WO2012006419A2 - Pro-neurogenic compounds - Google Patents

Pro-neurogenic compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012006419A2
WO2012006419A2 PCT/US2011/043185 US2011043185W WO2012006419A2 WO 2012006419 A2 WO2012006419 A2 WO 2012006419A2 US 2011043185 W US2011043185 W US 2011043185W WO 2012006419 A2 WO2012006419 A2 WO 2012006419A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
alkyl
independently selected
optionally substituted
ring atoms
compound
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PCT/US2011/043185
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2012006419A3 (en
Inventor
Steven L. Mcknight
Andrew A. Pieper
Joseph M. Ready
Jef K. De Brabander
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University of Texas System
University of Texas at Austin
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University of Texas System
University of Texas at Austin
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Priority claimed from US12/832,056 external-priority patent/US8362277B2/en
Priority to BR112013000414A priority Critical patent/BR112013000414A2/pt
Priority to AU2011274787A priority patent/AU2011274787B2/en
Priority to CA2804161A priority patent/CA2804161A1/en
Priority to CN201180042919.1A priority patent/CN103415289B/zh
Priority to EP11804335.5A priority patent/EP2590647B1/en
Application filed by University of Texas System, University of Texas at Austin filed Critical University of Texas System
Priority to DK11804335.5T priority patent/DK2590647T3/en
Priority to JP2013518827A priority patent/JP6126528B2/ja
Publication of WO2012006419A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012006419A2/en
Priority to IL223783A priority patent/IL223783B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Publication of WO2012006419A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012006419A3/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • This presently disclosed embodiments relate generally to the discovery of pro-neurogenic compounds capable of promoting neurogenesis and/or reducing neuronal cell death.
  • neuronal stem cells there are two major reservoirs of neuronal stem cells, one located in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and another in the subventricular zone (SVZ) (Gross, Natl. Rev. 2000, 1, 67-72).
  • SGZ subgranular zone
  • SVZ subventricular zone
  • Neural stem cells in the SVZ facilitate formation of new neurons that migrate rostrally to populate the olfactory bulb
  • neural stem cells in the SGZ produce neurons that integrate locally in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, a region of the hippocampus that exhibits lifelong structural and functional plasticity.
  • the process of new neuron formation in the adult mouse brain can be influenced by environmental, chemical and genetic variables. As demonstrated by Gage and colleagues, neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain is enhanced when animals are exposed to an enriched environment (Kempermann et al., Nature 1997, 386, 493-495) or able to exercise voluntarily (van Praag et al., Nat. Neuro-sci. 1999, 2, 266-270). More recently, anti-depressant drugs have been shown to enhance levels of adult neurogenesis in animals, including humans (Schmidt et al., Behav Pharmacol. 2007 Sep; 18(5-6):391-418; Boldrini et al., Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34, 2376-2389).
  • NPAS3 neuronal PAS domain protein 3
  • CNS central nervous system
  • This presently disclosed embodiments relate generally to compounds that promote the generation or the survival of existing neurons in the mammalian brain. For the purpose of simplicity these compounds are referred to as being pro-neurogenic. In certain embodiments, the compounds promote the generation or survival of neurons in the post-natal mammalian brain. In certain embodiments, the compounds promote the survival, growth, development and/or function of neurons, particularly CNS, brain, cerebral, and hippocampal neurons.
  • the compounds stimulate post-natal hippocampal neurogenesis, which while not wishing to be bound by theory, is believed to represent a therapeutic target for a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, including (but not limited to) schizophrenia,major depression, bipolar disorder, normal aging, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, stroke, radiation therapy, chronic stress, abuse of neuro-active drugs (such as alcohol, opiates, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, and cocaine), retinal degeneration, spinal cord injury, and peripheral nerve injury.
  • neuro-active drugs such as alcohol, opiates, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, and cocaine
  • the compounds stimulate post-natal hypothalamic neurogenesis, which can provide therapeutic benefits in weight management, such as physiological weight loss associated with various conditions, including but not limited to, normal aging, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stress, drug abuse, anorexia, as well as other diseases discussed herein.
  • compositions e.g., pharmaceutical compositions
  • methods of making, identifying, and using such compounds are described in, or will be apparent from, the present specification and accompanying drawings.
  • methods for promoting post-natal mammalian neurogenesis and/or reducing neuronal cell death in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of a compound having formula (I) or a
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 thiohaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N 3 , cyano, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and nitro;
  • R and R' are defined according to (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5) below:
  • each of R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-Ce thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-Ce alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N3, cyano,
  • each of R and R' is, independently, hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, or Ci-Ce haloalkyl
  • R and R' together with C2 and C3, respectively, form a fused heterocyclic ring containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ; OR
  • R and R' together with C2 and C3, respectively, form a fused heteroaryl ring containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ;
  • L 1 is:
  • A is:
  • heterocycloalkylene containing from 3-5 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocycloalkylene is (a) substituted with 1 oxo; and (b) is optionally further substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R ;
  • heterocycloalkenyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-3 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocycloalkenyl is optionally substituted with from 1-4
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b ; or
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(C C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(C C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R 9 is hydrogen; or C1-C3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with hydroxyl or C1-C3 alkoxy; each of R 10 and R 11 is independently selected from the substituents delineated collectivelyrough (k) below:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R 12 is:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ; or
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • R 13 is:
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • R b at each occurrence is independently selected from the substituents delineated in (aa) through (dd) below:
  • (cc) C3-C6 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl is independently selected from N, NH, N(d-d alkyl), NC(0)(d-d alkyl), O, and S; and wherein each of said phenyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ; and
  • R c at each occurrence is, independently selected from halo, d-d alkoxy, d-d thioalkoxy, d-d haloalkoxy, d-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, d-C 6 alkyl, d-d haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(d-d alkyl), N(d-d alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(d-d alkyl), and cyano;
  • R d at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, d-d alkoxy, d- thioalkoxy, d-C 6 haloalkoxy, d-d thiohaloalkoxy, d-C 6 alkyl, d-d haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(d- d alkyl), N(d-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(d-d alkyl), and cyano; and
  • R e at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, d-d alkoxy; d-d thioalkoxy; d-d haloalkoxy; d-d thiohaloalkoxy; -NH 2 ; -NH(d-d alkyl); N(d-d alkyl) 2 ; - NHC(0)(d-d alkyl); cyano; -C(0)H; -C(0)(d-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)(d-C 6 haloalkyl); C(0)OH; - C(0)0(d-d alkyl); -C(0)NH 2 ; -C(0)NH(d-C 6 alkyl); C(0)N(d-d alkyl) 2 ; -S0 2 (d-d alkyl); - S0 2 NH 2 ; -S0 2 NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -S0 2 N(d-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; and L 3
  • Cy is a saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • one or more of (A), (B), or (C) apply.
  • each of L 1 and L 2 must be C1-C3 alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c when A is CH 2 ; or
  • Z must be other than heteroaryl containing from 5-14 (e.g., 5-6 or 6) ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b ; e.g., other than substituted pyridyl, e.g., other than pyridyl substituted with C1-C3 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), e.g., other than 2 or 6-methylpyridyl.
  • R b e.g., other than substituted pyridyl, e.g., other than pyridyl substituted with C1-C3 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), e.g., other than 2 or 6-methylpyridyl.
  • each of R 10 and R 11 cannot be optionally substituted naphthyl (e.g., each of R 10 and R 11 cannot be unsubstituted naphthyl).
  • each of R 10 and R 11 is other than optionally substituted naphthyl (e.g., unsubstituted naphthyl) when R and R' are defined according to definitions (1), (2), and (4); and
  • A is CR A1 R A2 (e.g., CHOR 9 , e.g., CHOH), and each of L 1 and L 2 is C1-C3 alkylene (e.g., each of L 1 and L 2 is CH 2 ).
  • R and/or R cannot be substituted phenyl.
  • R and/or R cannot be substituted phenyl when R and R' are defined according to definition (1); and A is CR A1 R A2 (e.g., CHOR 9 , e.g., CHOH), and each of L 1 and L 2 is C1-C3 alkylene (e.g., each of L 1 and L 2 is CH 2 ).
  • (A), (B), or (C) applies. In other embodiments, (A) and (B); or (A) and (C); or (B) and (C) applies. In still other embodiments, (A), (B), and (C) apply.
  • methods for promoting post-natal mammalian neurogenesis in a subject in need thereof include administering to the subj ect an effective amount of a compound having formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-Ce thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, cyano, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and nitro;
  • R and R' are defined according to (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5) below:
  • each of R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 halothioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, cyano, -NH 2 , -NH(C C 6 alkyl), N(C C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(C C 6 alkyl), and nitro; OR
  • each of R and R' is, independently, hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, or Ci-Ce haloalkyl
  • R and R' together with C 2 and C3, respectively, form a fused heterocyclic ring containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1 -2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ; OR
  • R and R' together with C 2 and C3, respectively, form a fused heteroaryl ring containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1 -2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ;
  • L 1 is:
  • L 2 is: (i) C1-C3 straight chain alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c ; or
  • A is:
  • R A1 and R A2 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-C3 alkyl, or OR 9 ; or
  • heterocycloalkylene containing from 3-5 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocycloalkylene is (a) substituted with 1 oxo; and (b) is optionally further substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R ;
  • heterocycloalkenyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-3 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocycloalkenyl is optionally substituted with from 1-4
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b ; or
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R 9 is hydrogen; or C1-C3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with hydroxyl or C1-C3 alkoxy; each of R 10 and R 11 is independently selected from the substituents delineated collectivelyrough (k) below:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R 12 is:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ; or
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ; (i) C6-C1 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b ; or
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R b at each occurrence is independently selected from the substituents delineated in (aa) through (dd) below:
  • (cc) C3-C6 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1 -2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein each of said phenyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with from 1 -3 independently selected R ; and
  • R c at each occurrence is, independently selected from halo, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and cyano;
  • R d at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci- C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and cyano; and
  • R e at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 thioalkoxy; Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy; Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy; -NH 2 ; -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; - NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); cyano; -C(0)H; -C(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl); C(0)OH; - C(0)0(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)NH 2 ; -C(0)NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); C(0)N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; -S0 2 (Ci-C 6 alkyl); - S0 2 NH 2 ; -S0 2 NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -S0
  • Cy is a saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system
  • one or more of (A), (B), or (C) apply.
  • each of L 1 and L 2 must be C1-C3 alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c when A is CH 2 ; or
  • Z must be other than heteroaryl containing from 5-14 (e.g., 5-6 or 6)ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b ; e.g., other than substituted pyridyl, e.g., other than pyridyl substituted with C1-C3 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), e.g., other than 2 or 6-methylpyridyl.
  • each of R 10 and R 11 cannot be optionally substituted naphthyl (e.g., each of R 10 and R 11 cannot be unsubstituted naphthyl).
  • each of R 10 and R 11 is other than optionally substituted naphthyl (e.g., unsubstituted naphthyl) when R and R' are defined according to definitions (1), (2), and (4); and
  • A is CR A1 R A2 (e.g., CHOR 9 , e.g., CHOH), and each of L 1 and L 2 is C1-C3 alkylene (e.g., each of L 1 and L 2 is CH 2 ).
  • R 12 13 ubstituted phenyl.
  • R 12 and/or R 13 are ubstituted phenyl.
  • R and/or R cannot be s cannot be substituted phenyl when R and R' are defined according to definition (1); and A is CR A1 R A2 (e.g., CHOR 9 , e.g., CHOH), and each of L 1 and L 2 is C1-C 3 alkylene (e.g., each of L 1 and L 2 is CH 2 ).
  • (A), (B), or (C) applies. In other embodiments, (A) and (B); or (A) and (C); or (B) and (C) applies. In still other embodiments, (A), (B), and (C) apply.
  • methods for promoting post-natal mammalian neurogenesis in a subject in need thereof include administering to the subj ect an effective amount of a compound having formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which R and R' together with C 2 and C 3 , respectively, form a fused phenyl ring having formula (II):
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L 1 , L 2 , A, and Z can be as defined anywhere herein.
  • (A), (B), or (C) applies. In other embodiments, (A) and (B); or (A) and (C); or (B) and (C) applies. In still other embodiments, (A), (B), or (C) apply.
  • methods for promoting post-natal mammalian neurogenesis in a subject in need thereof include administering to the subj ect an effective amount of a compound having formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which:
  • R A is CR A1 R A2 , wherein one of R A1 and R A2 is OR 9 , and the other is hydrogen.;
  • Z is -NR 10 R n ;
  • each of R 10 and R 11 is independently selected from
  • (A), (B), or (C) applies.
  • (A) and (B); or (A) and (C); or (B) and (C) applies.
  • (A), (B), and (C) apply.
  • compositions e.g., a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition which includes a compound of formula (I) (and/or a compound of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the compositions can include an effective amount of the compound or salt.
  • the compositions can further include one or more additional therapeutic agents. These may include, but are not limited to, antidepressant medications (including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic
  • antidepressants monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and other antidepressant medications including but not limited to venlafaxine, nefazadone, bupropion, mirtazapine, lithium and trazodone) and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (including but not limited to Aricept, Reminyl, and Exelon).
  • dosage forms are featured, which includes from about 0.05 milligrams to about 2,000 milligrams (e.g., from about 0.1 milligrams to about 1,000 milligrams, from about 0.1 milligrams to about 500 milligrams, from about 0.1 milligrams to about 250 milligrams, from about 0.1 milligrams to about 100 milligrams, from about 0.1 milligrams to about 50 milligrams, or from about 0.1 milligrams to about 25 milligrams) of a compound of formula (I) (and/or a compound of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein.
  • the dosage forms can further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or an additional therapeutic agent.
  • the compounds of formula (I) themselves (and/or a compound of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein are featured.
  • any of the formula (I) compounds specifically described herein are featured.
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 thiohaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N3, cyano,
  • R and R' are defined according to (1) or (2) below:
  • each of R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci- C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N 3 , cyano,
  • each of L 1 and L 2 is, independently, C1-C3 alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c ;
  • A is:
  • CR A1 R A2 wherein each of R A1 and R A2 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 , wherein R 9 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with hydroxyl or C1-C3 alkoxy; or
  • heterocycloalkylene containing from 3-5 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocycloalkylene is (a) substituted with 1 oxo; and (b) is optionally further substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R ;
  • Z is:
  • heterocycloalkenyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-3 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocycloalkenyl is optionally substituted with from 1-4
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b ; or
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • heteroarylheterocyclyl containing from 8-14 ring atoms wherein: (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R 10 and R 11 must be selected from (b), (c), (g), (h), (i), (j), and
  • R 12 is:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ; or
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b
  • from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R 13 is:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b
  • from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R b at each occurrence is independently selected from the substituents delineated in (aa) through (dd) below:
  • R c at each occurrence is, independently selected from halo, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and cyano;
  • R d at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(d- C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and cyano; and
  • R e at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 thioalkoxy; d-C 6 haloalkoxy; Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy; -NH 2 ; -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; - NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); cyano; -C(0)H; -C(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl); C(0)OH; - C(0)0(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)NH 2 ; -C(0)NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); C(0)N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; -S0 2 (Ci-C 6 alkyl); - S0 2 NH 2 ; -S0 2 NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -S
  • R 3 and R 6 are defined according to definition (1);
  • R 3 and R 6 cannot both be chloro when A is CH 2 , R and R' are defined according to definition (1), Z is -OR 12 , and R 12 is unsubstituted phenyl;
  • R 3 and R 6 cannot both be bromo when A is CH , R and R' are defined according to definition (1), Z is -OR 12 , and R 12 is phenyl that is substituted with pyridyl or alkyl that is substituted with from 1-3 R e ; • provided that R 3 and R 6 cannot both be hydrogen when A is CH(CI3 ⁇ 4), R and R' are defined according to definition (1), Z is NR 10 R n , R 10 is CH 3 , and R 11 is unsubstituted phenyl;
  • compositions are featured that include the above- described compounds (or salts thereof as described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier In embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of the above described provisions can apply.
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N3, cyano,
  • R and R' are defined according to (1) or (2) below:
  • each of R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-Ce thiohaloalkoxy, d- Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N3, cyano,
  • each of L 1 and L 2 is, independently, C1-C3 alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c ;
  • A is:
  • CR A1 R A2 wherein each of R A1 and R A2 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 , wherein R 9 is C1-C3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with hydroxyl or C1-C3 alkoxy; or
  • heterocycloalkylene containing from 3-5 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocycloalkylene is (a) substituted with 1 oxo; and (b) is optionally further substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R ;
  • heterocycloalkenyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-3 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocycloalkenyl is optionally substituted with from 1-4
  • R b or (vii) heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b ; or
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(C C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(C C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ; each of R and R is independently selected from the substituents delineated collectivelyrough (k) below:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • heteroarylcycloalkyl containing from 8-14 ring atoms, wherein: (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R 10 and R 11 must be selected from (b), (c), (g), (h), (i), (j), and
  • R 12 is:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ; or
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • heteroarylheterocyclyl containing from 8-14 ring atoms, wherein: (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • R 13 is:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • heteroarylheterocyclyl containing from 8-14 ring atoms, wherein: (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R ;
  • R b at each occurrence is independently selected from the substituents delineated in (aa) through (dd) below:
  • (cc) C3-C6 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl is independently selected from N, NH, N(d-d alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-d alkyl), O, and S; and wherein each of said phenyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ; and
  • R c at each occurrence is, independently selected from halo, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, C C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, C C 6 alkyl, C C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , - HC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and cyano;
  • R d at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , - HC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and cyano; and
  • R e at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 thioalkoxy; Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy; Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy; -NH 2 ; -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; - NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); cyano; -C(0)H; -C(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl); C(0)OH; - C(0)0(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)NH 2 ; -C(0)NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); C(0)N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; -S0 2 (Ci-C 6 alkyl); - S0 2 NH 2 ; -S0 2 NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -S0
  • R 3 and R 6 are defined according to definition (1);
  • R 3 and R 6 cannot both be chloro when A is CH 2 , R and R' are defined according to definition (1), Z is -OR 12 , and R 12 is unsubstituted phenyl;
  • R 3 and R 6 cannot both be bromo when A is CH 2
  • R and R' are defined according to definition (1)
  • Z is -OR 12
  • R 12 is phenyl that is substituted with pyridyl or alkyl that is substituted with from 1 -3 R e ;
  • R 3 and R 6 cannot both be hydrogen when A is CH(C3 ⁇ 4)
  • R and R' are defined according to definition (1)
  • Z is NR 10 R n
  • R 10 is CH 3
  • R 11 is unsubstituted phenyl.
  • compositions are featured that include the above- described compounds (or salts thereof as described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the above described provisions can apply.
  • compounds having formula (I) are featured
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-Ce thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N 3 , cyano,
  • R and R' are defined according to (1) or (2) below:
  • each of R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-Ce thiohaloalkoxy, d- Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, C 2 -C6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N3, cyano,
  • R A is CR A1 R A2 , wherein one of R A1 and R A2 is -OH, and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl;
  • Z is -OR 12 or -S(0) n R 13 , wherein n is 0, 1, or 2;
  • each of R 12 and R 13 is:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl e.g., C1-C6 alkyl, each of which is substituted with from 1 -3 R d ;
  • the aryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R b , and
  • the cycloalkyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R ;
  • the aryl portion from is optionally substituted with from 1-4
  • (2) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(C C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(C C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • heterocyclyl portion is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclyl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ; or
  • (1) from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heteroaryl portion is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl portion is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b ; and
  • R b at each occurrence is independently selected from the substituents delineated in (aa) through (dd) below:
  • R c at each occurrence is, independently selected from halo, d-d alkoxy, d-d thioalkoxy, d-d haloalkoxy, d-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, d-C 6 alkyl, d-d haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(d-d alkyl), N(Ci-d alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(d-d alkyl), and cyano; R d at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci- C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , - HC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl),
  • R e at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 thioalkoxy; Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy; d-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy; -NH 2 ; -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); N(d-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; - NHC(0)(C C 6 alkyl); cyano; -C(0)H; -C(0)(C C 6 alkyl); -C(0)(C C 6 haloalkyl); C(0)OH; - C(0)0(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)NH 2 ; -C(0)NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); C(0)N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; -S0 2 (Ci-C 6 alkyl); - S0 2 NH 2 ; -S0 2 NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -S0 2 N(Ci-
  • 1, 2, 3, or 4 of the following can apply:
  • R 3 and R 6 cannot both be chloro when R and R' are defined according to definition (1), Z is -OR 12 , and R 12 is phenyl substituted with chloro, formyl, or - NHC(0)CH 3 ;
  • R 3 and R 6 cannot both be bromo when R and R' are defined according to definition (1), Z is -OR 12 , and R 12 is phenyl substituted with -NHC(0)CH 3 ;
  • R 3 and R 6 cannot both be bromo when R and R' are defined according to definition (1)
  • Z is -SR 13
  • R 13 is phenyl substituted with -OH.
  • compositions are featured that include the above- described compounds (or salts thereof as described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier In embodiments, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the above described provisions can apply.
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-Ce thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-Ce alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N3, cyano,
  • R and R' together with C2 and C3, respectively, form a fused heterocyclic ring containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ;
  • each of L 1 and L 2 is, independently, C1-C3 alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c ;
  • A is:
  • R A1 and R ⁇ are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; and the other of R A1 and R A2 is independently selected from halo, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; wherein R 9 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with hydroxyl or C1-C3 alkoxy; or
  • heteroaryl containing from 5- 14 ring atoms, wherein from 1 -6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R b ; or
  • each of R 10 and R 11 is independently selected from the substituents delineated collectively in (a) through (k) below:
  • R 10 and R 11 must be selected from (b) and (c);
  • R 12 is:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • R 13 is:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • R b at each occurrence is independently selected from the substituents delineated in (aa) through (dd) below:
  • (cc) C3-C6 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl is independently selected from N, NH, N(d-d alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein each of said phenyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with from 1 -3 independently selected R ; and
  • R c at each occurrence is, independently selected from halo, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , - H(Ci-C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , - HC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and cyano;
  • R d at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(d- C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and cyano; and
  • R e at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 thioalkoxy; d-C 6 haloalkoxy; Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy; -NH 2 ; -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; - NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); cyano; -C(0)H; -C(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl); C(0)OH; - C(0)0(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)NH 2 ; -C(0)NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); C(0)N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; -S0 2 (Ci-C 6 alkyl); - S0 2 NH 2 ; -S0 2 NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -S
  • provision (A) described herein can apply.
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, Ci-Ce thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-Ce alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N3, cyano,
  • each of R and R' is, independently, hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, or Ci-Ce haloalkyl
  • each of L 1 and L 2 is, independently, C1-C3 alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c ;
  • A is:
  • R A1 R A2 (i) CR A1 R A2 , wherein one of R A1 and R ⁇ is independently selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; and the other of R A1 and R A2 is independently selected from fluoro, chloro, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; wherein R 9 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with hydroxyl or C1-C3 alkoxy; or
  • heteroaryl containing from 5- 14 ring atoms, wherein from 1 -6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R b ; or
  • each of R 10 and R 11 is independently selected from the substituents delineated collectively in (a) through (k) below:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5- 14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • R 10 and R 11 must be selected from (b) and (c);
  • each of R 12 and R 13 is: :
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b ;
  • R b at each occurrence is independently selected from the substituents delineated in (aa) through (dd) below:
  • (cc) C3-C6 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein each of said phenyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ; and
  • R d at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C C 6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and cyano; and
  • R e at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 thioalkoxy; C C 6 haloalkoxy; C C 6 thiohaloalkoxy; -NH 2 ; -NH(C C 6 alkyl); N(C C 6 alkyl) 2 ; - NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); cyano; -C(0)H; -C(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl); C(0)OH; - C(0)0(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)NH 2 ; -C(0)NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); C(0)N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; -S0 2 (Ci-C 6 alkyl); - S0 2 NH 2 ; -S0 2 NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -S0 2 N(Ci-
  • R A is CR A1 R A2 , in which each of R A1 and R A2 is, independently, hydrogen, halo, or C1-C3 alkyl; or
  • R A is CR A1 R A2 , in which one of R A1 and R ⁇ is halo (e.g., fluoro), and the other of R A1 and R A2 is, independently, hydrogen, halo, or C1-C3 alkyl (e.g., hydrogen); or
  • R A is CR A1 R A2 , in which one of R A1 and R ⁇ is halo (e.g., fluoro), and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen; and
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L 1 , L 2 , and Z can be as defined anywhere herein; or a salt (e.g.,
  • (B) and/or (C) applies.
  • R A1 and R A2 can be OR 9 .
  • the other of R A1 and R A2 can be as defined anywhere herein; e.g., the other of R A1 and R A2 can be hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 can be OR 9 , and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen or C1 -C3 alkyl.
  • R 9 can be hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl; and
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L 1 , L 2 , and Z can be as defined anywhere herein; or a salt (e.g.,
  • each of R 3 and R 6 is (3 ⁇ 4; and/or each of R 3 and R 6 is bromo; and/or each of R 3 and R 6 is chloro; and/or one of R 3 and R 6 is CH 3 (e.g., R 6 ), and the other is bromo (e.g.,
  • R 10 and R 11 are heteroaryl as defined anywhere herein;
  • L 1 and/or L 2 is C2-C3 alkylene (optionally substituted);
  • compounds of formula (III) are featured in which Z is other than NR 10 R n ; and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L 1 , L 2 , Z, and A can be as defined anywhere herein; or a salt (e.g.,
  • compounds of formula (III) are featured in which Z is -OR 12 and/or -
  • S(0) n R 1J ; and R , R", R R", L , V, and A can be as defined anywhere herein; or a salt (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof.
  • (B) and/or (C) applies.
  • heterocycloalkylene is (a) substituted with 1 oxo; and (b) is optionally further substituted with from 1-4 independently selected R ; and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L 1 , L 2 , and Z can be as defined anywhere herein; or a salt (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof.
  • Ri - R 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 thiohaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N 3 , cyano, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and nitro;
  • X is C6-C1 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with 1-4 R b ; or heteroaryl containing 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S, and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-4 R b ;
  • each of L 1 and L 2 is, independently, C1-C3 alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c ;
  • R A is CR A1 R A2 , wherein one of R A1 and R A2 is independently selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; and the other of R A1 and R A2 is independently selected from fluoro, chloro, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; wherein R 9 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with hydroxyl or C1-C3 alkoxy;
  • Z is -NR 10 R n or -OR 12 ;
  • each of R 10 and R 11 is independently selected from the substituents delineated collectively in (a) through (k) below:
  • heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b ;
  • R 10 and R 11 must be selected from (b) and (c);
  • R 12 is::
  • R b at each occurrence is independently selected from the substituents delineated in (aa) through (dd) below:
  • (cc) C3-C6 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms of the heterocyclyl is independently selected from N, NH, N(d-d alkyl), NC(0)(d-d alkyl), O, and S; and wherein each of said phenyl and heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R ; and
  • R c at each occurrence is, independently selected from halo, d-d alkoxy, d-d thioalkoxy, d-d haloalkoxy, d-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, d-C 6 alkyl, d-d haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(d-d alkyl), - N(Ci-d alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(d-d alkyl), and cyano;
  • R d at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, d-d alkoxy, d-d thioalkoxy, d-C 6 haloalkoxy, d-d thiohaloalkoxy, d-C 6 alkyl, d-d haloalkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(d- d alkyl), -N(d-d alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(d-C 6 alkyl), and cyano; and
  • R e at each occurrence is, independently selected from hydroxyl, d-d alkoxy; d-d thioalkoxy; d-d haloalkoxy; d-d thiohaloalkoxy; -NH 2 ; -NH(d-d alkyl); -N(d-d alkyl) 2 ; - NHC(0)(d-d alkyl); cyano; -C(0)H; -C(0)(d-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)(d-C 6 haloalkyl); -C(0)OH; - C(0)0(d-d alkyl); -C(0)NH 2 ; -C(0)NH(d-C 6 alkyl); -C(0)N(d-C 6 alkyl) 2 ; -S0 2 (d-d alkyl); -SO2NH2; -S0 2 NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl); -S0 2 N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2
  • compound of formula (VI) can have a R3 that is selected from halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, Ci-C 6 thiohaloalkoxy, Q- C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N 3 , cyano, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -N(d- Ce alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C6 alkyl), and nitro.
  • R3 is halo such as bromo.
  • each of R ls R 2 , R4 and R 5 is hydrogen.
  • compound of formula (VI) can have X that is C6-C1 0 aryl substituted with one or more halo such as bromo.
  • X can be 4-bromophenyl.
  • X can also be heteroaryl containing 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S, and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-4 R b .
  • X can be pyridine optionally substituted with 1-4 R b .
  • compound of formula (VI) can have A that is CR A1 R A2 , wherein each of R A1 and R A2 is, independently, hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, or OR 9 .
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is OR 9 ; and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 can be OH; and the other of R A1 and R A2 can be hydrogen.
  • A is CR A1 R A2 and wherein the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 is substituted with four different substituents.
  • the carbon attached to to R A1 and R A2 can be (R) or (S) configured.
  • the (R) configured formula (VI) compound can be substantially free of a formula (VI) compound that is S configured at the carbon atom attached to to R A1 and R A2 .
  • the (S) configured formula (VI) compound can be substantially free of a formula (VI) compound that is (R) configured at the carbon atom attached to R A1 and R A2 .
  • the compound of formula (VI), in some embodiments, can be (+) or (-) (dextrorotatory).
  • the (+) (dextrorotatory) compound can be substantially free of a formula (I) compound that is (levororotatory).
  • the (-) (levororotatory) compound can be substantially free of a formula (I) compound that is (+) (dextrorotatory).
  • the presently disclosed embodiments relate generally to stimulating neurogenesis (e.g., post-natal neurogenesis, e.g., post-natal hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis) and protecting neurons from death with a compound of formula (I) (and/or a compound of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein.
  • neurogenesis e.g., post-natal neurogenesis, e.g., post-natal hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis
  • a salt e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
  • methods of promoting the generation of neurons are featured.
  • methods of promoting the survival, growth, development and/or function of neurons, particularly CNS, brain, cerebral, hippocampal and hypothalamic neurons are featured.
  • methods of stimulating post-natal hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis are featured.
  • such methods can include in vitro methods, e.g., contacting a sample (e.g., a cell or tissue) with a compound of formula (I) (and/or a compound of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein.
  • the methods can include administering a compound of formula (I) (and/or a compound of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein to a subject (e.g., a mammal, such as a human).
  • the presently disclosed embodiments include and feature methods of screening for (thereby identifying) compounds that stimulate neurogenesis (e.g., postnatal neurogenesis, e.g., post-natal hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis) or protect newborn neurons from cell death.
  • neurogenesis e.g., postnatal neurogenesis, e.g., post-natal hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis
  • protect newborn neurons from cell death e.g., such as those described in the Examples section.
  • methods for treating e.g., controlling, relieving, ameliorating, alleviating, or slowing the progression of
  • methods for preventing e.g., delaying the onset of or reducing the risk of developing
  • the methods include administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) (and/or a compound of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein to the subject.
  • a compound of formula (I) (and/or a compound of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein in the preparation of, or for use as, a medicament for the treatment (e.g., controlling, relieving, ameliorating, alleviating, or slowing the progression of) or prevention (e.g., delaying the onset of or reducing the risk of developing) of one or more diseases, disorders, or conditions caused by, or associated with, insufficient (e.g., aberrant) neurogenesis or unwanted neuronal cell death is featured.
  • a salt e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
  • the one or more diseases, disorders, or conditions can include
  • 57 diseases, disorders, or conditions can be diseases, disorders, or conditions caused by, or associated with insufficient neurogenesis (e.g., aberrant hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis) as is believed to occur in neuropsychiatric diseases, or aberrant neuronal cell death as is believed to occur in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • insufficient neurogenesis e.g., aberrant hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis
  • Examples of the one or more diseases, disorders, or conditions include, but are not limited to, schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, normal aging, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, stroke, radiation therapy, chronic stress, and abuse of neuro-active drugs (such as alcohol, opiates, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, and cocaine), retinal degeneration, spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, physiological weight loss associated with various conditions, and cognitive decline associated with normal aging, radiation therapy, and
  • neuro-active drugs such as alcohol, opiates, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, and cocaine
  • the subject can be a subject in need thereof (e.g., a subject identified as being in need of such treatment, such as a subject having, or at risk of having, one or more of the diseases or conditions described herein). Identifying a subject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a subject or a health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) or objective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method).
  • the subject can be a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject can be a human.
  • methods of making the compounds described herein include taking any one of the intermediate compounds described herein and reacting it with one or more chemical reagents in one or more steps to produce a compound of formula (I) (and/or a compound of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein.
  • compounds in which A is CHOH, and each of L 1 and L 2 is C 1 -C3 alkylene can be converted to compounds in which A is C(O), and each of L 1 and L 2 is C 1 -C3 alkylene (e.g., each of L 1 and L 2 is CH 2 ) that is substituted with C 1 -C6 thioalkoxy (e.g., -SCH 3 ).
  • the methods include contacting the starting material with an oxidizing agent sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (see, e.g., Example 7a and 7b).
  • methods of making the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are featured.
  • the methods include taking any one or more of the compounds of formula (I) (and/or compounds of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein, and mixing said
  • kits for the treatment e.g., controlling, relieving, ameliorating, alleviating, or slowing the progression of
  • prevention e.g., delaying the onset of or reducing the risk of developing
  • the kits include (i) a compound of formula (I) (and/or compounds of any of the other formulae described herein) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof as defined anywhere herein; and (ii) instructions that include a direction to administer said compound to a subject (e.g., a patient).
  • Embodiments can include, for example, any one or more of the following features.
  • R 3 is selected from halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci-C 6 thioalkoxy, Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 thiohaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N3, cyano, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and nitro.
  • R 3 is halo (e.g., bromo).
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is selected from halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, C1-C6 thiohaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N3, cyano, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and nitro.
  • R 6 is halo (e.g., bromo) or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ). In embodiments, R 6 is halo (e.g., bromo). In embodiments, each of R 5 , R 7 , and R 8 is hydrogen.
  • each of R 3 and R 6 is an independently selected substituent that is other than hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each of R 3 and R 6 is independently selected from halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 thioalkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 thiohaloalkoxy, Ci- C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, -N 3 , cyano, -NH 2 , -NH(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -N(d- Ce alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C6 alkyl), and nitro.
  • R 3 can be halo (e.g., bromo); and R 6 can be halo (e.g., bromo) or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ); e.g., halo (e.g., bromo).
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 is hydrogen; and each of R 5 , R 7 , and R 8 is hydrogen.
  • R and R' together with C2 and C3, respectively, form a fused heteroaryl ring containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R b .
  • R and R' together with C2 and C3, respectively, form a fused heteroaryl ring containing -6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 independently selected ring atoms is N; and wherein said heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R b .
  • R and R' together with C2 and C3, respectively, form a fused heterocyclic ring containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R .
  • R and R' together with C2 and C3, respectively, form a fused heterocyclic ring containing 6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C6 alkyl), and NC(0)(Ci-C6 alkyl); and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R .
  • R and R' is, independently, hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 haloalkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 haloalkyl; e.g., C1-C6 alkyl).
  • Each of L 1 and L 2 is, independently, C1-C3 straight chain alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c .
  • each of L 1 and L 2 is CH 2 .
  • R A is CR A1 R A2 , in which each of R A1 and R A2 is, independently, hydrogen, halo, C1-C 3 alkyl, or OR 9 .
  • A is other than C3 ⁇ 4.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 can be independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-C 3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; and the other of R A1 and R ⁇ can be independently selected from halo, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 .
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is halo, C1-C 3 alkyl, or OR 9 (e.g., halo or OR 9 ); and the other is hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is halo, and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen or halo.
  • one of R A1 and R ⁇ is fluoro, and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen or fluoro.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is OR 9 ; and the other of R A1 and R A2 is C1-C3 alkyl.
  • one of R A1 and R ⁇ is OH; and the other of R A1 and R ⁇ is CH3.
  • the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 is substituted with four different substituents (for purposes of clarification, these four substituents include R A1 and R A2 ) and is therefore a stereogenic center.
  • the carbon attached to R and R is (R) configured, meaning that the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 has the (R) configuration (Cahn Ingold Prelog sequence rules notation).
  • Such compounds are sometimes referred to herein as an "(/ ⁇ -configured compound” (this term also includes compounds that further contain one or more stereogenic centers in addition to the (R)-CR A1 R A2 stereogenic center).
  • the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 is (S) configured, meaning that the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 has the (5) configuration (Cahn Ingold Prelog sequence rules notation).
  • Such compounds are sometimes referred to herein as an "(S) -configured compound” (this term also includes compounds that further contain one or more stereogenic centers in addition to the (5)-CR A1 R A2 stereogenic center).
  • the (R) configured compound (or salt, e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof) is substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of) a formula (I) compound (or salt thereof as described herein) that is (S) configured at the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 (i.e., a formula (I) compound in which the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 has the (5) configuration).
  • the (R) configured compound can be an (R)-enantiomer that is substantially free of its opposing (5) enantiomer.
  • an (R) configured compound can be substantially free of a diastereomer in which the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 has the (S) configuration.
  • the (R) configured compound can be additionally in substantially pure form (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of other substances, including, for example, one or more of other formula (I) compounds, non- formula (I) compounds, or biological media).
  • the (S) configured compound (or salt, e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, thereof) is substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of) a formula (I) compound (or salt thereof as described herein) that is (R) configured at the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 (i.e., a formula (I) compound in which the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 has the (R) configuration).
  • the (S) configured compound can be an (5)-enantiomer that is substantially free of its opposing (R) enantiomer.
  • the (S) configured compound can be substantially free of a diastereomer in which the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 has the (R) configuration.
  • the (S) configured compound can be additionally in substantially pure form (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of other substances, including, for example, one or more of other formula (I) compounds, non- formula (I) compounds, or biological media).
  • a formula (I) compound is (+) (dextrorotatory) when in the presence of plane polarized light.
  • a formula (I) compound is (-) (levororotatory) when in the presence of plane polarized light.
  • the (+) (dextrorotatory) compound is substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%) a formula (I) compound (or salt thereof as described herein) that is (-) (levororotatory).
  • the (+) (dextrorotatory) compound can be additionally in substantially pure form (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of other substances, including, for example, one or more of other formula (I) compounds, non-formula (I) compounds, or biological media).
  • the (-) (levororotatory) compound is substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%) a formula (I) compound (or salt thereof as described herein) that is (+) (dextrorotatory).
  • the (-) (levororotatory) compound can be additionally in substantially pure form (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of other substances, including, for example, one or more of other formula (I) compounds, non-formula (I) compounds, or biological media).
  • R A is CR A1 R A2 , wherein each of R A1 and R A2 is, independently, hydrogen, halo, C1-C3 alkyl, or OR 9 .
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; and the other of R A1 and R A2 is independently selected from halo, C1-C3 alkyl, and OR 9 .
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is halo, and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen, halo, or C1-C3 alkyl.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is halo, and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is fluoro, and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen.
  • each of R A1 and R A2 is, independently, halo; e.g., each of R A1 and R A2 is fluoro.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is -OH, and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen.
  • A is CR R , wherein one of R and R is independently selected from hydrogen, halo, C 1 -C3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; and the other of R A1 and R A2 is independently selected from halo, C 1 -C3 alkyl, and OR 9 ; wherein R 9 is hydrogen or C 1 -C3 alkyl that is optionally substituted with hydroxyl or C 1 -C3 alkoxy.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is OR 9 , and the other is hydrogen, wherein R 9 is hydrogen.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is halo, and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen or halo.
  • one of R A1 and R ⁇ is fluoro, and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen or fluoro.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 is OR 9 ; and the other of R A1 and R A2 is C 1 -C3 alkyl.
  • one of R A1 and R ⁇ is OH; and the other of R A1 and R ⁇ is CH3.
  • Z is: (i) -NR 10 R n ; or (ii) -C(O)NR 10 R n ; or (iii) -OR 12 ; or (iv) -S(0) n R 13 , wherein n is 0, 1, or 2.
  • R 10 and R 11 is: (b) C 6 -Ci 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b ; or (c) heteroaryl containing from 5-14 ring atoms, wherein from 1-6 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C3 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b ; and the other of R 10 and R 11 is hydrogen or Ci-Ce alkyl.
  • Z is -OR 12 or -S(0) n R 13 .
  • Z is -OR 12 .
  • R 12 is C6-C 10 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b .
  • R 12 is C 1 -C6 alkyl or C 1 -C6 haloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C6 alkyl), each of which is substituted with from 1-3 R d .
  • R 12 is other than C 1 -C6 alkyl or C 1 -C6 haloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C 6 alkyl), each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1-3 R d .
  • R 3 can be selected from halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C 1 -C6 alkoxy, C 1 -C6 thioalkoxy, C 1 -C6 haloalkoxy, C 1 -C6 thiohaloalkoxy, C 1 -C6 alkyl, C 1 -C6 haloalkyl, cyano, -NH 2 , - H(Ci-C6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and nitro.
  • R 3 can be halo (e.g., bromo).
  • each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 can be hydrogen.
  • L 1 can be C 1 -C3 straight chain alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c .
  • L 1 can be CH 2 .
  • L 2 can be C 1 -C3 straight chain alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c .
  • L 2 can be CH 2 .
  • Each of L 1 and L 2 can be, independently, C 1 -C3 straight chain alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c .
  • each of L 1 and L 2 can be CH 2 .
  • A can be CR R , in which each of R and R is, independently, hydrogen, halo, C1-C3 alkyl, or OR 9 .
  • R A can be CR A1 R A2 , in which each of R A1 and R ⁇ is, independently, hydrogen, halo, or Ci- C 3 alkyl.
  • R A can be CR A1 R A2 , in which one of R A1 and R A2 is halo (e.g., fluoro), and the other of R A1 and R A2 is, independently, hydrogen, halo, or C1-C3 alkyl (e.g., hydrogen).
  • halo e.g., fluoro
  • C1-C3 alkyl e.g., hydrogen
  • R A can be CR A1 R A2 , in which one of R A1 and R A2 is halo (e.g., fluoro), and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen.
  • halo e.g., fluoro
  • R A1 and R A2 can be halo or OR 9 , and the other is hydrogen.
  • R A1 and R A2 can be OR 9 .
  • the other of R A1 and R A2 can be as defined anywhere herein; e.g., the other of R A1 and R A2 can be hydrogen or C1-C3 alkyl.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 can be OR 9 , and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen.
  • R 9 can be hydrogen.
  • R A1 and R A2 can be halo.
  • the other of R A1 and R A2 can be as defined anywhere herein; e.g., the other of R A1 and R A2 can be hydrogen, C1-C3 alkyl, or halo.
  • one of R A1 and R A2 can be halo (e.g., fluoro), and the other of R A1 and R A2 is hydrogen.
  • the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 can have the R configuration.
  • the carbon attached to R A1 and R A2 can have the S configuration.
  • Each of L 1 and L 2 is, independently, C1-C3 alkylene, which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 independently selected R c .
  • each of L 1 and L 2 can be CH2.
  • Z can be -NR 10 R n .
  • R 10 and R 11 can be C6-C1 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b .
  • R 10 and R 11 can be C6-C1 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b , and the other is hydrogen or Ci-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 10 and R 11 can be C6-C1 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b , and the other is hydrogen.
  • one of R 10 and R 11 can be unsubstituted phenyl, and the other is hydrogen.
  • one of R 10 and R 11 can be phenyl that is substituted with 1 R b , and the other is hydrogen.
  • R b can be C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ).
  • one of R 10 and R 11 can be 3-methoxyphenyl, and the other is hydrogen.
  • Z can be -OR 12 .
  • R 12 can be C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R c .
  • R 12 can be C6-C1 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b .
  • R 12 can be unsubstituted phenyl.
  • Z can be -S(0) n R 13 , in which n can be 0, 1, or 2.
  • R can be C6-C1 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b .
  • R 13 can be unsubstituted phenyl.
  • Z can be heterocycloalkenyl containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1 -3 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, N(Ci-C 6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocycloalkenyl is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R a
  • R 6 can be selected from halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, Ci-Ce thioalkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, C1-C6 thiohaloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, cyano, -NH 2 , - H(Ci-C6 alkyl), N(Ci-C 6 alkyl) 2 , -NHC(0)(Ci-C 6 alkyl), and nitro.
  • R 6 can be halo (e.g., bromo).
  • each of R 5 , R 7 , and R 8 can be hydrogen.
  • any one or more of the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , L 1 , L 2 , A, and Z embodiments described herein can be combined with any one or more of the R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 embodiments described herein.
  • Each of L 1 and L 2 can be CH 2 .
  • A can be CR A1 R A2 , wherein one of R A1 and R A2 is OR 9 , and the other is hydrogen.
  • Z is -NR R ; and each of R and R can be independently selected from:
  • Each of R 3 and R 6 can be halo (e.g., bromo); and each of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , and R 8 can be hydrogen.
  • R 9 can be hydrogen.
  • One of R 10 and R 11 can be C6-C1 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 R b , and the other is hydrogen.
  • One of R 10 and R 11 can be unsubstituted phenyl, and the other is hydrogen.
  • One of R 10 and R 11 can be phenyl that is substituted with 1 R b , and the other is hydrogen.
  • R b can be C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ).
  • One of R 10 and R 11 can be 3-methoxyphenyl, and the other is hydrogen.
  • Each of L 1 and L 2 is CH 2 .
  • A is CR A1 R A2 , wherein one of R A1 and R A2 is OR 9 , and the other
  • R is hydrogen.
  • Z is -NR R ; and each of R and R is independently selected from: (a) hydrogen;
  • Embodiment can include one or more of the following features.
  • Each of R 3 and R 6 is halo (e.g., bromo); and each of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , and R 8 is hydrogen.
  • R 9 can be hydrogen.
  • R 10 and R 11 can be C6-C1 0 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R b , and the other is hydrogen.
  • One of R 10 and R 11 can be unsubstituted phenyl, and the other is hydrogen.
  • One of R 10 and R 11 can be phenyl that is substituted with 1 R b , and the other is hydrogen.
  • R b can be C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ).
  • One of R 10 and R 11 can be 3-methoxyphenyl, and the other is hydrogen.
  • (A), (B), or (C) applies. In other embodiments, (A) and (B); or (A) and (C); or (B) and (C) applies. In still other embodiments, (A), (B), or (C) apply.
  • Each of R and R' can be, independently, hydrogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, or Ci-C 6 haloalkyl.
  • Each of R and R' can be, independently, C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., each of R and R' can be CH 3 ).
  • Each of R and R' can be hydrogen.
  • the compound having formula (I) can include any one or more of or be selected from:
  • a salt e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (or any one or a subset thereof, e.g., as delineated in the claims).
  • the compound having formula (I) can be l-(3,6-dibromo-9H- carbazol-9-yl)-3-(phenylamino)propan-2-ol; or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof.
  • the compound having formula (I) can be R-l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H- carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol; or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof.
  • R-l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3- methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof can be substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of) 5'-l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenylamino)- propan-2-ol or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof.
  • the compound having formula (I) can be 5'-l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H- carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol; or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof.
  • 5-l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3- methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof can be substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of) R-l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenylamino)- propan-2-ol or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof.
  • the compound having formula (I) can be the (+) (dextrorotatory) enantiomer of l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol as described herein or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof. See, e.g., Example la and lb.
  • the (+) (dextrorotatory) enantiomer of l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9- yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol as described herein or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof can be substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of) the (-) (levorotatory) enantiomer of 1- (3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol as described herein or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof.
  • the compound having formula (I) can be the (-) (levorotatory) enantiomer of l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol as described herein or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof. See, e.g., Example la and lb.
  • the (-) (levorotatory) enantiomer of l-(3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3- (3-methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol as described herein or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof can be substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of) the (+) (dextrorotatory) enantiomer of 1- (3,6-Dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenylamino)-propan-2-ol as described herein or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof.
  • the compound can be (+) (dextrorotatory)-N-(3 -(3, 6-dibromo-9H- carbazol-9-yl)-2-fluoropropyl)-3-methoxyaniline as described herein or a salt (e.g., a
  • the (+) (levorotatory) enantiomer of N-(3-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-fluoropropyl)-3- methoxyaniline as described herein or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof can be substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of) the (-) (dextrorotatory) enantiomer of N-(3-(3,6-dibromo-9H- carbazol-9-yl)-2-fluoropropyl)-3-methoxyaniline as described herein or a salt (e.g., a salt (e.g., a salt (e.g., a salt).
  • the compound can be (-) (dextrorotatory)-N-(3 -(3, 6-dibromo-9H- carbazol-9-yl)-2-fluoropropyl)-3-methoxyaniline as described herein or a salt (e.g., a
  • the (-) (levorotatory) enantiomer of N-(3-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-fluoropropyl)-3- methoxyaniline as described herein or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof can be substantially free of (e.g., contains less than about 5% of, less than about 2% of, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of) the (+) (dextrorotatory) enantiomer of N-(3-(3,6-dibromo-9H- carbazol-9-yl)-2-fluoropropyl)-3-methoxyaniline as described herein or a salt (e.g., a salt (e.g., a salt (e.g., a salt).
  • Compounds of formula (I), (II), (III), and (IV) are featured, including title compounds of Examples la, lb, 3a, 3b, 3d, 6a, 10, 13, 21, 22, 88b, 90, 92, 96, 97a, 97b, 102, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 132, 143, and 144a; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • compounds of formula (I), (II), (III), and (IV) can be used in a method for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition caused by unwanted neuronal cell death or associated with insufficient neurogenesis in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method can include administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having formula (I), (II), (III), or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined herein.
  • the methods can further include detecting a resultant neurotrophism (e.g., neurogenesis; and/or determining that the patient has aberrant neurotrophism, particularly aberrant neurogenesis, particularly aberrant hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis, or a disease or disorder associated therewith, particularly by detecting and/or diagnosing the same.
  • a resultant neurotrophism e.g., neurogenesis
  • determining that the patient has aberrant neurotrophism, particularly aberrant neurogenesis, particularly aberrant hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis, or a disease or disorder associated therewith particularly by detecting and/or diagnosing the same.
  • the methods can further include detecting a resultant neurotrophism.
  • the methods can further include detecting determining that the subject has aberrant neurogenesis or death of neurons or a disease or disorder associated therewith, by detecting the same in said subject.
  • the methods can further include detecting a resultant hippocampal and/or hypothalamic neurogenesis.
  • the disease, disorder, or condition can be a neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease, including (but not limited to) schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, normal aging, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, stroke, radiation therapy, chronic stress, and abuse of neuro-active drugs (such as alcohol, opiates, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, and cocaine), retinal degeneration, spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, physiological weight loss associated with various conditions, and cognitive decline associated with normal aging, and chemotherapy.
  • neuro-active drugs such as alcohol, opiates, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, and cocaine
  • the compounds having formula (I) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof provide at least about 27 (xlO 06 ) BrdU+ cells / mm 3 dentate gyrus when evaluated in the assay described in conjunction with Table 1 (i.e., evaluated for pro-neurogenic efficacy / neuroprotection in our standard in vivo assay at 10 ⁇ concentration in four 12 week old adult male C57/B16 mice..
  • the compounds having formula (I) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof provide at least about 19 (xlO 06 ) BrdU+ cells / mm 3 dentate gyrus when evaluated in the assay described in conjunction with Table 1.
  • the compounds having formula (I) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof provide from about 18 to about 30 (e.g., 18-27, 19-26, 20-25, 27-30, 27-29) (xlO "06 ) BrdU+ cells / mm dentate gyrus when evaluated in the assay described in conjunction with Table 1.
  • the compounds having formula (I) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof provide from about 18 to about 26 (e.g., 19-26, 20-25) (xlO 06 ) BrdU+ cells / mm 3 dentate gyrus when evaluated in the assay described in conjunction with Table 1.
  • the compounds having formula (I) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) thereof provide from about 27 to about 30 (e.g., 27-29) (xlO 06 ) BrdU+ cells / mm 3 dentate gyrus when evaluated in the assay described in conjunction with Table 1.
  • a composition e.g., a pharmaceutical composition
  • any compound, composition, or method described herein can also include any one or more of the other features delineated in the detailed description and/or in the claims.
  • mammal includes organisms, which include mice, rats, cows, sheep, pigs, rabbits, goats, horses, monkeys, dogs, cats, and humans.
  • an effective amount refers to an amount of a compound that confers a therapeutic effect (e.g., treats, e.g., controls, relieves, ameliorates, alleviates, or slows the progression of; or prevents, e.g., delays the onset of or reduces the risk of developing, a disease, disorder, or condition or symptoms thereof) on the treated subject.
  • the therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e., measurable by some test or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of or feels an effect
  • An effective amount of the compound described above may range from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg, (e.g., from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg). Effective doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents.
  • halo refers to any radical of fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • substituent (radical) prefix names are derived from the parent hydride by either (i) replacing the "ane” in the parent hydride with the suffixes "yl,” “diyl,” “triyl,” “tetrayl,” etc.; or (ii) replacing the "e” in the parent hydride with the suffixes "yl,” “diyl,” “triyl,” “tetrayl,” etc. (here the atom(s) with the free valence, when specified, is (are) given numbers as low as is consistent with any established numbering of the parent hydride).
  • Accepted contracted names e.g., adamantyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, furyl, pyridyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, and piperidyl, and trivial names, e.g., vinyl, allyl, phenyl, and thienyl are also used herein throughout.
  • Conventional numbering/lettering systems are also adhered to for substituent numbering and the nomenclature of fused, bicyclic, tricyclic, polycyclic rings.
  • radicals, substituents, and ranges are for illustration only; they do not exclude other defined values or other values within defined ranges for the radicals and substituents.
  • alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, and the like denote both straight and branched groups.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms.
  • C ⁇ -Ce alkyl indicates that the group may have from 1 to 6 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. Any atom can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more subsituents.
  • alkyl groups include without limitation methyl, ethyl, w-propyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl.
  • straight chain C n _ m alkylene refers to a non-branched divalent alkyl linking group having n to m carbon atoms. Any atom can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more subsituents. Examples include methylene (i.e., -CH 2 -).
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group, in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by halo. In some embodiments, more than one hydrogen atom (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, or 14 ) are replaced by halo. In these embodiments, the hydrogen atoms can each be replaced by the same halogen (e.g., fluoro) or the hydrogen atoms can be replaced by a combination of different halogens (e.g., fluoro and chloro).
  • Haloalkyl also includes alkyl moieties in which all hydrogens have been replaced by halo (sometimes referred to herein as perhaloalkyl, e.g., perfluoroalkyl, such as trifluoromethyl). Any atom can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • alkoxy refers to a group of formula
  • Alkoxy can be, for example, methoxy (-OCH 3 ), ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, or hexyloxy.
  • thioalkoxy refers to a group of formula -S(alkyl).
  • haloalkoxy and thioalkoxy refer to -0(haloalkyl) and -S(haloalkyl), respectively.
  • sulfhydryl refers to -SH.
  • hydroxyl employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula -OH.
  • aralkyl refers to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl group. One of the carbons of the alkyl moiety serves as the point of attachment of the aralkyl group to another moiety. Any ring or chain atom can be optionally substituted e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • aralkyl include benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, and 3- phenylpropyl groups.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing the indicated number of carbon atoms and having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Any atom can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Alkenyl groups can include, e.g., vinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl. One of the double bond carbons can optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenyl substituent.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing the indicated number of carbon atoms and having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
  • Alkynyl groups can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • Alkynyl groups can include, e.g., ethynyl, propargyl, and 3-hexynyl.
  • One of the triple bond carbons can optionally be the point of attachment of the alkynyl substituent.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a fully saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or other polycyclic ring system having one or more constituent heteroatom ring atoms independently selected from O, N (it is understood that one or two additional groups may be present to complete the nitrogen valence and/or form a salt), or S.
  • the heteroatom or ring carbon can be the point of attachment of the heterocyclyl substituent to another moiety. Any atom can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • Heterocyclyl groups can include, e.g.,
  • heterocyclic ring containing from 5-6 ring atoms, wherein from 1-2 of the ring atoms is independently selected from N, NH, (Ci-C6 alkyl), NC(0)(Ci-C6 alkyl), O, and S; and wherein said heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 independently selected R " would include (but not be limited to) tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidyl (piperidino), piperazinyl, morpholinyl (morpholino), pyrrolinyl, and pyrrolidinyl.
  • heterocycloalkenyl refers to partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups having one or more (e.g., 1-4) heteroatom ring atoms independently selected from O, N (it is understood that one or two additional groups may be present to complete the nitrogen valence and/or form a salt), or S.
  • a ring carbon (e.g., saturated or unsaturated) or heteroatom can be the point of attachment of the heterocycloalkenyl substituent. Any atom can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • Heterocycloalkenyl groups can include, e.g., dihydropyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl, dihydropyranyl, 4,5-dihydrooxazolyl, 4,5-dihydro-lH-imidazolyl, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-pyrimidinyl, and 5,6-dihydro-2H-[l,3]oxazinyl.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a fully saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups. Any atom can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. A ring carbon serves as the point of attachment of a cycloalkyl group to another moiety. Cycloalkyl moieties can include, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, and norbornyl (bicycle[2.2.1]heptyl).
  • cycloalkenyl refers to partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups.
  • a ring carbon e.g., saturated or unsaturated is the point of attachment of the cycloalkenyl substituent. Any atom can be optionally substituted e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • Cycloalkenyl moieties can include, e.g., cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, or norbornenyl.
  • cycloalkylene refers to a divalent monocyclic cycloalkyl group having the indicated number of ring atoms.
  • heterocycloalkylene refers to a divalent monocyclic heterocyclyl group having the indicated number of ring atoms.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic (2 fused rings), or tricyclic (3 fused rings), or polycyclic (> 3 fused rings) hydrocarbon ring system.
  • One or more ring atoms can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • Aryl moieties include, e.g., phenyl and naphthyl.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic (2 fused rings), tricyclic (3 fused rings), or polycyclic (> 3 fused rings) hydrocarbon groups having one or more heteroatom ring atoms independently selected from O, N (it is understood that one or two additional groups may be present to complete the nitrogen valence and/or form a salt), or S.
  • One or more ring atoms can be optionally substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyl, 4H- quinolizinyl, acridinyl, benzo[b]thienyl, benzothiazolyl, ⁇ -carbolinyl, carbazolyl, coumarinyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzo[b,d]furanyl, furazanyl, furyl, imidazolyl, imidizolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxazolyl, perimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phen
  • arylcycloalkyl and arylheterocyclyl refer to bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic ring systems that include an aryl ring fused to a cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl, respectively.
  • heteroarylheterocyclyl and “heteroarylcycloalkyl” refer to bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic ring systems that include a heteroaryl ring fused to a heterocyclyl and cycloalkyl, respectively. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • arylcycloalkyl can include indanyl; arylheterocyclyl can include 2,3- dihydrobenzofuryl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl, and 2,2-dimethylchromanyl.
  • oxo refers to double bonded oxygen when a substituent on carbon.
  • oxo is a substituent on nitrogen or sulfur, it is understood that the resultant groups has the structures N ⁇ 0 " and S(O) and S0 2 , respectively.
  • cyano employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula -CN, wherein the carbon and nitrogen atoms are bound together by a triple bond.
  • substituted refers to a group “substituted” on, e.g., an alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group at any atom of that group.
  • the substituent(s) on a group are independently any one single, or any combination of two or more of the permissible atoms or groups of atoms delineated for that substituent.
  • a substituent may itself be substituted with any one of the above substituents.
  • the phrase "optionally substituted” means unsubstituted (e.g., substituted with a H) or substituted.
  • substituted means that a hydrogen atom is removed and replaced by a substituent. It is understood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency.
  • Descriptors such as "C6-C10 aryl that is optionally substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R b " (and the like) is intended to include both an unsubstituted C6-C10 aryl group and a Ce- C10 aryl group that is substituted with from 1 -4 independently selected R b .
  • the use of a substituent (radical) prefix names such as alkyl without the modifier "optionally substituted” or “substituted” is understood to mean that the particular substituent is unsubstituted.
  • haloalkyl without the modifier "optionally substituted” or “substituted” is still understood to mean an alkyl group, in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by halo.
  • R b can be as defined in any one, two, three, or all of (aa) through (dd).
  • R b can be as defined in (aa) and (bb) or combinations thereof.
  • Cy is a saturated, partially unsaturated or aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system
  • R e is understood to include each of the rings systems defined above (e.g., Cy can be coumarinyl or the ring component of biotin optionally substituted as defined anywhere herein).
  • Figure 1 Pulse-chase analysis of BrdU-labeling identified magnitude and timing of cell death following birth of new neurons in the dentate gyrus. 12 week old wild type male C57/B6 mice were individually housed without access to running wheels and injected on day 0 with BrdU (50 mg/kg, i.p.). Neural precursor cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus (DG) subgranular zone (SGZ) and granular layer (GL) was subsequently monitored through immunohistochemistry for BrdU on days 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days post-injection.
  • DG dentate gyrus
  • SGZ subgranular zone
  • GL granular layer
  • mice Four mice were evaluated at each time point, and 25-30 adjacent coronal sections through the hippocampus (progressing posteriorly from the point where the suprapyramidal and infrapyramidal blades are joined at the crest region and the dentate gyrus is oriented horizontally beneath the corpus callosum) from each mouse were examined.
  • days 1 and 5 almost 100% of BrdU-positive cells within the DG were localized in the SGZ.
  • the total number of cells decreased approximately 40% between days 1 and 5, in accordance with the appearance of apoptotic cell bodies in the SGZ.
  • day 10 some BrdU positive cells had migrated into the GL, with no significant change in total number of BrdU-positive cells in the DG.
  • FGF-2 fibroblast growth factor 2

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