高温处理, 使碳材料前体热解, 氧化铜还原成铜, 获得碳材料包覆 的铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx。
优选的, 制备方法还包括将高温处理后的产物用 氟化氢溶液溶解 掉部分硅氧化物 SiOx , 获得具有多 孔结构的 负极材料。
优选的 , 在向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加入硅氧化物 SiOx 的 同 时加入铁粉, 将高温处理后的产物用稀盐酸溶解掉所述铁粉, 获 得具有多孔结构的 负 极材料。
优选的 , 所述第一溶剂选 自 二曱基曱酰胺、 二曱基亚砜、 环丁砜 或 N-曱基吡咯烷酮中 的一种。
优选的, 所述第二溶剂 包括水、 曱醇、 乙醇或丙醇中的一种。 优选的, 所述碳材料前体选 自 聚丙烯腈、 聚吡咯、 聚氯乙烯、 聚 偏氟乙烯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚苯乙烯、 酚醛树脂、 环氧树脂、 煤焦油沥青、 石油沥青、 蔗糖或葡萄糖中 的至少一种。
优选的, 所述高温处理的温度范围为 600~ 1200 °C , 高温处理的时 间范围为 l~6h。
本发明还提供了 一种负极材料的制备方法, 所述负极材料的制备 方法包括如下步骤: 先将纳米 Si02 分散于水中; 再依次加入间苯二 酚、 曱醛和碱, 反应得到沉淀; 将沉淀产物干燥后进行高温处理, 得 到球状纳米 Si02/C。
本发明还提供了 一种负极材料的制备方法, 所述负极材料的制备 方法包括如下步骤: 将石 墨烯溶解于表面活性剂 中 , 加入催化剂混合; 再加入三 乙氧基硅乙烷混合反应 , 得到沉淀; 将沉淀产物干燥后进行
高温处理, 得到 SiO /石 墨烯。
优选的, 所述 SiOu/石 墨烯负极材料的制备方法中 , 所述表面活 性剂为十六烷基溴化铵水溶液; 所述催化剂为氨水。
与现有技术相比, 本发明 中 负极材料具有多孔结构, 为充放电过 程中硅氧化物的体积效应提供空间 , 同 时纳米尺寸的硅氧化物颗粒降 低了 离子嵌入和脱出 时的体积变化, 进一步改善了 负极材料的体积效 应; 而金属铜和石 墨烯则提高负 极材料的导电性能 有利于电荷的快 速转移, 使得负 极材料具有较高的容量、 稳定的循环性能。 本发明提 供的 负极材料的制备方法简单易行, 具有工业化前景。
附图说明
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步说明 。
图 1 是实施例 1 提供的 负极材料 Si02/C 的 X射线衍射图 ; 图 2是实施例 1 提供的 负极材料 Si02/C 的 TG和 DTA 曲线; 图 3是实施例 2提供的 负极材料 SiO/C 的扫描电子显微镜图 图 4是实施例 3提供的 负极材料 Si02/Cu/C 的 X射线衍射图 图 5是实施例 3提供的 负极材料 Si02/Cu/C 的 TG和 DTA 曲线; 图 6是实施例 4提供的 负极材料 C 包覆的 SiO和石 墨烯的扫描电 子显微镜图
图 7是实施例 5提供的电池恒流充放电时电压和比容量的关系 曲
¾,
图 8是实施例 5提供的电池恒流充放电时的循环性能图 ; 图 9是实施例 5提供的电池以不 同 电流密度充放电时的循环性能 图 ;
图 10是实施例 6提供的电池以 电流密度 55mA/g充放电时的循环 性能图 ;
图 11是实施例 6提供的电池以 电流密度 55mA/g充放电时电压与 比容量关系 图 ;
图 12是实施例 6 提供的电池以 电流密度 110mA/g 充放电时的循 环性能图 ;
图 13是实施例 7提供的电池恒流充放电时的循环性能图 ; 图 14 是实施例 7 提供的电池以不同 电流密度充放电时的循环性
能图 ;
图 1 5是实施例 8提供的电池恒流充放电时电压与 比容量关系 图 ; 图 1 6是实施例 8提供的电池恒流充放电时的循环性能图 ; 图 1 7是实施例 9提供的电池恒流充放电时电压与 比容量关系 图 ; 图 1 8是实施例 9提供的电池以 电流密度 55 mA/g充放电时的循环 性能图
图 1 9 是实施例 9 提供的电池以 电流密度 1 1 0mA/g 充放电时的循 环性能图 ;
图 20 是实施例 1 1 提供的电池恒流充放电时电压与 比容里 关系 图 21 是实施例 1 1 提供的电池恒流充放电时的循环性能图 图 22是实施例 1 1提供的电池以不 同 电流密度充放电时的循环性 图
图 23是实施例 1 3提供的电池恒流充放电时的循环性能图 图 24是实施例 1 5 提供的电池以 电流密度 55 mA/g 充放电时的循 环性能图 ;
图 25是实施例 1 5提供的电池以 电流密度 1 1 0 mA/g充放电时的循 环性能图 ;
图 26是实施例 1 5提供的电池以不同 电流密度充放电时的循环性 图
图 27是实施例 1 7提供的电池以不同 电流密度充放电时的循环性 图
图 28是对比例 1 提供的电池恒流充放电时的循环性能图 。
具体实施方式
一种应用 于 电化学装置中 的 负 极材料, 具有硅基材料的基本构 成, 电化学装置包括但不仅限于电池, 应用此种材料的电池, 可被应 用 于比如便携式电子装置、 电动工具、 电动汽车等领域。
一种负极材料, 至少 包括硅氧化物 S iOx和碳材料, 其中 , 1≤x≤2。 负极材料具有多孔结构, 负 极材料的孔径尺寸为纳米级或亚^:米级。 负极材料中 , 硅氧化物 S i Ox 占 负极材料的比重范围为 5 ~70 % , 碳材 料占 负极材料的比重范围为 30 ~ 95 %。
当 负极材料应用 于电池中 时, 负极材料的多 孔结构可以为充放电 过程中硅氧化物 SiOx 的体积变化提供充足的緩冲空间 , 从而很好的 保证负极材料的循环性能。
具体的, 硅氧化物 SiOx包括 SiO、 SiC .5或 Si02, 至少部分的硅 氧化物 SiOx 为具有孔状结构的纳米颗粒, 纳米颗粒的粒径尺寸范围 为 l~100nm。
碳材料包覆于硅氧化物 SiOx , 具体的, 碳材料包覆于具有孔状结 构的硅氧化物 SiOx 纳米颗粒的表面和孔壁上。 碳材料的形态包括膜 状、 纳米粒子状、 纳米管状、 纳米线状或纳米纤维状中的一种或多种, 在具体的实施例中 , 碳材料可为无序碳 (disordered carbon)、 石 墨或石 墨烯等各种碳材料。
相对于单质硅, 硅氧化物 SiOx 的理论比容量稍小 , 随着硅氧化 物 SiOx中氧含量的增加, 比容量会降低, 但是循环性能却明显提高。 本发明 中具有孔状结构的纳米硅氧化物 SiOx , 在电池充放电过程中体 积变化绝对值很小, 能减緩负极材料的结构破坏。 虽 然纳米尺寸的硅 氧化物 SiOx在改善电池充放电过程中 出现的体积效应有明显的效果, 但是纳米尺寸的硅氧化物 310!{ 存在团聚现象, 团聚后的硅氧化物颗 粒间有可能失去电接触而失效。 针对这一问题, 本发明提供的 负极材 料具有包覆结构, 硅氧化物包覆具有优良电子导电性能的碳材料。
优选的实施方式中 , 负极材料还包括金属铜, 金属铜 占 负极材料 的比重范围为 0.5 ~30 %。 金属铜 包覆于硅氧化物, 碳材料包覆于硅氧 化物和金属铜。 由于硅氧化物具有孔状结构, 因此金属铜包覆在硅氧 化物的表面和孔壁上。 负极材料中添加金属铜, 不仅可以提高硅氧化 物的导电性能, 有利于电荷在负 极材料上快速转移, 而且还 减少纳 米硅氧化物的团聚现象, 保证纳米硅氧化物之间存在电接触 使负极 材料具有稳定的电化学性能。 另 外, 包覆于金属铜包覆的硅氧化物的 破材料, 不仅可以进一步提高负 极材料的导电性能, 而且对于负极材 料在充放电过程中的体积效应 提供了 良好的緩冲作用 , 使负 极材料 具有稳定的循环性能。
优选的实施方式中 , 碳材料包括石 墨烯和无序碳。 石 墨烯占 负极 材料的比重范围为 0.5~20%。 无序碳包覆于硅氧化物 SiOx和石 墨烯,
具体的, 无序碳的形态包括但不仅限于膜或颗粒。
石 墨烯具有 突 出 的导热性能和 力 学性能 , 理论比表面积 高 达 2600m2/g , 室温下高速的电子迁移率, 石 墨烯不仅能够减少纳米硅氧 化物的团聚现象, 保证纳米硅氧化物之间存在电接触, 而且可以提高 硅氧化物的导电性能。 除此之外, 负极材料中 包覆在硅氧化物和石 墨 烯上的无序碳进一步提高 负 极材料的导电性能的 同 时, 对于负极材料 在充放电过程中的体积效应, 提供了 良好的緩冲作用 , 使负极材料具 有稳定的循环性能。
优选的实施方式中 , 硅氧化物 SiOx 为纳米 Si02; 负极材料的颗 粒形状为球状; 即 负 极材料为球状纳米 Si02/C。 优选的, 以球状纳米 Si02/C 负极材料的质量百分含量为基准, 其中 , 纳米 3102 的质量百 分含量为 40%~60%; 更优选的, 纳米 Si02的质量百分含量为 45%。
优选的实施方式中 , 硅氧化物 SiOx为 SiO i .5 , 碳材料为石 墨烯。 一种负极材料的制备方法, 制备方法包括如下步骤:
将碳材料前体溶解于第一溶剂 , 向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加入硅氧化物 SiOx , 混合后加入第二溶剂 , 使碳材料前体包覆的硅 氧化物 SiOx 沉淀, 将沉淀产物干燥后进行高温处理, 获得碳材料包 覆的硅氧化物 SiOx, 其中 , l≤x≤2。
第一溶剂用 于溶解碳材料前体, 使碳材料前体充分、 均勾 的分散, 第一溶剂选 自 二曱基曱酰胺、 二曱基亚砜、 环丁砜或 N-曱基吡咯烷酮 中的一种。
具体的, 溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂和硅氧化物 SiOx 混合为 球磨混合, 球磨时的转速范围为 100~900rpm , 球磨混合的时间 范围 为 5 ~45h。 球磨时, 球磨罐中使用二氧化锆球进行研磨, 为 了 不破坏 球磨罐, 引入杂质, 并使硅氧化物得到充分研磨以及均勾分散, 优选 的球磨转速为 300rpm。 球磨可以有效的分散纳米材料, 使硅氧化物均 匀 的分散在碳材料前体中 。
第二溶剂 包括水、 曱醇、 乙醇、 丙醇中的一种, 加入第二溶剂 的 目 的是使碳材料前体包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx 从第一溶剂 中沉淀出来, 并保证硅氧化物均勾 的分散在碳材料前体中 。
将沉淀产物碳材料前体包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx 干燥后进行高温处
理, 干燥的方式不限, 目 的是去除残留的溶剂 , 高温处理的 目 的是使 碳材料前体热解为碳, 获得碳材料包覆的硅氧化物 S i Ox , 碳材料包覆 在硅氧化物的表面或孔壁上, 获得包覆形态的 负 极材料。 高温处理时 的温度范围为 600 ~ 1200 °C , 温度偏低, 可能会使碳材料前体热解不充 分, 温度过高, 会发生其他的副反应; 为 了使热解充分, 高温处理时 间范围为 l ~ 6h。
碳材料前体主要是指, 通过高温热解能够得到无序碳或其他类型 碳材料的有机化合物前体, 并不包括石 墨或石 墨烯等碳材料本身 。 在 制备包括石 墨或石墨烯类碳材料和的 负极材料时, 石 墨或石 墨烯类碳 材料可直接作为反应原料加入到反应体系 中 即可。 碳材料前体选 自 聚 丙烯腈、 聚吡咯、 聚氯乙烯、 聚偏氟乙烯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚苯乙烯、 酚 醛树脂、 环氧树脂、 煤焦油沥青、 石油沥青、 蔗糖或葡萄糖中的至少 一种。 碳材料前体可以是固 态形式, 也可以是溶解在溶剂 中 的液态形 式。
优选的实施方式下, 将高温处理得到的产物用 氟化氢溶液溶解掉 部分硅氧化物, 进 —步提高 负极材料的孔隙率, 付更力口多 孔的 负极 材料, 为 负极材料充放电时的体积效应提供更大的緩冲空间 。 为 了 能 达到只溶解部分的硅氧化物的 目 的, 氟化氢溶液为稀氟化氢溶液 具 体的, 氟化氢溶液的质量浓度范围为 5 ~ 1 0 %。
在另一优选的实施方式下, 在向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中 加入硅氧化物 S i Ox 的 同 时一起加入铁粉, 然后将高温处理得到的产 物用稀盐酸溶液溶解掉其中 的铁粉, 得到多孔的 负极材料, 为 负极材 料充放电时的体积效应提供更大的緩冲空间 , 同 时还能够提高碳材料 包覆层与硅氧化物层之间的接触, 从而提高 负极材料的电化学性能。 具体的, 稀盐酸的浓度为 1 .6 ~2.4 mol/L , 更优选的, 稀盐酸的浓度为 2mo l/L。
具体的, 将聚丙烯腈(PAN)溶解在 N -曱基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中形成 均匀溶液,将纳米 S iO或 S i 02颗粒分散在均 勾溶液中 ,球磨混合 36h , 加入乙醇使 PAN 包覆的 S i O 或 S i 02沉淀, 随后将沉淀产物真空干燥 去除 NMP , 在保护气体、 1 000 °C下进行高温处理, 使 PAN热解为碳, 获得碳材料包覆的硅氧化物。
一种负极材料的制备方法, 制备方法包括如下步骤:
将碳材料前体溶解于第一溶剂 , 向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加入硅氧化物 S iOx 和石 墨烯, 混合后加入第二溶剂 , 使碳材料前 体包覆的硅氧化物 S i Ox 和石 墨烯沉淀, 将沉淀产物干燥后进行高温 处理, 获得无序碳包覆的硅氧化物 S iOx和石 墨烯, 其中 , 1≤x≤2。
第一溶剂用 于溶解碳材料前体, 使碳材料前体充分、 均勾 的分散, 第一溶剂选 自 二曱基曱酰胺、 二曱基亚砜、 环丁砜或 N-曱基吡咯烷酮 中的一种。
具体的, 溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 、 硅氧化物 S iOx 和石 墨 烯混合为球磨混合, 球磨时的转速范围为 1 00 ~ 900rp m , 混合的时间 范围为 5 ~45 h。 球磨时, 球磨罐中使用二氧化锆球研磨, 为 了 不破坏 球磨罐, 引入杂质, 并使硅氧化物得到充分研磨以及均勾分散, 优选 的球磨转速为 300rp m。
第二溶剂 包括水、 曱醇、 乙醇、 丙醇中的一种, 加入第二溶剂 的 目 的是使碳材料前体包覆的硅氧化物 S i Ox 和石 墨烯从第一溶剂 中沉 淀出来, 并保证硅氧化物和石墨烯均勾 的分散在碳材料前体中 。
将沉淀产物碳材料前体包覆的硅氧化物 S i Ox 和石 墨烯干燥后进 行高温处理, 干燥的方式不限, 目 的是去除残留的溶剂 , 高温处理的 目 的是使碳材料前体热解为无序碳, 使无序碳包覆于硅氧化物 S i Ox 和石 墨烯 , 获得 包覆形 态 的 负 极材料。 高 温处理时 的温度范 围 为 600 ~ 1200 °C , 温度偏低, 可能会使碳材料前体热解不充分, 温度过高, 会发生其他的副反应; 为 了使热解充分, 高温处理时间范围为 1 ~ 6h。
碳材料前体主要是指, 通过高温热解能够得到无序碳或其他类型 碳材料的有机化合物前体, 并不 包括石 墨或石 墨烯等碳材料本身。 在 制备包括石 墨或石 墨烯类碳材料和的 负极材料时, 石墨或石 墨烯类碳 材料可直接作为反应原料加入到反应体系 中 即可。 碳材料前体选 自 聚 丙烯腈、 聚吡咯、 聚氯乙烯、 聚偏氟乙烯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚苯乙烯、 酚 醛树脂、 环氧树脂、 煤焦油沥青、 石油沥青、 蔗糖或葡萄糖中的至少 一种。 碳材料前体可以是固 态形式, 也可以是溶解在溶剂 中 的液态形 式。
同样的, 优选实施方式下, 将高温处理得到的产物用 氟化氢溶液
溶解掉部分硅氧化物, 进一步提高 负极材料的孔隙率, 获得多孔的 负 极材料, 为 负 极材料充放电时的体积效应提供更大的緩冲空间 。 为 了 能达到只溶解部分的硅氧化物的 目 的, 氟化氢溶液为稀氟化氢溶液, 具体的, 氟化氢溶液的质量浓度范围为 5~ 10%。
另一种优选实施方式下, 在向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加 入硅氧化物 SiOx 和石 墨烯的 同 时一起加入铁粉, 然后将高温处理得 到的产物用稀盐酸溶液溶解掉其中的铁粉, 得到多孔的 负 极材料, 为 负极材料充放电时的体积效应提供更大的緩冲空间 , 同 时还能够提高 碳材料包覆层与硅氧化物层之间 的接触, 从而提高 负极材料的电化学 性能。 具体的 , 稀盐酸的浓度为 1.6~2.4 mol/L, 更优选的, 稀盐酸的 浓度为 2mol/L。
具体的,将 PAN溶解在 NMP 中形成均匀溶液,将纳米 SiO或 Si02 颗粒, 石 墨烯分散在均匀溶液中 , 球磨混合 36h , 加入乙醇使 PAN 包 覆的 SiO或 Si02颗粒和石 墨烯沉淀, 随后将沉淀产物干燥去除 NMP , 在保护气体、 1000 °C下进行高温处理, 使 PAN热解为无序碳, 获得无 序碳包覆的硅氧化物和石 墨烯。 最后, 将无序碳包覆的硅氧化物和石 墨烯用稀氟化氢溶液溶解掉部分 SiO或 Si02,从而获得多孔的 负极材 料。
本发明提供的制备方法, 结合机械球磨和热解来制备负极材料, 在很大程度上提高 了硅氧化物在碳材料中 的分散程度, 并制得具有包 覆形态的 负 极材料。 负极材料具有多孔结构, 在充放电时可以为体积 效应提供充足的緩冲空间 , 并且复合有石 墨烯的 负极材料在导电性能 上有明显改善。 本发明 中的制备方法简单易行, 制备得到的 负极材料 具有优异的 电化学性能。
一种负极材料的制备方法, 制备方法包括如下步骤:
将硅氧化物 SiOx分散在硝酸铜溶液中 , 干燥去除溶液中的溶剂 , 将干燥后的硅氧化物 SiOx和硝酸铜在温度 170~300 °C下处理 1 ~4h ,获 得氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物, 其中 , 1≤x≤2;
将碳材料前体溶解于第一溶剂 , 向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加入氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx , 混合后加入第二溶剂 , 使碳材料 前体包覆的氧化铜 包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx 沉淀, 将沉淀产物干燥后进
行高温处理, 使碳材料前体热解, 氧化铜还原成铜, 使碳材料包覆的 铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx。
具体的, 制备氧化铜 包覆的硅氧化物时, 以 Si02 为例 , 将硝酸 铜溶解在去离子水中 , 连续搅拌, 将纳米硅氧化物颗粒超声分散在硝 酸铜溶液中 , Si02颗粒直径范围为 l~100nm。 然后, 在 100°C下干燥 去除硝酸铜溶液中的水。 为 了使硝酸铜完全分解为氧化铜并且不会产 生其他的副反应, 将干燥所得物在空气环境中 170 300 °C下处理 1-4 小时, 生成的氧化铜包覆在具有多孔结构的纳米 Si02表面和孔壁上, 从而提高纳米 Si02的导电性能, 抑制纳米 Si02的团聚, 并且即使少 量纳米 Si02 出现团聚, 纳米 Si02颗粒之间依然存在电接触。
第一溶剂用 于溶解碳材料前体, 使碳材料前体充分、 均勾 的分散, 第一溶剂选 自 二曱基曱酰胺、 二曱基亚砜、 环丁砜或 N-曱基吡咯烷酮 中的一种。
具体的, 溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 、 氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx 混合为球磨混合, 球磨时的转速范围 为 100~900rpm , 混合的时 间范围为 5 ~45h。 球磨时, 球磨罐中使用二氧化锆球研磨, 为 了 不破 坏球磨罐, 引入杂质, 并使硅氧化物得到充分研磨以及均勾分散, 优 选的球磨转速为 300rpm。
第二溶剂 包括水、 曱醇、 乙醇、 丙醇中的一种, 加入第二溶剂 的 目 的是使碳材料前体包覆的氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx 从第一溶剂 中沉淀出来, 并保证氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx 均 勾 的分散在碳材 料前体中 。
将沉淀产物碳材料前体包覆的氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx 干燥 后进行高温处理, 干燥的方式不限, 目 的是去除残留的溶剂 , 高温处 理的 目 的是使碳材料前体热解为破, 碳进一步还原氧化铜为铜, 使碳 材料包覆于铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx, 获得包覆形态的 负 极材料。 古向 处理是在保护气体氛围 中进行的 , 保护气体包括但不仅限于氮气、 氩 气 将沉淀产物干燥后进行高温处理的 目 的是使碳材料前体热解为 碳, 从而 包覆于硅氧化物和金属铜的表面 , 高温处理时的温度范围为
600~1200°C , 温度偏低, 可能会使碳材料热解不充分, 温度过高 , 会
发生其他的副反应; 为 了使热解充分, 高温处理时间范围为 1 ~ 6h。 碳材料前体主要是指, 通过高温热解能够得到无序碳或其他类型 碳材料的有机化合物前体, 并不 包括石 墨或石 墨烯等碳材料本身。 在 制备包括石 墨或石 墨烯类碳材料和的 负极材料时, 石墨或石 墨烯类碳 材料可直接作为反应原料加入到反应体系 中 即可。 碳材料前体选 聚 丙烯腈、 聚吡咯、 聚氯乙烯 、 聚偏氟乙烯 、 聚乙烯醇、 聚苯乙烯 、 酚 醛树脂、 环氧树脂、 煤焦油沥青、 石油沥青、 蔗糖或葡萄糖中的至少 一种。 碳材料前体可以是固 态形式, 也可以是溶解在溶剂 中 的液太形 式。
优选的实施方式下, 将高温处理得到的 负 极材料用稀氟化氢溶液 溶解掉部分硅氧化物, 进一步提高 负极材料的空隙率, 获得多 孔的 负 极材料, 为 负极材料充放电时的体积效应提供更大的緩冲空间 。
另一种优选的实施方式下, 在向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中 加入氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物 S iOx 的 同 时一起加入铁粉, 然后将高温 处理得到的产物用稀盐酸溶液溶解掉其中的铁粉, 得到多孔的 负 极材 料, 为 负极材料充放电时的体积效应提供更大的緩冲空间 , 同 时还能 够提高碳材料包覆层与硅氧化物层之间的接触, 从而提高 负 极材料的 电化学性能。 具体的 , 稀盐酸的浓度为 1 .6 ~ 2.4 mol/L , 更优选的, 稀 盐酸的浓度为 2mol/L。
具体的 , 将聚丙烯腈溶解在 N-曱基吡咯烷酮(NMP )中形成均匀溶 液, 将氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物分散在均勾溶液中 , 球磨混合 36h , 加 入乙醇使聚丙烯腈包覆的氧化铜 包覆的硅氧化物沉淀, 随后将沉淀产 物干燥去除 NMP , 在保护气体、 500 ~ 1 200 °C下进行高温处理, 优选的, 温度范围为 600 ~ 1200 °C , 使 PAN 热解为碳, 获得碳材料包覆的铜 包 覆的硅氧化物。
最后, 将碳材料包覆的铜 包覆的硅氧化物用 氟化氢溶液溶解掉部 分硅氧化物, 从而获得多孔结构的 负极材料。 为 了 能达到只溶解部分 的硅氧化物的 目 的, 氟化氢溶液为稀氟化氢溶液, 具体的, 氟化氢溶 液的质量浓度范围为 5 ~ 1 0 %。
本发明提供的制备方法, 结合机械球磨和沉淀法来制备负 极材 料, 在很大程度上提高 了硅氧化物在碳材料前体的分散程度。 球磨,
可以使氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物有效的、 充分的分散在碳材料前体中 , 具体的, 即在 PA N溶液中形成均 勾分散的氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物。 向 混合溶液中加入 乙醇 , 可以迅速使 PA N/氧化铜 包覆的硅氧化物从 NM P 溶剂 中沉淀出来, 获得 PA N/氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物, PA N 均匀 包覆在氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物表面, 从而保证高温处理时氧化铜包覆 的硅氧化物是均勾分布在 PA N 中 ,从而防止在循环过程中的电极的 : 观结构局部破坏。 本发明 中的制备方法简单易行, 制备得到的 负极材 料具有优异的电化学性能。
一种负 极材料制备方法包括如下步骤: 先将纳米 S i 02 分散于水 中; 再依次加入间苯二酚、 曱醛和碱, 反应得到沉淀; 将沉淀产物干 燥后进行高温处理, 得到球状纳米 S i 02/C 负极材料。 其中 , 碱为常 用 的各种碱性物质, 如 P 1 27 嵌段共聚物、 赖氨酸、 氢氧化钠、 氢氧 化钾或氨水等。
一种负极材料的制备方法包括如下步骤: 将石 墨烯溶解于表面活 性剂 中 , 加入催化剂混合; 再加入三 乙氧基硅乙烷混合反应 , 得到沉 淀; 将沉淀产物干燥后进行高温处理, 得到 S i C . 5 /石 墨烯负极材料。 其中 , 反应时间为 4 ~ 1 2h , 优选的, 反应时间为 1 2h。 优选的, 表面 活性剂为十六烷基溴化铵水溶液; 催化剂为氨水。 优选的, 沉淀产物 在干燥前用 去离子水等进行洗涤, 沉淀产物的干燥在 1 00 °C下进行。
本发明还揭示了 一种负极, 负极包括如上面所述的 负极材料。 本领域技术人员公知, 负 极通常包括负极集流体和负极材料。 负 极集流体是用 于有效的收集产生于 负 极的 电流并提供有效的 电接触 面将电流引 致外部电路。 负极集流体的材料可以基于本发明从适当 的 材料中选择, 比如, 负极集流体可以 包括但不仅限于铜箔、 泡沫铜或 者泡沫镍。
在制备负 极时, 负 极材料中还可以根据需要添加导电剂和粘结 剂 。
导电剂选 自 导电聚合物、 活性碳、 石 墨烯、 碳黑、 碳纤维、 金属 纤维、 金属粉末、 以及金属薄片 中的一种或多种。 具体的 , 导电剂选 自 乙炔黑(A B )。
粘结剂选 自 聚乙烯氧化物、 聚丙烯氧化物, 聚丙烯腈、 聚酰亚胺、
聚酯、 聚醚、 氟化聚合物、 羧曱基纤维素、 聚二乙烯基聚乙二醇、 聚 乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、 聚乙二醇二曱基丙烯酸或硅藻酸钠中的一种、 或 上述聚合物的混合物及衍生物。 具体的 , 粘结剂 选 自 羧曱基纤维素 (CMC); 具体的, 粘结剂选 自 硅藻酸钠。
本发明还揭示了 一种电池, 电池包括正极、 负 极以及设于正极和 负极之间的 电解液。 负极包括如上所述的 负极材料。
正极包括正极集流体和正极活性材料。 其中 , 正极集流体可以 包 括但不仅限于铝。 本领域技术人员 可以知道, 正极集流体的材料可以 是金属镍或其它金属。 为 了增加与正极活性材料的接触, 正极集流体 的材料还可以选用具有碳涂层的铝。 与单纯的铝集流体相比, 碳涂覆 的铝集流体具有 良好的粘接特性, 较低的接触电阻。 具体的 , 也可以 选用 涂覆碳纳米管阵列 的铝。 除此之外, 正极集流体还可以是碳基材 料或合金。
正极活性材料参与 电化学反应 , 包括能够可逆脱出 -嵌入离子或 者官能团的材料。
具体的, 正极活性材料包括能够可逆脱出 -嵌入锂离子、 钠 离子、 锌离子或者镁离子的材料。 其中 , 能够可逆脱出 -嵌入锂离子的材料 包括但不仅限于具有尖晶石结构或层状结构或橄榄石结构的材料。
目 前锂电池工业中 , 几乎所有正极活性材料都会经过掺杂、 包覆 等改性处理。 但掺杂, 包覆改性等手段造成材料的化学通式表达复杂, 如 LiMn204 已经不能够代表目 前广泛使用 的 "锰酸锂"的通式, 而应该 理解为广泛地包括经过各种改性的 LiMn204正极活性材料。 同样的, LiFeP04以及 LiCo02也应该广泛地理解为 包括经过各种掺杂、 包覆等 改性的正极活性材料。
本发明 的正极活性材料为锂离 子脱出 -嵌入化合物时, 可以选用 如 LiMn204、 LiFeP04、 LiCo02、 LiMxP04、 LiMxSiOy (其中 M 为一种 变价金属)等化合物。 此外, 可脱出 -嵌入钠离子的化合物如 NaVP04F , 可脱出 -嵌入锌离子的化合物如 λ-Μη02 , 可脱出 -嵌入镁离子的化合物 如 MgMxOy (其中 Μ 为一种金属, 0.5< x <3, 2< y <6)以及具有类似功 能, 能够脱出 -嵌入离 子或官能团 的化合物都可以作为本发明 电池的 正极活性材料。
进一步的 , 正极活性材料含有硫基材料, 硫基材料选 自 元素硫,
Li2Sn, 有机硫化物和碳硫聚合物(C2Sv)m中的至少一种, 其中 , n≥l, 2.5< V <50, m≥2。 硫基材料占正极活性材料总重量的 70~90%。 优选 的, 正极活性材料中 的硫基材料的重量比重为 80%。
在制备正极活性材料时, 还可以根据需要添加导电剂和粘结剂 。 导电剂选 自 导电聚合物、 活性碳、 石 墨烯、 碳黑、 碳纤维、 金属 纤维、 金属粉末、 以及金属薄片 中的一种或多种。 具体的 , 导电剂 包 含科琴碳黑(KB)。
粘结剂选 自 聚乙烯氧化物、 聚丙烯氧化物, 聚丙烯腈、 聚酰亚胺、 聚酯、 聚醚、 氟化聚合物、 聚二乙烯基聚乙二醇、 聚乙二醇二丙烯酸 酯、 聚乙二醇二曱基丙烯酸中的一种、 或上述聚合物的混合物及衍生 物。 在具体实施方式中 , 粘结剂 包含聚四氟乙烯(PTFE); 具体的, 粘 结剂 包含聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)。
为 了保证在充放电过程中 , 电池的正极与 负 极之间存在能够可逆 脱出 -嵌入的 离子, 例如: 锂离子, 选择的硫基材料和硅基材料同 时 不含锂离子时, 对正极和 /或负极进行预嵌锂处理。 具体预嵌锂的方式 不限, 包括化学反应嵌锂或电化学反应嵌锂。
电解质至少 包括电解质锂盐和混合有机溶剂 。 电解质包括阳极电 解质和阴极电解质。
电解质锂盐 包括但不仅限于六 氟磷酸锂(LiPF6) , 四 氟硼酸锂 (LiBF4), 或者高氯酸锂(LiC104)。 本领域技术人员应该知道, 锂盐可 以有效的增加电解质的 离子传导性。
电解质的混合有机溶剂可以是通常的有机液体溶液, 如二曱氧基 乙烷(DME), 乙烯碳酸脂(EC), 二乙基碳酸脂(DEC), 丙烯碳酸脂(PC), 1 , 3-二氧戊烷(DIOX) , 各种 乙醚, 甘醇二曱醚, 内 酯, 砜, 环丁砜 或以上混合物。 比如釆用 1, 3-二氧戊烷(DIOX)。 也可以是聚合物, 如聚丙烯腈。 还可以 包含凝胶, 如凝胶聚合物(PEGMEMA1100-BMI)。 如果釆用凝胶这种电解质, 由于它本身是一种软材料, 能够发生一定 的变形 , 因此相应的电池的制作工艺不会发生太大变化。 当 然, 也可 以 釆 用 固 体 聚 合 物 电 解 质 , 如 Li2S-P2S5 的 玻 璃 - 陶 瓷 , 或 P(EO)20Li(CF3SO2)2N-10 wt.% y-LiA102。
电解质以凝胶的形态设置在电池中 , 有利于阻止潜在的电池电解 液的渗漏, 避免对环境造成污染, 同 时也提高 了 电池的安全性。
本发明的具体实施方式提供的电池, 如果电池结构中需要釆用 隔 膜, 隔膜为有机多孔材料或玻璃纤维材料, 隔膜的孔径范围 为 0.001 至 100 ^敫米, 孔隙率范围为为 20 至 95%。
电池的形态包括但不仅限于 电池领域中的压片 结构, 也包括普 通的紐扣电池、 圆筒形 电池或者板式电池。
本发明提供的电池具有优异的循环性能, 电池负极釆用具有包覆 形态的 负极材料, 负极材料至少 包括具有硅氧化物的 内层和碳材料的 外层, 更进一步的, 负极材料还包括金属铜或石 墨烯, 金属铜或石 墨 烯可以提高 了 负极材料的导电性能, 有利于电荷快速转移, 纳米尺寸 的硅氧化物颗粒可以 大大降低锂离 子嵌入和脱出 时的体积变化, 同 时, 首次放电过程中生成的 Li20 和硅酸锂为惰性基体, 可以支撑和 分散活性 Si 主体, 承受充放电过程中锂离子脱出和嵌入时的体积变 化; 位于在最外层的碳材料, 对于大的体积变化, 具有 良好的緩冲作 用 , 同 时, 负 极材料的多孔结构为硅氧化物的体积变化过程中提供的 空间 , 改善了含有硅基负极材料时的体积效应, 保证了 负极材料的循 环性能。
下面通过具体的 实施例对本发明做进一步说明 。
实施例 1
将 2.17g 的 PAN 溶解于 12mL 的 NMP 中形成均匀 的溶液, 0.8g 的 Si02和 PAN 溶液混合, 混合物通过高能球磨机(Pulverisette7 , 德 国)以转速 3 OOrpm , 机械球磨 36h , 使用 直径为 5 毫米的二氧化锆球, 二氧化锆球与混合物重量比为 10:1。 球磨后, 向溶液中加入乙醇, 使 PAN 包覆的 Si02沉淀。 PAN 包覆的 Si02在 1000°C下, 超高纯度氮气 保护下高温处理 3 小时, 使 PAN 热解为碳, 升温速率为 10 K/min , 气体流速为 100mL/min。
图 1 是实施例 1 提供的 负极材料 Si02/C 的 X射线衍射图谱。 从 图 中可以看出 Si02和 C是无定形的。
图 2 是实施例 1 提供的 负 极材料 Si02/C 的热重分析(TG)和差热 分析法(DTA)曲线, 结果表明 负 极材料中 Si02和 C含量分别约为 40%
和 60%。
实施例 2
将 1.62g 的 PAN 溶解在 10mL 的 NMP 中形成均匀 的溶液。 0.6g 的 S iO 和 PAN 溶液在瓶中混合, 混合物通过高能球磨机机械球磨以 转速 3 OOrpm , 机械球磨 36h , 使用 直径为 5 毫米的二氧化锆球, 二氧 化锆球与混合物重量比为 10:1。 球磨后, 向溶液中加入乙醇, 使 PAN 包覆的 SiO沉淀。 PAN 包覆的 SiO在 1000 °C下, 超高纯度氮气保护下 高温处理 3 小时, 使 PAN热解为碳, 升温速率为 1 OK/min , 气体流速 为 1 OOmL/min。 随后, 为 了给 SiO 的体积膨胀提供足够的空间 , 随后 用 5 %的稀氟化氢溶液溶解掉部分 SiO , 获得具有更多孔的 负极材料。
图 3 是实施例 2提供的 负 极材料 SiO/C 的扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 图 片 。 从图 中可以看出 SiO颗粒被 C 包覆。
实施例 3
将 0.96g硝酸铜(Cu(N03)2'3H20)。 硝酸铜为溶解在去离子水中 , 持续搅拌, lg 的 Si02多孔球(直径为 5~15nm)超声分散在硝酸铜溶液 中 。 然后, 在 100 °C下将水蒸发, 获得含有硝酸铜和 Si02的 固体混合 物, 固体混合物在空气环境中 300 °C下处理 3 小时, 使硝酸铜分解成 为氧化铜(CuO), 形成 CuO 包覆的纳米 Si02。
将 1.30g 的 PAN溶解在 10mL NMP 中形成均 匀 的溶液, 0.8g CuO 包覆的 Si02 和 PAN 溶液混合 , 所得 的 混合物通过 高 能球磨机 (Pulverisette7 , 德国)以转速 300rpm 机械球磨 36h, 使用 直径为 5 毫 米的二氧化锆球, 二氧化锆球与混合物重量比为 10:1。 向球磨后的溶 液中加入乙醇, 使 PAN 包覆的 CuO 包覆的 Si02沉淀。 为 了使聚丙烯 腈基热解为碳, 并将氧化铜还原成铜, 将负 极材料在 1000 °C下, 在超 高纯度氮气保护下高温处理 3 小时, 升温速率为 10 K/min , 气体流速 为 100mL/min。
图 4是实施例 3提供的 负极材料 Si02/Cu/C 的 X射线衍射图 。 从 图 中可以看 出 : 负极材料由 Si02 , Cu 和 C 组成。 并且在热处理过程 中 , 氧化铜成功的被 C还原成晶态铜, 而 C是无定形的。
图 5是实施例 3提供的 负极材料 Si02/Cu/C 的 TG和 DTA 曲线, 从图 中看出 : 一部分 C 被 Cu 包围 , 同 未被 Cu 包覆的 C 相比, 它需
要更高的燃烧温度, 因为在空气中加热形成的 CuO 的导热性较差。
Si02、 Cu、 C 的含量分别为 40%, 7%和 53%。
实施例 4
将 1.3g 的 PAN溶解于 12mL 的 NMP 中形成均 匀 的溶液, 0.6g 的 SiO、 0.12g 的石 墨烯和 PAN 溶液混合, 混合物通过高能球磨机以转 速 300rpm, 机械球磨 36h。 球磨后, 向溶液中加入乙醇, 使 PAN 包 覆的 SiO和石 墨烯沉淀。 PAN 包覆的 SiO和石 墨烯在 1000 °C下, 超高 纯度氮气保护下高温退火处理 3 小时, 使 PAN热解为 C, 升温速率为 lOK/min, 气体流速为 100mL/min。 最后通过球磨得到 C 包覆的 SiO 和石 墨;^。
图 6 是实施例 4 提供的 负 极材料 C 包覆的 SiO 和石 墨烯的 SEM 图 片 。 从图 中可以看出 SiO颗粒和石 墨烯被碳包覆。
在充满氩气的手套箱 中组装 2032 型扣式电池来研究负极材料的 电化学性能。
实施例 5
按照重量比 80:5:15, 将负 极材料 SiO/C, 乙炔黑(AB)和羧曱基纤 维素(CMC)混合, 以水为溶剂制成浆料, 将浆料涂覆到泡沫镍上, 将 形成的薄膜在 10CTC下真空干燥 12 小时, 制得工作电极。 锂作为对电 极, 电解液为含有 1M LiPF6的碳酸乙烯酯(EC;)、碳酸二曱酯(DMC) (重 量 1:1)的混合溶剂 , 其中添加 2%的碳酸亚 乙烯酯(VC)。 隔膜是微孔 聚丙烯膜(PP, Celgard2400)。 釆用 不同 的恒电流密度对电池进行充放 电,电池的电压范围为 0 ~2.0 V。 每次充放电循环间 隔 1 分钟。
图 7是实施例 5提供的电池以恒定电流密度 lOOmA/g 充放电 , 电 池电压和比容量的关系 曲线。 电池首次循环时放电比容量和充电比容 量分别为 1125 和 748mAh/g, 高于碳基材料。 循环第二次的放电比容 量为 731mAh/g。
图 8是实施例 5提供的电池以恒定电流密度 lOOmA/g 充放电 ,放 电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 电池 显示了优异的循环性能, 在充放电循环 10 次后电池放电比容量变得 稳定, 为 600mAh/g。 电池循环 100 次后的容量保持率高于 85%, 库 伦效率几乎为 100%, 表明 电池的循环性能非常稳定。
图 9是实施例 5提供的电池以不 同 的电流密度充放电 , 放电比容 量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 从图 中可以 看出 , 当充放电电流密度从 100mA/g增加到 200mA/g、 300mA/g 时, 对应 的 电 池放 电 比 容量依次 下 降 , 而 当 充放 电 电 流密度恢复到 lOOmA/g 时, 电池放电比容量会恢复到原来水平, 表明 大电流充放电 对电池性能本身不会造成不可逆的损失, 另外, 电池在不同 电流密度 充放电时, 电池库伦效率非常稳定, 接近 100 %。
实施例 6
实施例 6 中 , 负极材料中硅氧化物用 Si02替代 SiO , 其余材料制 备过程与 电池组成同 实施例 5。 电池电压范围为 0~3.0V。
图 10是实施例 6提供的电池以恒定电流密度 55mA/g 充放电,放 电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 电池 首次循环时的放电比容量和库仑效率分别为 782m Ah/g和 51.4%。
图 11 是实施例 6 提供的电池以恒定电流密度 110mA/g 充放电 , 电 池 电 压 与 比 容量之 间 的 关 系 曲 线 。 电 池首 次放 电 比 容量 达到 630mAh/g, 循环第二次的放电比容量为 350mAh/g。 实施例 6 相比于 实施例 5 中 电池容量要小 , 表明 负极材料釆用 Si02代替 SiO , 电池容 量为有所降低。
图 12是实施例 6 提供的电池以恒定电流密度 110mA/g 充放电, 放电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 虽 然实施例 6 中的电池也表现出 良好的循环性能, 但其比容量相对实施 例 5 中的电池有明显下降。 结果表明 , 含有 SiO 的电池的性能要明显 优于含有 Si02的 电池。
实施例 7
实施例 7 中 , 负极材料釆用 C 包覆的 SiO和石 墨烯, 其余电池组 成和测试方法同 实施例 5。
图 13 是实施例 7 提供的电池以恒电流密度 lOOmA/g 对电池进行 充放电, 放电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 从图 中可以看出 : 电池具有优异的循环性能, 在充放电循环 10 次后, 放电比容量开始稳定, 约为 700mAh/g , 充放电循环 100 次后 的放电 比容量为 600mAh/g, 容量保持率高 于 85%, 库伦效率接近
100%, 而实施例 5 中含有 SiO/C 电池在循环 100 次时的放电比容量为 510mAh/g , 表明 负极材料中进一步添加石 墨烯, 可以明显提高 负极材 料中硅氧化物的利用 率, 从而提高电池性能。
图 14 是实施例 7 提供的电池以不 同 的电流密度充放电 , 放电比 容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 从图 中可 以看出 , 当 充放电 电流密度从 100mA/g增加到 200mA/g、 300mA/g 时, 对应的电池放电比容量依次下降, 而 当充放电电流密度从 300mA/g、 200mA/g恢复到 lOOmA/g时,电池放电比容量对应会恢复到原来水平, 表明 大电流充放电对电池性能本身不会造成不可逆的损失, 另外, 电 池在不同 电流密度充放电时, 电池库伦效率非常稳定, 接近 100%。 相比于实施例 5 , 实施例 7 提供的 电池具有更高的比容量, 表明 负 极 材料中进一步添加石 墨烯, 可以 明显提高 负极材料中硅氧化物的利用 率, 从而提高电池性能。
实施例 8
实施例 8 中 , 负极材料中硅氧化物用 Si02代替 SiO , 负极材料为 C 包覆的 Si02和石墨烯, AB 和 CMC 的重量比为 85:5:10, 其余材料 制备过程与 电池组成同 实施例 5。
图 15是实施例 8提供的电池以恒定电流密度 55mA/g 充放电, 电 池电压与 比容量之间 的关系 曲线。 电池首次放电比容量为 550m Ah/g , 循环第二次的放电比容量略有提高, 为 580mAh/g。
图 16是实施例 8提供的电池以恒定电流密度 55mA/g 充放电,放 电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 电池 在充放电循环 30 次后, 放电比容量约为 450mAh/g , 库伦效率接近 95% , 而 实施例 6 中含有 Si02/C 电池在循环 30 次时的放电比容量为 400mAh/g , 进一步论证了 负 极材料中进一步添加石 墨烯, 可以 明显提 高 负极材料中硅氧化物的利用率, 从而提高 电池性能。 另外, 实施例 8 中 电池容量明显低于实施例 7 中 电池容量, 也说明 了 SiO 的 电化学 性能要明显优于 Si02。
实施例 9
按照重量比 80:5:15, 将负极材料 Si02/Cu/C, AB 和 CMC 混合, 以水为溶剂制成浆料, 将浆料涂覆到泡沫镍上制得工作电极。 将形成
的薄膜在 100 °C下真空干燥 12 小时, 锂作为对电极, 电解液为含有 1M LiPF6的碳酸乙烯酯(EC;)、 碳酸二曱酯(DMC) (重量 1:1), 2%的 VC 的混合溶剂 。 隔膜是^:孔聚丙烯膜(PP, Celgard2400)。 电池的电压范 围为 0~3.0V , 釆用 不同 的恒电流密度对电池进行充放电, 每次充放电 循环之间 间 隔 1 分钟。
图 17是实施例 9提供的电池以恒定电流密度 55mA/g 充放电, 电 池电压与 比容量的关系 曲线。 从图 中可以看出 : 电池首次循环时的放 电和充电比容量分别为 902mAh/g和 651mAh/g, 高于实施例 8 中 电池 首次容量。 在第二次循环中 , 放电比容量为 653mAh/g。
图 18是实施例 9提供的电池以恒定电流密度 55mA/g 充放电,放 电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 从图 中可以看出 , 电池具有 良好的循环性能, 在充放电循环 10 次后, 放 电比容量趋于稳定, 约为 537mAh/g, 循环 115 次后的容量保持率为 100%。
图 19 是实施例 9 提供的电池以恒定电流密度 110mA/g 充放电, 放电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 实 施例 9中的电池在大电流密度充放电时同样显示 了优异的循环性能和 较高的放电比容量。 电池充放电循环 200 次时的可逆比容量仍然高达 423mAh/g。
实施例 10
将 1.62g的 PAN溶解在 10mL的 NMP中形成均匀 的溶液。 1 g SiO、 0.3 g铁粉和 PAN溶液在瓶中混合, 混合物通过高能球磨机机械球磨 以转速 5 OOrpm , 机械球磨 24 h , 使用 直径为 5 毫米的二氧化锆球, 二氧化锆球与混合物重量比为 10:1。 球磨后, 向溶液中加入乙醇, 使 PAN 包覆的 SiO 沉淀。 PAN 包覆的 SiO 在 1000°C下, 超高纯度氩气 保护下高温处理 3 小时, 使 PAN 热解为碳, 升温速率为 1 OK/min , 气 体流速为 1 OOmL/min。 随后, 为 了 给 SiO 的体积膨胀提供足够的空间 , 随后用 2M稀盐酸溶解掉铁粉,获得具有多孔的 SiO/C复合负 极材料。
实施例 11
按照重量比 75: 10: 15 , 将实施例 10 中的多孔负 极材料 SiO/C , 乙 炔黑( AB )和硅藻酸钠混合, 以水为溶剂制成浆料, 将浆料涂覆到铜箔
上, 将形成的薄膜在 100 °C下真空干燥 12 小时, 制得工作电极。 锂作 为对电极, 电解液为含有 1 M LiPF6 的碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、 碳酸二曱酯 (DMC) (重量 1:1)的混合溶剂 , 其中添加 2%的碳酸亚 乙烯酯(VC)。 隔 膜是^:孔聚丙烯膜(PP , Celgard2400)。 釆用 不同 的恒电流密度对电池 进行充放电,电池的电压范围为 0~1.5V。
图 20是实施例 11 提供的电池以恒定电流密度 100mA/g 充放电, 电池电压与 比容量的关系 曲线。 从图 中可以看出 : 电池首次循环时的 放电和充电比容量分别为 1255mAh/g和 731mAh/g。 在第二次循环中 , 放电比容量为 798mAh/g。
图 21 是实施例 11 提供的电池以恒定电流密度 100mA/g 充放电, 放电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 从 图 中可以看 出 , 电池具有 良好的循环性能, 稳定后的可逆比容量高于 740mAh/g, 循环 170 次后的容量保持率为 100%。
图 22是实施例 11提供的电池在经过 100mA/g的恒定电流密度充 放电活化之后, 以恒定电流密度 200mA/g 充放电, 放电比容量和循环 次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 从图 中可以看出 , 实 施例 11 中 的电池在大电流密度充放电时同样显示了优异的循环性能 和较高的放电比容量。
实施例 12
将 0.8 g纳米 Si02超声分散在 100 mL水溶液中 , 再依次加入 1.6g间 苯二酚、 2.4g曱醛、 2gP127和 1.5g赖氨酸, 搅拌加热到 50 °C , 反应后 分离 出 聚合物包覆的纳米 Si02, 将聚合物包覆的纳米 Si02在 1000°C下 高温处理 3小时后, 得到球状纳米 Si02/C。
实施例 13
按照重量比 80:5:15, 将实施例 12 中的 负极材料球状纳米 Si02/ 石 墨烯, AB 和 CMC 混合, 以水为溶剂制成浆料, 将浆料涂覆到泡沫 镍上制得工作电极。 将形成的薄膜在 100 °C下真空干燥 12 小时, 锂作 为对电极, 电解液为含有 1 M LiPF6 的碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、 碳酸二曱酯 (DMC) (重量 1:1), 2%的 VC 的混合溶剂 。 隔膜是微孔聚丙烯膜(PP, Celgard2400)。 电池的电压范围为 0 ~ 3.0 V , 釆用 不同 的恒电流密度对 电池进行充放电, 每次充放电循环之间 间 隔 1 分钟。
图 23 是实施例 13 提供的电池以恒定电流密度 55mA/g 充放电, 放电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 从 图 中 可 以 看 出 , 经 过 20 周 的 循 环后 , 稳定 的 可逆 比 容量 约 为 530mAh/g, 循环 200 次后的容量保持率为 100%, 说明球状纳米 Si02/ 石 墨烯复合物对 Si02的体积变化有很好的抑制作用 。
实施例 14
将 lg纳米 Si02超声分散在 100 mL水溶液中 , 再依次加入 1.6g间苯 二酚、 2.4 g曱醛、 2g P127和 1.5g赖氨酸, 搅拌加热到 50°C , 反应后分 离 出 聚合物包覆的纳米 Si02, 将聚合物包覆的纳米 Si02在 1000°C下高 温处理 3小时后, 得到球状纳米 Si02/C。
实施例 15
按照重量比 80:5:15,将实施例 14 中的 负极材料球状纳米 Si02/C, AB 和 CMC 混合, 以水为溶剂制成浆料, 将浆料涂覆到泡沫镍上制得 工作电极。将形成的薄膜在 100 °C下真空干燥 12 小时,锂作为对电极, 电解液为含有 1M LiPF6的碳酸乙婦酯(EC)、 碳酸二曱酯(DMC) (重量 1:1) , 2%的 VC 的混合溶剂 。 隔膜是^:孔聚丙烯膜(PP, Celgard2400)。 电池的电压范围 为 0 3.0V , 釆用 不 同 的恒电流密度对电池进行充放 电, 每次充放电循环之间 间 隔 1 分钟。
图 24是实施例 15 提供的电池以恒定电流密度 5 OmA/g 充放电, 放电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间 的关系 曲线。 从 图 中 可 以 看 出 , 经 过 20 周 的 循 环后 , 稳定 的 可逆 比 容量 约 为 650mAh/g , 比实施例 13提供的电池的稳定的可逆比容量高。
图 25是实施例 15提供的电池以恒定电流密度 100mA/g 充放电, 放电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 从 图 中可以看 出 , 电池具有 良好的循环性能, 稳定后的可逆比容量约为 600mAh/g, 循环 205 次后的容量基本没有衰退。
图 26是实施例 15提供的电池在不同 电流密度下充放电, 放电比 容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 从图 中可 以看出 , 实施例 15 中的电池在 400mA/g 的大电流密度下充放电时, 稳定后的容量约 300 mAh/g, 当 电流密度回到 50 mAh/g, 比容量仍可 保持初始值。
实施例 16
将 1 g 石 墨烯纳米片 超声在溶解有 0.2 g 十六烷基溴化铵的 100 mL 水溶液中 , 随后加入 7.5mL 氨水。 待搅拌均 匀后 , 加入 5 mL CH3CH2Si(OCH2CH3)3 , 并在室温下搅拌 12h。 反应结束后, 经过滤洗 涤和干燥。 然后在将干燥的样品放入管式炉 中在 1000 °C下热处理 3h , 保护气氛为 高纯氩气, 加入速率为 5°C/min, 得到 负极材料 SiOi.5/石 墨 ^。
实施例 17
按照重量比 75:10:15, 将实施例 16 中的 负极材料 SiC .5/石 墨烯, 乙炔黑(AB)和硅藻酸钠 ( BG ) 混合, 以水为溶剂制成浆料, 将浆料涂 覆到铜箔上, 将形成的薄膜在 100°C下真空干燥 12 小时, 制得工作电 极。 裡作为对电极, 电解液为含有 1 M LiPF6 的碳酸乙烯酯(EC;)、 碳 酸二曱酯(DMC) (重量 1:1)的混合溶剂 , 其中添加 2%的碳酸亚 乙烯酯 (VC)。 隔膜是^:孔聚丙烯膜(PP, Celgard2400)。 釆用 不 同 的恒电流密 度对电池进行充放电,电池的电压范围为 0~3 V。
图 27 是实施例 17 提供的电池分别以恒定电流密度 50mA/g 和 lOOmA/g 充放电 , 放电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之 间的关系 曲线。 从图 中可以看出 , 电池具有 良好的循环性能, 在前十 周 循 环 中 以 恒 定 电 流 密度 50mA/g 充放 电 时 , 可逆 比 容量 约 为 580mAh/g, 在随后以恒定电流密度 lOOmA/g 充放电时, 稳定的可逆 比容量约为 500mAh/g, 循环 200 次后电池的容量保持率接近 100%。
对比例 1
按照重量比 50:20:30, 将 Si02, AB 和 CMC 混合, 以水为溶剂制 成浆料, 将浆料涂覆到泡沫镍上制得工作电极。 其余电池组成的电化 学测量同 实施例 7。
图 28是对比例 1 提供的电池以恒定电流密度 55mA/g 充放电,放 电比容量和循环次数以及库伦效率和循环次数之间的关系 曲线。 纯的 二氧化硅电极的比容量仅为 45mAh/g , 这可能与导电材料 AB有关。 此外, 它的库仑效率非常不稳定。 这一结果表明 , 纯的二氧化硅对锂 的电化学活性非常低, 当 Si02和碳只是简单混合, 导致碳与 Si02之 间界面接触很差以及 Si02较低的导电性能。 这也表明 , Si02表面 包
覆 C是非常重要的。
尽管发明人已经对本发明 的技术方案做了较详细的阐述和列举, 应 当理解, 对于本领域技术人员 来说, 对上述实施例作出修改和 /或变 通或者釆用 等 同 的替代方案是显然的 , 都不能脱离本发明精神的 实 质, 本发明 中 出现的术语用 于对本发明技术方案的阐述和理解, 并不 能构成对本发明的限制。
Claims
1. 一种负极材料, 其特征在于: 所述负极材料至少 包括硅氧化物 SiOx 和碳材料, 其中 , l≤x≤2。
2. 根据权利要求 1 所述的 负极材料, 其特征在于: 至少部分所述硅氧 化物 SiOx为具有孔状结构的纳米颗粒。
3. 根据权利要求 1 所述的 负极材料, 其特征在于: 所述硅氧化物 SiOx 占所述负 极材料的比重范围为 5~70% , 所述碳材料占所述负 极材 料的比重范围为 30~95%。
4. 根据权利要求 1 所述的 负极材料, 其特征在于: 所述负极材料还包 括金属铜, 所述金属铜 占所述负极材料的比重范围为 0.5~30%。
5. 根据权利要求 4所述的 负极材料, 其特征在于: 所述金属铜包覆于 所述硅氧化物 SiOx , 所述碳材料包覆于所述硅氧化物 SiOx和金属 铜。
6. 根据权利要求 1 所述的 负极材料 其特征在于: 所述碳材料包括石 墨婦和无序破。
7. 根据权利要求 6 所述的 负极材料 其特征在于: 所述石墨烯占所述 负极材料的比重范围为 0.5 ~20 %。
8. 根据权利要求 6 所述的 负极材料, 其特征在于: 所述无序碳包覆于 所述硅氧化物 SiOx和石 墨烯。
9. 根据权利要求 1 所述的 负极材料, 其特征在于: 所述硅氧化物 SiOx 为纳米 Si02; 所述负极材料的颗粒形状为球状。
10.根据权利要求 9 所述的 负极材料, 其特征在于: 以所述负 极材料的 质量为基准, 所述负 极材料中所述纳米 Si02 的质量百分含量为 40 ~60 。
11.根据权利要求 1 所述的 负极材料, 其特征在于: 所述硅氧化物 SiOx 为 SiOu, 所述碳材料为石 墨烯。
12.—种负极, 其特征在于: 所述负极包括如权利要求 1 ~ 11 中任意一 个所述的 负极材料。
13.—种电池, 包括正极、 负极以及设于正极和负极之间的电解质, 其 特征在于: 所述负极包括如权利要求 1 ~ 11 中任意一个所述的 负极 材料。
一种负极材料的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述制备方法包括如下步 骤: 将碳材料前体溶解于第一溶剂 , 向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶 剂 中加入硅氧化物 SiOx, 其中 , l≤x≤2, 混合后加入第二溶剂 , 使 碳材料前体包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx沉淀, 将沉淀产物干燥后进行高 温处理, 获得碳材料包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx。
—种负极材料的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述制备方法包括如下步 骤: 将碳材料前体溶解于第一溶剂 , 向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶 剂 中加入硅氧化物 SiOx和石 墨烯, 其中 , 1≤χ≤2 , 混合后加入第二 溶剂 , 使碳材料前体包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx和石 墨烯沉淀, 将沉淀 产物干燥后进行高温处理, 获得无序碳包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx和石 墨 。
—种负极材料的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述制备方法包括如下步 骤: 将硅氧化物 SiOx分散在硝酸铜溶液中 , 其中 , 1≤x≤2, 干燥去 除溶液中 的溶剂 , 将干燥后 的硅氧化物 SiOx 和硝酸铜在温度 170 300 °C下处理 l~4h, 获得氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx; 将碳材 料前体溶解于第一溶剂 ,向溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加入氧 化铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx, 混合后加入第二溶剂 , 使碳材料前体 包覆的氧化铜包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx沉淀, 将沉淀产物干燥后进行 高温处理, 使碳材料前体热解, 氧化铜还原成铜, 获得碳材料包覆 的铜 包覆的硅氧化物 SiOx。
根据权利要求 14或 15 或 16 所述的制备方法, 其特征在于: 还包 括将高温处理后的产物用 氟化氢溶液溶解掉部分硅氧化物 SiOx , 获得具有多孔结构的 负极材料。
根据权利要求 14或 15 或 16 所述的制备方法, 其特征在于: 在向 溶解有碳材料前体的第一溶剂 中加入硅氧化物 SiOx的 同 时加入铁 粉, 将高温处理后的产物用稀盐酸溶解掉所述铁粉, 获得具有多孔 结构的负 极材料。
根据权利要求 14或 15 或 16 所述的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述 第一溶剂选 自 二曱基曱酰胺、 二曱基亚砜、 环丁砜或 N-曱基吡咯 烷酮中的一种。
根据权利要求 14或 15 或 16 所述的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述
第二溶剂 包括水、 曱醇、 乙醇或丙醇中的一种。
根据权利要求 1 4或 1 5 或 1 6 所述的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述 碳材料前体选 自 聚丙烯腈、 聚吡咯、 聚氯乙烯、 聚偏氟乙烯、 聚乙 烯醇、 聚苯乙烯、 酚醛树脂、 环氧树脂、 煤焦油沥青、 石 油沥青、 蔗糖或葡萄糖中 的至少一种。
根据权利要求 1 4或 1 5 或 1 6 所述的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述 高温处理的温度范围为 600 ~ 1 200 °C , 高温处理的时间范围为 1 ~ 6 h。 —种负极材料的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述制备方法包括如下步 骤: 先将纳米 S i 02分散于水中; 再依次加入间苯二酚、 曱醛和碱, 反应得到沉淀; 将沉淀产物干燥后进行高温处理, 得到球状纳米 S i 02/C。
—种负极材料的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述制备方法包括如下步 骤: 将石 墨烯溶解于表面活性剂 中 , 加入催化剂 混合; 再加入三 乙 氧基硅乙烷混合反应,得到沉淀;将沉淀产物干燥后进行高温处理, 得到 S i O u/石 墨烯。
根据权利要求 24所述的 负极材料的制备方法, 其特征在于: 所述 表面活性剂为十六烷基溴化铵水溶液; 所述催化剂为氨水。
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