WO2012057028A1 - 分離膜、分離膜エレメントおよび分離膜の製造方法 - Google Patents
分離膜、分離膜エレメントおよび分離膜の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012057028A1 WO2012057028A1 PCT/JP2011/074306 JP2011074306W WO2012057028A1 WO 2012057028 A1 WO2012057028 A1 WO 2012057028A1 JP 2011074306 W JP2011074306 W JP 2011074306W WO 2012057028 A1 WO2012057028 A1 WO 2012057028A1
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- separation membrane
- water
- separation
- hydrophilic
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/38—Polyalkenylalcohols; Polyalkenylesters; Polyalkenylethers; Polyalkenylaldehydes; Polyalkenylketones; Polyalkenylacetals; Polyalkenylketals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/48—Polyesters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/56—Polyamides, e.g. polyester-amides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/58—Other polymers having nitrogen in the main chain, with or without oxygen or carbon only
- B01D71/60—Polyamines
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/58—Other polymers having nitrogen in the main chain, with or without oxygen or carbon only
- B01D71/60—Polyamines
- B01D71/601—Polyethylenimine
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D2323/30—Cross-linking
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D2323/40—Details relating to membrane preparation in-situ membrane formation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/08—Patterned membranes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/36—Hydrophilic membranes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/444—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by ultrafiltration or microfiltration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a separation membrane and a separation membrane element used for separating components contained in a fluid such as liquid or gas.
- Separation membranes used in separation methods using separation membrane elements include microfiltration membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, nanofiltration membranes, reverse osmosis membranes, and forward osmosis membranes in terms of their pore size and separation function.
- Membranes are used to obtain drinking water from, for example, seawater, brine, and water containing harmful substances, and are used for the production of industrial ultrapure water, wastewater treatment, recovery of valuable materials, etc. Depending on the separation performance.
- the separation membrane element is common in that the raw fluid is supplied to one surface of the separation membrane and the permeated fluid is obtained from the other surface.
- the separation membrane element is configured to bundle many separation membrane elements of various shapes to increase the membrane area and to obtain a large amount of permeated fluid per unit element.
- Various elements such as molds, hollow fiber types, plate-and-frame types, rotating flat membrane types, and flat membrane integrated types are manufactured.
- the separation membrane element member is a supply-side flow path material that supplies the raw fluid to the separation membrane surface, and a separation that separates components contained in the raw fluid
- a spiral-type separation membrane element in which a member made of a permeate-side channel material for guiding the membrane and the permeated fluid separated from the supply fluid to the central tube is wound around the central tube as the raw fluid.
- the supply side flow path material mainly uses a polymer net to form a flow path of the supply side fluid, and the separation membrane has a high cross-linkage such as polyamide.
- Separation function layer made of molecules, porous resin layer made of polymers such as polysulfone, and non-woven fabric made of polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate are used from the supply side to the permeate side.
- a knitted member called a tricot having a smaller interval than that of the supply-side channel material is used for the purpose of preventing the membrane from falling and forming a permeate-side channel.
- Patent Document 1 proposes to use an unevenly shaped sheet material as a permeate-side channel material.
- Patent Document 2 it is proposed to use a flat membrane having a hollow passage inside by forming irregularities on the surface on the supply side without using a base material.
- Patent Document 3 proposes an element that includes a sheet-like separation membrane including a porous support having irregularities and a separation active layer, and does not include a supply-side channel material such as a net and a permeation-side channel material such as a tricot. ing.
- Patent Documents 4 and 5 disclose that a separation membrane contains sugar, an organic acid metal salt, or an inorganic acid metal salt in order to develop a separation function even when the separation membrane is dried.
- the above-mentioned separation membrane element is not sufficient in terms of performance improvement, particularly stable performance when operated for a long period of time.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a separation membrane and a separation membrane element effective for separation membrane element improvement, separation membrane element performance improvement such as an increase in the amount of permeated fluid per unit time, and stability performance. To do.
- the present invention has the following configuration. (1) A separation membrane containing hydrophilic molecules and having a height difference of 80 ⁇ m or more and 2000 ⁇ m or less on at least one of the supply side and the permeation side, and the weight of the hydrophilic molecules in the separation membrane after absolutely dry A separation membrane that is 0.1% or more and 40% or less of the weight of the separation membrane after absolute drying excluding the weight of hydrophilic molecules.
- the top view which shows the further another example of the separation membrane which has a height difference.
- a separation membrane is a membrane that can separate components in a fluid supplied to the surface of the separation membrane and obtain a permeated fluid that has permeated the separation membrane.
- the separation membrane can include, for example, a separation functional layer, a porous support layer, and a base material.
- a separation functional layer a crosslinked polymer is preferably used in terms of pore size control and durability, and polyfunctional amine and polyfunctional acid halide are polycondensed on the porous support layer in terms of component separation performance.
- a separated functional layer, an organic-inorganic hybrid functional layer, and the like can be suitably used.
- a layer containing cellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethersulfone, or polysulfone as a main component and having both a separation function and a support function may be provided. That is, the separation function and the porous support function may be realized in a single layer. Such a layer is also included in the separation functional layer. That is, the “separation functional layer” refers to a layer having at least a separation function.
- X contains Y as a main component means that the Y content in X is 50% by weight, 70% by weight, 80% by weight, 90% by weight, or 95% by weight. It means that it is more than%.
- the total amount of these components only needs to satisfy the above range.
- supply side surface means the surface on the side of the separation membrane where raw water is supplied.
- Permeate surface means the opposite surface.
- the surface on the separation functional layer side is the surface on the supply side
- the surface on the base material side is the surface on the transmission side.
- the thickness of the separation functional layer is not limited, but it is preferably 5 to 3000 nm in terms of separation performance and permeation performance. Particularly for reverse osmosis membranes, forward osmosis membranes and nanofiltration membranes, the thickness is preferably 5 to 300 nm.
- the thickness of the separation functional layer can be based on the conventional method for measuring the thickness of the separation membrane. For example, after embedding the separation membrane with a resin, an ultrathin section is prepared, and after treatment such as staining, It can be measured by observing with a scanning electron microscope. As the main measurement method, when the separation functional layer has a pleat structure, measurement is made at intervals of 50 nm in the cross-sectional length direction of the pleat structure located above the porous support layer, and the number of pleats is measured at 20 pieces. It can be obtained from the average.
- the separation functional layer may be a polyamide film containing polyamide as a main component.
- the polyamide film can be formed by interfacial polycondensation of a polyfunctional amine and a polyfunctional acid halide.
- the polyfunctional amine has at least two primary amino groups and / or secondary amino groups in one molecule, and at least one of the amino groups is a primary amino group.
- An amine for example, phenylenediamine, xylylenediamine, 1,3,5-triaminobenzene, in which two amino groups are bonded to the benzene ring in the ortho, meta, or para position.
- aromatic polyfunctional amines such as 4-aminobenzylamine, aliphatic polyfunctional amines such as ethylenediamine and propylenediamine, Alicyclic polyfunctional amines such as 2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, 4-aminopiperidine, 4-aminoethylpiperazine It can be mentioned.
- aromatic polyfunctional amines such as 4-aminobenzylamine, aliphatic polyfunctional amines such as ethylenediamine and propylenediamine
- Alicyclic polyfunctional amines such as 2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, 4-aminopiperidine, 4-aminoethylpiperazine It can be mentioned.
- aromatic polyfunctional amine having 2 to 4 primary amino groups and / or secondary amino groups in one molecule.
- m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, and 1,3,5-triaminobenzene are suitably used as such polyfunctional aromatic amine.
- m-PDA m-phenylenediamine
- These polyfunctional amines may be used alone or in combination of two or more. When using 2 or more types simultaneously, the said amines may be combined and the said amine and the amine which has at least 2 secondary amino group in 1 molecule may be combined. Examples of the amine having at least two secondary amino groups in one molecule include piperazine and 1,3-bispiperidylpropane.
- the polyfunctional acid halide refers to an acid halide having at least two carbonyl halide groups in one molecule.
- trifunctional acid halides include trimesic acid chloride, 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid trichloride, 1,2,4-cyclobutanetricarboxylic acid trichloride, and bifunctional acid halides include biphenyl dicarboxylic acid.
- Aromatic difunctional acid halides such as acid dichloride, azobenzene dicarboxylic acid dichloride, terephthalic acid chloride, isophthalic acid chloride, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid chloride, aliphatic difunctional acid halides such as adipoyl chloride, sebacoyl chloride, cyclopentane Examples thereof include alicyclic difunctional acid halides such as dicarboxylic acid dichloride, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid dichloride, and tetrahydrofuran dicarboxylic acid dichloride.
- polyfunctional acid halides are preferably polyfunctional acid chlorides, and in view of selective separation of the membrane and heat resistance, 2 to 4 per molecule are considered.
- the polyfunctional aromatic acid chloride having a carbonyl chloride group is preferred. Among them, it is more preferable to use trimesic acid chloride from the viewpoint of easy availability and easy handling.
- These polyfunctional acid halides may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a known method is applied to the interfacial polycondensation of the polyfunctional amine and the polyfunctional acid halide.
- a polyfunctional amine aqueous solution is applied to the porous support layer, and the excess amine aqueous solution is removed with an air knife or the like.
- the polyamide separation functional layer is further formed by applying an organic solvent solution containing a polyfunctional acid halide.
- the organic solvent in the solution containing the polyfunctional acid halide is preferably immiscible with water and dissolves the polyfunctional acid halide and does not break the porous support layer.
- Any material that is inert to the acid halide may be used.
- Preferred examples include hydrocarbon compounds such as n-hexane, n-octane, and n-decane.
- the separation functional layer may have an organic-inorganic hybrid structure containing Si element or the like.
- a separation membrane having such a separation functional layer is referred to as an organic-inorganic hybrid membrane.
- the organic-inorganic hybrid film is excellent in terms of moldability and chemical resistance.
- the composition of the separation functional layer having an organic-inorganic hybrid structure is not particularly limited.
- the separation functional layer has (A) a reactive group having an ethylenically unsaturated group and a hydrolyzable group directly bonded to a silicon atom.
- a silicon compound and (B) a compound other than the compound (A) and having an ethylenically unsaturated group can be contained.
- the separation functional layer may contain a condensate of the hydrolyzable group of the compound (A) and a polymer of the ethylenically unsaturated group of the compounds (A) and / or (B). That is, the separation functional layer is A polymer formed by condensation and / or polymerization of only the compound (A), -The polymer formed by superposing
- the polymer includes a condensate.
- the compound (A) may be condensed via a hydrolyzable group.
- the content of the compound (A) is preferably 10% by weight or more, and more preferably 20% by weight to 50% by weight. Further, the content of the compound (B) in the separation functional layer is preferably 90% by weight or less, more preferably 50% by weight to 80% by weight.
- the weight ratio of compound (A): compound (B) may be 1: 9 to 1: 1.
- the compound (A), the compound (B), and other compounds may form a compound such as a polymer (including a condensate). Therefore, for example, when discussing the “content ratio of the compound (A) in the separation functional layer”, the compound (A) includes the amount of the component derived from the compound (A) in the polycondensation product. The same applies to the compound (B) and other compounds.
- the separation functional layer may contain a silicon compound (C) having a hydrolyzable group, although it does not have a reactive group having an ethylenically unsaturated group, in addition to the compound (A). Examples of such a compound (C) will be described later.
- the compound (C) may be included as a condensate of only the compound (C), or may be included as a condensate of the polymer of the compound (A) and the compound (B).
- the reactive group having an ethylenically unsaturated group is directly bonded to the silicon atom.
- reactive groups include vinyl groups, allyl groups, methacryloxyethyl groups, methacryloxypropyl groups, acryloxyethyl groups, acryloxypropyl groups, and styryl groups. From the viewpoint of polymerizability, a methacryloxypropyl group, an acryloxypropyl group, and a styryl group are preferable.
- the condensate of the compound (A) is obtained by bonding the compounds (A) to each other by a siloxane bond through a process in which the hydrolyzable group directly bonded to the silicon atom in the compound (A) is changed to a hydroxyl group. It may be formed.
- hydrolyzable groups in the compound (A) include functional groups such as alkoxy groups, alkenyloxy groups, carboxy groups, ketoxime groups, aminohydroxy groups, halogen atoms, and isocyanate groups.
- the alkoxy group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and more preferably has 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
- the alkenyloxy group preferably has 2 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and further 3 carbon atoms.
- the carboxy group is preferably one having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and more preferably one having 2 carbon atoms, that is, an acetoxy group.
- ketoxime group examples include a methyl ethyl ketoxime group, a dimethyl ketoxime group, and a diethyl ketoxime group.
- the aminohydroxy group is one in which an amino group is bonded to a silicon atom via an oxygen atom via oxygen. Examples of such include dimethylaminohydroxy group, diethylaminohydroxy group, and methylethylaminohydroxy group.
- halogen atom a chlorine atom is preferably used.
- a silicon compound having a silanol structure in which a part of the hydrolyzable group is hydrolyzed can be used.
- two or more silicon compounds having a high molecular weight such that a part of the hydrolyzable group is not hydrolyzed, condensed, or crosslinked can be used.
- the silicon compound (A) is preferably represented by the following general formula (a).
- R 1 represents a reactive group containing an ethylenically unsaturated group.
- R 2 represents an alkoxy group, an alkenyloxy group, a carboxy group, a ketoxime group, a halogen atom or an isocyanate group.
- R 3 represents H or alkyl.
- M and n are integers satisfying m + n ⁇ 4 and satisfy m ⁇ 1 and n ⁇ 1 In each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 , two or more functional groups are bonded to a silicon atom. They may be the same or different.
- R 1 is a reactive group containing an ethylenically unsaturated group, as described above.
- R 2 is a hydrolyzable group, and these are as described above.
- the alkyl group applicable to R 3 preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
- an alkoxy group is preferable. It is because the reaction liquid adjusted in formation of a separation function layer has viscosity because a hydrolysable group is an alkoxy group.
- Examples of the silicon compound (A) include vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, styryltrimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, and methacryloxy. Examples are propyltriethoxysilane and acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
- a silicon compound (C) having no hydrolyzable group, which does not have a reactive group having an ethylenically unsaturated group can also be used.
- a silicon compound (C) having no hydrolyzable group, which does not have a reactive group having an ethylenically unsaturated group can also be used.
- the compound whose m is zero in General formula (a) is illustrated. Examples of such compounds include tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, and methyltriethoxysilane.
- the ethylenically unsaturated group has addition polymerizability.
- examples of such compounds include ethylene, propylene, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, styrene, and derivatives thereof.
- this compound is preferably an alkali-soluble compound having an acid group in order to increase the selective permeability of water and increase the salt rejection when the separation membrane is used for separation of an aqueous solution.
- Preferred acid structures are carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphoric acid and sulfonic acid, and these acid structures may exist in any form of acid form, ester compound and metal salt.
- These compounds having one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups can contain two or more acids, but among them, compounds containing 1 to 2 acid groups are preferred.
- examples of the compound having a carboxylic acid group include the following. Maleic acid, maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2- (hydroxymethyl) acrylic acid, 4- (meth) acryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid and the corresponding anhydride, 10-methacryloyloxydecylmalonic acid, N- ( 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl) -N-phenylglycine and 4-vinylbenzoic acid.
- compounds having a phosphonic acid group include vinylphosphonic acid, 4-vinylphenylphosphonic acid, 4-vinylbenzylphosphonic acid, 2-methacryloyloxyethylphosphonic acid.
- the phosphoric acid ester compounds include 2-methacryloyloxypropyl monohydrogen phosphate, 2-methacryloyloxypropyl dihydrogen phosphate, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl monoester.
- examples of the compound having a sulfonic acid group include vinylsulfonic acid, 4-vinylphenylsulfonic acid, and 3- (methacrylamide) propylsulfonic acid.
- the separation membrane of the present invention is not limited to the manufacturing method and the method of forming each layer described in this document.
- a reaction liquid containing a compound having one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups and a polymerization initiator can be used.
- the separation functional layer coats this reaction solution on a porous membrane, condenses hydrolyzable groups, and polymerizes these compounds by polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated groups. By doing so, it can be formed.
- the bonding of the crosslinking chain concentrates on the silicon atom, and the density difference between the periphery of the silicon atom and the part away from the silicon atom increases, so that the pore size in the separation functional layer is not large. It may be uniform.
- the compound (B) is copolymerized so that the crosslinking point due to condensation of hydrolyzable groups and the crosslinking point due to polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated groups are moderately increased. Distributed.
- a separation functional layer having a uniform pore diameter is formed, and a separation membrane having a balance between water permeability and removal performance can be obtained.
- the compound having one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups has a high molecular weight, it is difficult to elute at the time of using the separation membrane.
- the content of the compound (A) is preferably 10 parts by weight or more, more preferably 20 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content contained in the reaction solution.
- the solid content contained in the reaction liquid refers to the final separation membrane obtained by removing all components contained in the reaction liquid, such as the solvent and distilled components such as water and alcohol generated by the condensation reaction. In particular, it refers to a component included as a separation functional layer.
- the amount of the compound (A) is small, the degree of crosslinking tends to be insufficient, so that there is a possibility that problems such as elution of the separation functional layer during membrane filtration and deterioration of separation performance may occur.
- the content of the compound (B) is preferably 90 parts by weight or less, more preferably 50 parts by weight to 80 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content contained in the reaction solution.
- the resulting separation functional layer has a high degree of crosslinking, and thus membrane filtration can be performed stably without the separation functional layer eluting.
- the separation functional layer includes a step of applying a reaction liquid containing the compound (A) and the compound (B), a step of removing the solvent, a step of polymerizing the ethylenically unsaturated group, and a step of condensing the hydrolyzable group. It can be formed by performing in order. In the step of polymerizing the ethylenically unsaturated group, the hydrolyzable group may condense at the same time.
- reaction liquid containing the compound (A) and the compound (B) is brought into contact with the porous support layer.
- a reaction solution is usually a solution containing a solvent, but such a solvent does not destroy the porous support layer and dissolves the compound (A) and the compound (B), and a polymerization initiator added as necessary. If it does, it will not specifically limit.
- To this reaction solution 1 to 10 times, preferably 1 to 5 times, the amount of water with respect to the number of moles of compound (A) is added together with an inorganic acid or an organic acid, and water of compound (A) is added. It is preferable to promote decomposition.
- the solvent for the reaction solution is preferably water, an alcohol-based organic solvent, an ether-based organic solvent, a ketone-based organic solvent, or a mixture thereof.
- an alcohol organic solvent methanol, ethoxymethanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, amyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, methylcyclohexanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethanol), ethylene glycol monoacetate, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether
- Examples include diethylene glycol monoacetate, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monoacetate, dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, and methoxybutanol.
- ether organic solvents include methylal, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, dibutyl ether, diamyl ether, diethyl acetal, dihexyl ether, trioxane, dioxane and the like.
- ketone organic solvents include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone, methyl cyclohexyl ketone, diethyl ketone, ethyl butyl ketone, trimethylnonanone, acetonitrile acetone, dimethyl oxide, phorone, cyclohexanone, dye Acetone alcohol etc. are mentioned.
- the amount of the solvent added is preferably 50 to 99 parts by weight, more preferably 80 to 99 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the solid content contained in the reaction solution. If the amount of the solvent added is too large, defects tend to occur in the membrane, and if it is too small, the water permeability of the resulting separation membrane tends to be low.
- the contact between the porous support layer and the reaction liquid is preferably performed uniformly and continuously on the surface of the porous support layer.
- a method of coating the porous support layer with the reaction solution using a coating device such as a spin coater, a wire bar, a flow coater, a die coater, a roll coater, or a spray.
- a coating device such as a spin coater, a wire bar, a flow coater, a die coater, a roll coater, or a spray.
- the method of immersing a porous support layer in a reaction liquid can be mentioned.
- the contact time between the porous support layer and the reaction solution is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 10 minutes, and more preferably in the range of 1 to 3 minutes.
- the reaction solution is brought into contact with the porous support layer, it is preferable to sufficiently drain the liquid so that no droplets remain on the membrane.
- the porous support layer after contact with the reaction solution is vertically gripped and the excess reaction solution is allowed to flow naturally, or air such as nitrogen is blown from an air nozzle to forcibly drain the solution. A method or the like can be used.
- the membrane surface can be dried to remove a part of the solvent in the reaction solution.
- the step of condensing the hydrolyzable group of silicon is carried out by bringing the reaction liquid into contact with the porous support layer, followed by heat treatment.
- the heating temperature at this time is required to be lower than the temperature at which the porous support layer melts and the performance as a separation membrane decreases.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 150 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 100 ° C. or lower. If the reaction temperature is 0 ° C. or higher, the hydrolysis and condensation reaction proceed rapidly, and if it is 150 ° C. or lower, the hydrolysis and condensation reaction are easily controlled. Further, by adding a catalyst that promotes hydrolysis or condensation, the reaction can proceed even at a lower temperature. Furthermore, heating conditions and humidity conditions can be selected so that the separation functional layer has pores when the condensation reaction proceeds appropriately.
- the electromagnetic wave includes infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, ⁇ rays and the like.
- the polymerization method may be appropriately selected as appropriate, but polymerization by electromagnetic wave irradiation is preferred from the viewpoint of running cost, productivity and the like.
- electromagnetic waves infrared irradiation and ultraviolet irradiation are more preferable from the viewpoint of simplicity.
- these light sources do not need to selectively generate only light in this wavelength range, and any light source containing electromagnetic waves in these wavelength ranges may be used.
- the intensity of these electromagnetic waves is higher than electromagnetic waves in other wavelength regions.
- Electromagnetic waves can be generated from halogen lamps, xenon lamps, UV lamps, excimer lamps, metal halide lamps, rare gas fluorescent lamps, mercury lamps, and the like.
- the energy of the electromagnetic wave is not particularly limited as long as it can be polymerized, but in particular, high-efficiency, low-wavelength ultraviolet rays have high film-forming properties.
- Such ultraviolet rays can be generated by a low-pressure mercury lamp or an excimer laser lamp.
- the thickness and form of the separation functional layer may vary greatly depending on the respective polymerization conditions. In the case of polymerization using electromagnetic waves, the thickness and form of the separation functional layer may vary greatly depending on the wavelength and intensity of the electromagnetic waves, the distance to the irradiated object, and the treatment time. Therefore, these conditions may be optimized as appropriate.
- the polymerization initiator and the polymerization accelerator are not particularly limited, and are appropriately selected according to the structure of the compound to be used, the polymerization technique, and the like.
- the polymerization initiator is exemplified below.
- an initiator for polymerization by electromagnetic waves benzoin ether, dialkylbenzyl ketal, dialkoxyacetophenone, acylphosphine oxide or bisacylphosphine oxide, ⁇ -diketone (for example, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone), diacetylquinone, furylquinone, anisylquinone, Examples are 4,4'-dichlorobenzylquinone and 4,4'-dialkoxybenzylquinone, and camphorquinone.
- Initiators for thermal polymerization include azo compounds (eg, 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) or azobis- (4-cyanovaleric acid)), or peroxides (eg, peroxide) Dibenzoyl, dilauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroctanoate, tert-butyl perbenzoate or di- (tert-butyl) peroxide), aromatic diazonium salts, bissulfonium salts, aromatic iodonium salts, aromatic sulfonium salts, Examples include potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, alkyl lithium, cumyl potassium, sodium naphthalene, and distyryl dianion. Of these, benzopinacol and 2,2'-dialkylbenzopinacol are particularly preferred as initiators for radical polymerization.
- benzopinacol and 2,2'-dialkylbenzopinacol
- Peroxides and ⁇ -diketones are preferably used in combination with aromatic amines to accelerate initiation. This combination is also called a redox system. Examples of such systems include benzoyl peroxide or camphorquinone and amines (eg, N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, N, N-dihydroxyethyl-p-toluidine, ethyl p-dimethyl-aminobenzoate). Ester or a derivative thereof). Furthermore, a system containing a peroxide in combination with ascorbic acid, barbiturate or sulfinic acid as a reducing agent is also preferred.
- the step of increasing the molecular weight of the silane coupling agent and the compound having one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups may be performed before the polycondensation step of the silane coupling agent, or after You can go. Moreover, you may carry out simultaneously.
- the separation membrane thus obtained can be used as it is, but it is preferable to hydrophilize the surface of the membrane with, for example, an alcohol-containing aqueous solution or an alkaline aqueous solution before use.
- Porous support layer As the porous support layer, a membrane having a supporting function while maintaining the performance as a separation membrane can be used.
- the material used for the porous support layer and the shape thereof are not particularly limited, but may be formed on the substrate with a porous resin, for example.
- a porous resin for example.
- the porous support layer polysulfone, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin or a mixture and laminate of them is used, and polysulfone with high chemical, mechanical and thermal stability and easy to control pore size. Is preferably used.
- the porous support layer is prepared by pouring an N, N-dimethylformamide (hereinafter referred to as DMF) solution of the above polysulfone on a base material described later, for example, a densely woven polyester cloth or non-woven fabric to a certain thickness. It can be produced by molding and wet coagulating it in water.
- DMF N, N-dimethylformamide
- the porous support layer is also referred to as a porous resin layer.
- the porous support layer is “Office of Saleen Water Research and Development Progress Report” no. 359 (1968), the polymer concentration, the solvent temperature, and the poor solvent can be adjusted to produce the above-described form.
- a predetermined amount of polysulfone is dissolved in DMF to prepare a polysulfone resin solution having a predetermined concentration.
- this polysulfone resin solution is applied to a substrate made of polyester cloth or nonwoven fabric to a substantially constant thickness, and after removing the surface solvent in the air for a certain period of time, the polysulfone is coagulated in the coagulation liquid. Can be obtained.
- DMF as a solvent is rapidly volatilized on the surface portion that comes into contact with the coagulation liquid, and polysulfone coagulates rapidly, and fine communication holes having the portion where DMF is present as a core are generated.
- the volatilization of DMF and the solidification of polysulfone proceed more slowly than the surface, so that the DMF tends to aggregate and form large nuclei, and thus generate.
- the communication hole becomes larger in diameter.
- the above nucleation conditions gradually change depending on the distance from the film surface, so that a support film having a smooth pore size distribution without a clear boundary is formed.
- a polysulfone membrane having a controlled average porosity and average pore diameter can be obtained.
- the porous support layer gives mechanical strength to the separation membrane and does not have separation performance like a separation membrane for components having a small molecular size such as ions.
- the pore size and pore distribution of the porous support layer are not particularly limited.
- the porous support layer may have uniform and fine pores, or the side on which the separation functional layer is formed. You may have a micropore from which the diameter becomes large gradually from the surface to the other surface.
- the projected area circle equivalent diameter of the pores measured using an atomic force microscope or an electron microscope on the surface on the side where the separation functional layer is formed is 1 nm or more and 100 nm or less may be sufficient.
- the pores on the surface on the side where the separation functional layer is formed in the porous support layer preferably have a projected area circle equivalent diameter of 3 to 50 nm.
- the thickness of the porous support layer is not particularly limited, but in order to give strength to the separation membrane, to form a difference in height of the separation membrane, and to stably form the supply-side flow path, the thickness is in the range of 20 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m. It is preferable that the thickness is 30 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the morphology of the porous support layer can be observed with a scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, or an atomic microscope.
- a scanning electron microscope after peeling off the porous support layer from the substrate, it is cut by the freeze cleaving method to obtain a sample for cross-sectional observation.
- the sample is thinly coated with platinum, platinum-palladium, or ruthenium tetrachloride, preferably ruthenium tetrachloride, and observed with a high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (UHR-FE-SEM) at an acceleration voltage of 3 to 6 kV.
- UHR-FE-SEM high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscope
- Hitachi S-900 electron microscope can be used.
- the film thickness of the porous support layer and the projected area equivalent circle diameter are determined from the obtained electron micrograph.
- the thickness and pore diameter of the porous support layer are average values, and the thickness of the porous support layer is measured at intervals of 20 ⁇ m in a direction perpendicular to the thickness direction by cross-sectional observation, and is an average value of 20 points.
- the hole diameter is an average value of the diameters corresponding to the projected area circles by counting 200 holes.
- a substrate may be used in terms of the strength of the separation membrane, dimensional stability, and unevenness forming ability.
- the base material it is preferable to use a fibrous base material in terms of strength, unevenness-forming ability, and fluid permeability.
- a base material both a long fiber nonwoven fabric and a short fiber nonwoven fabric can be used preferably.
- the long fiber nonwoven fabric has excellent film-forming properties, when the polymer solution is cast, the solution penetrates through the permeation, the porous support layer peels off, and Can suppress the film from becoming non-uniform due to the fluffing of the substrate and the like, and the occurrence of defects such as pinholes.
- the base material is made of a long-fiber non-woven fabric composed of thermoplastic continuous filaments, it suppresses non-uniformity and membrane defects during casting of a polymer solution caused by fuzz, which occurs when a short-fiber non-woven fabric is used. be able to.
- a long-fiber non-woven fabric that is more excellent in dimensional stability because the tension is applied in the film-forming direction.
- the fibers in the surface layer on the side opposite to the porous support layer are preferably longitudinally oriented compared to the fibers in the surface layer on the porous support layer side in terms of moldability and strength. According to such a structure, not only a high effect of preventing membrane breakage by maintaining strength is realized, but also a laminate comprising a porous support layer and a substrate when imparting irregularities to the separation membrane The moldability is improved, and the uneven shape on the surface of the separation membrane is stabilized, which is preferable.
- the fiber orientation degree in the surface layer on the side opposite to the porous support layer of the long fiber nonwoven fabric is preferably 0 ° to 25 °, and the fiber orientation degree in the surface layer on the porous support layer side And the orientation degree difference is preferably 10 ° to 90 °.
- a heating process is included, but a phenomenon occurs in which the porous support layer or the separation functional layer contracts due to heating. This is particularly noticeable in the width direction where no tension is applied in continuous film formation. Since shrinkage causes problems in dimensional stability and the like, a substrate having a small rate of thermal dimensional change is desired.
- the difference between the fiber orientation degree on the surface layer opposite to the porous support layer and the fiber orientation degree on the porous support layer side surface layer is 10 ° to 90 °, the change in the width direction due to heat is suppressed. Can also be preferable.
- the fiber orientation degree is an index indicating the direction of the fibers of the nonwoven fabric base material constituting the porous support layer, and the film forming direction at the time of continuous film formation is 0 °, and the direction perpendicular to the film forming direction. That is, it means the average angle of the fibers constituting the nonwoven fabric substrate when the width direction of the nonwoven fabric substrate is 90 °. Accordingly, the closer to 0 ° the fiber orientation, the longer the orientation, and the closer to 90 °, the lateral orientation.
- the degree of fiber orientation was obtained by randomly collecting ten small sample samples from a nonwoven fabric, photographing the surface of the sample with a scanning electron microscope at a magnification of 100 to 1000 times, and measuring 10 fibers from each sample for a total of 100 fibers. Measure the angle when the longitudinal direction (longitudinal direction, film forming direction) is 0 ° and the width direction (lateral direction) of the nonwoven fabric is 90 °, and round off the average value to the first decimal place. To determine the degree of fiber orientation.
- the separation membrane contains hydrophilic molecules on at least one of the surface and the inside.
- the hydrophilic molecule may be applied only on the surface of the separation membrane or may penetrate into the inside of the separation membrane.
- the surface of a separation membrane shows the surface of the one side or both sides if it is a flat membrane, and will show the one or both of an outer surface and an inner surface if it is a hollow fiber membrane.
- the inside is a portion between both surfaces of a flat membrane, and a portion between an outer surface and an inner surface of a hollow fiber membrane.
- the inside may mean a portion that is touched by a liquid such as water.
- the inside can also be expressed as a wall portion in the separation membrane structure.
- the hydrophilic molecule is disposed on at least the supply side surface of the separation membrane. That is, the hydrophilic molecule is preferably contained in at least one of the layers provided on the supply side of the separation functional layer in the separation functional layer.
- the phrase “the separation membrane contains a hydrophilic molecule” includes a form in which the separation membrane includes a protective layer having a hydrophilic group on the supply side surface.
- the hydrophilic molecule may be contained in the porous support layer of the separation membrane, or may be contained in the substrate.
- the protective layer can contain a crosslinked product of a water-soluble organic polymer having a hydrophilic group as a main component.
- drying means that the moisture content of the separation membrane is 20% or less.
- the moisture content of the separation membrane is expressed as (weight of separation membrane before absolute drying treatment ⁇ weight of separation membrane in absolute dry state) / weight of separation membrane before absolute drying treatment ⁇ 100 (%).
- a hydrophilic molecule refers to a substance that is soluble in water, specifically, a substance that dissolves in water at a ratio of 1/100 or more.
- An absolutely dry separation membrane can be obtained by drying the separation membrane for a sufficient period of time at as high a temperature as possible without changing or deforming the structure of the separation membrane. Specifically, the absolutely dry means that the separation membrane is dried at 105 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the weight of the hydrophilic molecule in the separation membrane after the absolute drying is preferably 0.1% or more of the weight of the separation membrane after the absolute drying excluding the weight of the hydrophilic molecule. % Or less is preferable.
- the hydrophilic molecule having high volatility the hydrophilic molecule is volatilized from the separation membrane by drying, and the remaining amount decreases. If it does so, the protective layer by a hydrophilic molecule
- the weight ratio between the weight of the hydrophilic molecules in the separation membrane after such dry and the weight of the separation membrane in the absolutely dry state excluding the weight of the hydrophilic molecules is the weight of the separation membrane containing the hydrophilic molecules.
- the method for producing a separation membrane can include a step of bringing a hydrophilic molecule into contact with the separation membrane as a step of incorporating the hydrophilic molecule into the separation membrane.
- the completed film is also a work-in-process (a film in the middle of manufacture, but may have a separation function.
- a film in which unevenness is not formed and a film that does not contain hydrophilic molecules are included. .
- the step of bringing the hydrophilic molecule into contact with the separation membrane may include, for example, dissolving the hydrophilic molecule in water or a mixed solution of water and alcohol or ketones, and bringing the separation membrane into contact with the solution.
- the step of bringing the hydrophilic molecule into contact with the separation membrane is performed by coating the water-soluble organic polymer having a hydrophilic group on the separation functional layer and then crosslinking the water-soluble organic polymer to make the hydrophilic It may include forming a water-insoluble protective layer having groups.
- the step in which the hydrophilic molecule is brought into contact and not crosslinked is referred to as a contact treatment, and a water-insoluble protective layer is formed.
- This process is called a protective layer forming process.
- a humectant is particularly preferable.
- a humectant is a substance that can suppress water evaporation from the separation membrane.
- the hydrophilic molecule used for the contact treatment is not particularly limited as long as it does not impair the effects of the present invention, and examples thereof include sugar chain compounds and polyhydric alcohols.
- sugar chain compound include glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, dextrin, trehalose, galactose, xylitol, lactose, hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate and the like.
- the hydrophilic molecule is preferably at least one saccharide selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides, and trisaccharides, and among them, glucose, sucrose, maltose, because the performance degradation due to drying of the separation membrane is particularly small.
- the polyhydric alcohol includes glycerin; glycols such as 1,3-butylene glycol and polyethylene glycol; polyvinyl alcohol; diglycerin derivatives; polyglycerin fatty acid ester; polyglycerin and the like. Is particularly small, at least one polyhydric alcohol selected from polyvinyl alcohol, glycols, glycerin and polyglycerin is preferable.
- the polyglycerol fatty acid ester is not particularly limited as long as it is soluble in water, but examples include stearic acid, oleic acid, caprylic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid and the like.
- hydrophilic molecules include protein hydrolysates such as soluble collagen, elastin and keratin, carboxylic acids such as polyglutamic acid and sodium pyrrolidonecarboxylate and salts thereof, aloe extract, brown sugar extract, seaweed extract, yeast extract, Various animal and plant extracts having a moisturizing action such as rice bran extract, soybean extract, age extract, Clara extract, gardenia extract, ginseng extract, Chinese mugwort extract, rosemary extract, bifidobacteria fermentation extract, human oligopeptide, etc. may be used alone or in combination. You may mix and use.
- the contact treatment time is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 seconds or more and 5 minutes or less, and particularly preferably 10 seconds or more and 3 minutes or less near room temperature.
- the contact treatment time is short, the components of the contact treatment liquid do not reach the membrane, and the water permeability may be lowered.
- the contact processing time is long, the processing efficiency may be reduced.
- examples of the method of bringing the separation membrane into contact with the hydrophilic molecule solution include immersion of the separation membrane in the solution and application of the solution to the separation membrane.
- a coating method a method using an apparatus such as a spin coater, a wire bar, a flow coater, a die coater, a roll coater, or a spray can be mentioned.
- the concentration of the hydrophilic molecule in the solution varies depending on the effect to be obtained and the combination of the membrane, the solvent and the solute, but is preferably in the range of 0.1% by weight to 50% by weight. A more appropriate concentration range can be easily determined by conducting a test in advance.
- the concentration in the solution is preferably 3 to 30% by weight, particularly preferably 5 to 15% by weight.
- alcohols, surfactants, antioxidants, and the like can coexist in the hydrophilic molecule solution. In this case, alcohols, surfactants, antioxidants and the like are not particularly limited as long as they do not deviate from the intended performance range.
- the contact treatment temperature is not particularly limited as long as it does not deteriorate the film.
- the membrane deteriorates and cannot function as a separation membrane.
- the restriction on the high temperature side varies depending on the separation membrane material to be treated, and if the separation membrane is composed of a polyethylene terephthalate base material, a polysulfone porous support layer, and a separation functional layer made of a crosslinked polyamide,
- the contact treatment temperature is preferably 5 ° C. or more and 95 ° C. or less, and more preferably 15 ° C. or more and 40 ° C. or less.
- the cleaning method is not particularly limited, and examples include immersing in pure water, an acid aqueous solution, an alkali aqueous solution, a reducing agent aqueous solution, an oxidizing agent aqueous solution, an alcohol aqueous solution or the like and passing water under pressure.
- the most suitable example is contact with water or an alcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an aqueous solution thereof.
- the washing temperature is not particularly limited, the washing can be performed more efficiently when the temperature is set higher in a range that does not adversely affect the membrane performance.
- the contact treatment step may be performed either before or after the step of imparting the height difference to the separation membrane. Since the moisturizer functions as a protective layer by performing the step of providing the height difference after the contact treatment step, it is possible to suppress the deterioration of the separation membrane due to processing. As will be described later, the step of providing the height difference can be performed by embossing or dissimilar material arrangement.
- a step of drying the separation membrane may be performed. Any conventionally known method can be used for the drying method after the contact treatment. Examples of suitable drying methods include a method of placing in a circulation of a normal temperature or a heated gas, placing in a circulation of a dried gas, irradiating infrared rays, irradiating microwaves, or contacting with a heating roller. It is also possible to use a plurality of drying methods in parallel or in time series. Further, the region to be dried may be the entire separation membrane, or may be limited to the vicinity of the adhesive sealing portion. Further, prior to drying, roughly removing the contact treatment solution by a method such as natural flow or centrifugal drainage is an effective method for reducing the load of the drying process.
- the timing of drying the separation membrane and the shape of the membrane at the time of drying are close to the shape of the final membrane separation element.
- a separation functional layer is formed on the surface of the separation membrane.
- a hollow fiber membrane or a tubular membrane it may be after the yarn bundle or the yarn bundle is inserted into the case of the separation membrane element or the like, or in the previous state, that is, a swing-off ball or bobbin Even if it is wound, it does not matter.
- the range of the separation membrane to be dried is not particularly limited, but it is naturally preferable to dry the entire membrane when aiming to improve the membrane performance by the drying treatment.
- the temperature and time for drying must be determined in consideration of the heat resistance of the film.
- the drying temperature may be 50 ° C. or more and 180 ° C. or less, Even when the drying temperature exceeds 100 ° C., excellent water permeability and solute removability can be exhibited. However, when the drying temperature exceeds 180 ° C., it becomes difficult to retain water in the separation membrane. In addition, if it is a range which does not impair the objective of this invention, drying time can be adjusted suitably.
- the protective layer forming process will be described by taking as an example a case where the separation membrane includes a base material, a porous support layer, and a separation functional layer.
- the protective layer forming treatment can also be applied to a single-layer separation membrane and a separation membrane provided with a separation functional layer and a porous support layer as one layer.
- a method for producing a composite semipermeable membrane is obtained by combining a polyfunctional aliphatic amine compound having at least two amino groups in one molecule and a polyfunctional acid halide having at least two acid halide groups in one molecule.
- a step of forming a separation functional layer containing polyamide on the porous support membrane by condensation may be provided.
- the method for producing a composite semipermeable membrane includes a step of forming a separation functional layer, coating a water-soluble organic polymer having a hydrophilic group on the separation functional layer, and then crosslinking the water-soluble organic polymer. You may provide the process of forming the water-insoluble protective layer which has a hydrophilic group.
- the hydrophilicity of the membrane can be increased and the amount of water permeation can be increased. It is possible to suppress fouling by suppressing the adhesion of organic matter.
- the above hydrophilic group may have at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a secondary amine, a hydroxyl group and an ether group.
- a water-insoluble protective layer By forming a water-insoluble protective layer by placing a water-soluble organic polymer on the surface of the separation functional layer and forming a water-insoluble protective layer, it is possible to introduce a secondary amine, hydroxyl group or ether group which is a hydrophilic group into the separation membrane.
- the separation membrane preferably contains at least one of these hydrophilic groups, and more preferably contains two or more.
- the hydrophilic group preferably has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of secondary amine (—NHR), hydroxyl group (—OH) and ether group (—O—).
- —NHR secondary amine
- —OH hydroxyl group
- ether group —O—
- polyvinyl alcohol partially saponified polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyallylamine, polyethyleneimine, polyepiaminohydrin, amine-modified polyepichlorohydrin, polyacrylamide, polyacrylamide , Polyethylene glycol, cellulose derivatives and the like can be used. These may be used alone, but it is preferable to introduce a secondary amine and a hydroxyl group, for example, by mixing and using polyethyleneimine and polyvinyl alcohol.
- the protective layer forming treatment may include applying an aqueous solution of a water-soluble organic polymer to the separation functional layer.
- the concentration of these polymers in the aqueous solution is preferably in the range of 0.01% by weight to 30% by weight, more preferably in the range of 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.01% by weight. More preferably, it is in the range of not less than 5% and not more than 5% by weight.
- concentration is less than 0.01% by weight, it becomes difficult to uniformly coat the surface of the separation functional layer.
- the concentration is more than 30% by weight, the thickness of the resulting water-insoluble crosslinked polymer is increased, and the resistance of the crosslinked polymer is increased. Decrease in the amount of water produced due to.
- the protective layer contains a carboxyl group which is a hydrophilic group.
- the hydrophilic group concentration measured from the supply side of the separation membrane, that is, the protective layer side is in the range of 0.2 to 0.6
- the carboxyl group concentration is It is preferable that it exists in the range of 0.001 or more and 0.03 or less. With this configuration, it is possible to further increase the water permeability while maintaining a high desalination rate of the membrane.
- the hydrophilic group concentration means the ratio of the amount of hydrophilic groups (number of moles) to the total amount of carbon (number of moles), as shown by the following formula.
- the amount of the hydrophilic group includes a case where various hydrophilic groups are mixed.
- Hydrophilic group concentration Measured hydrophilic group amount (mole number) / Measured total carbon amount (mole number)
- the hydrophilic group includes a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an ether group, a carbonyl group, a sulfonic acid group, and a carboxyl group, and has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a secondary amine, a hydroxyl group, and an ether group. .
- hydrophilic group concentrations are described in “Journalof Polymer Science”, Vol. 26, 559-572 (1988) and “Journal of the Adhesion Society of Japan”, Vol. 27, no. 4 (1991) can be obtained by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA).
- ESA X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the amino group concentration, hydroxyl group concentration, and carboxyl group concentration of primary amine and secondary amine can be determined by a gas phase chemical modification method using a labeling reagent.
- a labeling reagent pentafluorobenzaldehyde is used for primary amines, trifluoroacetic anhydride is used for hydroxyl groups and amino groups, and trifluoroethanol or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is used for carboxyl groups.
- a similar measurement method can be used by changing the labeling reagent according to the type of the hydrophilic group.
- the sample is subjected to gas phase chemical modification with the labeling reagent, and the reaction rate (r) and reaction residue (m) of the labeling reagent are determined from the ESCA spectrum of the polyacrylic acid standard sample subjected to gas phase chemical modification at the same time. .
- the area intensity [F1s] of the F1s peak peak of 1s orbit of fluorine
- the area intensity [C1s] of the C1s peak peak of carbon 1s orbit
- Apparatus SSX-100 (manufactured by SSI, USA)
- Excited X-ray Aluminum K ⁇ 1,2 line (1486.6 eV)
- X-ray output 10 kV 20 mV
- Photoelectron escape angle 35 °
- Data processing adjusts the C1s peak position of neutral carbon (CH x ) to 284.6 eV.
- the carbonyl group and sulfonic acid group concentrations are described in “Journal of the Adhesion Society of Japan”, Vol. 27, no. 4 (1991), a wide scan or a narrow scan is performed, and the chemical state of the element is determined from the chemical shift of the narrow scan. Next, the narrow scan spectrum is obtained by dividing the peak.
- the ether group concentration can be obtained by subtracting the hydroxyl group concentration obtained by the gas phase chemical modification method from the CO bond concentration obtained by dividing the C1s peak (the above CO bond concentration is the ether group concentration). And the sum of the hydroxyl group concentrations).
- the hydrophilic group concentration measured from the supply side of the separation membrane is preferably in the range of 0.2 to 0.6, and more preferably in the range of 0.2 to 0.5.
- the protective layer contains a carboxyl group, and the carboxyl group concentration measured from the supply side of the separation membrane is preferably in the range of 0.001 to 0.03, preferably in the range of 0.001 to 0.02. More preferably, it is within.
- hydrophilic group concentration and the carboxyl concentration are within the above ranges, a high amount of permeate can be obtained while maintaining a high desalination rate, and the raw water contains a cationic organic substance (surfactant).
- the rate of decrease in permeated water can also be kept low.
- carboxyl group concentration exceeds 0.03, the water permeability tends to decrease.
- the primary amine concentration with respect to the total number of nitrogen atoms is preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.5, preferably 0.05 to 0.45. It is more preferable to be in the following range, and it is further preferable to be in the range of 0.10 to 0.4. Since the primary amine is an ionic hydrophilic group, if its concentration is less than 0.05, fouling due to an ionic surfactant or the like is suppressed, but the water production tends to decrease, If it exceeds 0.5, the amount of water produced increases, but fouling tends to occur.
- the sum of the hydroxyl group concentration and the secondary amine concentration is preferably in the range of 0.008 to 0.8, preferably 0.01 to 0.00. More preferably, it is in the range of 6 or less, and further preferably in the range of 0.05 or more and 0.6 or less. Since the hydroxyl group and the secondary amine are hydrophilic groups having low ionicity, if the sum of these concentrations is less than 0.008, it becomes difficult to obtain a fouling suppressing effect and a high amount of fresh water. There is a tendency that the film is hardly formed.
- the ratio of the number of chlorine atoms to the total number of carbon atoms is preferably 0.03 or less, and more preferably 0.02 or less.
- This ratio of the number of chlorine atoms is an index indicating the residual acid halide concentration of the separation membrane, and when it exceeds 0.03, the sufficient crosslinking reaction does not proceed, and the membrane performance tends to deteriorate.
- This chlorine atom number ratio is calculated by performing a wide scan using the above ESCA to obtain the composition ratio of each element.
- a polyfunctional aldehyde having at least two functional groups in one molecule such as glyoxal or glutaraldehyde
- the addition concentration is preferably in the range of 0.01% by weight or more and 5.0% by weight or less, more preferably in the range of 0.01% by weight or more and 1.0% by weight or less, More preferably, it is in the range of not less than 0.5% by weight.
- concentration is less than 0.01% by weight, the crosslinking density is lowered and the water insolubility of the crosslinked polymer is liable to be insufficient.
- the concentration is more than 5.0% by weight, the crosslinking density is increased and the amount of water produced tends to be reduced. Furthermore, the crosslinking reaction proceeds rapidly, gelation occurs at room temperature, and uniform coating becomes difficult.
- the acid used may be an inorganic acid or an organic acid.
- hydrochloric acid its concentration is preferably in the range of 0.01 mol / L or more and 1.0 mol / L or less. More preferably, it is in the range of 0.01 mol / L or more and 0.5 mol / L or less, and further preferably in the range of 0.01 mol / L or more and 0.3 mol / L or less.
- concentration is less than 0.01 mol / L, the function as a catalyst is hardly exhibited, and when it exceeds 1.0 mol / L, the separation functional layer tends to be hydrolyzed.
- the heating temperature is preferably in the range of 30 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower, more preferably in the range of 30 ° C. or higher and 130 ° C. or lower, and further in the range of 60 ° C. or higher and 130 ° C. or lower. preferable.
- the heating temperature is lower than 30 ° C, sufficient heating is not performed and the crosslinking reaction rate tends to decrease.
- the composite membrane obtained by this thermal crosslinking is washed with water, and further washed with water in the range of 30 ° C. to 70 ° C. to remove excess water-soluble substances and acid catalysts.
- the hydrophilicity of the membrane by bringing a surfactant into contact with the water-insoluble crosslinked polymer.
- a surfactant it is preferable to use a neutral surfactant such as polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, an anionic surfactant such as sodium normal dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and the like.
- the concentration is preferably in the range of 0.1 mg / L to 1,000 mg / L, and preferably in the range of 1 mg / L to 100 mg / L. And more preferred.
- the hydrophilicity of the film can be increased by contacting a compound having a surface tension within a range of 17 dyn / cm or more and 27 dyn / cm or less.
- a compound having a surface tension within a range of 17 dyn / cm or more and 27 dyn / cm or less.
- this compound for example, alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, ketones and the like can be used. Specifically, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and isobutyl alcohol can be used as alcohols, and hexane, octane, nonane, and decane can be used as hydrocarbons. .
- esters ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, ethyl propionate, and methyl caproate can be used, and as ketones, diethyl ketone can be used. These may be used alone or in combination.
- alcohols are preferably used, particularly methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol are preferably used, and isopropyl alcohol is more preferably used.
- the concentration to be used is preferably in the range of 0.1% by weight to 50% by weight, and more preferably in the range of 0.5% by weight to 15% by weight. When the concentration exceeds 50% by weight, the cost increases. When the concentration is less than 0.1% by weight, it is difficult to obtain the effect of improving water permeability.
- the time for contacting the surfactant and the compound having a surface tension in the range of 17 dyn / cm to 27 dyn / cm is preferably 10 seconds or more, and more preferably 1 minute or more.
- the above-described step of forming a water-insoluble protective layer having a hydrophilic group is performed before the step of imparting a difference in height to the separation membrane by embossing or dissimilar material arrangement. Is preferred.
- the method for manufacturing a separation membrane may include both a contact treatment and a protective layer formation treatment. That is, the separation membrane can include both the hydrophilic molecule provided by the contact treatment and the protective layer having a hydrophilic group.
- the step of drying the separation membrane may be performed after the step of forming the protective layer.
- the separation membrane of the present invention containing a hydrophilic molecule can be passed through even after drying without any other pretreatment such as hydrophilic treatment. However, even higher water permeability can be exhibited by bringing the dried separation membrane into contact with an alcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an aqueous solution thereof before use.
- the separation membrane of the present invention can suppress deterioration in water permeability due to drying. Whether or not the water permeability performance is substantially reduced by drying is determined by evaluating the water permeability and the blocking performance. That is, when the separation membrane is dried, the hydrophobicity and pores are not reduced and the water permeability is not reduced, or when the separation membrane is dried, cracks are generated and the water permeability is increased. Evaluate if there is no decline.
- the height difference separation membrane preferably has a height difference of 80 ⁇ m or more and 2000 ⁇ m or less on at least one of the supply side and the permeation side. “Having a height difference” may be rephrased as “having unevenness”. There is no particular limitation on the order in which the steps for providing the height difference and the other steps are performed, but if the step of bringing the separation membrane into contact with the hydrophilic molecule solution is performed first, the hydrophilic molecules attached to the separation membrane are protected. Therefore, it is possible to reduce damage due to film rubbing when surrounding elements and embossing and hot-melt dissimilar material placement described below. If it does so, the fall of the desalination rate of a separation membrane and the fall of an element recovery rate can be suppressed.
- the element recovery rate means the number of leaves in which an air leak has occurred / the number of leaves used for evaluation by subjecting the separation membrane element to an air leak test in water and counting the number of leaves in which the leak has occurred.
- the method for providing the height difference is not particularly limited.
- the separation membrane itself may be provided with a height difference by embossing, hydraulic forming, or calendering, or the supply side surface and / or the permeation side of the separation membrane.
- a discontinuous member formed of a different material having excellent flow path forming ability may be disposed on the surface.
- the uneven shape retaining property can be improved by performing a heat treatment at 40 to 150 ° C. after forming the separation membrane.
- the heat treatment temperature after forming the separation membrane can be identified using a known method by removing only the base material from the separation membrane and measuring the DSC of the base material.
- the discontinuous different materials can be arranged on the supply side surface and / or the permeation side surface of the separation membrane to give a height difference.
- Examples of the embossing method include roll embossing.
- the pressure treatment and the heat treatment are performed simultaneously, the affinity between the separation functional layer and the protective layer is improved, so that both can be firmly fixed.
- the protective layer is easily dissolved in water, and is difficult to be retained in the separation functional layer. Therefore, the protective layer is stably retained in the separation functional layer by pressure heat treatment. be able to.
- the separation functional layer is easily broken by the embossing roll, and defects are likely to occur.
- the presence of the protective layer on the surface of the separation membrane can suppress the occurrence of defects.
- the defect rate on the separation membrane surface is preferably 1% or less.
- the defect rate on the surface of the separation membrane defined in the present invention is a value called a defect rate, and is obtained as follows.
- the separation membrane after pressure molding is cut out at 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm, and the surface on the separation functional layer side is dyed with a dye that is not adsorbed on the separation membrane. Thereafter, the separation membrane is washed with running water, and the area of the stained portion, which is a defective portion of the separation membrane, is divided by the cut-out area (that is, 25 cm 2 ).
- the value calculated in this way is the defect rate.
- the area of the dyed portion of the separation membrane can be obtained by image analysis of a digital image obtained by scanning the dyed separation membrane with a digital scanner.
- the pressure and processing temperature when carrying out the roll embossing can be appropriately determined according to the melting point of the material contained in the separation membrane.
- the linear pressure is preferably 10 kg / cm or more and 60 kg / cm or less
- the heating temperature is preferably 40 ° C. or more and 150 ° C. or less, and more preferably 50 ° C. or more and 130 ° C. or less.
- the linear pressure is preferably 10 kg / cm or more and 70 kg / cm or less
- the roll heating temperature is preferably 70 ° C. or more and 160 ° C. or less.
- a winding speed of 1 m / min or more and 20 m / min or less is preferable in any case.
- the separation membrane When the pressure separation heat treatment is performed on the separation membrane under such conditions, the separation membrane is consolidated at the convex portions, so that the thickness of the porous support layer and the substrate becomes thinner than that of the concave portions.
- the ratio of the thickness of the porous support layer at the convex portion of the separation membrane surface to the thickness of the porous support layer at the concave portion of the separation membrane surface after the pressure heat treatment is 0.1 or more and 0.95 or less, and When the ratio of the thickness of the base material in the convex portion of the separation membrane surface to the thickness of the base material in the concave portion is 0.1 or more and 0.95 or less, the physical affinity between the protective layer and the separation functional layer is improved, and the protective layer It is possible to improve the retainability to the separation functional layer.
- the shape of the roll handle is not particularly limited, but it is important to reduce the flow resistance of the flow path and stabilize the flow path when supplying and permeating fluid to the separation membrane element. is there.
- the membrane obtained by embossing is similar to the separation membrane 1 and the separation membrane 11 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the convex portion on the supply side surface corresponds to the concave portion on the transmission side, and the concave portion on the supply side surface Corresponds to the convex portion of the surface on the transmission side.
- the height difference is indicated by the symbol H.
- the separation membrane to which the height difference is given by the discontinuous members formed of different materials will be described in detail. Since the discontinuous member is one of the components of the separation membrane, the portion excluding the discontinuous member is referred to as the separation membrane main body, and the configuration including the separation membrane main body and the discontinuous member is referred to as the separation membrane. There is.
- a different material is a substance having a chemical structure different from that of the material constituting the surface of the separation membrane body on which the discontinuous members are provided.
- the discontinuous member composition is not particularly limited, but in terms of chemical resistance, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypolypropylene, and copolymerized polyolefins are preferable, and dots and linear materials made of polymers such as urethane and epoxy are used. .
- the discontinuous member not only can stably form the permeate-side flow path even when pressure is applied to the separation membrane built into the element, but it also has a low flow resistance compared to the conventional net and forms a highly efficient flow path. can do.
- the discontinuous member and the separation membrane are bonded. Because of the adhesion, the discontinuous member is a functional membrane compared to a member that is a continuous body and does not adhere to the separation membrane, even if rapid pressure fluctuation or flow fluctuation occurs. It is hard to damage the surface and has excellent durability.
- discontinuous refers to a shape in which the projected image on the surface of the separation membrane is discontinuous. That is, the discontinuous member is divided into a plurality of parts, that is, an aggregate of a plurality of members, and each member is separable from each other.
- discontinuity can also be said to mean that the distance between adjacent members is such that fluid can flow between the members.
- each discontinuous member examples include a hemispherical shape, a cone shape (including a cone shape and a pyramid shape), a columnar shape (including a columnar shape and a prismatic shape), and a wall shape. That is, specific examples of the planar shape of the discontinuous member (the shape in the direction parallel to the surface direction of the separation membrane main body) include a circular shape (including an ellipse and a perfect circle) and a linear shape. Moreover, hemispherical, rectangular shape etc. are mentioned as a cross-sectional shape of the discontinuous member in the thickness direction of a separation membrane.
- the plurality of linear or wall-like flow path materials provided on one separation membrane may be arranged so as not to cross each other, for example, may be arranged parallel to each other.
- each of the separation membranes 12 to 14 shown in FIGS. 3 to 5 includes a flat separation membrane body 121, but the cross-sectional shape of the discontinuous member is different. That is, the cross section of the discontinuous member 22 in FIG. 3 is round at the top and rectangular at the bottom. The cross section of the discontinuous member 23 in FIG. 4 is trapezoidal. The cross section of the discontinuous member 24 in FIG. 5 is rectangular.
- FIGS. 3 to 5 are provided with a circular dot-like member 25 and a wall-like member 26 as discontinuous members, respectively.
- the cross sections of FIGS. 3 to 5 may be applied to any of the forms of FIGS.
- the method of disposing discontinuous dissimilar materials on the supply side surface and / or the permeate side surface of the separation membrane is not particularly limited, and methods such as resin application by hot melt, printing, and spraying are used.
- a membrane element having excellent pressure resistance and flow stability can be designed. Furthermore, when handling high-temperature fluids, there is less movement on the membrane surface of the channel material compared to conventional channel materials such as nets and tricots, which can prevent membrane damage and dramatically increase the desalination rate. To stabilize.
- the height difference between the supply side surface and / or the permeation side surface of the separation membrane (the difference in height between the convex portion and the concave portion) can be changed so as to satisfy the required separation characteristics and water permeation performance.
- the height difference can be adjusted by changing the pressure heat treatment conditions for embossing, for example, and it can be adjusted freely by changing the processing temperature when discontinuous dissimilar materials are placed by the hot melt method. Can do.
- the height difference on the supply side surface of the separation membrane is preferably 80 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 100 ⁇ m or more. Further, the difference in height on the supply side surface is preferably 2000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 500 ⁇ m or less.
- the height difference in the separation membrane can be measured using a commercially available shape measurement system.
- the height difference can be measured by observing a cross section of the separation membrane with a laser microscope, or the height difference can be measured by observing the surface of the separation membrane with a high-precision shape measurement system KS-1100 manufactured by Keyence.
- You can also Measurements may be performed at locations where there is a height difference, and the average value obtained by dividing the sum of the height values of each measurement location by the total number of measurement locations can be considered as ⁇ level difference ''. it can.
- the height difference only needs to satisfy the above-described range in any of the measurement methods listed in this document. Specific measurement methods will be described in Examples.
- the pitch of the height difference of the separation membrane is preferably 0.2 mm or more, and more preferably 0.5 mm or more. Further, the pitch is preferably 10 mm or less, and more preferably 3 mm or less. For the same reason, the pitch is preferably at least 1/10 times the groove width, and preferably 50 times or less.
- the pitch is a horizontal distance from the highest point on the convex portion on one side of the separation membrane where there is a height difference to the highest point on another convex portion located next to the convex portion.
- the ratio of the convex area having can be freely adjusted so that the required separation characteristics and water permeation performance are satisfied. If this ratio is too high, the flow resistance becomes too large, and the amount of water produced becomes small even if it is made into an element. On the other hand, if the ratio is too low, the flow resistance becomes small, but it becomes difficult to make the flow uniform, concentration polarization occurs, and the element performance deteriorates.
- the ratio is preferably 5% or more and 95% or less with respect to the observation area (two-dimensional area) from the upper part of the membrane surface, and 35% or more in terms of flow resistance and flow path stability. It is particularly preferred that it is 85% or less. This ratio is defined as the convex area ratio.
- a separation membrane containing hydrophilic molecules and having a height difference of 80 ⁇ m or more and 2000 ⁇ m or less on at least one of the supply side and the permeation side, and the weight of the hydrophilic molecules in the separation membrane after absolutely dry A separation membrane that is 0.1% or more and 40% or less of the weight of the separation membrane after absolute drying excluding the weight of hydrophilic molecules.
- the sugar chain compound is at least one saccharide selected from monosaccharides, disaccharides, and trisaccharides.
- the polyhydric alcohol is at least one compound selected from polyvinyl alcohol, glycols, glycerin, and polyglycerin.
- the supply side of the separation membrane is covered with a protective layer having at least one hydrophilic group selected from the group consisting of a secondary amine, a hydroxyl group and an ether group, and is separated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
- the separation membrane according to any one of the above.
- the hydrophilic group concentration measured from the supply side of the separation membrane using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is in the range of 0.2 to 0.6 and the carboxyl group concentration is in the range of 0.001 to 0.03.
- the said protective layer is a separation membrane as described in (6) or (7) which contains the crosslinked material of the water-soluble organic polymer which has the said hydrophilic group as a main component.
- the water-possible organic polymer is polyvinyl alcohol, partially saponified polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyallylamine, polyethyleneimine, polyepiaminohydrin, amine-modified polyepichlorohydrin, polyacrylamide,
- the separation membrane according to (8) which is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid amide, polyethylene glycol, and cellulose derivatives.
- the separation functional layer contains a crosslinked polyamide as a main component.
- the ratio of the thickness of the porous resin layer or the porous resin layer in the convex portion of the separation membrane surface to the thickness of the porous resin layer in the concave portion of the separation membrane surface is 0.1 or more and 0.95 or less
- the separation membrane according to any one of (10) to (12), wherein the ratio of the thickness of the base material at the convex portion on the separation membrane surface to the thickness of the base material at the concave portion on the separation membrane surface is 0.1 or more and 0.95 or less .
- the porous resin layer may be referred to as a porous support layer.
- the technical scope of the present invention includes the following method for manufacturing a separation membrane.
- A providing a height difference of 80 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less to at least one surface of the supply side and the permeation side of the separation membrane; Hydrophilic molecules in the separation membrane so that the weight of the hydrophilic molecules in the separation membrane after absolute drying is 0.1% or more and 40% or less of the weight of the separation membrane after absolute drying excluding the weight of the hydrophilic molecules.
- a step of contacting A method for producing a separation membrane.
- B The method for producing a separation membrane according to (a), wherein the step of imparting a difference in height to the separation membrane is performed after the step of bringing the hydrophilic molecules into contact with the separation membrane.
- the step of bringing a hydrophilic molecule into contact with the separation membrane includes applying a water-soluble organic polymer aqueous solution to the separation membrane, and crosslinking the water-soluble organic polymer to form a water-insoluble protective layer.
- the separation membrane element can comprise any of the separation membranes described above. An example of the configuration of the separation membrane element will be described with reference to FIG.
- the separation membrane element 100 includes a separation membrane 2, a net 3, a tricot 4, a water collection pipe 6, a first end plate 7 and a second end plate 8.
- the separation membrane 2 is bonded to form an envelope-like membrane 20.
- the envelope membrane 20 forms a wound body 28 by being wound in a spiral shape around the water collecting pipe 6.
- Other members such as a film may be wound around the outer periphery of the wound body 28 to protect the wound body 28.
- the net 3 is disposed so as to face the supply side surface of the separation membrane 2 and is wound around the water collecting pipe 6 together with the separation membrane 2.
- the tricot 4 is disposed so as to face the permeation side surface of the separation membrane 2 and is wound around the water collecting pipe 6 together with the separation membrane 2.
- One or both of the net 3 and the tricot 4 can be omitted.
- the water collecting pipe 6 is a hollow cylindrical member, and has a plurality of holes on the side surface.
- the first end plate 7 is a disk-shaped member having a plurality of supply ports.
- the first end plate 7 is disposed at the first end of the wound body 28.
- the second end plate 8 includes an outlet for concentrated fluid and an outlet for permeated fluid.
- the second end plate 8 is disposed at the second end of the wound body 28.
- the fluid separation by the separation membrane element 100 will be described.
- the raw fluid 101 is supplied to the winding body 28 from the supply port of the first end plate 7.
- the raw fluid 101 moves in the supply side flow path formed by the net 3 on the supply side of the separation membrane 2.
- the fluid that has permeated the separation membrane 2 (shown as the permeate fluid 102 in the figure) moves in the permeate-side flow path formed by the tricot 4.
- the permeated fluid 102 that has reached the water collection pipe 6 enters the water collection pipe 6 through the hole of the water collection pipe 6.
- the permeated fluid 102 that has flowed through the water collection pipe 6 is discharged from the second end plate 8 to the outside.
- the fluid that has not permeated the separation membrane 2 moves through the supply-side flow path and is discharged from the second end plate 8 to the outside.
- the raw fluid 101 is separated into the permeated fluid 102 and the concentrated fluid 103.
- a spiral type separation membrane element is formed by winding a separation membrane and, if necessary, one or more laminates of a supply side channel material and / or a permeate side channel material around a perforated hollow water collecting pipe. It is a thing.
- the method for producing the separation membrane element of the present invention is not limited, but the polyamide separation functional layer is laminated on the porous support layer and the base material, and after obtaining the separation membrane, the element is produced by forming the permeation side flow path material. A typical method is described below.
- Resin is dissolved in a good solvent, and the resulting resin solution is cast on a substrate and immersed in pure water to combine the porous support layer and the substrate. Thereafter, as described above, a separation functional layer is formed on the porous support layer. Furthermore, chemical treatment with chlorine, acid, alkali, nitrous acid or the like is performed to improve separation performance and permeation performance as necessary, and the monomer is washed to produce a continuous sheet of separation membrane.
- a separation membrane containing hydrophilic molecules is produced by bringing the sheet into contact with hydrophilic molecules. Before or after the application of the hydrophilic molecules, the separation membrane is given a height difference by embossing or dissimilar material arrangement.
- an 8-inch element having 26 leaves and an effective leaf area of 37 m 2 is manufactured using a conventional element manufacturing apparatus.
- a method described in a reference document Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 44-14216, Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 4-11928, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-226366 can be used.
- the leaves having grooves on the supply side may be opposed to each other so that the groove of one leaf and the groove of the other leaf constitute a flow path on the supply side.
- the separation membrane of the present invention Since the separation membrane of the present invention has a low water content, there is almost no moisture absorption by the adhesive that bonds the leaves together, and foaming due to moisture absorption by the adhesive can be suppressed.
- the adhesive foams the porosity per unit volume of the adhesive increases and the strength decreases. Then, when the element is operated under pressure, leakage from the foaming portion occurs and the function as the separation membrane element is not achieved, so that the recovery rate of the separation membrane element is lowered.
- separation membrane element produced in this way may be used as a separation membrane module by being connected in series or in parallel and housed in a pressure vessel.
- the separation membrane element and module described above can be combined with a pump for supplying fluid to them, a device for pretreating the fluid, and the like to constitute a fluid separation device.
- the supplied water can be separated into permeated water such as drinking water and concentrated water that has not permeated through the membrane, and water suitable for the purpose can be obtained.
- the operating pressure at the time of passing the water to be treated is preferably 0.2 MPa or more and 5 MPa or less.
- the salt desalting rate decreases, but as the feed water temperature decreases, the membrane permeation flux also decreases.
- scales such as magnesium may be generated in the case of feed water with a high salt concentration such as seawater, and there is a concern about deterioration of the membrane due to high pH operation. Is preferred.
- the fluid to be treated by the separation membrane element is not particularly limited, but when used for water treatment, the supply water is 500 mg / L to 100 g / L TDS (Total Dissolved Solids: total dissolved solids) such as seawater, brine, and wastewater. For example).
- TDS Total Dissolved Solids: total dissolved solids
- mass ⁇ volume or “weight ratio”.
- the solution filtered with a 0.45 micron filter can be calculated from the weight of the residue by evaporating at a temperature of 39.5 to 40.5 ° C, but more simply converted from practical salt (S) To do.
- Air leak test (1.0 MPa) of the separation membrane element in water, counting the number of leaves where the leak occurred, (1-number of leaves where air leak occurred / number of leaves used for evaluation) x 100 (%) The recovery rate was used.
- the water permeation amount (cubic meter) per day per separation membrane element was expressed as the water production amount (m 3 / day) before chemical treatment. In addition, it added when the measured value after 1 hour and the measured value after 8 hours were 1 m ⁇ 3 > / day or more.
- TDS desalination rate (Desalination rate before chemical treatment (TDS desalination rate))
- TDS desalting rate (%) before chemical treatment was calculated as 100 ⁇ (1 ⁇ TDS concentration in permeated water / TDS concentration in feed water).
- the weight of the separation membrane after the drying treatment under the conditions shown in Table 1 to Table 5 is the weight of the separation membrane before the absolute drying treatment, and it is sufficiently washed with a solution obtained by diluting isopropanol made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. to 50% with pure water.
- the weight of the separation membrane dried at 105 ° C. for 2 hours is defined as the weight of the separation membrane in the absolutely dry state, and the moisture content is (weight of the separation membrane before the absolutely drying treatment ⁇ the weight of the separation membrane in the absolutely dry state) / before the absolutely drying treatment. It calculated in accordance with the formula of separation membrane weight x 100 (%).
- a separation membrane containing a hydrophilic molecule is dried at 105 ° C. for 2 hours (absolutely dried).
- the weight of the separation membrane is X, and the hydrophilic membrane is not contained at 105 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the weight of the separation membrane after dry treatment was calculated as (XY) / Y ⁇ 100 (%), where Y is Y.
- the separation membrane element permeated water amount of the separation membrane obtained by bringing the separation membrane into contact with the hydrophilic molecule solution and then drying under the conditions shown in Tables 1 to 5 is the permeation amount per cubic membrane element (cubic meter). ) was defined as the amount of fresh water (m 3 / day) after the drying treatment.
- the water re-permeability is the rate of change in the amount of water produced before and after the drying treatment, and is expressed by (the amount of the water produced after the drying treatment) / (the amount of the water produced before the drying treatment) ⁇ 100 (%), and shows a value close to 100%.
- the membrane is less affected by drying and has a higher re-water permeability.
- porous support membrane roll was unwound and an aqueous solution containing 1.8% by weight of m-PDA and 4.5% by weight of ⁇ -caprolactam was applied to the polysulfone surface.
- a 25 ° C n-decane solution containing 0.06% by weight of trimesic acid chloride was applied so that the surface of the support membrane was completely wetted. did.
- excess solution was removed from the membrane by air blowing and washed with hot water at 80 ° C.
- the separation membrane roll was obtained by draining with air blow.
- the separation membrane is folded and cut so that the effective area at the separation membrane element is 37 m 2 , and a net (thickness: 900 ⁇ m, pitch: 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm) is arranged as a supply-side flow path material, so that 930 mm Twenty-six leaf-like materials having a width were produced.
- Example 1 After producing a separation membrane roll by the same method as in Reference Example 1, the separation membrane roll was immersed in an aqueous solution of 7% polyglycerol (20-mer) at 25 ° C. (trade name: PGL X) for 2 minutes at 25 ° C. Furthermore, the drying process for 5 minutes was performed at 80 degreeC. Next, by performing embossing with a rhombus embossing roll at 110 ° C. and 40 kg / cm, a difference in height was imparted (embossing) to the surface on the supply side of the separation membrane.
- PGL X polyglycerol
- the defect rate after embossing is 0.69%, and the moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane are 5.0% and 6. 3%.
- Example 1 For the separation membrane roll of Example 1, an 8-inch element was produced by the same method as in Reference Example 1 and operated under the same conditions as in Reference Example 1. As a result, the water production and desalting rate were 37.9 m 3 / day and 97. 0%. The water re-permeability was 90.2%, and a high amount of fresh water could be maintained even after drying. Further, the recovery rate was 99.0%, and the rate of change in the amount of water produced before and after the chemical treatment was 4.1%. Thus, even when the separation membrane was molded and dried, good water permeability was obtained.
- Example 2 A separation membrane roll was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the step of bringing the moisturizing agent into contact with the separation membrane and then performing the drying process after embossing and dot processing were performed. As a result, the defect rate of the obtained separation membrane was 1.39%. Further, the moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 5.0% and 6.2%, respectively.
- Example 3 The separation membrane was entirely the same as in Example 1 except that the net (thickness: 900 ⁇ m, pitch: 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm) was used as the flow path material without embossing the surface on the supply side of the separation membrane. A roll was produced. The moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 5.0% and 6.4%, respectively.
- Example 4 Do not perform dot processing on the permeate side surface of the separation membrane, but use tricot (thickness: 300 ⁇ m, groove width: 200 ⁇ m, ridge width: 300 ⁇ m, groove depth: 105 ⁇ m) as the channel material
- a separation membrane roll was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 5.0% and 6.3%, respectively.
- Example 5 A separation membrane roll was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the drying temperature was 110 ° C.
- the moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 5.0% and 4.5%, respectively.
- Example 6 A separation membrane roll was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the drying temperature was 140 ° C.
- the water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 5.0% and 3.0%, respectively.
- Example 7 A separation membrane roll was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that glycerin was used as a moisturizing agent.
- the water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.7% and 6.3%, respectively.
- Example 8 The separation membrane was the same as in Example 7, except that the net (thickness: 900 ⁇ m, pitch: 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm) was used as the flow path material without embossing the supply side surface of the separation membrane. A roll was produced. The water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.7% and 6.3%, respectively.
- Example 9 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that trehalose was used as a humectant.
- the water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.9% and 6.3%, respectively.
- Example 10 The separation membrane was the same as in Example 9 except that the net (thickness: 900 ⁇ m, pitch: 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm) was used as the flow path material without embossing the supply side surface of the separation membrane. A roll was produced. The water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.9% and 6.4%, respectively.
- Example 11 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that polyvinyl alcohol was used as a humectant.
- the water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.2% and 6.4%, respectively.
- Example 12 The separation membrane is the same as that of Example 10 except that a net (thickness: 900 ⁇ m, pitch: 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm) is used as a flow path material without embossing the surface on the supply side of the separation membrane. A roll was produced. The water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.2% and 6.4%, respectively.
- Example 13 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that galactose was used as a moisturizing agent.
- the moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.2% and 6.2%, respectively.
- Example 14 The separation membrane was the same as in Example 13 except that the surface (thickness: 900 ⁇ m, pitch: 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm) was used as the flow path material without embossing the surface on the supply side of the separation membrane. A roll was produced. The water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.2% and 6.3%, respectively.
- Example 15 A separation membrane roll was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that diethylene glycol was used as a humectant.
- the water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.1% and 5.9%, respectively.
- Example 16 The separation membrane was the same as in Example 15 except that the surface (thickness: 900 ⁇ m, pitch: 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm) was used as the flow path material without embossing the surface on the supply side of the separation membrane. A roll was produced. The water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecules to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.1% and 6.2%, respectively.
- Example 17 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polyglycerin concentration was 3% and the contact time was 8 seconds. The moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 5.0% and 0.3%, respectively.
- Example 18 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polyglycerol concentration was 30% and the contact time was 180 seconds.
- the moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 5.0% and 39.6%, respectively.
- Example 19 The element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the substrate orientation was changed to a substrate having a fiber orientation degree of 20 ° on the porous support layer side and a surface layer on the opposite side of the porous support layer: 40 °. .
- the water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.9% and 6.3%, respectively.
- Example 20 An 8-inch element was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the steps for obtaining a separation membrane roll were as follows, and operated under the same conditions as in Reference Example 1.
- a non-woven fabric made of polyester fiber (yarn diameter: 1 dtex, thickness: about 90 ⁇ m, air permeability: 1 cc / cm 2 / sec)
- 20.0% by weight of polysulfone and a dimethylformamide (N, N-dimethylformamide) solution are 180 ⁇ m.
- a porous support membrane (thickness 130 ⁇ m) roll comprising a fiber-reinforced polysulfone support membrane.
- aqueous solution containing 1.8% by weight of m-PDA and 4.5% by weight of ⁇ -caprolactam was applied to the polysulfone surface.
- a 25 ° C n-decane solution containing 0.06% by weight of trimesic acid chloride was applied so that the surface of the support membrane was completely wetted. did.
- excess solution was removed from the membrane by air blowing, and then a decane solution containing 0.06% by weight trimesic acid chloride and 0.048% by weight trimellitic anhydride chloride (molar ratio 1) was completely removed on the surface. It applied so that it might get wet.
- trimellitic anhydride chloride molar ratio 1
- a hydrophilic protective film was formed. That is, an aqueous solution containing 0.1% by weight of polyethyleneimine (weight average molecular weight 600) was applied to the surface of the pre-treatment film obtained above, and then dried at 60 ° C. for 30 seconds using a hot air dryer. Next, in order to coat the hydrophilic protective layer on the separation membrane, an acid catalyst is added to an aqueous solution containing 1.0% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol (weight average molecular weight 2,000) and 0.114% by weight of glutaraldehyde. An aqueous solution to which hydrochloric acid was added at 0.1 mol / L was applied to the film surface. Then, the water-insoluble protective layer was formed by heat-crosslinking for 2 minutes at 80 degreeC using a hot air dryer.
- polyethyleneimine weight average molecular weight 600
- embossing with a rhombus embossing roll was imparted to the supply side surface of the separation membrane at 110 ° C. and 40 kg / cm (embossing)
- An ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin (trade name: 703A) was hot-melted on the surface on the transmission side, and a dot having a height of 230 ⁇ m was applied to give a height difference (dot processing).
- the horizontal distance from the highest part of the convex part on the surface on the supply side of the separation membrane to the highest part of the adjacent convex part was counted at 200 places, and the average value was taken as the pitch.
- the defect rate of the embossed film was 0.65%.
- the water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.2% and 6.4%, respectively.
- the amount of water produced and the desalting rate were 45.2 m 3 / day and 97.8%.
- the water re-permeability was 97.0%, and a high amount of fresh water could be maintained even after drying.
- the recovery rate was 97.5%, and the rate of change in the amount of fresh water before and after the chemical treatment was 2.0%.
- Example 21 The separation membrane was the same as in Example 20 except that the net (thickness: 900 ⁇ m, pitch: 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm) was used as the flow path material without embossing the supply side surface of the separation membrane. A roll was produced. The water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.2% and 6.4%, respectively.
- Example 22 An aqueous solution obtained by adding hydrochloric acid as an acid catalyst to 0.2 mol / L to an aqueous solution containing 2.0% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol (weight average molecular weight 2,000) and 0.173% by weight of glutaraldehyde as a membrane A separation membrane roll was produced in the same manner as in Example 20 except that the coating was applied to the surface.
- the defect rate of the separation membrane after embossing is 0.55%, and the moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane are 4.6%, respectively. And 6.6%.
- Example 23 An aqueous solution obtained by adding hydrochloric acid as an acid catalyst to an aqueous solution containing 2.6% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol (weight average molecular weight: 2,000) 2.6% by weight and 0.196% by weight of glutaraldehyde as a membrane to 0.22 mol / L A separation membrane roll was produced in the same manner as in Example 20 except that the coating was applied to the surface.
- the defect rate of the separation membrane after embossing is 0.50%, and the moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane are 5.1%, respectively. And 6.9%.
- Example 24 An aqueous solution obtained by adding hydrochloric acid as an acid catalyst to an aqueous solution containing 0.63% by weight of polyvinyl alcohol (weight average molecular weight 2,000) and 0.087% by weight of glutaraldehyde to a concentration of 0.08 mol / L as a membrane A separation membrane roll was produced in the same manner as in Example 20 except that the coating was applied to the surface.
- the defect rate of the separation membrane after embossing is 0.71%, and the moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane are 4.9%, respectively. And 5.5%.
- Example 25 While unwinding the porous resin roll, it is immersed in an aqueous solution containing 3.0% by weight of m-phenylenediamine for 1 minute to remove excess aqueous solution from the membrane surface, and then containing 0.06% by weight of trimesic acid chloride. The decane solution was applied so that the surface was completely wetted.
- a separation membrane roll was produced by the same method as in Example 20 except for this step. The defect rate of the separation membrane was 1.43%.
- the moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment, and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 4.0% and 4.5%, respectively.
- Example 1 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the contact with the 7% polyglycerol aqueous solution and the drying treatment were not performed. The obtained defect rate was 1.51%. The water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment was 51.2%.
- Example 2 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was not brought into contact with the 7% polyglycerol aqueous solution. The water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment was 5.0%.
- Example 3 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the contact with the 7% polyglycerol aqueous solution and the drying treatment were not performed. The water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment was 51.2%.
- Example 4 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polyglycerol concentration was 1% and the contact time was 2 seconds.
- the water content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 5.0% and 0.05%, respectively.
- Example 5 A separation membrane roll was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polyglycerol concentration was 42% and the contact time was 200 seconds. The defect rate of the separation membrane was 1.30%. The moisture content of the separation membrane roll after the drying treatment and the weight ratio of the hydrophilic molecule to the absolutely dry separation membrane were 5.0% and 48.9%, respectively.
- the separation membrane element obtained according to the present invention has high water production performance, excellent removal performance, and re-water permeability.
- the separation membrane element of the present invention can be particularly suitably used for desalination of brine and seawater.
Abstract
Description
(1)親水性分子を含有し、かつ供給側および透過側の少なくとも一方の面に80μm以上2000μm以下の高低差を有する分離膜であって、絶乾後の分離膜における親水性分子の重量が、親水性分子の重量を除いた絶乾後の分離膜の重量の0.1%以上40%以下である分離膜。
(2)分離膜の供給側および透過側の少なくとも一方の面に80μm以上1000μm以下の高低差を付与する工程と、絶乾後の分離膜における親水性分子の重量が、親水性分子の重量を除いた絶乾後の分離膜の重量の0.1%以上40%以下となるように、分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる工程と、を備える分離膜の製造方法。
分離膜とは、分離膜表面に供給される流体中の成分を分離し、分離膜を透過した透過流体を得ることができる膜である。分離膜は、例えば、分離機能層、多孔性支持層、基材を備えることができる。分離機能層としては、孔径制御、耐久性の点で架橋高分子が好ましく使用され、成分の分離性能の点で、多孔性支持層上に、多官能アミンと多官能酸ハロゲン化物とを重縮合させてなる分離機能層、有機無機ハイブリッド機能層などが好適に用いることができる。
分離機能層の厚みとしては限定されないが、分離性能と透過性能の点で5~3000nmであることが好ましい。特に逆浸透膜、正浸透膜、ナノろ過膜では5~300nmであることが好ましい。
分離機能層はポリアミドを主成分として含有するポリアミド膜であってもよい。ポリアミド膜は、多官能アミンと多官能酸ハロゲン化物との界面重縮合により形成することができる。ここで、多官能アミンまたは多官能酸ハロゲン化物の少なくとも一方が3官能以上の化合物を含んでいることが好ましい。
さらに、分離機能層は、Si元素などを有する有機-無機ハイブリッド構造を有してもよい。このような分離機能層を備える分離膜を有機無機ハイブリッド膜と称する。有機無機ハイブリッド膜は、成形性および耐薬品性の点で優れる。有機無機ハイブリッド構造を有する分離機能層の組成は、特に限定されないが、分離機能層は、例えば、(A)エチレン性不飽和基を有する反応性基および加水分解性基がケイ素原子に直接結合したケイ素化合物、ならびに(B)前記化合物(A)以外の化合物であってエチレン性不飽和基を有する化合物を含有することができる。具体的には、分離機能層は、化合物(A)の加水分解性基の縮合物ならびに化合物(A)および/または(B)のエチレン性不飽和基の重合物を含有してもよい。すなわち、分離機能層は、
・化合物(A)のみが縮合および/または重合することで形成された重合物、
・化合物(B)のみが重合して形成された重合物、並びに
・化合物(A)と化合物(B)との共重合物
のうちの少なくとも1種の重合物を含有することができる。なお、重合物には縮合物が含まれる。また、化合物(A)と化合物(B)との共重合体中で、化合物(A)は、加水分解性基を介して縮合していてもよい。
Si(R1)m(R2)n(R3)4-m-n ・・・(a)
(R1はエチレン性不飽和基を含む反応性基を示す。R2はアルコキシ基、アルケニルオキシ基、カルボキシ基、ケトオキシム基、ハロゲン原子またはイソシアネート基のいずれかを表す。R3はHまたはアルキル基を表す。m、nはm+n≦4を満たす整数であり、m≧1、n≧1を満たすものとする。R1、R2、R3それぞれにおいて2以上の官能基がケイ素原子に結合している場合、同一であっても異なっていてもよい。)
R1はエチレン性不飽和基を含む反応性基であり、上で説明したとおりである。
多孔性支持層として、分離膜としての性能を保持しつつ支持機能を有する膜を用いることができる。
さらに分離膜の強度、寸法安定性、凹凸形成能の点で、基材を用いてもよい。基材としては、強度、凹凸形成能、流体透過性の点で繊維状基材を用いることが好ましい。基材としては、長繊維不織布及び短繊維不織布のいずれも好ましく用いることができる。特に、長繊維不織布は、優れた製膜性を有するので、高分子重合体の溶液を流延した際に、その溶液が過浸透により裏抜けすること、多孔性支持層が剥離すること、さらには基材の毛羽立ち等により膜が不均一化すること、及びピンホール等の欠点が生じたりすることを抑制できる。また、基材が熱可塑性連続フィラメントより構成される長繊維不織布からなることにより、短繊維不織布を用いたときに起こる、毛羽立ちによって生じる高分子溶液流延時の不均一化や、膜欠点を抑制することができる。また、分離膜の連続製膜においては、製膜方向に対し張力がかけられることからも、基材にはより寸法安定性に優れる長繊維不織布を用いることが好ましい。
分離膜は、表面および内部の少なくとも一方に親水性分子を含有する。
親水基濃度=測定された親水基量(モル数)/測定された全炭素量(モル数)
親水基としては、水酸基やアミノ基、エーテル基、カルボニル基、スルホン酸基、カルボキシル基があり、第二級アミン、水酸基およびエーテル基からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの官能基を有するものである。これらの親水基濃度は、「Journalof Polymer Science」,Vol.26,559-572(1988)および「日本接着学会誌」,Vol.27,No.4(1991)で例示されているX線光電子分光法(ESCA)を用いることにより求めることができる。
装置:SSX-100(米国SSI社製)
励起X線:アルミニウム K α 1、2線(1486.6eV)
X線出力:10kV 20mV
光電子脱出角度:35°
データ処理は中性炭素(CHx)のC1sピーク位置を284.6eVに合わせる。
分離膜は、供給側および透過側の少なくとも一方の面に80μm以上2000μm以下の高低差を有することが好ましい。「高低差を有する」とは、「凹凸を有する」と言い換えられてもよい。高低差を付与する工程と他の工程との実施の順序は特に限定されないが、分離膜を親水性分子溶液へ接触させる工程を先に行うことでは、分離膜に付着した親水性分子が保護層として機能するため、後述するエンボス加工およびホットメルトによる異素材配置、並びにエレメント巻囲時の膜擦れによる損傷を軽減できる。そうすると、分離膜の脱塩率低下やエレメント回収率の低下を抑制できる。ここで、エレメント回収率とは、分離膜エレメントを水中でエアリークテストし、リークが発生したリーフ数をカウントして、エアリークが発生したリーフ数/評価に供したリーフ数を意味する。
エンボス成形法としては、例えばロールエンボス加工などが挙げられる。この場合、加圧処理と熱処理を同時に行うと、分離機能層と保護層の親和性が向上するため、両者を強固に固定することができる。特に、供給水(つまり原流体)の温度が高温の場合では保護層が水中へ溶けやすくなり、分離機能層に保持され難くなるため、加圧熱処理によって保護層を分離機能層に安定に保持することができる。
次に、異素材により形成された不連続部材によって高低差が付与された分離膜について詳述する。なお、不連続部材も分離膜の構成要素の1つであるので、不連続部材を除いた部分を分離膜本体と称し、分離膜本体と不連続な部材とを含む構成を分離膜と称することがある。
以下の記述は、高低差の形成方法および形状等に関わらず、高低差を有する種々の分離膜に適用される。
(1)親水性分子を含有し、かつ供給側および透過側の少なくとも一方の面に80μm以上2000μm以下の高低差を有する分離膜であって、絶乾後の分離膜における親水性分子の重量が、親水性分子の重量を除いた絶乾後の分離膜の重量の0.1%以上40%以下である分離膜。
(2)前記親水性分子が糖鎖化合物または多価アルコール類である(1)に記載の分離膜。
(3)前記糖鎖化合物が単糖類、二糖類、三糖類から選ばれる少なくとも1種の糖類である(2)に記載の分離膜。
(4)前記糖鎖化合物がグルコース、スクロース、マルトース、ラクトース、トレハロース、ラフィノースから選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物である(2)に記載の分離膜。
(5)前記多価アルコールがポリビニルアルコール、グリコール類、グリセリン、ポリグリセリンから選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物である(2)に記載の分離膜。
(6)前記分離膜の供給側が、第二級アミン、水酸基およびエーテル基からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの親水基を有する保護層で被覆されており、X線光電子分光法を用いて分離膜の供給側から測定された親水基濃度が0.2以上0.6以下の範囲内にあって、カルボキシル基濃度が0.001以上0.03以下の範囲内である(1)~(5)のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
(7)供給側および透過側の少なくとも一方の面に80μm以上2000μm以下の高低差を有する分離膜であって、
供給側の面に、第二級アミン、水酸基およびエーテル基からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの親水基を有する保護層を備え、
X線光電子分光法を用いて分離膜の供給側から測定された親水基濃度が0.2以上0.6以下の範囲内にあって、カルボキシル基濃度が0.001以上0.03以下の範囲内である分離膜。
(8)前記保護層は、前記親水基を有する水可溶性有機重合体の架橋物を主成分として含有する(6)または(7)に記載の分離膜。
(9)前記水可能性有機重合体は、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酢酸ビニルの部分ケン化物、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリアクリル酸、ポリアリルアミン、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリエピアミノヒドリン、アミン変性ポリエピクロルヒドリン、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリアクリル酸アミド、ポリエチレングリコール、およびセルロース誘導体からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物である、(8)に記載の分離膜。
(10)基材と多孔性樹脂層とを備える(1)~(9)のいずれかに記載分離膜。
(11)前記分離膜が基材、多孔性支持層および分離機能層を備える(1)~(10)のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
(12)前記分離機能層が架橋ポリアミドを主成分として含有する(11)に記載の分離膜。
(13)分離膜表面の凹部における多孔性樹脂層の厚みに対する分離膜表面の凸部における多孔性樹脂層または多孔性樹脂層の厚みの比が0.1以上0.95以下であり、かつ、分離膜表面の凹部における基材の厚みに対する分離膜表面の凸部における基材の厚みの比が0.1以上0.95以下である(10)~(12)のいずれかに記載の分離膜。なお、多孔性樹脂層は多孔性支持層と言い換えられてもよい。
(14)前記基材が長繊維不織布である(10)~(13)のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
(15)前記長繊維不織布の前記多孔性支持層とは反対側の表層における繊維が、前記多孔性支持層側の表層の繊維よりも縦配向である、(14)に記載の分離膜。
(16)高低差が加圧熱処理によって付与されたものである(1)~(15)のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
(17)前記加圧熱処理が50℃以上160℃以下、かつ、10kg/cm以上70kg/cm以下で行われたものであることを特徴とする(16)に記載の分離膜。
(a)分離膜の供給側および透過側の少なくとも一方の面に80μm以上1000μm以下の高低差を付与する工程と、
絶乾後の分離膜における親水性分子の重量が、親水性分子の重量を除いた絶乾後の分離膜の重量の0.1%以上40%以下となるように、分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる工程と、
を備える分離膜の製造方法。
(b)分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる前記工程の後に、分離膜に高低差を付与する前記工程を行う(a)に記載の分離膜の製造方法。
(c)分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる前記工程の前に、分離膜に高低差を付与する前記工程を行う(a)に記載の分離膜の製造方法
(d)分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる工程は、親水性分子を含有する水溶液を前記分離膜に塗布することを備える請求項(a)~(c)のいずれかに記載の分離膜の製造方法。
(e)前記親水性分子として、糖鎖化合物および多価アルコール類の少なくとも一方を用いる請求項(a)~(d)のいずれかに記載の分離膜の製造方法。
(f)分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる前記工程は、水可溶性有機重合体の水溶液を前記分離膜に塗布すること、および前記水可溶性有機重合体を架橋させることで、水不溶性の保護層を形成することを備える請求項(a)~(c)のいずれかに記載の分離膜の製造方法。
(g)分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる前記工程および分離膜に高低差を付与する前記工程において、基材、多孔性支持層および分離機能層を備える複合分離膜を用いる(a)~(f)のいずれかに記載の分離膜の製造方法。
(h)高低差を加圧熱処理によって付与する工程を含む(a)~(g)のいずれかに記載の分離膜の製造方法。
(i)前記加圧熱処理を50℃以上160℃以下、かつ、10kg/cm以上70kg/cm以下で行う(h)に記載の分離膜の製造方法。
分離膜エレメントは、上述した分離膜のいずれかを備えることができる。分離膜エレメントの構成の一例について、図8を参照しながら説明する。
このように製造される分離膜エレメントは、さらに、直列または並列に接続して圧力容器に収納されることで、分離膜モジュールとして使用されてもよい。
分離膜エレメントを水中でエアリークテスト(1.0MPa)し、リークが発生したリーフ数をカウントして、(1-エアリークが発生したリーフ数/評価に供したリーフ数)×100(%)をエレメント回収率とした。
供給水(25℃のかん水)の分離膜エレメント透過水量について、分離膜エレメントあたり、1日あたりの透水量(立方メートル)を薬液処理前の造水量(m3/日)として表した。なお、1時間後の測定値と8時間後の測定値が1m3/日以上あった場合に付記した。
薬液処理前のTDS脱塩率(%)=100×(1-透過水中のTDS濃度/供給水中のTDS濃度)として算出した。
表1~表5に示す条件での乾燥処理後の分離膜の重量を絶乾処理前の分離膜重量とし、和光純薬工業社製イソプロパノールを純水で50%に希釈した溶液で十分に洗浄して105℃、2時間で乾燥処理した分離膜重量を絶乾状態の分離膜重量とし、含水率を(絶乾処理前の分離膜重量-絶乾状態の分離膜重量)/絶乾処理前の分離膜重量×100(%)の式に則って算出した。
親水性分子を含有させた分離膜を105℃、2時間で乾燥処理(絶乾処理)した分離膜の重量をXとし、親水性分子を含有させない状態で105℃、2時間で乾燥処理(絶乾処理)した分離膜の重量をYとして、(X-Y)/Y×100(%)で算出した。
米国SSIのSSX-100を用いて下記条件で行った。
励起X線:アルミニウム K α 1、2線(1486.6eV)
X線出力:10kV 20mV
光電子脱出角度:35°
測定官能基:カルボキシル基、第二級アミン、水酸基、第一級アミン、エーテル基
親水基濃度=測定された親水基(水酸基、第一級アミン、エーテル基の合計)量(モル数)/測定された全炭素量(モル数)
なお、上記条件で供給側から分離膜を測定した場合、酸基のピーク位置と第一級アミンのピーク位置とは非常に近いため、以下の表5においては酸基と第一級アミンの合計量として記載した。
分離膜を親水性分子溶液に接触させた後、表1~表5の条件で乾燥して得られた分離膜の分離膜エレメント透過水量について、分離膜エレメントあたり、1日あたりの透水量(立方メートル)を乾燥処理後の造水量(m3/日)とした。再通水性は、乾燥処理前後における造水量の変化率であり、(乾燥処理後の造水量)/(乾燥処理前の造水量)×100(%)で表現され、100%に近い数値を示す膜ほど乾燥による影響が小さい膜であり、再通水性が高い膜である。
90℃、pH11に調整した水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を分離膜エレメントに10時間通水し、純水による洗浄を行った後に供給水(かん水・25℃)の分離膜エレメント透過水量について分離膜エレメントあたり、1日あたりの透水量(立方メートル)を薬液処理後の造水量(m3/日)とした。耐薬品安定性は薬液処理前後における造水量の変化率であり、(薬液処理後の造水量)/(薬液処理前の造水量)×100-100(%)で表現され、0%に近い数値を示す膜ほど薬液による影響が小さい膜であり、耐薬品安定性が高い膜である。
キーエンス製高精度形状測定システムKS-1000を用い、分離膜の供給側の面5cm×5cmの測定結果から平均の高低差を解析した。高低差のある箇所を100箇所任意に選択して測定し、各深さの値を総和した値を測定総箇所の数で割って求めた。
成形後の分離膜を5cm×5cmに切断し、500ppmメチルバイオレット水溶液を用いて分離膜表面側から10分間染色した。その後10分間流水洗浄した分離膜を乾燥させて染色サンプルとした。染色後の分離膜をデジタルスキャナー(Canon製CanoScan(登録商標) N676U)でスキャンして得られたデジタル画像を画像解析ソフト(ImageJ)で解析した。分離膜表面の欠点率(%)=100×(分離膜の染色部分の面積/切り出し面積)の式に則って算出された値の小数点3桁目を四捨五入して得られた値を分離膜表面の欠点として扱った。
ポリエステル繊維からなる不織布(糸径:1デシテックス、厚み:約90μm、通気度:1cc/cm2/sec)上に、15.0重量%ポリスルホン溶液(溶媒:ジメチルホルムアミド(N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド))を180μmの厚みで室温(25℃)にてキャストし、ただちに純水中に浸漬して5分間放置することによって繊維補強ポリスルホン支持膜からなる多孔性支持膜(厚さ130μm)ロールを作製した。
参考例1と同じ方法で分離膜ロールを作製した後、分離膜ロールを25℃の7%ポリグリセリン(20量体)(ダイセル化学社製、商品名:PGL X)水溶液に2分間浸漬し、さらに80℃で5分間の乾燥処理を行った。次いで、菱形エンボスロールによるエンボス加工を110℃および40kg/cmで行うことで、分離膜の供給側の面に高低差を付与(エンボス加工)した。さらに、透過側の面に、エチレン酢酸ビニル共重合樹脂(商品名:703A)をホットメルトすることで、高さ230μmのドットを塗布して、異素材による高低差を付与した(ドット加工)。
分離膜に保湿剤を接触させ、その後に乾燥させる工程を、エンボス加工およびドット加工を施した後に実施したこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により分離膜ロールを作製した。結果、得られた分離膜の欠点率は1.39%であった。また、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.0%および6.2%であった。
分離膜の供給側の面にエンボス加工を実施せずに、流路材としてネット(厚み:900μm、ピッチ:3mm×3mm)を使用したこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.0%および6.4%であった。
分離膜の透過側の面にドット加工を実施せずに流路材としてトリコット(厚み:300μm、溝幅:200μm、畦幅:300μm、溝深さ:105μm)を使用したこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.0%および6.3%であった。
乾燥温度を110℃としたこと以外は、全て実施例3と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.0%および4.5%であった。
乾燥温度を140℃としたこと以外は、全て実施例3と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.0%および3.0%であった。
保湿剤としてグリセリンを使用したこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.7%および6.3%であった。
分離膜の供給側の面にエンボス加工を実施せずに流路材としてネット(厚み:900μm、ピッチ:3mm×3mm)を使用したこと以外は、全て実施例7と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.7%および6.3%であった。
保湿剤としてトレハロースを使用したこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.9%および6.3%であった。
分離膜の供給側の面にエンボス加工を実施せずに流路材としてネット(厚み:900μm、ピッチ:3mm×3mm)を使用したこと以外は、全て実施例9と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.9%および6.4%であった。
保湿剤としてポリビニルアルコールを使用したこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.2%および6.4%であった。
分離膜の供給側の面にエンボス加工を実施せずに流路材としてネット(厚み:900μm、ピッチ:3mm×3mm)を使用したこと以外は、全て実施例10と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.2%および6.4%であった。
保湿剤としてガラクトースを使用したこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.2%および6.2%であった。
分離膜の供給側の面にエンボス加工を実施せずに流路材としてネット(厚み:900μm、ピッチ:3mm×3mm)を使用したこと以外は、全て実施例13と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.2%および6.3%であった。
保湿剤としてジエチレングリコールを使用したこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.1%および5.9%であった。
分離膜の供給側の面にエンボス加工を実施せずに流路材としてネット(厚み:900μm、ピッチ:3mm×3mm)を使用したこと以外は、全て実施例15と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比はそれぞれ4.1%および6.2%であった。
ポリグリセリン濃度を3%、接触時間を8秒とした以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.0%および0.3%であった。
ポリグリセリン濃度を30%、接触時間を180秒とした以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.0%および39.6%であった。
繊維配向度が多孔性支持層側表層:20°、多孔性支持層とは反対側の表層:40°の基材に変更したこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法によりエレメントを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.9%および6.3%であった。
分離膜ロールを得る工程を次のようにした以外は全て参考例1と同じ方法により、8インチエレメントを作製し、参考例1と同じ条件で運転した。ポリエステル繊維からなる不織布(糸径:1デシテックス、厚み:約90μm、通気度:1cc/cm2/sec)上にポリスルホンの20.0重量%、ジメチルホルムアミド(N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド)溶液を180μmの厚みで室温(25℃)にてキャストし、ただちに純水中に浸漬して5分間放置することによって繊維補強ポリスルホン支持膜からなる多孔性支持膜(厚さ130μm)ロールを作製した。
分離膜の供給側の面にエンボス加工を実施せずに流路材としてネット(厚み:900μm、ピッチ:3mm×3mm)を使用したこと以外は、全て実施例20と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.2%および6.4%であった。
ポリビニルアルコール(重量平均分子量2,000)2.0重量%と、グルタルアルデヒド0.173重量%とを含む水溶液に、酸触媒として塩酸を0.2モル/Lとなるように添加した水溶液を膜表面に塗布した以外は、全て実施例20と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。エンボス成形後の分離膜の欠点率は0.55%であり、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.6%および6.6%であった。
ポリビニルアルコール(重量平均分子量2,000)2.6重量%と、グルタルアルデヒド0.196重量%とを含む水溶液に、酸触媒として塩酸を0.22モル/Lとなるように添加した水溶液を膜表面に塗布した以外は、全て実施例20と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。エンボス加工後の分離膜の欠点率は0.50%であり、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.1%および6.9%であった。
ポリビニルアルコール(重量平均分子量2,000)0.63重量%と、グルタルアルデヒド0.087重量%とを含む水溶液に、酸触媒として塩酸を0.08モル/Lとなるように添加した水溶液を膜表面に塗布した以外は、全て実施例20と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。エンボス加工後の分離膜の欠点率は0.71%であり、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.9%および5.5%であった。
多孔性樹脂ロールを巻き出しながら、m-フェニレンジアミン3.0重量%を含む水溶液中に1分間浸漬し、膜表面から余分な水溶液を取除いた後、トリメシン酸クロライド0.06重量%を含むデカン溶液を、表面が完全に濡れるように塗布した。この工程以外は、全て実施例20と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。分離膜の欠点率は1.43%であった。乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ4.0%および4.5%であった。
7%ポリグリセリン水溶液への接触および乾燥処理を実施しなかったこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。得られた欠点率は1.51%であった。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率51.2%であった。
7%ポリグリセリン水溶液に接触させなかったこと以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率は5.0%であった。
7%ポリグリセリン水溶液への接触および乾燥処理を実施しなかったこと以外は、全て実施例3と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率は51.2%であった。
ポリグリセリン濃度を1%、接触時間2秒とした以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。なお、乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.0%および0.05%であった。
ポリグリセリン濃度を42%、接触時間を200秒とした以外は、全て実施例1と同様の方法により、分離膜ロールを作製した。分離膜の欠点率は1.30%であった。乾燥処理後の分離膜ロールの含水率、および親水性分子と絶乾状態の分離膜との重量比は、それぞれ5.0%および48.9%であった。
100 分離膜エレメント
101 原流体
102 透過流体
103 濃縮流体
121 分離膜本体
22~26 不連続部材
28 巻囲体
3 ネット
4 トリコット
6 集水管
7 第1端板
8 第2端板
H 高低差
Claims (20)
- 親水性分子を含有し、かつ供給側および透過側の少なくとも一方の面に80μm以上2000μm以下の高低差を有する分離膜であって、絶乾後の分離膜における親水性分子の重量が、親水性分子の重量を除いた絶乾後の分離膜の重量の0.1%以上40%以下である分離膜。
- 前記親水性分子が糖鎖化合物または多価アルコール類である請求項1に記載の分離膜。
- 前記糖鎖化合物が単糖類、二糖類、三糖類から選ばれる少なくとも1種の糖類である請求項2に記載の分離膜。
- 前記糖鎖化合物がグルコース、スクロース、マルトース、ラクトース、トレハロース、ラフィノースから選ばれる少なくとも1種の糖類である請求項2に記載の分離膜。
- 前記多価アルコールがポリビニルアルコール、グリコール類、グリセリン、ポリグリセリンから選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物である請求項2に記載の分離膜。
- 供給側の面に、第二級アミン、水酸基およびエーテル基からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの親水基を有する保護層を備え、X線光電子分光法を用いて分離膜の供給側から測定した親水基濃度が0.2以上0.6以下の範囲内にあって、カルボキシル基濃度が0.001以上0.03以下の範囲内である請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
- 前記保護層は、前記親水基を有する水可溶性有機重合体の架橋物を主成分として含有する請求項6に記載の分離膜。
- 前記水可能性有機重合体は、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ酢酸ビニルの部分ケン化物、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリアクリル酸、ポリアリルアミン、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリエピアミノヒドリン、アミン変性ポリエピクロルヒドリン、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリアクリル酸アミド、ポリエチレングリコール、およびセルロース誘導体からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物である、
請求項7に記載の分離膜。 - 前記分離膜が基材、多孔性支持層および分離機能層を備える複合分離膜であることを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の分離膜。
- 前記分離機能層が架橋ポリアミドを主成分として含有する請求項9に記載の分離膜。
- 前記基材が長繊維不織布である請求項9または10に記載の分離膜。
- 前記長繊維不織布の前記多孔性支持層とは反対側の表層における繊維が、前記多孔性支持層側の表層の繊維よりも縦配向である、請求項11に記載の分離膜。
- 請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の分離膜を備えた分離膜エレメント。
- 分離膜の供給側および透過側の少なくとも一方の面に80μm以上1000μm以下の高低差を付与する工程と、
絶乾後の分離膜における親水性分子の重量が、親水性分子の重量を除いた絶乾後の分離膜の重量の0.1%以上40%以下となるように、分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる工程と、
を備える分離膜の製造方法。 - 分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる前記工程の後に、分離膜に高低差を付与する前記工程を行う請求項14記載の分離膜の製造方法。
- 分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる前記工程の前に、分離膜に高低差を付与する前記工程を行う請求項14記載の分離膜の製造方法
- 分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる工程は、親水性分子を含有する水溶液を前記分離膜に塗布することを備える請求項14~16のいずれかに記載の分離膜の製造方法。
- 前記親水性分子として、糖鎖化合物および多価アルコール類の少なくとも一方を用いる請求項14~17のいずれかに記載の分離膜の製造方法。
- 分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる前記工程は、水可溶性有機重合体の水溶液を前記分離膜に塗布すること、および前記水可溶性有機重合体を架橋させることで、水不溶性の保護層を形成することを備える請求項14~16のいずれかに記載の分離膜の製造方法。
- 分離膜に親水性分子を接触させる前記工程および分離膜に高低差を付与する前記工程において、基材、多孔性支持層および分離機能層を備える複合分離膜を用いる請求項14~19のいずれかに記載の分離膜の製造方法。
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US20130213880A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
SG189983A1 (en) | 2013-06-28 |
KR101819090B1 (ko) | 2018-01-16 |
CN103167904A (zh) | 2013-06-19 |
KR20130143575A (ko) | 2013-12-31 |
JPWO2012057028A1 (ja) | 2014-05-12 |
TW201223628A (en) | 2012-06-16 |
EP2633901A1 (en) | 2013-09-04 |
EP2633901A4 (en) | 2014-09-17 |
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