WO2013058119A1 - 保護膜及びそれを作製するための組成物、スラリー、並びに蓄電デバイス - Google Patents
保護膜及びそれを作製するための組成物、スラリー、並びに蓄電デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013058119A1 WO2013058119A1 PCT/JP2012/075775 JP2012075775W WO2013058119A1 WO 2013058119 A1 WO2013058119 A1 WO 2013058119A1 JP 2012075775 W JP2012075775 W JP 2012075775W WO 2013058119 A1 WO2013058119 A1 WO 2013058119A1
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- protective film
- polymer
- storage device
- mass
- positive electrode
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- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a protective film that can be used for an electric storage device, a composition for producing the protective film, a slurry, and an electric storage device including the protective film.
- lithium ion batteries and lithium ion capacitors are expected as power storage devices having high voltage and high energy density.
- Such power storage devices having high voltage and high energy density are required to be further downsized.
- it is essential not only to reduce the thickness of power generation elements such as a positive electrode and a negative electrode, but also to reduce the thickness of a separator or the like that separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the interval between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is reduced due to the miniaturization of the electricity storage device, there may be a problem that a short circuit is likely to occur.
- dendrites due to metal ions are likely to occur on the electrode surface by repeated charge and discharge.
- Such dendrites usually precipitate as needle-like crystals, so that they tend to grow through the separator, which is a porous film.
- the electricity storage device is short-circuited and loses the charge / discharge function.
- some aspects according to the present invention provide a protective film capable of suppressing the increase in internal resistance of the electricity storage device while being excellent in electrolyte permeability and liquid retention by solving the above-described problems.
- a composition and a slurry for manufacturing, and an electricity storage device provided with the protective film are provided.
- the present invention has been made to solve at least a part of the above-described problems, and can be realized as the following aspects or application examples.
- One aspect of the electricity storage device according to the present invention is: A positive electrode, a negative electrode, a protective film disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution,
- the protective film includes a polymer containing a repeating unit derived from a monomer having a fluorine atom and a repeating unit derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid.
- the protective film may be in contact with at least one surface of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be further provided.
- a surface of the separator may be covered with the protective film.
- the protective film may be sandwiched between the positive electrode or the negative electrode and the separator.
- composition according to the present invention is: A composition for producing a protective film according to any one of Application Examples 1 to 5, Polymer particles containing a repeating unit derived from a monomer having a fluorine atom and a repeating unit derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid and having a number average particle diameter (Da) of 20 to 450 nm; A liquid medium; Containing.
- Application Example 7 In the composition of Application Example 6, 5 to 50 parts by mass of repeating units derived from a monomer having a fluorine atom and 1 to 10 parts by mass of repeating units derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymer particles. And can be contained.
- the polymer particle is a polymer A having a repeating unit derived from at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, and a repeating unit derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid.
- the polymer alloy particle grains containing the polymer B which has.
- One aspect of the slurry according to the present invention is: The composition of any one of the application examples 6 thru
- the inorganic particles may have a number average particle size of 0.1 to 0.8 ⁇ m.
- the inorganic particles may be at least one particle selected from the group consisting of silica, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, and magnesium oxide.
- One aspect of the protective film according to the present invention is: It is produced using the slurry of any one of Application Examples 11 to 14.
- the electrolyte permeability and liquid retention are excellent, and an increase in internal resistance can be suppressed. That is, the electricity storage device according to the present invention has excellent charge / discharge characteristics because the degree of increase in the internal resistance of the electricity storage device is small even after repeated charge / discharge or overcharge.
- the said protective film is arrange
- composition for forming a protective film according to the present invention is further excellent in oxidation resistance, it can be particularly suitably used for forming a protective film opposite to the positive electrode of the electricity storage device.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of the electricity storage device according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of the electricity storage device according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross section of the electricity storage device according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a DSC chart of the polymer particles obtained in Example 3.
- FIG. 5 is a DSC chart of the polymer particles obtained in Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a DSC chart of the polymer particles obtained in Comparative Example 2.
- An electricity storage device includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a protective film disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution, and the protective film contains fluorine atoms.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a cross section of an electricity storage device according to a first embodiment.
- the electricity storage device 1 includes a positive electrode 10 in which a positive electrode active material layer 14 is formed on the surface of a positive electrode current collector 12 and a negative electrode 20 in which a negative electrode active material layer 24 is formed on the surface of a negative electrode current collector 22.
- a protective film 30 provided between the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20, and an electrolyte solution 40 that fills between the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20.
- no separator is provided between the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20. This is because if the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20 are completely fixed with a solid electrolyte or the like, the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20 do not come into contact with each other to cause a short circuit.
- the positive electrode 10 shown in FIG. 1 is formed so that the positive electrode active material layer 14 is not provided on one surface along the longitudinal direction and the positive electrode current collector 12 is exposed. A layer 14 may be provided.
- the negative electrode 20 shown in FIG. 1 is formed so that the negative electrode active material layer 22 is not provided on one surface along the longitudinal direction and the negative electrode current collector 22 is exposed, A negative electrode active material layer 24 may be provided.
- the positive electrode current collector 12 for example, a metal foil, an etching metal foil, an expanded metal, or the like can be used. Specific examples of these materials include metals such as aluminum, copper, nickel, tantalum, stainless steel, and titanium, and can be appropriately selected and used according to the type of the target power storage device. For example, when forming the positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, it is preferable to use aluminum among the above as the positive electrode current collector 12. In such a case, the thickness of the positive electrode current collector 12 is preferably 5 to 30 ⁇ m, and more preferably 8 to 25 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material layer 14 includes one or more positive electrode active materials of a positive electrode material that can be doped / dedoped with lithium, and includes a conductivity-imparting agent such as graphite as necessary. .
- a thickener used for dispersion of a fluorine-containing polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride or polyfluorinated acrylate or a positive electrode active material, or a styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) or (meth) acrylate copolymer
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is a positive electrode material that can be doped / undoped with lithium and contains a sufficient amount of lithium.
- a composite metal composed of lithium and a transition metal represented by the general formula LiMO 2 (wherein M contains at least one of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Al, V, and Ti). It is preferable to use an oxide or an intercalation compound containing lithium.
- Li a MX b (M is one selected from transition metals, X is selected from S, Se, PO 4 and 0 ⁇ a, b is an integer) can also be used.
- M I represents one or more transition metal elements, preferably at least one of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni).
- M II represents one or more transition metal elements, and is preferably manganese (Mn).
- the values of x and y vary depending on the charge / discharge state of the battery, and are usually in the range of 0.05 to 1.10. Specific examples of such a lithium composite oxide include LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiNi z Co 1-z O 2 (where 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1), LiMn 2 O 4, and the like.
- the negative electrode current collector 22 for example, a metal foil, an etching metal foil, an expanded metal, or the like can be used. Specific examples of these materials include metals such as aluminum, copper, nickel, tantalum, stainless steel, and titanium, and can be appropriately selected and used according to the type of the target power storage device. Of the above, copper is preferably used as the negative electrode current collector 22. In such a case, the thickness of the current collector is preferably 5 to 30 ⁇ m, and more preferably 8 to 25 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode active material layer 24 is configured to include any one or two or more negative electrode materials that can be doped / undoped with lithium as a negative electrode active material, and if necessary, a binder similar to the positive electrode It is comprised including.
- a carbon material for example, a carbon material, a crystalline or amorphous metal oxide, or the like can be suitably used.
- carbon materials include non-graphitizable carbon materials such as coke and glassy carbon, and graphites of highly crystalline carbon materials having a developed crystal structure. Specifically, pyrolytic carbons, cokes ( Pitch coke, needle coke, petroleum coke, etc.), graphite, glassy carbons, polymer compound fired bodies (phenol resins, furan resins, etc. fired and carbonized at an appropriate temperature), carbon fibers, activated carbon, etc. Can be mentioned.
- Examples of crystalline or amorphous metal oxides include magnesium (Mg), boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn ), Lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), palladium (Pd) or platinum (Pt) ) As a constituent element.
- the above-described active material layer is preferably subjected to press working.
- means for performing the press working include a roll press machine, a high-pressure super press machine, a soft calendar, and a 1-ton press machine.
- the press working conditions are appropriately set according to the type of processing machine used and the desired thickness and density of the active material layer.
- the thickness is preferably 40 to 100 ⁇ m, and the density is preferably 2.0 to 5.0 g / cm 3 .
- the thickness is preferably 40 to 100 ⁇ m and the density is preferably 1.3 to 1.9 g / cm 3 .
- the protective film 30 is disposed between the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20. 1, the protective film 30 is disposed between the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20 so as to be in contact with the positive electrode active material layer 14, but is disposed so as to be in contact with the negative electrode active material layer 24. May be.
- the protective film 30 may be disposed as a self-supporting film between the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20 without being in contact with the positive electrode 10 or the negative electrode 20. Thereby, even if it is a case where dendrites precipitate by repeating charging / discharging, since it is guarded by the protective film 30, a short circuit does not occur. Therefore, the function as an electricity storage device can be maintained.
- the protective film 30 includes a polymer containing a repeating unit derived from a monomer having a fluorine atom and a repeating unit derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid.
- the composition and slurry for producing the protective film 30 will be described in detail later.
- the protective film 30 can be formed by, for example, applying a protective film-forming slurry described later on the surface of the positive electrode 10 (or the negative electrode 20) and drying it.
- a method for applying the protective film forming slurry to the surface of the positive electrode 10 (or the negative electrode 20) for example, a doctor blade method, a reverse roll method, a comma bar method, a gravure method, an air knife method, a die coating method, or the like is applied.
- the coating film is preferably dried in a temperature range of 20 to 250 ° C., more preferably 50 to 150 ° C., preferably for 1 to 120 minutes, more preferably 5 to 60 minutes.
- the thickness of the protective film 30 is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 4 ⁇ m, and more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the protective film 30 is in the above-described range, the permeability of the electrolytic solution into the electrode and the liquid retaining property are improved, and an increase in the internal resistance of the electrode can be suppressed.
- the electrolytic solution 40 is appropriately selected and used according to the type of the target electricity storage device.
- As the electrolytic solution 40 a solution in which an appropriate electrolyte is dissolved in a solvent is used.
- a lithium compound is used as an electrolyte.
- a lithium compound is used as an electrolyte.
- LiClO 4, LiBF 4, LiI, LiPF 6, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiCl, LiBr, LiB (C 2 H 5) 4, LiCH 3 SO 3, LiC 4 F 9 SO 3, Li ( CF 3 SO 2) can be cited 2 N or the like.
- the electrolyte concentration is preferably 0.5 to 3.0 mol / L, more preferably 0.7 to 2.0 mol / L.
- the type and concentration of the electrolyte in the case of manufacturing a lithium ion capacitor are the same as in the case of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- examples of the solvent used in the electrolytic solution include carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate; lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone; trimethoxy Silane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, 2-ethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, ether such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran; Sulfoxide such as dimethyl sulfoxide; 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, etc.
- carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate
- lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone
- trimethoxy Silane 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, 2-ethoxyethan
- Oxolane derivatives nitrogen-containing compounds such as acetonitrile and nitromethane; Estes such as methyl formate, methyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, and phosphate triester Glyme compounds such as diglyme, triglyme and tetraglyme; ketones such as acetone, diethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone; sulfone compounds such as sulfolane; oxazolidinone derivatives such as 2-methyl-2-oxazolidinone; 1,3-propane sultone; Sultone compounds such as 1,4-butane sultone, 2,4-butane sultone and 1,8-naphtha sultone.
- Glyme compounds such as diglyme, triglyme and tetraglyme
- ketones such as acetone, die
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a cross section of an electricity storage device according to a second embodiment.
- the electricity storage device 2 includes a positive electrode 110 in which a positive electrode active material layer 114 is formed on the surface of a positive electrode current collector 112 and a negative electrode 120 in which a negative electrode active material layer 124 is formed on the surface of a negative electrode current collector 122.
- a protective film 130 provided between the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120, an electrolyte solution 140 that fills between the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120, and a separator 150 provided between the positive electrode 110 and the negative electrode 120. It is provided.
- the electricity storage device 2 is different from the electricity storage device 1 described above in that the protective film 130 is disposed so as to be sandwiched between the positive electrode 110 and the separator 150.
- the protective film 130 is disposed so as to be sandwiched between the positive electrode 110 and the separator 150, but the protective film 130 is sandwiched between the negative electrode 120 and the separator 150. It may be arranged so that. By adopting such a configuration, even when dendrite is deposited by repeated charge and discharge, the protective film 130 guards and no short circuit occurs. Therefore, the function as an electricity storage device can be maintained.
- the protective film 130 can be formed by, for example, applying a slurry for forming a protective film, which will be described later, to the surface of the separator 150, bonding the positive electrode 110 (or the negative electrode 120), and then drying.
- a method of applying the protective film-forming slurry to the surface of the separator 150 for example, a doctor blade method, a reverse roll method, a comma bar method, a gravure method, an air knife method, a die coating method, or the like can be applied.
- the coating film is preferably dried in a temperature range of 20 to 250 ° C., more preferably 50 to 150 ° C., preferably for 1 to 120 minutes, more preferably 5 to 60 minutes.
- Any separator 150 may be used as long as it is electrically stable, chemically stable with respect to the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, or the solvent, and has no electrical conductivity.
- a polymer nonwoven fabric, a porous film, glass or ceramic fibers in a paper shape can be used, and a plurality of these may be laminated.
- a porous polyolefin film is preferably used, and a composite of this with a heat-resistant material made of polyimide, glass, ceramic fibers or the like may be used.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a cross section of an electricity storage device according to a third embodiment.
- the electricity storage device 3 includes a positive electrode 210 in which a positive electrode active material layer 214 is formed on the surface of a positive electrode current collector 212, and a negative electrode 220 in which a negative electrode active material layer 224 is formed on the surface of a negative electrode current collector 222.
- An electrolyte 240 filling between the positive electrode 210 and the negative electrode 220, a separator 250 provided between the positive electrode 210 and the negative electrode 220, and a protective film 230 formed so as to cover the surface of the separator 250. It is provided.
- the electricity storage device 3 is different from the electricity storage device 1 and the electricity storage device 2 described above in that the protective film 230 is formed so as to cover the surface of the separator 250.
- the protective film 230 guards the short circuit. Therefore, the function as an electricity storage device can be maintained.
- the protective film 230 can be formed, for example, by applying a slurry for forming a protective film described later on the surface of the separator 250 and drying it.
- a method for applying the protective film-forming slurry to the surface of the separator 250 for example, a doctor blade method, a reverse roll method, a comma bar method, a gravure method, an air knife method, a die coating method, or the like can be applied.
- the coating film is preferably dried in a temperature range of 20 to 250 ° C., more preferably 50 to 150 ° C., preferably for 1 to 120 minutes, more preferably 5 to 60 minutes.
- a manufacturing method of an electricity storage device for example, two electrodes (two of a positive electrode and a negative electrode or two of a capacitor electrode) are overlapped via a separator as necessary, and this is a battery.
- the method include a method of winding, folding, etc. in a battery container according to the shape, injecting an electrolyte into the battery container, and sealing.
- the shape of the battery can be an appropriate shape such as a coin shape, a button shape, a sheet shape, a cylindrical shape, a square shape, or a flat shape.
- the power storage device as described above is suitable as a secondary battery or a capacitor mounted on an automobile such as an electric vehicle, a hybrid car, or a truck, and a secondary battery used for an AV device, an OA device, a communication device, or the like. It is also suitable as a capacitor.
- the protective film forming composition according to the present embodiment is a composition for forming a protective film disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electricity storage device as described above, and fluorine.
- the first requirement is that the internal resistance of the electricity storage device does not increase even when the electricity storage device is repeatedly charged and discharged many times.
- the second requirement is that the internal resistance of the electricity storage device does not increase even when the electricity storage device is overcharged.
- One example of an index representing such characteristics is “resistance increase rate”. An electricity storage device having a small resistance increase rate is excellent in both repeated charge / discharge resistance and overcharge resistance, and thus has excellent charge / discharge characteristics.
- Fluorine-containing organic polymers, polyamides, polyimides, and polyamideimides in the prior art have been used extensively in electricity storage devices because of their excellent oxidation resistance, but they do not satisfy the severe demands for the rate of increase in resistance in recent years. There wasn't.
- the present inventors have formed a protective film containing polymer particles containing the specific repeating unit as described above and having an average particle diameter (Da) in a specific range.
- the present inventors have found that the protective film produced from the composition for use can increase the resistance increase rate without increasing the internal resistance of the electricity storage device. Since the protective film-forming composition according to the present embodiment can firmly capture inorganic particles described later, it is possible to achieve both lithium ion permeability and improved toughness in the formed protective film. It becomes.
- (Meth) acrylic acid in the following description is a concept including both acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. Similar terms such as “(meth) acrylonitrile” should be understood similarly.
- composition for forming a protective film according to the present embodiment is a polymer particle containing a repeating unit derived from a monomer having a fluorine atom and a repeating unit derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid (hereinafter simply referred to as “Polmer particles ”).
- Monomer having a fluorine atom examples include an olefin compound having a fluorine atom, a (meth) acrylic acid ester having a fluorine atom, and the like.
- the olefin compound having a fluorine atom examples include vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, ethylene trifluoride chloride, and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether.
- (meth) acrylic acid ester having a fluorine atom for example, a compound represented by the following general formula (1), (meth) acrylic acid 3 [4 [1-trifluoromethyl-2,2-bis [bis (tri Fluoromethyl) fluoromethyl] ethynyloxy] benzooxy] 2-hydroxypropyl and the like.
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group
- R 2 is a C 1-18 hydrocarbon group containing a fluorine atom.
- R 2 in the general formula (1) examples include fluorinated alkyl groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, fluorinated aryl groups having 6 to 16 carbon atoms, and fluorinated aralkyl groups having 7 to 18 carbon atoms. Among these, a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is preferable.
- R 2 in the general formula (1) include, for example, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl group, 1,1,1, 3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl group, ⁇ - (perfluorooctyl) ethyl group, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl group, 2,2,3,4,4,4- Hexafluorobutyl group, 1H, 1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl group, 1H, 1H, 9H-perfluoro-1-nonyl group, 1H, 1H, 11H-perfluoroundecyl group, perfluorooctyl group, etc.
- the monomer having a fluorine atom is preferably an olefin compound having a fluorine atom, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. preferable.
- the monomer having a fluorine atom may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the repeating unit derived from the fluorine atom-containing monomer in 100 parts by mass of the polymer particles is preferably 5 to 50 parts by mass, more preferably 15 to 40 parts by mass, and 20 to 30 parts.
- the part by mass is particularly preferred.
- unsaturated carboxylic acids examples include monocarboxylic acids or dicarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and the like. More than seeds can be used.
- unsaturated carboxylic acid it is preferable to use one or more selected from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and acrylic acid is more preferable.
- the content ratio of the repeating unit derived from the unsaturated carboxylic acid in 100 parts by mass of the polymer particles is preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass, and more preferably 2.5 to 7.5 parts by mass.
- the polymer particles include other unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with these.
- a repeating unit derived from a monomer may be further included.
- unsaturated monomers examples include polyfunctional monomers and unsaturated carboxylic acid esters (excluding those corresponding to the above-described monomer having a fluorine atom. “Unsaturated carboxylic acid ester” means those excluding those corresponding to the above-mentioned monomer having a fluorine atom.), ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile compounds and other monomers.
- the polyfunctional monomer is a monomer having two or more polymerizable unsaturated bonds, and examples thereof include (poly) (meth) acrylic acid esters of polyhydric alcohols, conjugated diene compounds, and other polyfunctional monomers.
- a monomer can be preferably used.
- the (poly) (meth) acrylic acid ester of the polyhydric alcohol include, for example, ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, propylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, and tri (meth) acrylic acid.
- Examples include trimethylolpropane, tetra (meth) acrylate pentaerythritol, and hexa (meth) acrylate dipentaerythritol.
- Examples of the conjugated diene compound include 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, and the like.
- Examples of the other polyfunctional monomers include divinylbenzene.
- the multifunctional monomers exemplified above may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- (meth) acrylic acid ester can be preferably used.
- alkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid, cycloalkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid, hydroxy of (meth) acrylic acid examples include alkyl esters.
- the alkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid is preferably an alkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid having an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, (meth ) N-propyl acrylate, i-propyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, i-butyl (meth) acrylate, n-amyl (meth) acrylate, i- (meth) acrylate
- Examples include amyl, hexyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, nonyl (meth) acrylate, and decyl (meth) acrylate.
- Examples of the cycloalkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid include cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate.
- Examples of the hydroxyalkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid include hydroxymethyl (meth) acrylate and hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate.
- the unsaturated carboxylic acid ester exemplified above may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- alkyl esters of (meth) acrylic acid are preferable, and are selected from methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. It is more preferable to use one or more.
- Examples of the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile compound include acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, ⁇ -chloroacrylonitrile, ⁇ -ethylacrylonitrile, vinylidene cyanide, and one or more selected from these may be used. It can. Among these, at least one selected from acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile is preferable, and acrylonitrile is particularly preferable.
- Examples of the other monomers include aromatic vinyl compounds such as styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene and chlorostyrene; alkyl amides of unsaturated carboxylic acids such as (meth) acrylamide and N-methylolacrylamide; Examples thereof include aminoalkylamides of unsaturated carboxylic acids such as aminoethylacrylamide, dimethylaminomethylmethacrylamide, and methylaminopropylmethacrylamide, and one or more selected from these can be used.
- the number average particle diameter (Da) of the polymer particles is preferably in the range of 20 to 450 nm, more preferably in the range of 30 to 420 nm, and particularly preferably in the range of 50 to 400 nm.
- the number average particle diameter (Da) of the polymer particles is in the above range, the stability of the composition itself is improved, and the internal resistance is increased (resistance increase rate) even when a protective film is formed on the electricity storage device. It can be kept low.
- the number average particle diameter (Da) is less than the above range, the surface area of the polymer particles becomes excessive and the solubility in the electrolyte increases, so the polymer particles gradually elute into the electrolyte as the electricity storage device is charged and discharged. However, this contributes to an increase in internal resistance.
- the number average particle size (Da) of the polymer particles is a cumulative frequency of the number of particles when the particle size distribution is measured using a particle size distribution measuring apparatus based on the light scattering method and the particles are accumulated from small particles. Is the value of the particle diameter (D50) at which 50%.
- a particle size distribution measuring apparatus examples include Coulter LS230, LS100, LS13 320 (above, manufactured by Beckman Coulter. Inc), FPAR-1000 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- These particle size distribution measuring devices are not intended to evaluate only the primary particles of the polymer particles, but can also evaluate the secondary particles formed by aggregation of the primary particles. Therefore, the particle size distribution measured by these particle size distribution measuring devices can be used as an indicator of the dispersion state of the polymer particles contained in the composition.
- THF insoluble content of the polymer particles is preferably 80% or more, and more preferably 85% or more.
- the THF-insoluble content is estimated to be approximately proportional to the amount of insoluble content in the electrolytic solution used in the electricity storage device. For this reason, if the THF-insoluble content is in the above range, it can be presumed that it is favorable because the storage device can be produced and elution of the polymer into the electrolyte can be suppressed even when charging and discharging are repeated for a long period of time.
- Embodiments of Polymer Particles As specific embodiments of the above polymer particles, (1) one-stage polymerization of polymer particles having repeating units derived from a monomer having a fluorine atom and repeating units derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid Copolymer particles obtained by synthesis in (2), a polymer A having a repeating unit derived from a monomer having a fluorine atom, and a polymer B having a repeating unit derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid.
- composite particles There are two modes of composite particles. Among these, from the viewpoint of excellent oxidation resistance, composite particles are preferable, and the composite particles are more preferably polymer alloy particles.
- Polymer alloy is a general term for multi-component polymers obtained by mixing or chemical bonding of two or more components, according to the definition in “Iwanami Riken Dictionary 5th edition. Iwanami Shoten” “Polymer blends physically mixed with different polymers, block and graft copolymers in which different polymer components are covalently bonded, polymer complexes in which different polymers are associated by intermolecular forces, and different polymers entangled with each other IPN (Interpenetrating Polymer Network, interpenetrating polymer network) and the like.
- the polymer alloy as the polymer contained in the protective film forming composition of the electricity storage device of the present invention is a polymer composed of IPN among “polymer alloys in which different types of polymer components are not bonded by covalent bonds”. It is.
- the polymer A constituting the polymer alloy particles is excellent in the permeability and liquid retention of the electrolyte solution, and the hard segments of the crystalline resin are aggregated to form a pseudo-crosslinking such as CH ... FC in the main chain. It is thought that the point is given.
- the electrolyte permeability, liquid retention and oxidation resistance are good, but adhesion and flexibility are insufficient. Tend to be.
- the inorganic particles in the protective film cannot be sufficiently bound, and the protective film becomes inhomogeneous, for example, the inorganic particles are peeled off, so that an electric storage device with a low resistance increase rate cannot be obtained.
- the polymer B constituting the polymer alloy particles is excellent in adhesion and flexibility, it tends to have low oxidation resistance, and when this is used alone as a protective film for an electricity storage device, charge / discharge is performed. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain an electricity storage device having a low rate of increase in resistance.
- the electrolyte permeability, liquid retention and oxidation resistance, adhesion and flexibility can be expressed at the same time. It is possible to manufacture an electricity storage device with a low increase rate.
- a polymer alloy particle consists only of the polymer A and the polymer B, since oxidation resistance can be improved more, it is preferable.
- Such polymer alloy particles preferably have only one endothermic peak in the temperature range of ⁇ 50 to 250 ° C. when measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to JIS K7121.
- the temperature of this endothermic peak is more preferably in the range of ⁇ 30 to + 30 ° C.
- the polymer A constituting the polymer alloy particles generally has an endothermic peak (melting temperature) at ⁇ 50 to 250 ° C. when it exists alone.
- the polymer B constituting the polymer alloy particles generally has an endothermic peak (glass transition temperature) different from that of the polymer A.
- two endothermic peaks should be observed at ⁇ 50 to 250 ° C. .
- there is only one endothermic peak at ⁇ 50 to 250 ° C. it can be estimated that the polymer particles are polymer alloy particles.
- the polymer particles that are polymer alloy particles can impart good flexibility and tackiness. Therefore, the adhesiveness can be further improved, which is preferable.
- Polymer A may further have a repeating unit derived from another unsaturated monomer in addition to the repeating unit derived from the monomer having a fluorine atom.
- the other unsaturated monomer the above-exemplified polyfunctional monomer, unsaturated carboxylic acid, unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile compound and other monomers are used. can do.
- the content rate of the repeating unit derived from the monomer which has a fluorine atom in 100 mass parts of polymer A is 80 mass parts or more, and it is more preferable that it is 90 mass parts or more. In such a case, it is preferable that all the monomers having fluorine atoms are at least one selected from vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.
- the content ratio of the repeating unit derived from vinylidene fluoride in 100 parts by mass of the polymer A is preferably 50 to 99 parts by mass, more preferably 80 to 98 parts by mass; the repeating unit derived from ethylene tetrafluoride.
- the content of the unit is preferably 50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 1 to 30 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 2 to 20 parts by mass; and the content of the repeating unit derived from propylene hexafluoride Is preferably 50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 1 to 30 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 2 to 25 parts by mass.
- the polymer A is most preferably composed of only a repeating unit derived from at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.
- the polymer B may further have a repeating unit derived from another unsaturated monomer in addition to the repeating unit derived from the unsaturated carboxylic acid.
- the other unsaturated monomer the above-exemplified polyfunctional monomer, unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile compound and other monomers can be used.
- the content ratio of the repeating unit derived from the unsaturated carboxylic acid in 100 parts by mass of the polymer B is preferably 2 to 20 parts by mass, and more preferably 3 to 15 parts by mass.
- the synthesis method is not particularly limited.
- the polymer alloy particles can be easily synthesized by a known emulsion polymerization step or an appropriate combination thereof.
- a polymer A having a repeating unit derived from a monomer having a fluorine atom is synthesized by a known method, and then a monomer for constituting the polymer B is added to the polymer A. After the monomer is sufficiently absorbed in the stitch structure of the polymer particles made of the polymer A, the absorbed monomer is polymerized in the stitch structure of the polymer A to obtain the polymer B.
- the polymer alloy particles can be easily produced by the synthesis method. When polymer alloy particles are produced by such a method, it is essential for the polymer A to sufficiently absorb the monomer of the polymer B.
- the absorption temperature is too low or when the absorption time is too short, only a core-shell type polymer or a part of the surface layer becomes a polymer having an IPN type structure, and the polymer alloy particles in the present invention cannot be obtained. There are many. However, if the absorption temperature is too high, the pressure of the polymerization system becomes too high, which is disadvantageous from the viewpoint of reaction system handling and reaction control, and even if the absorption time is excessively long, further advantageous results are not obtained. .
- the absorption temperature is preferably 30 to 100 ° C., more preferably 40 to 80 ° C .; the absorption time is preferably 1 to 12 hours, and preferably 2 to 8 hours. It is more preferable. At this time, it is preferable to lengthen the absorption time when the absorption temperature is low, and a short absorption time is sufficient when the absorption temperature is high. Appropriate conditions are such that the value obtained by multiplying the absorption temperature (° C.) and the absorption time (h) is approximately 120 to 300 (° C. ⁇ h), preferably 150 to 250 (° C. ⁇ h).
- the operation of absorbing the monomer of the polymer B in the stitch structure of the polymer A is preferably performed in a known medium used for emulsion polymerization, for example, in water.
- the content ratio of the polymer A in 100 parts by mass of the polymer alloy particles is preferably 5 to 50 parts by mass, more preferably 15 to 40 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 20 to 30 parts by mass.
- the polymer alloy particles contain the polymer A in the above-described range, the balance between the permeability, liquid retention and oxidation resistance of the electrolytic solution, and adhesion is improved.
- the polymer alloy particles contain the polymer A in the above range, whereby the polymer alloy It becomes possible to set the content ratio of each repeating unit in the whole particle within the above-mentioned preferable range, and this makes the ethylene carbonate (EC) / diethyl carbonate (DEC) insoluble content an appropriate value.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- polymerization initiator examples include water-soluble polymerization initiators such as sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, and ammonium persulfate; oil-soluble polymerization such as benzoyl peroxide, lauryl peroxide, and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile.
- Initiators Redox polymerization initiators composed of a combination of a reducing agent such as sodium bisulfite, iron (II) salt, tertiary amine and the like, and an oxidizing agent such as persulfate and organic peroxide. . These polymerization initiators can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the proportion of the polymerization initiator used is the sum of the monomers used (the total of the monomers used when the polymer particles are synthesized by one-step polymerization, and the single monomer that leads to the polymer A in the production of the polymer A).
- the same shall apply hereinafter. 0.3 to 3 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass It is preferable that
- the molecular weight regulator examples include halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride; mercaptan compounds such as n-hexyl mercaptan, n-octyl mercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan, t-dotezyl mercaptan, and thioglycolic acid; Examples thereof include xanthogen compounds such as xanthogen disulfide and diisopropylxanthogen disulfide; and other molecular weight regulators such as terpinolene and ⁇ -methylstyrene dimer. These molecular weight regulators can be used singly or in combination of two or more. The use ratio of the molecular weight regulator is preferably 5 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass in total of the monomers used.
- emulsifiers examples include anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and fluorosurfactants.
- anionic surfactant examples include sulfates of higher alcohols, alkylbenzene sulfonates, aliphatic sulfonates, sulfates of polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers, etc .; examples of the nonionic surfactants include polyethylene glycol Examples thereof include alkyl esters, alkyl ethers of polyethylene glycol, alkyl phenyl ethers of polyethylene glycol, and the like.
- the anion portion is composed of carboxylate, sulfate ester salt, sulfonate salt or phosphate ester salt
- the cation portion is composed of amine salt, quaternary ammonium salt or the like. Things can be mentioned.
- amphoteric surfactants include betaine compounds such as lauryl betaine and stearyl betaine; amino acid type surfactants such as lauryl- ⁇ -alanine, lauryl di (aminoethyl) glycine, and octyldi (aminoethyl) glycine.
- An agent can be mentioned.
- fluorosurfactant examples include fluorobutyl sulfonate, phosphoric acid ester having a fluoroalkyl group, carboxylate having a fluoroalkyl group, and a fluoroalkyl ethylene oxide adduct.
- fluorosurfactants examples include F-top EF301, EF303, and EF352 (above, manufactured by Tochem Products Co., Ltd.); Megafac F171, F172, F173 (above, manufactured by DIC Corporation); FC430, FC431 (above, manufactured by Sumitomo 3M Limited); Asahi Guard AG710, Surflon S-381, S-382, SC101, SC102, SC103, SC104, SC105, SC106, Surfinol E1004, KH-10, KH-20, KH-30, KH-40 (above, manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.); tergent 250, 251, 222F, FTX-218 (above, manufactured by Neos Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- an emulsifier the 1 type (s) or 2 or more types selected from the above can be used.
- the use ratio of the emulsifier is preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by mass, more preferably 0.02 to 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass in total of the monomers used.
- Emulsion polymerization is preferably performed in a suitable aqueous medium, particularly preferably in water.
- the total content of the monomers in the aqueous medium can be 10 to 50% by mass, and preferably 20 to 40% by mass.
- the conditions for emulsion polymerization are preferably a polymerization time of 2 to 24 hours at a polymerization temperature of 40 to 85 ° C., and more preferably a polymerization time of 3 to 20 hours at a polymerization temperature of 50 to 80 ° C.
- the composition for forming a protective film according to the present embodiment further contains a liquid medium.
- the liquid medium is preferably an aqueous medium containing water.
- This aqueous medium can contain a small amount of non-aqueous medium in addition to water.
- non-aqueous media include amide compounds, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, esters, amine compounds, lactones, sulfoxides, sulfone compounds, and the like, and one or more selected from these are used. can do.
- the content ratio of such a non-aqueous medium is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, based on the entire aqueous medium.
- the aqueous medium is composed only of water without containing a non-aqueous medium.
- composition for forming a protective film uses an aqueous medium as a medium, and preferably contains no non-aqueous medium other than water, so that it has a low adverse effect on the environment and is safe for handling workers.
- the nature is also high.
- the protective film-forming slurry according to the present embodiment contains the protective film-forming composition described above and inorganic particles.
- the slurry for forming a protective film is a dispersion used for forming a protective film on the surface of the electrode or the separator or both by applying the slurry to the surface or both of the electrode and the separator and then drying the slurry.
- each component contained in the slurry for forming a protective film according to the present embodiment will be described in detail.
- description is abbreviate
- the protective film-forming slurry according to the present embodiment can improve the toughness of the formed protective film by containing inorganic particles.
- titanium oxide titanium oxide (titania), aluminum oxide (alumina), zirconium oxide (zirconia), magnesium oxide (magnesia), silica or the like can be used.
- titanium oxide and aluminum oxide are preferable from the viewpoint of further improving the toughness of the protective film.
- rutile type titanium oxide is more preferable from the viewpoint of further improving the toughness of the protective film.
- the number average particle diameter (Db) of the inorganic particles is preferably 1 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.8 ⁇ m.
- the number average particle diameter (Db) of the inorganic particles is in the above range, a smooth and flexible protective film can be formed, and when an electricity storage device is produced, it contacts with a separator or an electrode disposed adjacent to the protective film. However, since the risk of damaging them is reduced, the durability of the electricity storage device is improved.
- the separator which is a porous film it is preferable that the number average particle diameter (Db) of an inorganic particle is larger than the average pore diameter of this separator. Thereby, the damage to a separator can be reduced and it can prevent that an inorganic particle is clogged with the microporous of a separator.
- the number average particle diameter (Db) of the inorganic particles is the accumulation of the number of particles when the particle size distribution is measured using a particle size distribution measuring apparatus based on the laser diffraction method and the particles are accumulated from small particles. This is the value of the particle diameter (D50) at which the frequency is 50%.
- a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring apparatus examples include HORIBA LA-300 series, HORIBA LA-920 series (above, manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.), and the like. This particle size distribution measuring apparatus is not intended to evaluate only primary particles of inorganic particles, but also targets secondary particles formed by aggregation of primary particles.
- the number average particle diameter (Db) obtained by this particle size distribution measuring apparatus can be used as an indicator of the dispersion state of the inorganic particles contained in the protective film-forming slurry.
- the average particle diameter (Db) of the inorganic particles is measured by centrifuging the protective film-forming slurry and allowing the inorganic particles to settle, then removing the supernatant and measuring the precipitated inorganic particles by the above method. Can also be measured.
- the protective film-forming slurry according to the present embodiment can contain other components such as a conductivity-imparting agent, water, a non-aqueous medium, a thickener, and a surfactant, as necessary.
- Conductivity-imparting agent examples include carbon materials such as graphite, activated carbon, acetylene black, furnace black, graphite, carbon fiber, and fullerene; metal particles such as copper and nickel, and those that do not undergo a reduction reaction with lithium are preferred. .
- acetylene black or furnace black can be used more preferably.
- the use ratio of the conductivity-imparting agent is preferably 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 1 to 15 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 2 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the inorganic particles.
- the protective film-forming slurry according to the present embodiment can further contain water.
- water By containing water, the stability of the slurry for forming the protective film is improved, and the protective film can be produced with good reproducibility.
- Water has a higher evaporation rate than high-boiling solvents (eg, N-methylpyrrolidone) commonly used in electrode slurries, improves productivity by reducing solvent removal time, and improves particle migration. Effects such as suppression can be expected.
- high-boiling solvents eg, N-methylpyrrolidone
- the water in the protective film-forming slurry consists only of water brought in from the above-described protective film-forming composition. Or the sum of the water brought in from the above-mentioned protective film formation composition and the water added newly may be sufficient.
- Non-aqueous medium The protective film-forming slurry according to the present embodiment can further contain a non-aqueous medium from the viewpoint of improving its applicability.
- the non-aqueous medium preferably has a standard boiling point of 80 to 350 ° C.
- non-aqueous medium examples include amide compounds such as N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide and N, N-dimethylacetamide; hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, n-dodecane and tetralin; methanol, ethanol, Alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-nonanol, lauryl alcohol; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, phorone, acetophenone, isophorone; benzyl acetate, isopentyl butyrate, methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, butyl lactate Esters such as o-toluidine, m-toluidine and p-toluidine; lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -butyrolactone; sulfoxides and sulf
- the slurry for protective film formation concerning this Embodiment can contain a thickener from a viewpoint of improving the coating property.
- the thickener include cellulose compounds such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose; ammonium salts or alkali metal salts of the above cellulose compounds; poly (meth) acrylic acid, modified poly (meth) Polycarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid; alkali metal salts of the above polycarboxylic acids; polyvinyl alcohol-based (co) polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, modified polyvinyl alcohol, and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers; (meth) acrylic acid, maleic acid And a water-soluble polymer such as a saponified product of a copolymer of an unsaturated carboxylic acid such as fumaric acid and a vinyl ester.
- particularly preferred thickeners are alkali metal salts of carboxy
- the use ratio of the thickener is preferably 5% by mass or less with respect to the total solid content of the protective film-forming slurry. More preferably, the content is 0.1 to 3% by mass.
- the slurry for forming a protective film according to the present embodiment can contain a surfactant from the viewpoint of improving its dispersibility and dispersion stability.
- a surfactant examples include those described in “2.1.7. Production method of polymer (conditions for emulsion polymerization)”.
- the protective film forming slurry according to the present embodiment is a monomer having fluorine atoms contained in the above protective film forming composition with respect to 100 parts by mass of the inorganic particles. It is preferable that the polymer particles containing the repeating unit derived from 1 and the repeating unit derived from the unsaturated carboxylic acid are contained in a proportion of 0.1 to 15 parts by mass, and a proportion of 0.1 to 10 parts by mass More preferably, it is contained in a proportion of 0.3 to 4 parts by mass.
- the content ratio of the inorganic particles and the polymer particles contained in the protective film-forming slurry is within the above range, the balance between the toughness of the formed protective film and the lithium ion permeability is improved, and as a result, The rate of increase in resistance of the obtained electricity storage device can be further reduced.
- the slurry for forming a protective film according to the present embodiment is prepared by mixing the composition for forming a protective film as described above, the inorganic particles as described above, and other components used as necessary. Is done.
- a known mixing device such as a ball mill, a sand mill, a pigment disperser, a crusher, an ultrasonic disperser, a homogenizer, a planetary mixer, a Hobart mixer can be used.
- a mixer capable of stirring to such an extent that the aggregate of inorganic particles does not remain in the slurry and a sufficient dispersion condition as necessary are selected.
- the degree of dispersion is preferably mixed and dispersed so that aggregates larger than at least 20 ⁇ m are eliminated.
- the degree of dispersion can be measured with a grain gauge.
- the slurry for forming a protective film for an electricity storage device as described above is excellent in adhesion between inorganic particles, between inorganic particles and electrodes, and between inorganic particles and separators by containing the above-described protective film forming composition.
- An electrode provided with a protective film can be formed, and an electricity storage device provided with such an electrode has a sufficiently low resistance increase rate.
- Example 1 4.1.1. Synthesis of Polymer A After the inside of an autoclave having an internal volume of about 6 L equipped with an electromagnetic stirrer was sufficiently purged with nitrogen, 2.5 L of deoxygenated pure water and 25 g of ammonium perfluorodecanoate as an emulsifier were charged at 350 rpm. The temperature was raised to 60 ° C. with stirring. Next, a mixed gas composed of 70% of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) as a monomer and 30% of propylene hexafluoride (HFP) was charged until the internal pressure reached 20 kg / cm 2 .
- VDF vinylidene fluoride
- HFP propylene hexafluoride
- the obtained protective film-forming composition is measured for particle size distribution using a particle size distribution measuring apparatus (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd., type “FPAR-1000”) based on the dynamic light scattering method.
- a particle size distribution measuring apparatus manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd., type “FPAR-1000”
- D50 was determined from the distribution
- the number average particle diameter (Da) was 330 nm.
- THF insoluble content (%) ((1-Y) / 1) ⁇ 100 (2)
- the obtained film (polymer) was measured by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), no melting temperature Tm was observed, and a single glass transition temperature Tg was observed at ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the obtained polymer particles are presumed to be polymer alloy particles.
- Biaxial planetary mixer product name “TK Hibismix 2P-03” manufactured by PRIMIX Co., Ltd.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the obtained paste was stirred at 200 rpm for 2 minutes, 1,800 rpm for 5 minutes, and further under vacuum (about 5.0 mm) using a stirring defoamer (trade name “Awatori Neraro” manufactured by Shinky Co., Ltd.).
- the slurry for positive electrode was prepared by stirring and mixing at 1,800 rpm for 1.5 minutes at ⁇ 10 3 Pa).
- the positive electrode slurry was uniformly applied to the surface of a current collector made of aluminum foil by a doctor blade method so that the film thickness after drying was 100 ⁇ m, and dried at 120 ° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the positive electrode was obtained by pressing with a roll press so that the density of a film
- ⁇ Preparation of protective film> After applying the slurry for forming a protective film obtained in “4.1.3. Preparation of slurry for forming a protective film” on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer using a die coating method, the coating is performed at 120 ° C. for 5 minutes. It dried and formed the protective film in the positive electrode active material layer surface.
- the protective film had a thickness of 3 ⁇ m.
- NMP NMP was further added, and then using a stirring defoamer (product name “Awatori Nertaro” manufactured by Shinky Co., Ltd.) for 2 minutes at 200 rpm, then 5 minutes at 1,800 rpm, and further under vacuum
- the slurry for negative electrode was prepared by stirring and mixing at 1,800 rpm for 1.5 minutes.
- the negative electrode slurry was uniformly applied to the surface of a current collector made of copper foil by a doctor blade method so that the film thickness after drying was 150 ⁇ m, and dried at 120 ° C. for 20 minutes. Then, the negative electrode was obtained by pressing using a roll-press machine so that the density of a film
- the cell after the aging charge / discharge is put in a thermostat at 25 ° C., and charging is started at a constant current (0.2 C).
- a constant current 0.2 C
- the cell is continuously maintained at a constant voltage (4.1 V).
- Charging was continued, and charging was completed (cut off) when the current value reached 0.01C.
- discharge was started at a constant current (0.2 C), and when the voltage reached 2.5 V, the discharge was completed (cut off), and C1 which was the value of the discharge capacity (initial) at 0.2 C was measured. did.
- EIS measurement (“Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy”, “electrochemical impedance measurement”) was performed on the charged cell, and the initial resistance value EISA was measured.
- the charged cell was placed in a constant temperature bath at 25 ° C., the cell temperature was lowered to 25 ° C., and then discharging was started at a constant current (0.2 C), and the voltage became 2.5V. Was completed (cutoff), and C2 as a value of the discharge capacity at 0.2 C (after the test) was measured.
- the cell having the above discharge capacity (after the test) is placed in a constant temperature bath at 25 ° C., and charging is started at a constant current (0.2 C).
- a constant current 0.2 C
- the charging was continued at, and the time when the current value reached 0.01 C was regarded as charging completion (cut-off).
- discharging was started at a constant current (0.2 C), and the time when the voltage reached 2.5 V was regarded as completion of discharging (cut-off).
- EIS measurement of this cell was performed, and EISb which is a resistance value after application of thermal stress and overcharge stress was measured.
- the residual capacity ratio obtained by substituting the above measured values into the following formula (3) is 80.5%, and the resistance increase rate obtained by substituting the above measured values into the following formula (4) is 210. %Met.
- Remaining capacity ratio (%) (C2 / C1) ⁇ 100 (3)
- Resistance increase rate (%) (EISb / EISa) ⁇ 100 (4)
- “1C” indicates a current value at which discharge is completed in 1 hour after constant-current discharge of a cell having a certain electric capacity.
- “0.1 C” is a current value at which discharge is completed over 10 hours
- “10 C” is a current value at which discharge is completed over 0.1 hours.
- Table 1 to Table 3 show the same procedures as in Example 1 except that the composition of the monomer gas and the amount of the emulsifier were appropriately changed in “4.1.1. Synthesis of Polymer A” in Example 1 above. An aqueous dispersion containing fine particles of polymer A having the composition shown is prepared, and water is removed under reduced pressure or added according to the solid content concentration of the aqueous dispersion to obtain an aqueous dispersion having a solid content concentration of 40%. It was.
- Example 1 the above-mentioned aqueous dispersion was used in an amount shown in Tables 1 to 3 in terms of solid content, and the monomer charge was charged.
- Tables 1 to 3 show the (parts by weight) and the temperature and time when the monomer is absorbed by the polymer A as shown in Tables 1 to 3, respectively, and the amount of the emulsifier used is appropriately changed.
- Tables 1 to 3 also show the results of measurement of insoluble matter in the THF and DSC measurement (whether glass transition temperature Tg, melting temperature Tm, and polymer alloy) performed on the obtained fine particles.
- a protective film-forming slurry was prepared so as to have the compositions shown in Tables 1 to 3 in the same manner as in Example 1 except that each material obtained above was used, and an electricity storage device was manufactured using the slurry. ,evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 to 3.
- Examples 9 and 24 ⁇ Preparation of composition for forming protective film>
- the protective film-forming composition obtained in “4.1.2. Synthesis of polymer alloy particles” in Example 1 was subjected to solvent replacement using ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) as a solvent.
- the protective film forming compositions of Examples 9 and 24 were obtained. This protective film-forming composition was cloudy and was not dissolved in the solvent.
- Table 1 or 3 also shows the results of THF insoluble matter measurement and DSC measurement (whether glass transition temperature Tg, melting temperature Tm, and polymer alloy) performed on the obtained fine particles.
- a protective film-forming slurry was prepared so as to have the composition described in Table 1 or Table 3 in the same manner as in Example 1 except that each material obtained above was used, and an electricity storage device was manufactured using the slurry. ,evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1 or Table 3.
- Example 13 Preparation of composition for forming protective film> A separable flask having a volume of 7 liters was charged with 150 parts by mass of water and 0.2 parts by mass of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and the inside of the separable flask was sufficiently purged with nitrogen.
- ether sulfate type emulsifier (trade name “ADEKA rear soap SR1025”, manufactured by ADEKA Co., Ltd.) as an emulsifier, 0.8 parts by mass in terms of solid content, and 2, 2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) 20 parts by mass, acrylonitrile (AN) 10 parts by mass, methyl methacrylate (MMA) 25 parts by mass, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) 40 parts by mass and methacrylic acid (MAA) 5 parts by mass
- TFEMA 2, 2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate
- AN acrylonitrile
- MMA methyl methacrylate
- EHA 2-ethylhexyl acrylate
- MAA methacrylic acid
- the temperature inside the separable flask was started, and when the temperature inside the separable flask reached 60 ° C., 0.5 parts by mass of ammonium persulfate was added as a polymerization initiator. Then, when the temperature inside the separable flask reaches 70 ° C., the addition of the monomer emulsion prepared above is started, and the monomer emulsion is added while maintaining the temperature inside the separable flask at 70 ° C. Slowly added over time. Thereafter, the temperature inside the separable flask was raised to 85 ° C., and this temperature was maintained for 3 hours to carry out the polymerization reaction. After 3 hours, the separable flask was cooled to stop the reaction, and then ammonium water was added to adjust the pH to 7.6, whereby the protective film forming composition of Example 13 containing 30% polymer particles. I got a thing.
- Table 2 also shows the results of THF insoluble matter measurement and DSC measurement (whether glass transition temperature Tg, melting temperature Tm, and polymer alloy) performed on the obtained fine particles.
- Example 14 and Example 15 ⁇ Preparation of composition for forming protective film> Contains polymer particles having the number average particle size described in Table 2 in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the type and amount (parts by mass) of each monomer are as described in Table 2. A protective film-forming composition was obtained.
- Example 1 a protective film forming slurry was prepared in the same manner except that the protective film forming composition obtained above was used. In the same manner as in Example 1, a positive electrode and an electricity storage device on which a protective film was formed were manufactured and evaluated. The evaluation results are also shown in Table 2.
- Example 1 a protective film forming slurry was prepared in the same manner except that the protective film forming composition obtained above was used. In the same manner as in Example 1, a positive electrode and an electricity storage device on which a protective film was formed were manufactured and evaluated. The evaluation results are also shown in Table 2.
- Example 1 ⁇ Preparation of slurry for forming protective film> Example 1 except that the polyimide NMP solution obtained above was used as a binder solution in “4.1.3. Preparation of slurry for forming protective film” in Example 1 above, and NMP was used instead of water.
- the slurry for protective film formation was prepared like 1 and the positive electrode and electrical storage device in which the protective film using a polyimide as a binder was formed were manufactured and evaluated. The evaluation results are also shown in Table 2.
- Example 1 except that the NMP solution of the polyamideimide obtained above was used as a binder solution and NMP was used instead of water in “4.1.3.
- a slurry for forming a protective film was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and a positive electrode and an electricity storage device on which a protective film using polyamideimide as a binder was formed were manufactured and evaluated. The evaluation results are also shown in Table 2.
- Comparative Example 5 In a temperature-controllable autoclave equipped with a stirrer, 200 parts by weight of water, 0.6 parts by weight of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 1.0 part by weight of potassium persulfate, 0.5 part by weight of sodium bisulfite, ⁇ -methylstyrene
- the monomers shown in the column of 0.5 parts by weight of dimer, 0.3 parts by weight of dodecyl mercaptan and the polymer (B) in Table 2 were charged all at once, and the temperature was raised to 70 ° C. to conduct a polymerization reaction for 8 hours. . Thereafter, the temperature was raised to 80 ° C., and the reaction was further performed for 3 hours to obtain a latex.
- This latex was adjusted to 7.5, and 5 parts by mass of sodium tripolyphosphate (added as an aqueous solution having a solid content conversion value and a concentration of 10% by mass) was added. Thereafter, the residual monomer was removed by steam distillation and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain an aqueous dispersion containing 50% by mass of styrene butadiene rubber resin particles as the polymer B.
- the positive electrode and the electricity storage device on which the protective film using polyamideimide as a binder was formed were manufactured and evaluated. The evaluation results are also shown in Table 2.
- Comparative Example 6 Except having changed the composition of the monomer so that it might become the composition of the polymer B of Table 2, it superposed
- Tables 1 and 2 show the composition and characteristic evaluation of polymer particles and the evaluation results of the electric storage device.
- Aluminum oxide Product name “AKP-3000” (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., number average particle size 0.74 ⁇ m), or product name “AKP-50” (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., number average particle size 0.22 ⁇ m) was used.
- Zirconium oxide The product name “UEP zirconium oxide” (manufactured by Daiichi Rare Element Chemical Co., Ltd., number average particle size 0.67 ⁇ m) was used.
- Silica Product name “Seahoster (R) KE-S50” (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd., number average particle size 0.54 ⁇ m), or product name “Seahoster (R) KE-S100” (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd., number An average particle size of 0.98 ⁇ m) was used.
- Magnesium oxide The product name “PUREMAG® FNM-G” (manufactured by Tateho Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., number average particle size 0.50 ⁇ m) was used.
- the electricity storage device (lithium ion battery) including the positive electrode having the protective film according to the present invention shown in Examples 1 to 25 has an initial resistance and a remaining capacity after an endurance test. As well as excellent resistance to resistance increase.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 it was not possible to obtain an electricity storage device satisfying both the good remaining capacity and the suppression of the resistance increase rate.
- the binders of Comparative Examples 3 to 6 were used, the initial resistance of the electricity storage device was high, and the resistance increase rate of the electricity storage device after the durability test was poor.
- the polymer particles in the present invention are polymer alloys.
- DSC charts of the polymer particles obtained in Example 3, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 are shown in FIGS. 4 to 6, respectively.
- 5 corresponds to the case of the polymer A only
- FIG. 6 corresponds to the case of the polymer B only
- FIG. 4 corresponds to the polymer alloy particles containing the polymer A and the polymer B.
- Tm melting temperature
- Tg glass transition temperature
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, and various modifications can be made.
- the present invention includes configurations that are substantially the same as the configurations described in the embodiments (for example, configurations that have the same functions, methods, and results, or configurations that have the same objects and effects).
- the present invention also includes a configuration in which a non-essential part of the configuration described in the above embodiment is replaced with another configuration.
- the present invention includes a configuration that achieves the same effect as the configuration described in the above embodiment or a configuration that can achieve the same object.
- the present invention includes a configuration in which a known technique is added to the configuration described in the above embodiment.
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Abstract
Description
本発明に係る蓄電デバイスの一態様は、
正極と、負極と、前記正極及び前記負極の間に配置された保護膜と、電解液と、を備え、
前記保護膜が、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有する重合体を含む。
適用例1の蓄電デバイスにおいて、
前記保護膜が、前記正極及び前記負極の少なくとも一方の表面と接してなることができる。
適用例1の蓄電デバイスにおいて、
前記正極及び前記負極の間に配置されたセパレータをさらに備えることができる。
適用例3の蓄電デバイスにおいて、
前記セパレータの表面が、前記保護膜によって被覆されることができる。
適用例3の蓄電デバイスにおいて、
前記保護膜が、前記正極又は前記負極と前記セパレータとの間に接して挟持されることができる。
本発明に係る組成物の一態様は、
適用例1ないし適用例5のいずれか一例の保護膜を作製するための組成物であって、
フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有し、かつ数平均粒子径(Da)が20~450nmである重合体粒子と、
液状媒体と、
を含有する。
適用例6の組成物において、
前記重合体粒子が、該重合体粒子100質量部に対して、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位5~50質量部と、不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位1~10質量部と、を含有することができる。
適用例6又は適用例7の組成物において、
前記重合体粒子が、フッ化ビニリデン、四フッ化エチレン及び六フッ化プロピレンよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種に由来する繰り返し単位を有する重合体Aと、不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を有する重合体Bと、を含有するポリマーアロイ粒子であることができる。
適用例8の組成物において、
前記ポリマーアロイ粒子について、JIS K7121に準拠して示差走査熱量測定(DSC)を行ったときに、-50~+250℃の温度範囲における吸熱ピークが1つのみ観測されることができる。
適用例9の組成物において、
前記吸熱ピークが-30~+30℃の温度範囲に観測されることができる。
本発明に係るスラリーの一態様は、
適用例6ないし適用例10のいずれか一例の組成物と、無機粒子と、を含有する。
適用例11のスラリーにおいて、
前記無機粒子の数平均粒子径が0.1~0.8μmであることができる。
適用例11又は適用例12のスラリーにおいて、
前記無機粒子100質量部に対して、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有する重合体粒子を0.1~15質量部含有することができる。
適用例11ないし適用例13のいずれか一例のスラリーにおいて、
前記無機粒子が、シリカ、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、酸化ジルコニウム及び酸化マグネシウムよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の粒子であることができる。
本発明に係る保護膜の一態様は、
適用例11ないし適用例14のいずれか一例のスラリーを用いて作製される。
本発明の一実施形態に係る蓄電デバイスは、正極と、負極と、前記正極及び前記負極の間に配置された保護膜と、電解液と、を備え、前記保護膜が、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有する重合体を含む。以下、第1ないし第3の実施形態について図面を参照しながら説明する。
図1は、第1の実施形態に係る蓄電デバイスの断面を示した模式図である。図1に示すように、蓄電デバイス1は、正極集電体12の表面に正極活物質層14を形成した正極10と、負極集電体22の表面に負極活物質層24を形成した負極20と、正極10と負極20との間に設けられた保護膜30と、正極10と負極20の間を満たす電解液40と、を備えたものである。なお、蓄電デバイス1では、正極10と負極20との間にセパレータが設けられていない。正極10と負極20とが固体電解質等で完全に固定されていれば、正極10と負極20とが接触して短絡することはないからである。
図2は、第2の実施形態に係る蓄電デバイスの断面を示した模式図である。図2に示すように、蓄電デバイス2は、正極集電体112の表面に正極活物質層114を形成した正極110と、負極集電体122の表面に負極活物質層124を形成した負極120と、正極110と負極120との間に設けられた保護膜130と、正極110と負極120の間を満たす電解液140と、正極110と負極120との間に設けられたセパレータ150と、を備えたものである。
図3は、第3の実施形態に係る蓄電デバイスの断面を示した模式図である。図3に示すように、蓄電デバイス3は、正極集電体212の表面に正極活物質層214を形成した正極210と、負極集電体222の表面に負極活物質層224を形成した負極220と、正極210と負極220の間を満たす電解液240と、正極210と負極220との間に設けられたセパレータ250と、セパレータ250の表面を覆うようにして形成された保護膜230と、を備えたものである。
上述したような蓄電デバイスの製造方法としては、例えば、2つの電極(正極および負極の2つ、またはキャパシタ用電極の2つ)を必要に応じてセパレータを介して重ね合わせ、これを電池形状に応じて巻く、折るなどして電池容器に入れ、電池容器に電解液を注入して封口する方法が挙げられる。電池の形状は、コイン型、ボタン型、シート型、円筒型、角形、扁平型など、適宜の形状であることができる。
上述したような蓄電デバイスは、電気自動車、バイブリッドカー、トラック等の自動車に搭載される二次電池またはキャパシタとして好適であるほか、AV機器、OA機器、通信機器などに用いられる二次電池、キャパシタとしても好適である。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用組成物は、上述のように蓄電デバイスの正極と負極との間に配置される保護膜を形成するための組成物であり、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有し、かつ平均粒子径(Da)が20~450nmである重合体粒子と、液状媒体と、を含有する。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用組成物は、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有する重合体粒子(以下、単に「重合体粒子」ともいう)を含む。
フッ素原子を有する単量体としては、例えばフッ素原子を有するオレフィン化合物、フッ素原子を有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステル等が挙げられる。フッ素原子を有するオレフィン化合物としては、例えばフッ化ビニリデン、四フッ化エチレン、六フッ化プロピレン、三フッ化塩化エチレン、パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル等が挙げられる。フッ素原子を有する(メタ)アクリル酸エステルとしては、例えば下記一般式(1)で表される化合物、(メタ)アクリル酸3[4[1-トリフルオロメチル-2,2-ビス[ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フルオロメチル]エチニルオキシ]ベンゾオキシ]2-ヒドロキシプロピル等が挙げられる。
不飽和カルボン酸としては、例えばアクリル酸、メタクリル酸、クロトン酸、マレイン酸、フマル酸、イタコン酸等の、モノカルボン酸又はジカルボン酸を挙げることができ、これらから選択される1種以上を使用することができる。不飽和カルボン酸としては、アクリル酸及びメタクリル酸から選択される1種以上を使用することが好ましく、アクリル酸がより好ましい。
重合体粒子には、上記フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位の他に、これらと共重合可能な他の不飽和単量体に由来する繰り返し単位がさらに含まれていてもよい。
上記重合体粒子の数平均粒子径(Da)は、20~450nmの範囲が好ましく、30~420nmの範囲にあることがより好ましく、50~400nmの範囲にあることが特に好ましい。
上記重合体粒子のTHF不溶分は、80%以上であることが好ましく、85%以上であることがより好ましい。THF不溶分は、蓄電デバイスで使用する電解液への不溶分量とほぼ比例すると推測される。このため、THF不溶分が前記範囲であれば、蓄電デバイスを作製して、長期間にわたり充放電を繰り返した場合でも電解液への重合体の溶出を抑制できるため良好であると推測できる。
上記重合体粒子の具体的態様としては、(1)フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を有する重合体粒子を一段階重合で合成して得られる共重合体粒子、(2)フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位を有する重合体Aと、不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を有する重合体Bと、を有する複合粒子、の二態様が挙げられる。これらのうち、耐酸化性に優れる観点から、複合粒子であることが好ましく、該複合粒子がポリマーアロイ粒子であることがより好ましい。
上記重合体粒子の製造、すなわち、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位に由来する繰り返し単位を有する重合体を一段階重合で合成する場合の該重合、重合体Aの重合、並びに重合体Aの存在下における重合体Bの重合は、それぞれ公知の重合開始剤、分子量調節剤、乳化剤(界面活性剤)等の存在下で行うことができる。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用組成物は、さらに液状媒体を含有する。上記液状媒体は、水を含有する水性媒体であることが好ましい。この水性媒体は、水以外に少量の非水媒体を含有することができる。このような非水媒体としては、例えばアミド化合物、炭化水素、アルコール、ケトン、エステル、アミン化合物、ラクトン、スルホキシド、スルホン化合物等を挙げることができ、これらのうちから選択される1種以上を使用することができる。このような非水媒体の含有割合は、水性媒体の全部に対して、好ましくは10質量%以下であり、より好ましくは5質量%以下である。水性媒体は、非水媒体を含有せずに水のみからなるものであることが最も好ましい。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用スラリーは、上述した保護膜形成用組成物と、無機粒子と、を含有する。保護膜形成用スラリーとは、これを電極又はセパレータの表面もしくはその両方に塗布した後、乾燥させて、電極又はセパレータの表面もしくはその両方に保護膜を形成するために用いられる分散液である。以下、本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用スラリーに含まれる各成分について詳細に説明する。なお、保護膜形成用組成物については、上述した通りであるから説明を省略する。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用スラリーは、無機粒子を含有することにより、形成される保護膜のタフネスを向上させることができる。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用スラリーは、必要に応じて、導電付与剤、水、非水媒体、増粘剤、界面活性剤等のその他の成分を含有することができる。
導電付与剤としては、例えばグラファイト、活性炭、アセチレンブラック、ファーネスブラック、黒鉛、炭素繊維、フラーレン等の炭素材料;銅、ニッケル等の金属粒子が挙げられ、リチウムと還元反応しないものが好ましい。これらの中でも、アセチレンブラック又はファーネスブラックをより好ましく使用することができる。導電付与剤の使用割合は、無機粒子100質量部に対して、好ましくは20質量部以下であり、より好ましくは1~15質量部であり、特に好ましくは2~10質量部である。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用スラリーは、さらに水を含有することができる。水を含有することにより、保護膜形成用スラリーの安定性が良好となり、保護膜を再現性よく製造することが可能となる。水は、電極用スラリーで一般的に使用されている高沸点溶剤(例えば、N-メチルピロリドン等)と比較して蒸発速度が速く、溶媒除去時間の短縮による生産性の向上、粒子のマイグレーションの抑制等の効果が期待できる。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成スラリーは、その塗布性を改善する観点から、さらに非水媒体を含有することができる。なお、この非水媒体は、80~350℃の標準沸点を有することが好ましい。このような非水媒体の具体例としては、例えばN-メチルピロリドン、ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド等のアミド化合物;トルエン、キシレン、n-ドデカン、テトラリン等の炭化水素;メタノール、エタノール、イソプロピルアルコール、2-エチル-1-ヘキサノール、1-ノナノール、ラウリルアルコール等のアルコール;アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、ホロン、アセトフェノン、イソホロン等のケトン;酢酸ベンジル、酪酸イソペンチル、乳酸メチル、乳酸エチル、乳酸ブチル等のエステル;o-トルイジン、m-トルイジン、p-トルイジン等のアミン化合物;γ-ブチロラクトン、δ-ブチロラクトン等のラクトン;ジメチルスルホキシド、スルホラン等のスルホキシド・スルホン化合物を挙げることができ、これらのうちから選択される1種以上を使用することができる。これらの中でも、保護膜形成用組成物が液状媒体として水を含有するものである場合は水と混和するものが好ましい。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用スラリーは、その塗工性を改善する観点から、増粘剤を含有することができる。増粘剤としては、例えばカルボキシメチルセルロース、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース等のセルロース化合物;上記セルロース化合物のアンモニウム塩またはアルカリ金属塩;ポリ(メタ)アクリル酸、変性ポリ(メタ)アクリル酸等のポリカルボン酸;上記ポリカルボン酸のアルカリ金属塩;ポリビニルアルコール、変性ポリビニルアルコール、エチレン-ビニルアルコール共重合体等のポリビニルアルコール系(共)重合体;(メタ)アクリル酸、マレイン酸およびフマル酸等の不飽和カルボン酸と、ビニルエステルとの共重合体の鹸化物等の水溶性ポリマーを挙げることができる。これらの中でも特に好ましい増粘剤としては、カルボキシメチルセルロースのアルカリ金属塩、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、ポリ(メタ)アクリル酸のアルカリ金属塩等である。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用スラリーは、その分散性および分散安定性を改善する観点から界面活性剤を含有することができる。界面活性剤としては、「2.1.7.重合体の製造方法(乳化重合の条件)」に記載されているものが挙げられる。
本実施の形態に係る保護膜形成用スラリーは、無機粒子100質量部に対して、上述の保護膜形成用組成物に含まれているフッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有する重合体粒子が、0.1~15質量部の割合で含有されていることが好ましく、0.1~10質量部の割合で含有されていることがより好ましく、0.3~4質量部の割合で含有されていることが特に好ましい。保護膜形成用スラリーに含まれる無機粒子と重合体粒子との含有割合が上記範囲内であることにより、形成される保護膜のタフネスとリチウムイオンの透過性とのバランスが良好となり、その結果、得られる蓄電デバイスの抵抗上昇率をより低くすることができる。
以下、本発明を実施例に基づいて具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。実施例、比較例中の「部」および「%」は、特に断らない限り質量基準である。
4.1.1.重合体Aの合成
電磁式撹拌機を備えた内容積約6Lのオートクレーブの内部を十分に窒素置換した後、脱酸素した純水2.5Lおよび乳化剤としてパーフルオロデカン酸アンモニウム25gを仕込み、350rpmで撹拌しながら60℃まで昇温した。次いで、単量体であるフッ化ビニリデン(VDF)70%および六フッ化プロピレン(HFP)30%からなる混合ガスを、内圧が20kg/cm2に達するまで仕込んだ。重合開始剤としてジイソプロピルパーオキシジカーボネートを20%含有するフロン113溶液25gを窒素ガスを使用して圧入し、重合を開始した。重合中は内圧が20kg/cm2に維持されるようVDF60.2%およびHFP39.8%からなる混合ガスを逐次圧入して、圧力を20kg/cm2に維持した。また、重合が進行するに従って重合速度が低下するため、3時間経過後に、先と同じ重合開始剤溶液の同量を窒素ガスを使用して圧入し、さらに3時間反応を継続した。その後、反応液を冷却すると同時に撹拌を停止し、未反応の単量体を放出した後に反応を停止することにより、重合体Aの微粒子を40%含有する水系分散体を得た。得られた重合体Aにつき、19F-NMRにより分析した結果、各単量体の質量組成比はVDF/HFP=21/4であった。
容量7Lのセパラブルフラスコの内部を十分に窒素置換した後、上記の工程で得られた重合体Aの微粒子を含有する水系分散体を重合体A換算で25質量部、乳化剤「アデカリアソープSR1025」(商品名、株式会社ADEKA製)0.5質量部、メタクリル酸メチル(MMA)30質量部、アクリル酸2-エチルヘキシル(EHA)40質量部およびメタクリル酸(MAA)5質量部ならびに水130質量部を順次仕込み、70℃で3時間攪拌し、重合体Aに単量体を吸収させた。次いで油溶性重合開始剤であるアゾビスイソブチロニトリル0.5質量部を含有するテトラヒドロフラン溶液20mLを添加し、75℃に昇温して3時間反応を行い、さらに85℃で2時間反応を行った。その後、冷却した後に反応を停止し、2.5N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液でpH7に調節することにより、重合体Aおよび重合体Bを含有する重合体粒子を40%含有する保護膜形成用組成物を得た。
THF不溶分(%)=((1-Y)/1)×100 ・・・・・(2)
無機粒子として酸化チタン(製品名「KR380」、チタン工業株式会社製、ルチル型、数平均数粒子径0.38μm)を水100質量部に対して20質量部、無機粒子100質量部に対して上記保護膜形成用組成物を固形分換算で5質量部、増粘剤(ダイセル化学株式会社製、商品名「CMC1120」)1質量部を混合し、T.K.フィルミックス(R)56-50型(プライミクス株式会社製)を用いて混合分散処理を行い、酸化チタンが分散された保護膜形成用スラリーを調製した。
<正極活物質の調製>
市販のリン酸鉄リチウム(LiFePO4)をめのう乳鉢で粉砕し、ふるいを用いて分級することにより、粒子径(D50値)が0.5μmである活物質粒子を調製した。
二軸型プラネタリーミキサー(プライミクス株式会社製、商品名「TKハイビスミックス 2P-03」)にポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)4部(固形分換算)、上記活物質粒子100質量部、アセチレンブラック5質量部およびN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)68質量部を投入し、60rpmで1時間攪拌を行ったさらにNMP32質量部を投入し1時間攪拌してペーストを得た。得られたペーストを、攪拌脱泡機(株式会社シンキー製、商品名「あわとり練太郎」)を使用して、200rpmで2分間、1,800rpmで5分間、さらに真空下(約5.0×103Pa)において1,800rpmで1.5分間攪拌混合することにより、正極用スラリーを調製した。
アルミニウム箔からなる集電体の表面に、上記正極用スラリーを、乾燥後の膜厚が100μmとなるようにドクターブレード法によって均一に塗布し、120℃で20分間乾燥した。その後、膜(活物質層)の密度が2.0g/cm3となるようにロールプレス機によりプレス加工することにより、正極を得た。
上記正極活物質層の表面に、上記「4.1.3.保護膜形成用スラリーの調製」で得られた保護膜形成用スラリーをダイコート法を用いて塗布した後、120℃、5分で乾燥し、正極活物質層面に保護膜を形成した。なお、上記保護膜の厚みは3μmであった。
<負極用スラリーの調製>
二軸型プラネタリーミキサー(プライミクス株式会社製、商品名「TKハイビスミックス 2P-03」)に、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)4質量部(固形分換算)、負極活物質としてグラファイト100質量部(固形分換算)、N-メチルピロリドン(NMP)80質量部を投入し、60rpmで1時間撹拌を行った。その後、さらにNMP20部を投入した後、撹拌脱泡機(株式会社シンキー製、製品名「あわとり練太郎」)を使用して、200rpmで2分間、次いで1,800rpmで5分間、さらに真空下において1,800rpmで1.5分間撹拌・混合することにより、負極用スラリーを調製した。
銅箔からなる集電体の表面に、上記負極用スラリーを、乾燥後の膜厚が150μmとなるようにドクターブレード法によって均一に塗布し、120℃で20分間乾燥した。その後、膜の密度が1.5g/cm3となるようにロールプレス機を使用してプレス加工することにより、負極を得た。
露点が-80℃以下となるようAr置換されたグローブボックス内で、上記「4.1.5.負極の製造」において製造した負極を直径16.16mmに打ち抜き成型したものを、2極式コインセル(宝泉株式会社製、商品名「HSフラットセル」)上に載置した。次いで、直径24mmに打ち抜いたポリプロピレン製多孔膜からなるセパレータ(セルガード株式会社製、商品名「セルガード#2400」)を載置し、さらに、空気が入らないように電解液を500μL注入した後、前記「4.1.4.正極の製造」において製造した正極を直径15.95mmに打ち抜き成型したものを前記セパレータと正極に形成された保護膜とが相対するように載置し、前記2極式コインセルの外装ボディーをネジで閉めて封止することにより、リチウムイオン電池セル(蓄電デバイス)を組み立てた。なお、ここで使用した電解液は、エチレンカーボネート/エチルメチルカーボネート=1/1(質量比)の溶媒に、LiPF6を1モル/Lの濃度で溶解した溶液である。
上記で製造した電池セルを25℃の恒温槽に入れ、定電流(0.2C)にて充電を開始し、電圧が4.1Vになった時点で引き続き定電圧(4.1V)にて充電を続行し、電流値が0.01Cとなった時点を充電完了(カットオフ)とした。次いで、定電流(0.2C)にて放電を開始し、電圧が2.5Vになった時点を放電完了(カットオフ)とした(エージング充放電)。
残存容量率(%)=(C2/C1)×100 ・・・(3)
抵抗上昇率(%)=(EISb/EISa)×100 ・・・(4)
<保護膜形成用組成物の調製>
上記実施例1の「4.1.1.重合体Aの合成」において、単量体ガスの組成と乳化剤量を適宜に変更したほかは実施例1と同様にして、表1~表3に示す組成の重合体Aの微粒子を含有する水系分散体を調製し、該水系分散体の固形分濃度に応じて水を減圧除去または追加することにより、固形分濃度40%の水系分散体を得た。
上記で得た各材料を使用したほかは、実施例1と同様にして表1~表3に記載の組成となるように保護膜形成用スラリーを作製し、これを用いて蓄電デバイスを製造し、評価した。評価結果は、表1~表3に併せて示した。
<保護膜形成用組成物の調製>
上記実施例1の「4.1.2.ポリマーアロイ粒子の合成」で得られた保護膜形成用組成物を、溶媒としてγ‐ブチロラクトン(GBL)を使用して溶媒置換を行うことにより、実施例9及び24の保護膜形成用組成物を得た。この保護膜形成用組成物は白濁しており、溶媒には溶解していなかった。
上記で得た各材料を使用したほかは、実施例1と同様にして表1又は表3に記載の組成となるように保護膜形成用スラリーを作製し、これを用いて蓄電デバイスを製造し、評価した。評価結果は、表1又は表3に併せて示した。
<保護膜形成用組成物の調製>
容量7リットルのセパラブルフラスコに、水150質量部およびドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.2質量部を仕込み、セパラブルフラスコの内部を十分に窒素置換した。一方、別の容器に、水60質量部、乳化剤としてエーテルサルフェート型乳化剤(商品名「アデカリアソープSR1025」、株式会社ADEKA製)を固形分換算で0.8質量部ならびに単量体として2,2,2-トリフルオロエチルメタクリレート(TFEMA)20質量部、アクリロニトリル(AN)10質量部、メチルメタクリレート(MMA)25質量部、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート(EHA)40質量部およびメタクリル酸(MAA)5質量部を加え、十分に攪拌して上記モノマーの混合物を含有するモノマー乳化液を調製した。その後、上記セパラブルフラスコの内部の昇温を開始し、当該セパラブルフラスコの内部の温度が60℃に到達した時点で、重合開始剤として過硫酸アンモニウム0.5質量部を加えた。そして、セパラブルフラスコの内部の温度が70℃に到達した時点で、上記で調製したモノマー乳化液の添加を開始し、セパラブルフラスコの内部の温度を70℃に維持したままモノマー乳化液を3時間かけてゆっくりと添加した。その後、セパラブルフラスコの内部の温度を85℃に昇温し、この温度を3時間維持して重合反応を行った。3時間後、セパラブルフラスコを冷却して反応を停止した後、アンモニウム水を加えてpHを7.6に調整することにより、重合体粒子を30%含有する実施例13の保護膜形成用組成物を得た。
<保護膜形成用組成物の調製>
各単量体の種類および仕込み量(質量部)をそれぞれ表2に記載の通りとしたほかは上記実施例13と同様にして、表2に記載の数平均粒子径を有する重合体粒子を含有する保護膜形成用組成物をそれぞれ得た。
上記で得た各材料を使用したほかは、実施例1と同様にして蓄電デバイスを製造し、評価した。評価結果は、表2に併せて示した。
<保護膜形成用組成物の調製>
上記実施例1の「4.1.1.重合体Aの合成」において、単量体ガスの組成を変更したほかは実施例1と同様にして、表2に示す組成の重合体Aの微粒子を含有する水系分散体を得て、これを保護膜形成用組成物とした(これに引き続く「4.1.2.ポリマーアロイ粒子の合成」は行わなかった。)。
<保護膜形成用組成物の調製>
上記実施例1の「4.1.2.ポリマーアロイ粒子の合成」において、重合体Aを含有する水系分散体を使用せず、乳化剤「アデカリアソープSR1025」1.0質量部、水145質量部に変更し、重合体Bの単量体の仕込み量(質量部)を表2の通りとしたほかは、実施例1と同様にして重合体粒子を含有する水系分散体を得て、これを保護膜形成用組成物とした。
<ポリイミドの合成>
特開2009-87562号公報に記載の方法にてポリイミドを合成した。すなわち、冷却管と窒素ガス導入口が備えられた4つ口フラスコに、2,2-ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)ヘキサフルオロプロパン二無水物1.0モルと、o-トリジンジイソシアネート0.95モルを固形分濃度が20質量%となるようにN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)と混合し、触媒としてジアザビシクロウンデセン0.01モルを加えて攪拌し、120℃で4時間反応させた。
上記実施例1の「4.1.3.保護膜形成用スラリーの調製」において、上記で得られたポリイミドのNMP溶液をバインダー溶液として用い、さらに水のかわりにNMPを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして保護膜形成用スラリーを調製し、ポリイミドをバインダーとして用いた保護膜が形成された正極及び蓄電デバイスを製造し、評価した。評価結果を表2に併せて示した。
<ポリアミドイミドの合成>
特開2007-154029号公報に記載の方法にてポリアミドイミドを合成した。すなわち、冷却管、窒素ガス導入管と攪拌機のついたフラスコにトリメリット酸無水物(TMA)0.7モル、3,3’、4,4’―ベンゾフェノンテトラカルボン酸無水物(BTDA)0.3モル、ナフタレンジイソシアネート(NDI)1モルとジアザビシクロウンデセン(DBU)0.01モルを固形分濃度が15%となるようにN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)と共に仕込み、80℃で約3時間反応させた。
攪拌機を備えた温度調節可能なオートクレーブ中に、水200質量部、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム0.6質量部、過硫酸カリウム1.0質量部、重亜硫酸ナトリウム0.5質量部、α-メチルスチレンダイマー0.5質量部、ドデシルメルカプタン0.3質量部および表2の重合体(B)の欄に示した単量体を一括して仕込み、70℃に昇温し8時間重合反応を行った。その後、温度を80℃に昇温し、さらに3時間反応を行なってラテックスを得た。このラテックスのpHを7.5に調節し、トリポリリン酸ナトリウム5質量部(固形分換算値、濃度10質量%の水溶液として添加)を加えた。その後、残留モノマーを水蒸気蒸留によって除去し、減圧下で濃縮することにより、重合体Bとしてスチレンブタジエンゴム系樹脂粒子を50質量%含有する水系分散体を得た。
表2の重合体Bの組成になるように単量体の組成を変更した以外は比較例5と同様に重合を行いアクリル系樹脂粒子を50質量%を含有する水分散体を得た。さらに、比較例5と同様に重合体Aの微粒子を含有する水分散体を必要量混合して保護膜形成用組成物を作成し、評価した。評価結果を表2に併せて示した。
重合体粒子の組成及び特性評価、並びに蓄電デバイスの評価結果を表1及び表2に示す。
<重合体Aのモノマー>
・VDF:フッ化ビニリデン
・HFP:六フッ化プロピレン
・TFE:四フッ化エチレン
<重合体Bのモノマー>
・MMA:メタクリル酸メチル
・EHA:アクリル酸2-エチルヘキシル
・BMA:メタクリル酸n-ブチル
・BA:アクリル酸n-ブチル
・AA:アクリル酸
・MAA:メタクリル酸
・AN:アクリロニトリル
・BD:1,3-ブタジエン
・ST:スチレン
<分散媒>
・GBL:γ-ブチロラクトン
・NMP:N-メチル-2-ピロリドン
<ポリマーアロイであるか否か?>
・○:ポリマーアロイである。
・×:ポリマーアロイでない。
<無機粒子>
・酸化チタン:製品名「KR380」(チタン工業株式会社製、ルチル型、数平均粒子径0.38μm)をそのまま使用に供するか、または製品名「KR380」をめのう乳鉢で粉砕し、ふるいを用いて分級することにより、数平均粒子径が0.08μm、0.12μmである酸化チタンをそれぞれ調製して使用に供した。
・酸化アルミニウム:製品名「AKP‐3000」(住友化学株式会社製、数平均粒子径0.74μm)、または製品名「AKP‐50」(住友化学株式会社製、数平均粒子径0.22μm)を使用に供した。
・酸化ジルコニウム:製品名「UEP酸化ジルコニウム」(第一希元素化学工業株式会社製、数平均粒子径0.67μm)を使用に供した。
・シリカ:製品名「シーホスター(R) KE-S50」(株式会社日本触媒製、数平均粒子径0.54μm)、または製品名「シーホスター(R) KE-S100」(株式会社日本触媒製、数平均粒子径0.98μm)を使用に供した。
・酸化マグネシウム:製品名「PUREMAG(R) FNM-G」(タテホ化学工業株式会社製、数平均粒子径0.50μm)を使用に供した。
Claims (15)
- 正極と、負極と、前記正極及び前記負極の間に配置された保護膜と、電解液と、を備え、
前記保護膜が、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有する重合体を含む、蓄電デバイス。 - 前記保護膜が、前記正極及び前記負極の少なくとも一方の表面と接してなる、請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス。
- 前記正極及び前記負極の間に配置されたセパレータをさらに備える、請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス。
- 前記セパレータの表面が、前記保護膜によって被覆された、請求項3に記載の蓄電デバイス。
- 前記保護膜が、前記正極又は前記負極と前記セパレータとの間に接して挟持された、請求項3に記載の蓄電デバイス。
- フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有し、かつ数平均粒子径(Da)が20~450nmである重合体粒子と、
液状媒体と、
を含有する、請求項1ないし請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の保護膜を作製するための組成物。 - 前記重合体粒子が、該重合体粒子100質量部に対して、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位5~50質量部と、不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位1~10質量部と、を含有することを特徴とする、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- 前記重合体粒子が、フッ化ビニリデン、四フッ化エチレン及び六フッ化プロピレンよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種に由来する繰り返し単位を有する重合体Aと、不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を有する重合体Bと、を含有するポリマーアロイ粒子であることを特徴とする、請求項6又は請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 前記ポリマーアロイ粒子について、JIS K7121に準拠して示差走査熱量測定(DSC)を行ったときに、-50~+250℃の温度範囲における吸熱ピークが1つのみ観測されることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の組成物。
- 前記吸熱ピークが-30~+30℃の温度範囲に観測されることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 請求項6ないし請求項10のいずれか一項に記載の組成物と、無機粒子と、を含有する、請求項1ないし請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の保護膜を作製するためのスラリー。
- 前記無機粒子の数平均粒子径が0.1~0.8μmである、請求項11に記載のスラリー。
- 前記無機粒子100質量部に対して、フッ素原子を有する単量体に由来する繰り返し単位及び不飽和カルボン酸に由来する繰り返し単位を含有する重合体粒子を0.1~15質量部含有する、請求項11又は請求項12に記載のスラリー。
- 前記無機粒子が、シリカ、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、酸化ジルコニウム及び酸化マグネシウムよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の粒子である、請求項11ないし請求項13のいずれか一項に記載のスラリー。
- 請求項11ないし請求項14のいずれか一項に記載のスラリーを用いて作製される保護膜。
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US20140272523A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
KR102004561B1 (ko) | 2019-07-26 |
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