WO2012043367A1 - リン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法 - Google Patents
リン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012043367A1 WO2012043367A1 PCT/JP2011/071593 JP2011071593W WO2012043367A1 WO 2012043367 A1 WO2012043367 A1 WO 2012043367A1 JP 2011071593 W JP2011071593 W JP 2011071593W WO 2012043367 A1 WO2012043367 A1 WO 2012043367A1
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- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1397—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for producing a lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite comprising lithium vanadium phosphate and a conductive carbon material useful as a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery.
- Lithium ion batteries are used as batteries for portable devices, notebook computers, electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles. Lithium ion batteries are generally considered to have excellent capacity and energy density, and currently LiCoO 2 is mainly used for the positive electrode. However, LiMnO 2 and LiNiO 2 have been actively developed due to Co resource problems. ing. At present, LiFePO 4 is attracting attention as a further alternative material, and research and development is progressing in each organization. Fe is excellent in resources, and LiFePO 4 using this is expected to be a positive electrode material for lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles because it has a low energy density but is excellent in high temperature characteristics.
- LiFePO 4 lithium vanadium phosphate (Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ) having a NASICON (Na Super Ionic Conductor) structure using V instead of Fe has attracted attention. Yes.
- a method for producing lithium vanadium phosphate for example, a method has been proposed in which a lithium source, a vanadium compound and a phosphorus source are pulverized and mixed, the resulting uniform mixture is formed into a pellet, and then the molded product is fired (for example, see Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- Patent Document 3 vanadium oxide (V) is dissolved in an aqueous solution containing lithium hydroxide, a phosphorus source and carbon and / or a non-volatile organic compound are added, and the resulting raw material mixture is dried.
- a method has been proposed in which a precursor is obtained and the precursor is heat-treated in an inert atmosphere to obtain a composite of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and a conductive carbon material.
- Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 is known to have a theoretical capacity as high as 197 mAhg ⁇ 1 .
- the conventional lithium secondary battery using Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 as the positive electrode active material has a low discharge capacity, and the lithium secondary battery using Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 as the positive electrode active material. In a battery, further improvement in discharge capacity is desired.
- the object of the present invention is useful as a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery, and when used as a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery, imparts excellent battery performance such as a high discharge capacity to the lithium secondary battery.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite that can be used.
- the present inventors have made lithium vanadium phosphate-carbon composites composed of a lithium vanadium phosphate and a conductive carbon material obtained through a specific process as a positive electrode active material.
- the secondary battery was found to have particularly high discharge capacity and excellent cycle characteristics, and the present invention was completed.
- the present invention is a method for producing a lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite comprising a lithium vanadium phosphate having a NASICON structure and a conductive carbon material
- the second step of obtaining a reaction solution containing a precipitation product by heating the precipitate, and wet-grinding the reaction solution containing the precipitation product with a media mill to obtain a slurry containing the pulverized product
- a vanadium lithium lithium carbon composite composed of lithium vanadium phosphate and a conductive carbon material, which are useful as a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, in an industrially advantageous manner.
- a lithium secondary battery using the vanadium phosphate lithium carbon composite obtained by the production method of the present invention as a positive electrode active material has a particularly high discharge capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- FIG. 4 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of a reaction precursor obtained in the fourth step of Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is an SEM photograph of the reaction precursor obtained in the fourth step of Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an SEM photograph of the vanadium phosphate lithium carbon composite sample obtained in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a particle size distribution diagram of the lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite sample obtained in Example 2.
- FIG. 2 is a particle size distribution diagram of a vanadium lithium phosphate carbon composite sample obtained in Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. FIG. 3 is an X-ray diffraction diagram of lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite samples obtained in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 1.
- the vanadium lithium phosphate carbon composite obtained by the production method of the present invention comprises a lithium vanadium phosphate having a NASICON structure (hereinafter simply referred to as “lithium vanadium phosphate”) and a conductive carbon material.
- the lithium vanadium phosphate is represented by the following general formula (1): Li x V y (PO 4 ) 3 (1) (Wherein x represents 2.5 to 3.5 and y represents 1.8 to 2.2), or lithium vanadium phosphate represented by the general formula (1) And lithium vanadium phosphate containing Me element (Me represents a metal element or a transition metal element having an atomic number of 11 or more other than V) as required.
- x is preferably 2.5 or more and 3.5 or less, particularly preferably 2.8 or more and 3.2 or less.
- y is preferably 1.8 or more and 2.2 or less, and particularly preferably 1.9 or more and 2.1 or less.
- the Me element is preferably Mg, Ca, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Ti, Zr, Bi, Cr, Nb, Mo, or Cu.
- a lithium source In the method for producing the lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite of the present invention, a lithium source, a pentavalent or tetravalent vanadium compound (hereinafter, simply referred to as “vanadium compound”), a phosphorus source, and conductivity in which carbon is generated by thermal decomposition.
- vanadium compound a pentavalent or tetravalent vanadium compound
- phosphorus source a phosphorus source
- the first step according to the present invention is a raw material mixed solution in which each raw material is dissolved or dispersed by mixing a lithium source, a vanadium compound, a phosphorus source, and a conductive carbon material source in which carbon is generated by thermal decomposition in an aqueous solvent. It is the process of obtaining.
- lithium source examples include lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium nitrate, and organic acid lithium such as lithium oxalate. These may be hydrated or anhydrous. Among these, lithium hydroxide is preferable from the viewpoint that the reaction can be carried out industrially advantageously because of its high solubility in water.
- vanadium compound examples include vanadium pentoxide, ammonium vanadate, vanadium oxyoxalate, and the like.
- vanadium pentoxide is preferable from the viewpoint of being industrially available at low cost and obtaining a reaction precursor having excellent reactivity.
- Examples of the phosphorus source include phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, anhydrous phosphoric acid, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and ammonium phosphate.
- phosphoric acid is preferable from the viewpoint of being industrially available at low cost and obtaining a reaction precursor having excellent reactivity.
- the mixing amount of the vanadium compound is 0.50 to 0.80, preferably 0.60 to 0.73 in terms of the molar ratio (V / P) of the V atom in the vanadium compound and the P atom in the phosphorus source. From the viewpoint of easily obtaining single-phase lithium vanadium phosphate as the final product and having a relatively high discharge capacity.
- the addition amount of the lithium source is 0.70 to 1.30, preferably 0.83 to 1.17 in terms of a molar ratio (Li / P) of Li atoms in the lithium source to P atoms in the phosphorus source. It is preferable from the viewpoint that single-phase lithium vanadium phosphate is easily obtained as the final product and that the discharge capacity is relatively high.
- the conductive carbon material source one that generates carbon by being thermally decomposed by firing at least in the fifth step is used.
- the conductive carbon material source is a component necessary for imparting conductivity to lithium vanadium phosphate and for promoting the reduction reaction of the vanadium compound and performing the precipitation generation reaction in the precipitation generation reaction in the second step described later. Moreover, it has the effect
- Examples of the conductive carbon material source include coal tar pitch from soft pitch to hard pitch; heavy coal oil such as dry distillation liquefied oil, normal pressure residual oil, DC heavy oil of reduced pressure residual oil, crude oil, naphtha, etc. Heavy oils of cracked heavy oil such as ethylene tar produced as a by-product during thermal cracking of coal; aromatic hydrocarbons such as acenaphthylene, decacyclene, anthracene, phenanthrene; polyphenylene such as phenazine, biphenyl, terphenyl; polyvinyl chloride Water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral and polyethylene glycol, and insolubilized products thereof; nitrogen-containing polyacrylonitrile; organic polymers such as polypyrrole; organic polymers such as sulfur-containing polythiophene and polystyrene; glucose , Sugars such as fructose, lactose, maltose, sucrose Examples of natural polymers include thermoplastic
- the mixed amount of the conductive carbon material source is preferably a mixed amount of 0.1 to 20% by mass in terms of C atom with respect to the generated lithium vanadium phosphate.
- the amount of C atoms contained in the conductive carbon material is a tendency for the amount of C atoms contained in the conductive carbon material to decrease after firing compared to before firing. Therefore, in the first step, the blending amount of the conductive carbon material source with respect to 100 parts by mass of lithium vanadium phosphate produced is 0.5 to 40 parts by mass, preferably 5 to 30 parts by mass in terms of C atoms.
- the compounding amount of the conductive carbon material with respect to 100 parts by mass of lithium vanadium phosphate in the lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite tends to be 0.1 to 20 parts by mass, preferably 1 to 15 parts by mass in terms of C atoms.
- the compounding amount of the conductive carbon material source with respect to 100 parts by mass of the generated lithium vanadium phosphate is within the above range, the lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite is used as the positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery. Since sufficient conductivity can be imparted, the internal resistance of the lithium secondary battery can be lowered, and the discharge capacity per mass or volume is increased.
- the compounding amount of the conductive carbon material source with respect to 100 parts by mass of the generated lithium vanadium phosphate is less than the above range, the lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite is used as the positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery. Since sufficient conductivity cannot be imparted, the internal resistance of the lithium secondary battery tends to be high, and when the above range is exceeded, the discharge capacity per mass or volume tends to be low.
- the content of the raw material mixture in the raw material mixture depends on the type of raw material used, but in many cases, 5 to 50 From the viewpoints of operability and economy, it is preferable that the content be 10% by weight, preferably 10 to 30% by weight.
- the production history of the lithium source, vanadium compound, phosphorus source, and conductive carbon material source used in the first step according to the present invention is not limited, but it is possible to produce a high-purity vanadium phosphate lithium-carbon composite. It is preferable that the content of impurities is as low as possible.
- the order in which the lithium source, vanadium compound, phosphorus source, and conductive carbon material source are added to the aqueous solvent, and the mixing means are not particularly limited, and the raw material mixture is obtained by uniformly dissolving or dispersing each of the above raw materials. Any means may be used.
- the second step according to the present invention is a step of heating the raw material mixture obtained by uniformly mixing the raw materials obtained in the first step to a specific temperature to perform a precipitation formation reaction to obtain a reaction liquid containing a precipitation product. It is.
- the composition in the precipitation product is complicated, but the composition of the precipitation product is identified by X-rays. Looking at what is possible, at least in X-ray diffraction analysis, lithium phosphate and vanadium hydrogen phosphate are identified as main peaks.
- a compound such as a lithium compound, a vanadium compound, or a reaction product thereof is mixed, but these compounds may be mixed unless the effects of the present invention are impaired.
- the precipitation product obtained in the second step according to the present invention is an aggregate of soft particles that can be pulverized with an average particle size (secondary particle size) of 10 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 20 to 70 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size can be pulverized to 2 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.1-2 ⁇ m, and this precipitated product is subjected to grain growth when fired in the fifth step, which will be described later. Therefore, the primary particle size and the secondary particle size can be easily controlled.
- the precipitated product is subjected to the third step and the fourth step, which will be described later, as a reaction precursor, and the reaction precursor is baked in the fifth step, so that X-ray single phase is obtained.
- a lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite composed of lithium vanadium phosphate and a conductive carbon material, and a lithium secondary battery using the vanadium lithium carbon composite obtained by the production method of the present invention as a positive electrode active material Compared with a fired spray-dried product obtained by spray-drying the raw material mixture as it is, the discharge capacity is particularly high and the cycle characteristics are excellent.
- the heating temperature in the second step is 60 to 100 ° C. or higher, preferably 80 to 100 ° C. If the heating temperature is lower than 60 ° C, the reaction time becomes extremely long, which is industrially disadvantageous, and if the heating temperature is higher than 100 ° C, there is a restriction that a pressurized container must be used. Is not advantageous.
- the heating time in the second step is not particularly limited, and a precipitated product can be obtained by heating for 0.2 hours or more, preferably 0.5 to 2 hours.
- the concentration of the reaction solution containing the precipitated product is adjusted as necessary and subjected to the third step.
- the third step according to the present invention is a step of obtaining a slurry containing a pulverized product by wet pulverizing the reaction solution containing the precipitation product obtained by performing the second step using a media mill.
- the solid content concentration in the reaction solution containing the precipitation product during wet pulverization with a media mill is 5 to 50% by weight, particularly preferably 10 to 30% by weight, in terms of good operability and efficiency. From the viewpoint that the pulverization process can be performed automatically. For this reason, after performing the second step, it is desirable to adjust the concentration of the reaction solution containing the precipitation product so that the concentration of the reaction solution is as necessary, and then perform wet pulverization.
- the reaction liquid containing the precipitation product is wet pulverized by a media mill.
- the precipitated product can be pulverized more finely, so that a reaction precursor having even better reactivity can be obtained.
- Examples of the media mill include a bead mill, a ball mill, a paint shaker, an attritor, and a sand mill, and a bead mill is preferable.
- the operating conditions and the type and size of the beads may be appropriately selected according to the size and throughput of the apparatus.
- a dispersant may be added to the reaction solution containing the precipitation product.
- An appropriate dispersant may be selected depending on the type. Examples of the dispersing agent include various surfactants and polycarboxylic acid ammonium salts.
- the concentration in the reaction solution is 0.01 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, from the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficient dispersion effect.
- a wet pulverization process using a media mill is performed until the average particle diameter of the pulverized product is 2 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.1 to 2 ⁇ m by laser scattering / diffraction. It is preferable from the viewpoint that a reaction precursor having a property can be obtained and variation in battery characteristics within a lot is suppressed.
- a slurry containing a pulverized product can be obtained.
- the fourth step according to the present invention is a step of obtaining a reaction precursor by spray drying the slurry containing the pulverized product obtained in the third step.
- this drying method is adopted based on the knowledge that it is advantageous to select the spray drying method in the production method of the present invention. ing. Specifically, when drying is performed by a spray drying method, a finely pulverized product and a fine conductive carbon material source are uniformly contained, and a granulated product in which raw material particles are densely packed is obtained. In the production method of the present invention, this granulated product is used as a reaction precursor, and the reaction precursor is baked in a fifth step to be described later, so that, for powder X-ray diffraction, single-phase lithium vanadium phosphate and conductive A composite with a carbon material can be obtained.
- the reaction precursor is obtained by atomizing the slurry by a predetermined means and drying fine droplets generated thereby.
- the atomization of the slurry includes, for example, a method using a rotating disk and a method using a pressure nozzle. Any method can be used in the fifth step.
- the relationship between the size of the droplets of the atomized slurry and the size of the particles of the pulverized product contained therein affects stable drying and the properties of the obtained dry powder. Specifically, if the size of the raw material particles of the pulverized product is too small relative to the size of the droplet, the droplet becomes unstable and difficult to dry successfully. From this viewpoint, the size of the atomized droplet is preferably 5 to 100 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 10 to 50 ⁇ m. It is desirable to determine the supply amount of the slurry to the spray dryer in consideration of this viewpoint.
- the reaction precursor obtained by the spray drying method is subjected to calcination in the fifth step, but the powder properties such as the average particle size of the obtained vanadium lithium phosphate carbon composite are generally inherited from the reaction precursor. Become.
- the size of the secondary particles of the reaction precursor is determined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) from the viewpoint of controlling the particle diameter of the target lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite.
- Spray drying is preferably performed so that the particle diameter obtained by observation is 5 to 100 ⁇ m, and spray drying is particularly preferably performed to be 10 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the drying temperature in the spray dryer is adjusted so that the hot air inlet temperature is 200 to 250 ° C., preferably 210 to 240 ° C., and the hot air outlet temperature is 100 to 150 ° C., preferably 105 to 130 ° C. It is preferable to prevent the powder from absorbing moisture and facilitate the recovery of the powder.
- the reaction precursor obtained by performing the fourth step in this manner is subjected to the fifth step of firing at 600 to 1300 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere or a reducing atmosphere to obtain the target vanadium lithium carbon phosphate.
- a complex is obtained.
- the reaction precursor obtained in the fourth step is calcined at 600 to 1300 ° C., and a powder X-ray diffractometric single-phase lithium vanadium phosphate and a conductive carbon material are used. This is a step of obtaining a lithium vanadium acid-carbon composite.
- the firing temperature in the fifth step is 600 to 1300 ° C., preferably 800 to 1000 ° C. If the calcination temperature is lower than 600 ° C., the calcination time until it becomes a single phase in X-rays becomes longer, which is industrially disadvantageous. On the other hand, if the calcination temperature is higher than 1300 ° C., lithium vanadium phosphate melts.
- the firing atmosphere in the fifth step is an inert gas atmosphere or a reducing atmosphere because it prevents vanadium oxidation and prevents phosphorus source melting.
- the firing time in the fifth step is not particularly limited, and if it is fired for 1 hour or longer, preferably 2 to 12 hours, a composite comprising a single-phase lithium vanadium phosphate and a conductive carbon material in terms of powder X-ray diffraction Can be obtained.
- the lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite once obtained by firing may be fired a plurality of times as necessary.
- the lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite obtained by performing the fifth step may be crushed or crushed as necessary, and further classified.
- a Me source (Me represents a metal element having a atomic number of 11 or more or a transition metal element other than V) is produced according to the present invention as necessary.
- the Me element is mixed with the lithium vanadium phosphate represented by the general formula (1) by mixing with the raw material mixture of the first step according to the method and subsequently performing the second to fifth steps of the production method of the present invention. What was contained or what made Me element contain to a lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite_body
- Me in the Me source is a metal element or a transition metal element having an atomic number of 11 or more other than V, and preferable Me elements include Mg, Ca, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Ti, Zr, Bi, Cr, Nb, Mo, Cu, etc. are mentioned, These may be single 1 type or the combination of 2 or more types.
- the Me source include oxides, hydroxides, halides, carbonates, nitrates, sulfates, and organic acid salts having the Me element.
- the Me source may be dissolved in the raw material mixture in the first step or may be present as a solid.
- the Me source is present as a solid in the raw material mixture, it is preferable to use one having an average particle size of 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of obtaining a reaction precursor having excellent reactivity. preferable.
- the molar ratio (Me / V) is more than 0 and 0.45 or less, preferably more than 0 and 0.1 or less.
- the lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite obtained by carrying out the production method of the present invention is composed of X-ray single phase lithium vanadium phosphate and a conductive carbon material, and preferable physical properties include an average particle size of Aggregated lithium vanadium phosphate, which aggregates a large number of primary particles of 10 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.01 to 5 ⁇ m and forms secondary particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 30 ⁇ m, is electrically conductive.
- a material coated with a carbon material is preferable from the viewpoint of obtaining a high discharge capacity when used as a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery.
- the BET specific surface area of the lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite is 15 to 50 m 2 / g, preferably 20 to 45 m 2 / g, the paste characteristics when formed into a paint are good, and the lithium vanadium phosphate has Since a composite is formed in a state where the conductive carbon material is well dispersed, it is preferable because it exhibits good electron conductivity.
- Example 1 2L of ion-exchanged water is placed in a 5L beaker, and 605g of 85% phosphoric acid, 220g of lithium hydroxide, 320g of vanadium pentoxide and 170g of sucrose (sucrose) are added to the beaker and stirred at room temperature (25 ° C). A raw material mixture was obtained.
- the obtained precipitated product was measured by a laser scattering / diffraction method (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd., model 9320-X100 type). As a result, the average particle size was 30 ⁇ m.
- ⁇ Third step> After cooling the reaction solution, zirconia balls having a diameter of 0.5 mm are charged into a wet pulverizer, and pulverized by a bead mill until the average particle size (D 50 ) of the pulverized product in the reaction solution is 2.0 ⁇ m or less. A dispersed slurry was obtained.
- the dispersion slurry was supplied to a spray drying apparatus in which the hot air inlet temperature was set to 230 ° C.
- An X-ray diffraction pattern of the reaction precursor is shown in FIG. Further, an electron micrograph (SEM image) of the reaction precursor is shown in FIG.
- SEM image an electron micrograph of the reaction precursor
- image analysis is performed on the SEM image of the secondary particle, the secondary particle is projected in two dimensions, and optionally 200 secondary particles. Extract next particles. Next, the particle size of the extracted secondary particles is measured. Next, the average particle diameter of the secondary particles of the reaction precursor is obtained by averaging the particle diameters of the extracted 200 secondary particles.
- the obtained reaction precursor was placed in a mullite slag and baked at 900 ° C. for 12 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- An electron micrograph (SEM image) of the obtained lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite sample is shown in FIG.
- ⁇ Example 2 ⁇ First step> Put 2L of ion-exchanged water in a 5L beaker, put 605g of 85% phosphoric acid, 220g of lithium hydroxide, 320g of vanadium pentoxide and 170g of sucrose, and stir at room temperature (25 ° C). Obtained.
- the average particle size was 30 ⁇ m.
- zirconia balls having a diameter of 0.5 mm are charged into a wet pulverizer, and pulverized by a bead mill until the average particle size (D 50 ) of the pulverized product in the reaction solution is 2.0 ⁇ m or less.
- a dispersed slurry was obtained.
- the dispersion slurry was supplied to a spray drying apparatus in which the hot air inlet temperature was set to 230 ° C. and the outlet temperature set to 120 ° C. to obtain a reaction precursor.
- the average secondary particle diameter obtained by the SEM observation method of the reaction precursor was 25 ⁇ m.
- the obtained reaction precursor was placed in a mullite slag and baked at 900 ° C. for 12 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- FIG. 4 shows the particle size distribution measurement result of the obtained lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite.
- ⁇ Example 3 ⁇ First step> Put 2L of ion-exchanged water in a 5L beaker, put 605g of 85% phosphoric acid, 220g of lithium hydroxide, 320g of vanadium pentoxide and 80g of sucrose, and stir at room temperature (25 ° C). Obtained.
- the average particle size was 30 ⁇ m.
- zirconia balls having a diameter of 0.5 mm are charged into a wet pulverizer, and pulverized by a bead mill until the average particle size (D 50 ) of the pulverized product in the reaction solution is 2.0 ⁇ m or less.
- a dispersed slurry was obtained.
- the dispersion slurry was supplied to a spray drying apparatus in which the hot air inlet temperature was set to 230 ° C. and the outlet temperature set to 120 ° C. to obtain a reaction precursor.
- the average secondary particle diameter obtained by the SEM observation method of the reaction precursor was 25 ⁇ m.
- the obtained reaction precursor was placed in a mullite slag and baked at 900 ° C. for 12 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- ⁇ Example 4 ⁇ First step> 2L of ion-exchanged water is placed in a 5L beaker, and 605g of 85% phosphoric acid, 220g of lithium hydroxide, 312g of vanadium pentoxide, 6g of magnesium hydroxide and 170g of sucrose are added to the beaker and stirred at room temperature (25 ° C). A raw material mixture was obtained.
- the obtained precipitated product was measured by a laser scattering / diffraction method (manufactured by Nikkiso, model 9320-X100 type), and the average particle size was 30 ⁇ m ⁇ third step>
- zirconia balls having a diameter of 0.5 mm are charged into a wet pulverizer, and pulverized by a bead mill until the average particle size (D 50 ) of the pulverized product in the reaction solution is 2.0 ⁇ m or less.
- a dispersed slurry was obtained.
- the dispersion slurry was supplied to a spray drying apparatus in which the hot air inlet temperature was set to 230 ° C. and the outlet temperature set to 120 ° C.
- reaction precursor The average secondary particle diameter obtained by the SEM observation method of the reaction precursor was 25 ⁇ m.
- ⁇ Example 5 ⁇ First step> Put 2L of ion-exchanged water in a 5L beaker, put 605g of 85% phosphoric acid, 195g of lithium carbonate, 320g of vanadium pentoxide and 120g of sucrose, and stir at room temperature (25 ° C) to obtain an ocher raw material mixture. It was.
- the average particle size was 30 ⁇ m.
- zirconia balls having a diameter of 0.5 mm are charged into a wet pulverizer, and pulverized by a bead mill until the average particle size (D 50 ) of the pulverized product in the reaction solution is 2.0 ⁇ m or less.
- a dispersed slurry was obtained.
- the dispersion slurry was supplied to a spray drying apparatus in which the hot air inlet temperature was set to 230 ° C. and the outlet temperature set to 120 ° C. to obtain a reaction precursor.
- the average secondary particle diameter obtained by the SEM observation method of the reaction precursor was 25 ⁇ m.
- the obtained spray-dried product was placed in a mullite mortar and baked at 900 ° C. for 12 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the fired product was pulverized by a jet mill to obtain a lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite sample.
- the particle size distribution measurement result of the obtained lithium vanadium phosphate carbon composite sample is shown in FIG.
- a lithium secondary battery was manufactured using each member such as a separator, a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a current collector plate, a mounting bracket, an external terminal, and an electrolytic solution.
- a metal lithium foil was used for the negative electrode, and 1 mol of LiPF 6 dissolved in 1 liter of a 1: 1 kneaded solution of ethylene carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate was used for the electrolyte.
- Capacity maintenance rate (%) ((20th cycle discharge capacity) / (1st cycle discharge capacity)) ⁇ 100
- Capacity maintenance rate (%) ((20th cycle discharge capacity) / (1st cycle discharge capacity)) ⁇ 100
- a vanadium lithium lithium carbon composite composed of lithium vanadium phosphate and a conductive carbon material, which are useful as a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, in an industrially advantageous manner.
- a lithium secondary battery using the vanadium phosphate lithium carbon composite obtained by the production method of the present invention as a positive electrode active material has a particularly high discharge capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
現在、さらなる代替材料としてLiFePO4が着目され各機関で研究開発が進んでいる。Feは資源的に優れ、これを用いたLiFePO4はエネルギー密度がやや低いものの、高温特性に優れていることから電動車両向けのリチウムイオン電池用正極材料として期待されている。
しかしながら、従来のLi3V2(PO4)3を正極活物質に用いたリチウム二次電池は、放電容量が低く、Li3V2(PO4)3を正極活物質として用いたリチウム二次電池において、更なる放電容量の向上が望まれている。
リチウム源、5価又は4価のバナジウム化合物、リン源及び加熱分解により炭素が生じる導電性炭素材料源とを水溶媒中で混合して原料混合液を調製する第1工程と、該原料混合液を加熱して沈殿生成反応を行い、沈殿生成物を含む反応液を得る第2工程と、該沈殿生成物を含む反応液をメディアミルにより湿式粉砕処理して、粉砕処理物を含むスラリーを得る第3工程と、該粉砕処理物を含むスラリーを噴霧乾燥処理して反応前駆体を得る第4工程と、該反応前駆体を不活性ガス雰囲気中又は還元雰囲気中で600~1300℃で焼成する第5工程と、を有することを特徴とするリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法を提供するものである。
本発明の製造方法で得られるリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体は、ナシコン構造を有するリン酸バナジウムリチウム(以下、単に「リン酸バナジウムリチウム」と呼ぶ。)と導電性炭素材料からなる。
LixVy(PO4)3 (1)
(式中、xは2.5以上3.5以下、yは1.8以上2.2以下を示す。)で表わされるリン酸バナジウムリチウム、或いは一般式(1)で表わされるリン酸バナジウムリチウムに、必要によりMe元素(Meは、V以外の原子番号11以上の金属元素又は遷移金属元素を示す。)を含有させたリン酸バナジウムリチウムである。xは、好ましくは2.5以上3.5以下、特に好ましくは2.8以上3.2以下である。yは、好ましくは1.8以上2.2以下、特に好ましくは1.9以上2.1以下である。Me元素は、好ましくはMg、Ca、Al、Mn、Co、Ni、Fe、Ti、Zr、Bi、Cr、Nb、Mo、Cuである。
焼成前に比べて焼成後では導電性炭素材料に含まれるC原子の量が減少する傾向がある。そのため、第1工程において、生成されるリン酸バナジウムリチウム100質量部に対する導電性炭素材料源の配合量が、C原子換算で0.5~40質量部、好ましくは5~30質量部であると、リン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体中のリン酸バナジウムリチウム100質量部に対する導電性炭素材料の配合量が、C原子換算で0.1~20質量部、好ましくは1~15質量部となり易い。生成されるリン酸バナジウムリチウム100質量部に対する導電性炭素材料源の配合量が、上記範囲内にあることにより、リン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体をリチウム二次電池の正極活物質として用いた場合に、十分な導電性を付与することができるため、リチウム二次電池の内部抵抗を低くすることができ、且つ、質量或いは体積当たりの放電容量が高くなる。一方、生成されるリン酸バナジウムリチウム100質量部に対する導電性炭素材料源の配合量が、上記範囲未満だと、リン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体をリチウム二次電池の正極活物質として用いた場合に、十分に導電性を付与することができなくなるため、リチウム二次電池の内部抵抗が高くなり易く、また、上記範囲を超えると、質量或いは体積当たりの放電容量が低くなり易い。
本発明の製造方法では、この沈殿生成物を後述する第3工程及び第4工程に付したものを反応前駆体とし、第5工程で反応前駆体を焼成することにより、X線的に単相のリン酸バナジウムリチウムと導電性炭素材料からなるリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体が得られ、更に本発明の製造方法で得られるリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体を正極活物質とするリチウム二次電池は、原料混合液をそのまま噴霧乾燥して得られる噴霧乾燥物を焼成したものと比べ、特に放電容量が高く、サイクル特性に優れている。
詳細には、噴霧乾燥法により乾燥を行うと、微細な粉砕処理物と微細な導電性炭素材料源を均一に含有し、原料粒子が密に詰まった状態の造粒物が得られることから、この造粒物を本発明の製造方法では、反応前駆体とし、反応前駆体を後述する第5工程で焼成することにより、粉末X線回折的には単相のリン酸バナジウムリチウムと、導電性炭素材料との複合体を得ることができる。
なお、噴霧乾燥装置における乾燥温度は、熱風入口温度が200~250℃、好ましくは210~240℃に調整して、熱風出口温度が100~150℃、好ましくは105~130℃となるように調整することが粉体の吸湿を防ぎ粉体の回収が容易になることから好ましい。
第5工程を行って得られるリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体を、必要に応じて解砕処理、又は粉砕処理し、更に分級してもよい。
Me源中のMeは、V以外の原子番号11以上の金属元素又は遷移金属元素であり、好ましいMe元素としては、Mg、Ca、Al、Mn、Co、Ni、Fe、Ti、Zr、Bi、Cr、Nb、Mo、Cu等が挙げられ、これらは1種単独又は2種以上の組み合わせであってもよい。
Me源としては、Me元素を有する酸化物、水酸化物、ハロゲン化物、炭酸塩、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、有機酸塩等が挙げられる。なお、Me源は第1工程の原料混合液中に溶解させて存在させてもよく、固形物として存在させてもよい。原料混合液中に固形物としてMe源を存在させる場合には、平均粒子径が100μm以下、好ましくは0.1~50μmのものを用いることが優れた反応性を有する反応前駆体を得る観点から好ましい。
また、Me源を混合する場合には、Me源の混合量は、含有させるMe元素の種類にもよるが、多くの場合、バナジウム化合物のV原子とMe源中のMe原子の合計(V+Me=M)とリン源中のP原子のモル比(M/P)が、0.5~0.80、好ましくは0.60~0.73となり、Me源中のMe原子とバナジウム化合物のV原子のモル比(Me/V)が、0より大きく0.45以下、好ましくは0より大きく0.1以下となる量が好ましい。
{実施例1}
<第1工程>
5Lビーカーにイオン交換水2Lを入れ、これに85%リン酸605gと水酸化リチウム220gと五酸化バナジウム320gとスクロース(ショ糖)170gを投入し室温(25℃)で攪拌することにより黄土色の原料混合液を得た。
<第2工程>
得られた原料混合液を95℃で1時間、攪拌下に加熱して、沈殿生成反応を行い、沈殿生成物を含む緑色の反応液を得た。
得られた沈殿生成物をレーザー散乱・回折法(日機装製、形式9320-X100型)で測定したところ、平均粒子径は30μmであった。
<第3工程>
反応液を冷却後、湿式粉砕装置に直径0.5mmのジルコニアボールを仕込み、反応液中の粉砕処理物の平均粒子径(D50)が2.0μm以下になるまでビーズミルにより粉砕処理を行って分散スラリーを得た。
<第4工程>
次いで、熱風入り口の温度を230℃、出口温度を120℃に設定した噴霧乾燥装置に、分散スラリーを供給し、反応前駆体を得た。反応前駆体のSEM観察法により求められる二次粒子の平均粒子径は25μmであった。
得られた反応前駆体を線源としてCuKα線を用いて粉末X線回折測定を行ったところ、反応前駆体は、リン酸リチウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=14°)、リン酸水素バナジウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=29°)及び未同定の結晶性の化合物の回折ピークも確認されたことから、得られた反応前駆体はリン酸リチウム、リン酸水素バナジウム及び未同定の結晶性化合物が混在する混合物であることが確認された。また、反応前駆体のX線回折図を図1に示す。また、反応前駆体の電子顕微鏡写真(SEM像)を図2に示す。
なお、反応前駆体の二次粒子の平均粒子径の測定であるが、先ず、二次粒子のSEM像上で画像解析を行い、二次粒子を二次元で投影し、任意に200個の二次粒子を抽出する。次いで、抽出した二次粒子の粒径を測定する。次いで、抽出した200個分の二次粒子の粒子径を平均して、反応前駆体の二次粒子の平均粒子径を求める。
<第5工程>
得られた反応前駆体をムライト製匣鉢に入れ、窒素雰囲気下900℃で12時間焼成した。
得られたリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体試料の電子顕微鏡写真(SEM像)を図3に示す。
<第1工程>
5Lビーカーにイオン交換水2Lを入れ、これに85%リン酸605gと水酸化リチウム220gと五酸化バナジウム320gとスクロース170gを投入し室温(25℃)で攪拌することにより黄土色の原料混合液を得た。
<第2工程>
得られた原料混合液を95℃で1時間、攪拌下に加熱して沈殿生成反応を行い、沈殿生成物を含む緑色の反応液を得た。
得られた沈殿生成物をレーザー散乱・回折法(日機装製、形式9320-X100型)で測定したところ、平均粒子径は30μmであった。
<第3工程>
反応液を冷却後、湿式粉砕装置に直径0.5mmのジルコニアボールを仕込み、反応液中の粉砕処理物の平均粒子径(D50)が2.0μm以下になるまでビーズミルにより粉砕処理を行って分散スラリーを得た。
<第4工程>
次いで、熱風入り口の温度を230℃、出口温度を120℃に設定した噴霧乾燥装置に、分散スラリーを供給し、反応前駆体を得た。反応前駆体のSEM観察法により求められる平均二次粒子径は25μmであった。
得られた反応前駆体を線源としてCuKα線を用いて粉末X線回折測定を行ったところ、反応前駆体は、リン酸リチウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=14°)、リン酸水素バナジウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=29°)及び未同定の結晶性の化合物の回折ピークも確認されたことから、得られた反応前駆体はリン酸リチウム、リン酸水素バナジウム及び未同定の結晶性化合物が混在する混合物であることが確認された。
<第5工程>
得られた反応前駆体をムライト製匣鉢に入れ、窒素雰囲気下900℃で12時間焼成した。
<解砕>
焼成物をジェットミルにより解砕してリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体試料を得た。
得られたリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の粒度分布測定結果を図4に示す。
<第1工程>
5Lビーカーにイオン交換水2Lを入れ、これに85%リン酸605gと水酸化リチウム220gと五酸化バナジウム320gとスクロース80gを投入し室温(25℃)で攪拌することにより黄土色の原料混合液を得た。
<第2工程>
得られた原料混合液を95℃で1時間、攪拌下に加熱して沈殿生成反応を行い、沈殿生成物を含む緑色の反応液を得た。
得られた沈殿生成物をレーザー散乱・回折法(日機装製、形式9320-X100型)で測定したところ、平均粒子径は30μmであった。
<第3工程>
反応液を冷却後、湿式粉砕装置に直径0.5mmのジルコニアボールを仕込み、反応液中の粉砕処理物の平均粒子径(D50)が2.0μm以下になるまでビーズミルにより粉砕処理を行って分散スラリーを得た。
<第4工程>
次いで、熱風入り口の温度を230℃、出口温度を120℃に設定した噴霧乾燥装置に、分散スラリーを供給し、反応前駆体を得た。反応前駆体のSEM観察法により求められる平均二次粒子径は25μmであった。
得られた反応前駆体を線源としてCuKα線を用いて粉末X線回折測定を行ったところ、反応前駆体は、リン酸リチウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=14°)、リン酸水素バナジウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=29°)及び未同定の結晶性の化合物の回折ピークも確認されたことから、得られた反応前駆体はリン酸リチウム、リン酸水素バナジウム及び未同定の結晶性化合物が混在する混合物であることが確認された。
<第5工程>
得られた反応前駆体をムライト製匣鉢に入れ、窒素雰囲気下900℃で12時間焼成した。
<解砕>
焼成物をジェットミルにより解砕してリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体試料を得た。
<第1工程>
5Lビーカーにイオン交換水2Lを入れ、これに85%リン酸605gと水酸化リチウム220gと五酸化バナジウム312gと水酸化マグネシウム6gとスクロース170gを投入し室温(25℃)で攪拌することにより黄土色の原料混合液を得た。
<第2工程>
得られた原料混合液を95℃で1時間、攪拌下に加熱して沈殿生成反応を行い、沈殿生成物を含む緑色の反応液を得た。
得られた沈殿生成物をレーザー散乱・回折法(日機装製、形式9320-X100型)で測定したところ、平均粒子径は30μmであった
<第3工程>
反応液を冷却後、湿式粉砕装置に直径0.5mmのジルコニアボールを仕込み、反応液中の粉砕処理物の平均粒子径(D50)が2.0μm以下になるまでビーズミルにより粉砕処理を行って分散スラリーを得た。
<第4工程>
次いで、熱風入り口の温度を230℃、出口温度を120℃に設定した噴霧乾燥装置に、分散スラリーを供給し、反応前駆体を得た。反応前駆体のSEM観察法により求められる平均二次粒子径は25μmであった。
得られた反応前駆体を線源としてCuKα線を用いて粉末X線回折測定を行ったところ、反応前駆体は、リン酸リチウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=14°)、リン酸水素バナジウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=29°)及び未同定の結晶性の化合物の回折ピークも確認されたことから、得られた反応前駆体はリン酸リチウム、リン酸水素バナジウム及び未同定の結晶性化合物が混在する混合物であることが確認された。
<第5工程>
得られた反応前駆体をムライト製匣鉢に入れ、窒素雰囲気下900℃で12時間焼成した。
<解砕>
焼成物をジェットミルにより解砕してリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体試料を得た。
<第1工程>
5Lビーカーにイオン交換水2Lを入れ、これに85%リン酸605gと炭酸リチウム195gと五酸化バナジウム320gとスクロース120gを投入し室温(25℃)で攪拌することにより黄土色の原料混合液を得た。
<第2工程>
得られた原料混合液を95℃で1時間、攪拌下に加熱して沈殿生成反応を行い、沈殿生成物を含む緑色の反応液を得た。
得られた沈殿生成物をレーザー散乱・回折法(日機装製、形式9320-X100型)で測定したところ、平均粒子径は30μmであった。
<第3工程>
反応液を冷却後、湿式粉砕装置に直径0.5mmのジルコニアボールを仕込み、反応液中の粉砕処理物の平均粒子径(D50)が2.0μm以下になるまでビーズミルにより粉砕処理を行って分散スラリーを得た。
<第4工程>
次いで、熱風入り口の温度を230℃、出口温度を120℃に設定した噴霧乾燥装置に、分散スラリーを供給し、反応前駆体を得た。反応前駆体のSEM観察法により求められる平均二次粒子径は25μmであった。
得られた反応前駆体を線源としてCuKα線を用いて粉末X線回折測定を行ったところ、反応前駆体は、リン酸リチウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=14°)、リン酸水素バナジウムに由来する回折ピーク(2θ=29°)及び未同定の結晶性の化合物の回折ピークも確認されたことから、得られた反応前駆体はリン酸リチウム、リン酸水素バナジウム及び未同定の結晶性化合物が混在する混合物であることが確認された。
<第5工程>
得られた反応前駆体をムライト製匣鉢に入れ、窒素雰囲気下900℃で12時間焼成した。
<解砕>
焼成物を解砕してリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体試料を得た。
5Lビーカーにイオン交換水2Lを入れ、これに水酸化リチウム252gを加えて溶解した。この溶液に五酸化バナジウム364gを加えて1h攪拌した。この液にグルコース(ブドウ糖)72gと85%リン酸692gを加えて1時間攪拌して原料混合液を得た。次いで、熱風入り口の温度を230℃、出口温度を120℃に設定した噴霧乾燥装置に、原料混合液を供給し、噴霧乾燥物を得た。得られた噴霧乾燥物をムライト製匣鉢に入れ、窒素雰囲気下900℃で12時間焼成した。焼成物をジェットミルにより解砕してリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体試料を得た。得られたリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体試料の粒度分布測定結果を図5に示す。
実施例1~5、及び比較例1で得られたリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体について、主成分、導電性炭素材料の含有量、及び平均粒子径を測定した。得られた結果を表1に示す。また、X線回折分析結果を図6に示す。
なお、主成分の測定はICP発光分析により行い、平均粒子径の測定はレーザー散乱・回折法(日機装製、形式9320-X100型)により行った。また、導電性炭素材料の含有量は炭素原子含有量を、TOC全有機炭素計(島津製作所製TOC-5000A)にて測定することによりC原子の含有量として求めた。
<電池性能試験>
(1)リチウム二次電池の作製;
上記のように製造した実施例1~3及び比較例1のリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体試料91質量%、黒鉛粉末6質量%、ポリフッ化ビニリデン3質量%を混合して正極剤とし、これをN-メチル-2-ピロリジノンに分散させて混練ペーストを調製した。得られた混練ペーストをアルミ箔に塗布したのち乾燥、プレスして直径15mmの円盤に打ち抜いて正極板を得た。
この正極板を用いて、セパレーター、負極、正極、集電板、取り付け金具、外部端子、電解液等の各部材を使用してリチウム二次電池を製作した。このうち、負極は金属リチウム箔を用い、電解液にはエチレンカーボネートとメチルエチルカーボネートの1:1混練液1リットルにLiPF61モルを溶解したものを使用した。
作製したリチウム二次電池を下記条件で作動させ、電池性能を評価した。
<サイクル特性の評価1>
0.5Cで4.5Vまで充電させ、引き続いて4.5Vで保持させる全充電時間5時間の定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電により充電させた後、0.1Cで2.0Vまで放電させる定電流(CC)放電を行い、これらの操作を1サイクルとして1サイクル毎に放電容量を測定した。このサイクルを20サイクル繰り返し、1サイクル目と20サイクル目のそれぞれの放電容量から、下記式により容量維持率を算出した。なお、1サイクル目の放電容量を初期放電容量とした。
実施例2及び実施例5のリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体試料を用いたリチウム二次電池について、更に以下の条件でサイクル特性を評価した。
0.5Cで4.6Vまで充電させ、引き続いて4.6Vで保持させる全充電時間5時間の定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電により充電させた後、0.1Cで2.0Vまで放電させる定電流(CC)放電を行い、これらの操作を1サイクルとして1サイクル毎に放電容量を測定した。このサイクルを20サイクル繰り返し、1サイクル目と20サイクル目のそれぞれの放電容量から、下記式により容量維持率を算出した。なお、1サイクル目の放電容量を初期放電容量とした。
Claims (8)
- ナシコン構造を有するリン酸バナジウムリチウムと導電性炭素材料からなるリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法であって、
リチウム源、5価又は4価のバナジウム化合物、リン源及び加熱分解により炭素が生じる導電性炭素材料源とを水溶媒中で混合して原料混合液を調製する第1工程と、
該原料混合液を加熱して沈殿生成反応を行い、沈殿生成物を含む反応液を得る第2工程と、
該沈殿生成物を含む反応液をメディアミルにより湿式粉砕処理して、粉砕処理物を含むスラリーを得る第3工程と、
該粉砕処理物を含むスラリーを噴霧乾燥処理して、反応前駆体を得る第4工程と、
該反応前駆体を不活性ガス雰囲気中又は還元雰囲気中で600~1300℃で焼成する第5工程と、
を有することを特徴とするリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法。 - 前記第2工程の加熱温度が60~100℃であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法。
- 前記第3工程において、粉砕処理物を含むスラリー中の固形分の平均粒子径が2μm以下である粉砕処理物を含むスラリーを得ることを特徴とする請求項1記載のリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム源が水酸化リチウムであることを特徴とする請求項1記載のリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法。
- 前記4価又は5価のバナジウム化合物が五酸化バナジウムであることを特徴とする請求項1記載のリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法。
- 前記リン源がリン酸であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法。
- 前記導電性炭素材料源が糖類であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法。
- 前記第1工程において、更にMe源(MeはV以外の原子番号11以上の金属元素又は遷移金属元素を示す。)を前記原料混合液に混合することを特徴とする請求項1記載のリン酸バナジウムリチウム炭素複合体の製造方法。
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