WO2011148946A1 - 作業機械の安全装置 - Google Patents
作業機械の安全装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011148946A1 WO2011148946A1 PCT/JP2011/061886 JP2011061886W WO2011148946A1 WO 2011148946 A1 WO2011148946 A1 WO 2011148946A1 JP 2011061886 W JP2011061886 W JP 2011061886W WO 2011148946 A1 WO2011148946 A1 WO 2011148946A1
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- zmp
- work machine
- stability
- work
- warning
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
- E02F9/24—Safety devices, e.g. for preventing overload
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
- B66C23/00—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes
- B66C23/88—Safety gear
- B66C23/90—Devices for indicating or limiting lifting moment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66C—CRANES; LOAD-ENGAGING ELEMENTS OR DEVICES FOR CRANES, CAPSTANS, WINCHES, OR TACKLES
- B66C23/00—Cranes comprising essentially a beam, boom, or triangular structure acting as a cantilever and mounted for translatory of swinging movements in vertical or horizontal planes or a combination of such movements, e.g. jib-cranes, derricks, tower cranes
- B66C23/88—Safety gear
- B66C23/90—Devices for indicating or limiting lifting moment
- B66C23/905—Devices for indicating or limiting lifting moment electrical
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
- E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
- E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
- E02F9/26—Indicating devices
- E02F9/264—Sensors and their calibration for indicating the position of the work tool
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a safety device for a work machine, and more particularly to a safety device for notifying an operator of information related to machine stability in a self-propelled work machine used for dismantling work, construction work, civil engineering work, and the like.
- a revolving body is pivotably mounted on the upper part of a traveling body that is driven by a power system, and an articulated work front is attached to the revolving body.
- a work machine used for structure demolition work, waste demolition work, civil engineering construction work, etc.
- a revolving body is pivotably mounted on the upper part of a traveling body that is driven by a power system, and an articulated work front is attached to the revolving body.
- An example of such a work machine is a demolition work machine based on a hydraulic excavator. This demolition work machine connects the work front consisting of a boom and an arm to the swivel so that it can swing up and down, and attaches work tools such as grapple, bucket, breaker, crusher to the tip of the arm, Work such as waste demolition work can be done.
- Such a work machine performs work by changing various postures with the boom, arm, and work tool constituting the work front projecting outward from the revolving structure. May fall out of balance. For this reason, the operator needs to work safely while accurately grasping the current stability of the work machine or the possibility of falling.
- the stability refers to the extent to which the work machine can continue working on the work surface stably without falling down.
- the center of gravity position and the load load of the crawler crane are calculated from the output values of the load meter installed in the outrigger portion of the crawler crane and the inclinometer installed in the crawler, In the figure, it is determined whether the calculated center of gravity position is in a predetermined region, and the center of gravity position is displayed on a monitor using a color determined for each region.
- Patent Document 2 includes an outrigger extension width sensor and an outrigger reaction force sensor, calculates a fall limit from an output value of the outrigger extension width sensor, and falls in front, rear, left and right from an output value of the outrigger reaction force sensor.
- the calculated center of gravity of the crane is calculated from the output values of the outrigger extension width sensor and the outrigger reaction force sensor, and these are displayed on the display device. If there is a risk of falling, a warning is given. And a device that prevents the fall by fixing the passive joint of the outrigger is shown.
- the work machine is used for various work, and there is a case where a quick operation is required or a change of operation occurs.
- inertial force is generated by the movement of the work front or the work machine itself, which is relatively limited in operations such as crane work, compared to quasi-static work with little change in operation.
- the inertial force due to the dynamic (rapid) movement of the machine has a great influence on the stability.
- the influence of such dynamic motion is not taken into consideration.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and provides a safety device for a work machine that can make an operator easily and accurately recognize the current stability at the time of work including a work front operation or turning. For the purpose.
- the present invention employs the following means in order to solve the above problems.
- a safety device for a work machine comprising a traveling body, a work machine body mounted on the travel body, a work front swingably attached to the work machine body in a vertical direction, and a control device for controlling the work front
- the control device includes a plurality of ZMP calculating means for calculating the coordinates of the ZMP using position information, acceleration information, and external force information of the movable parts of the main body and the traveling body including the work front, and a plurality of grounds of the work machine.
- a display device for displaying the ZMP position of the work machine relative to the support polygon, wherein the ZMP calculating means and the stability calculating means include the ZMP position and the warning area.
- the present invention has the above-described configuration, it is possible to provide a safety device for a work machine capable of allowing an operator to easily and accurately recognize the current stability during work including operation front operation or turning. it can.
- 1 is a side view showing a work machine according to a first embodiment. It is a block diagram which shows the safety device of the working machine concerning 1st Embodiment. It is a side view which shows the sensor structure of the working machine concerning 1st Embodiment. It is a side view which shows the working machine model for ZMP calculation concerning 1st Embodiment. It is a schematic diagram which shows the support polygon and fall warning area
- FIG. 1 is a side view of a work machine to which the present invention is applied.
- the swing body 3 is attached to the upper part of the traveling body 2 so as to be capable of swinging, and the swing body 3 is driven to swing around the central shaft 3 c by the swing motor 7.
- An engine 5 that constitutes a cab 4 and a power system is attached to the revolving structure 3.
- a counterweight 8 is provided behind the revolving structure 3.
- 30 is the ground surface.
- the swing body 3 further includes an operation control device that controls the start / stop of the work machine 1 and the overall operation.
- the boom cylinder 11 is a drive actuator that rotates the boom 10 around the fulcrum 40, and is connected to the swing body 3 and the boom 10.
- the arm cylinder 13 is a drive actuator that rotates the arm 12 around a fulcrum 41, and is connected to the boom 10 and the arm 12.
- the work tool cylinder 15 is a drive actuator that rotates the bucket 23 around the fulcrum 42, and is connected to the bucket 23 via the link 16 and is connected to the arm 12 via the link 17.
- the bucket 23 can be arbitrarily replaced with other work tools (not shown) such as grapples, cutters, and breakers.
- an operation lever 50 for inputting a movement instruction for each drive actuator from the operator, and the stability of the work machine 1.
- a display device 61d for displaying information, fall warning information, etc., an alarm device 63d for emitting a fall warning sound of the work machine 1, and a user setting input means 55 for an operator to set a safety device are provided.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration related to the safety device.
- the safety device includes a state quantity detection means (sensor) 49 attached to each part of the work machine 1 to detect the posture of the work machine 1, a user setting input means 55 for the operator to set the safety device, a state A control device 60 that performs a predetermined calculation based on a detection value of the amount detection means 49, a display device 61d that presents stability information to an operator, and an alarm device 63d are provided.
- the control device 60 indicates a part related to the safety device among the control devices of the work machine 1.
- the control device 60 further includes an input unit 60x to which signals of the state quantity detection unit 49 and the user setting input unit 55 are input, a ZMP calculation unit 60f that receives the signal input to the input unit 60x and calculates the ZMP position 70, From the ZMP storage unit 60g that stores the calculation result of the ZMP calculation unit 60f for a predetermined period, the stability calculation unit 60d that calculates the stability and the possibility of falling from the calculation result of the ZMP calculation unit 60f, and the stability calculation unit 60d
- the display control means 61c and the alarm control means 63c for determining the output to the display device 61d and the alarm device 63d, respectively, and the output signals from the display control means 61c and the alarm control means 63c are respectively displayed on the display device 61d and the alarm device 63d.
- An output unit 60y that outputs to the device 63d is provided.
- the ZMP calculating means 60f
- the control device 60 includes a microcomputer (not shown) including a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, a storage unit including a flash memory, and the like, and a computer program and peripheral circuits stored in the ROM, and operates the computer program on the CPU. To perform arithmetic processing.
- a microcomputer including a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, a storage unit including a flash memory, and the like, and a computer program and peripheral circuits stored in the ROM, and operates the computer program on the CPU. To perform arithmetic processing.
- the present invention supports safe work by presenting the results of ZMP position calculation and stability determination calculated by the control device 60 so that the operator can instantly and accurately recognize the results via the display device 61d and the alarm device 63d. To do.
- the upper swing body 3 is provided with an attitude sensor 3b for detecting the inclination of the machine reference coordinate system with respect to the world coordinate system with the Z axis as the direction opposite to gravity, which will be described later.
- the posture sensor 3b is, for example, an inclination angle sensor, and detects the inclination of the machine reference coordinate system with respect to the world coordinate system by detecting the inclination angle of the upper swing body 3.
- a turning angle sensor 3 s for detecting the turning angle of the lower traveling body 2 and the upper turning body 3 is provided on the turning center line 3 c of the upper turning body 3.
- a boom angle sensor (angle sensor) 40 a for measuring the rotation angle of the boom 10 is provided at the fulcrum 40 of the upper swing body 3 and the boom 10.
- the fulcrum 41 of the boom 10 and the arm 12 is provided with an arm angle sensor (angle sensor) 41 a for measuring the rotation angle of the arm 12.
- a bucket angle sensor 42a for measuring the rotation angle of the bucket 23 is provided.
- ⁇ Acceleration sensor> Near the center of gravity of the lower traveling body 2, the upper swing body 3, the boom 10, and the arm 12, a lower traveling body acceleration sensor 2a, an upper swing body acceleration sensor 3a, a boom acceleration sensor 10a, and an arm acceleration sensor 12a are provided. Yes.
- Pin force sensors 43a and 44a are provided on the pin 43 connecting the arm 12 and the bucket 23 and the pin 44 connecting the link 16 and the bucket 23, respectively.
- the pin force sensors 43a and 44a detect the magnitude and direction of the force (external force) applied to the pins 43 and 44 by, for example, inserting a strain gauge inside a cylindrical shape and measuring the strain generated in the strain gauge. .
- FIG. 4 shows a ZMP calculation work model (side surface), a world coordinate system (OX'Y'Z '), and a machine reference coordinate system (O-XYZ).
- the world coordinate system (OX'Y'Z ') is based on the direction of gravity and the direction opposite to gravity is the Z axis.
- the machine reference coordinate system (O-XYZ) is based on the lower traveling body 2, and the origin is in contact with the ground surface 30 on the turning center line 3c of the upper rotating body 3 as shown in FIG.
- the X axis is set in the front-rear direction of the lower traveling body 2
- the Y axis is set in the left-right direction
- the Z axis is set in the direction of the turning center line 3c.
- the relationship between the world coordinate system and the machine reference coordinate system is detected using the above-described attitude sensor, and the ZMP calculation means 60f performs an operation based on the machine reference coordinate system.
- a concentrated mass model in which mass is concentrated on the center of gravity of each component is used as a model for calculating the ZMP 70 in consideration of simplicity of mounting.
- the mass points 2P, 3P, 10P, 12P of the lower traveling body 2, the upper swing body 3, the boom 10, and the arm 12 are set to the gravity center positions of the respective constituent members, and the masses of the respective mass points are m2, m3, m10, m12.
- the position vectors of the respective mass points are r2, r3, r10, r12, and the acceleration vectors are r ′′ 2, r ′′ 3, r ′′ 10, r ′′ 12.
- the mass point setting method is not limited to this, and for example, a portion where the mass is concentrated (such as the engine 5 and the counterweight 8 shown in FIG. 1) may be added.
- the external force is applied to the tip of the bucket 23 by working with the bucket 23. Since the bucket 23 is connected to the work front 6 via the pins 43 and 44, the gravity and inertia force of the bucket 23 and all external forces applied to the bucket 23 in the X-axis direction and the Z-axis direction are As the external force vectors F43 and F44 applied to 44, ZMP coordinates are calculated. Here, it is assumed that the position vectors of the pin 43 and the pin 44 which are external force action points are s43 and s44.
- the ZMP stability criterion is based on the D'Alembert principle. Note that the concept of ZMP and the ZMP stability criterion are described in "LEGGED LOCOMATION ROBOTS: Miomir Vukobratovic (" Walking Robot and Artificial Feet: Translated by Ichiro Kato, Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun ").
- the ZMP equation is derived as follows from the balance of moments generated by gravity, inertial force, and external force.
- rzmp ZMP position vector mi: mass of the i-th mass point ri: position vector of the i-th mass point r "i: acceleration vector applied to the i-th mass point (including gravitational acceleration) Mj: j-th external force moment sk: k-th external force action point position vector Fk: k-th external force vector
- mi mass of the i-th mass point
- ri position vector of the i-th mass point
- i acceleration vector applied to the i-th mass point (including gravitational acceleration)
- Mj j-th external force moment
- sk k-th external force action point position vector
- Fk k-th external force vector
- the vector is a three-dimensional vector composed of an X component, a Y component, and a Z component.
- the first term on the left side of the above equation (1) is the sum of moments around the ZMP 70 (see FIG. 3) (radius ri-rzmp) generated by the acceleration component (including gravitational acceleration) applied at each mass point mi. Show.
- the second term on the left side of the above formula (1) indicates the total sum of the external force moments Mj acting on the work machine 1.
- the third term on the left side of the above equation (1) represents the sum of moments around ZMP 70 (radius sk ⁇ rzmp) generated by external force Fk (where the point of action of k-th external force vector Fk is sk).
- Expression (1) is obtained by adding the sum of moments around the ZMP 70 (radius ri-rzmp) generated by the acceleration component (including gravitational acceleration) applied at each mass point mi, the sum of the external force moments Mj, and the external force Fk. It is described that the sum of moments around the ZMP 70 (radius sk ⁇ rzmp) generated by the k-th external force Fk acting point is sk.
- the ZMP 70 on the ground surface 30 can be calculated from the ZMP equation shown in Equation (1).
- the ZMP equation when the object is stopped and only gravity works is obtained by using the gravitational acceleration vector g. And coincides with the projection point of the static center of gravity on the ground surface. Therefore, ZMP can be treated as a projected point of the center of gravity considering dynamic state and static state, and when ZMP is used as an index, the object is stationary and when it is moving Both can be handled uniformly.
- the stability area and the current stability are projected onto the ground surface of the work machine. It can be shown on the top view and is easy to understand visually.
- a user setting input means 55 is composed of a plurality of input buttons, etc., and an operator sets a warning method, a safety factor, and the like via the user setting input means 55 according to work contents and individual preference.
- the ZMP calculating means 60f includes a link calculating means 60a for calculating the position vector, acceleration vector and external force vector of each mass point based on the machine reference coordinate system (O-XYZ) from the detection value of the state quantity detecting means 49, and a machine reference. It comprises ZMP calculation means 60b for calculating the ZMP 70a using the position vector, acceleration vector and external force vector of each mass point converted into the coordinate system.
- the link calculation means 60a the values of the attitude sensor 3b provided in the revolving structure 3 shown in FIG. 3, the turning angle sensors 3s, the boom angle sensor 40a, the arm angle sensor 41a, and the bucket angle sensor 42a provided in each part of the work machine 1 are used. Using the detected value, kinematics calculation is sequentially performed for each link. Then, the position vectors r2, r3, r10, r12 of the mass points 2P, 3P, 10P, 12P shown in FIG. 4 and detection of the traveling body acceleration sensor 2a, the turning body acceleration sensor 3a, the boom acceleration sensor 10a, and the arm acceleration sensor 12a.
- the vectors F43 and F44 are converted into values based on the machine reference coordinate system (O-XYZ).
- a well-known method can be used as the kinematic calculation method. For example, the method described in “Robot Control Basics: Yoshikawa Tsuneo, Corona (1988)” can be used.
- the data sent from the link calculation means 60a to the ZMP calculation means 60b is the position vector, acceleration vector and external force vector of each mass point with reference to the machine reference coordinate system (O-XYZ).
- the ZMP calculating means 60 b calculates the ZMP 70 a using the position vector, acceleration vector, and external force vector of each mass point converted to the machine reference coordinate system, and outputs the ZMP 70 a as the ZMP position 70.
- Equation (1) is solved under such conditions, and the X coordinate rzmpx of the ZMP 70a is calculated as follows.
- the Y coordinate rzmpy of the ZMP 70a is calculated as follows.
- m is the mass of each mass point 2P, 3P, 10P, and 12P shown in FIG. 4, and the mass m2, m3, m10, and m12 of each mass point is substituted.
- r ′′ is the acceleration of each mass point, and the accelerations r ′′ 2, r ′′ 3, r ′′ 10, r ′′ 12 of each mass point are substituted.
- s shows the position vector of the pins 43 and 44 which are external force action points, and s43 and s44 are substituted.
- F represents an external force vector applied to the pins 43 and 44, which are external force action points, and F43 and F44 are substituted.
- the ZMP computing unit 60b can calculate the coordinates of the ZMP 70a.
- the calculated ZMP 70a is sent as the ZMP position 70 to the stability calculation means 60d and the ZMP storage means 60g.
- the ZMP storage unit 60g stores the ZMP position 70 calculated by the ZMP calculation unit 60f as a ZMP position history 72 for a predetermined period, and discards data that has passed the predetermined period.
- the stability calculation means 60d in the first embodiment is a support polygon calculation means 60m that calculates a support polygon L formed at the contact point between the work machine 1 and the ground surface 30 as shown in FIG.
- a normal region J having a sufficiently low possibility of falling and a fall warning region N having a higher possibility of falling are set, and the ZMP position 70 is It comprises stability evaluation means 60n for evaluating the stability by determining which region it is in.
- the support polygon L is substantially equal to the planar shape of the traveling body 2. Therefore, when the planar shape of the traveling body 2 is rectangular, the support polygon L is rectangular as shown in FIG. More specifically, the support polygon L in the case of having a crawler as the lower traveling body 2 is a line connecting the center point of the left and right sprockets with the front boundary line and the center point of the left and right idlers. Is a quadrangle with a rear boundary line and left and right track link outer ends as left and right boundary lines. The front and rear boundaries may be the ground contact points of the frontmost lower roller and the rearmost lower roller.
- the work machine 1 shown in FIG. 1 has the blade 18, and when the blade 18 is in contact with the ground surface 30, the support polygon L expands to include the blade bottom. Further, in the jack-up operation in which the bucket 23 is pressed against the ground surface to lift the traveling body 2, the support polygon L is formed by the two end points on the grounding side of the traveling body 2 and the grounding point of the bucket 23. It becomes a polygon. Thus, since the shape of the support polygon L changes discontinuously depending on the ground contact state of the work machine 1, the support polygon calculation means 60m monitors the ground contact state of the work machine 1, and the support polygon according to the ground contact state. Set L.
- the boundary K between the normal region J and the fall warning region N is set inside the support polygon L.
- the boundary K is a polygon that is reduced to the center point side according to the ratio determined by the support polygon L according to the safety factor, or the length that is determined by the support polygon L according to the safety factor. Set to polygon moved inward.
- the stability evaluation means 60n when the ZMP position 70 calculated by the ZMP calculation means 60f is in the normal region J, it is determined that the stability of the work machine 1 is sufficiently high, while the ZMP position 70 is a fall warning. If it is in the area N, it is determined that the work machine may fall over.
- the safety factor may be a predetermined value (for example, 80%) set in advance, or may be changed depending on the proficiency level of the operator who operates the work machine 1, the work content road surface, the surrounding conditions, and the like. It may be a value. In this case, a configuration in which the safety factor is automatically set from information given in advance, output values of various sensors, or a configuration in which the operator or work manager arbitrarily sets the safety factor using the user setting input device 55 is conceivable.
- the safety factor may be changed during the work according to the work state of the work machine 1, or a different value may be used for the front, rear, left and right.
- the ZMP position 70 tends to move to the valley side of the inclined surface, and tends to easily fall to the valley side compared to the mountain side. Therefore, according to the inclination angle, as shown in FIG. 5, the fall warning area N is set so that the valley side becomes wider.
- a method of using the detected value of the attitude sensor 3b in addition to the input by the operator is conceivable as the inclination angle.
- the fall warning area N is set so that the other direction is wider than the direction of the work front 6.
- an operator or a work manager may manually change the setting as needed, and a configuration using GPS, map information, work CAD drawings, and the like may be considered.
- a configuration using GPS, map information, work CAD drawings, and the like may be considered.
- the ZMP position history 72 stored in the ZMP storage means 60g is used, and if any one of the ZMP position 70 and the ZMP position history 72 is in the fall warning area N, a fall is possible. You may comprise so that it may determine with the property. In other words, since it is difficult for the operator to grasp the fluctuating information one by one in an operation in which the ZMP position fluctuates in a relatively short time, history information of about several seconds is recorded and a determination is made based on this.
- the necessity of warning is determined from the positional relationship between the ZMP position 70 and the ZMP position history 72 in order to reduce a decrease in work efficiency due to excessive warning and to support the stability recovery operation by the operator. It may be configured.
- the ZMP history value 72 in addition to the ZMP position 70 as an evaluation index, it is possible to determine whether the current operation of the work machine 1 is an operation that restores stability or an operation that degrades the stability. Safe work can be supported by more appropriate commands. Moreover, since the case where recovery
- the boundary K between the normal area J and the fall warning area N is configured to divide the fall warning area N into two or more areas by setting two or more boundaries K step by step. Also good.
- the fall warning area N is divided into the fall warning area N1 and the fall warning area N2 as shown in FIG. 5B, for example, when the ZMP position 70 is in the fall warning area N2, a preliminary warning is given. Can be ordered to avoid risks at an early stage.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining a method used in the determination by calculating the stability numerically in addition to the determination of the possibility of falling by the region determination in the stability evaluation means 60n.
- the stability can be grasped quantitatively and continuously.
- a case where the support polygon is rectangular will be described as an example.
- a straight line Lz passing through the center Lc (Xlc, Ylc) of the support polygon L and the ZMP position 70, and an intersection C (Xc, Yc) between the straight line Lz and the sides of the support polygon are calculated.
- the stability ⁇ is (See FIG. 7A).
- the stability ⁇ takes a value between 0 and 1, and the larger the value, the closer the ZMP position is to the center of the support polygon, which means higher stability.
- the stability ⁇ may be defined as an evaluation of the ratio between the maximum value that can be taken in the support polygon and the ZMP position 70 for each of the X and Y coordinates (FIG. 7). (See (b)). At this time, the ratio in the X-axis direction And Y axis direction ratio A smaller value is selected as the stability ⁇ .
- Xmax is the maximum value of the X coordinate that can be taken within the support polygon
- Ymax is the maximum value of the Y coordinate that can be taken within the support polygon.
- the stability evaluation means 60n determines that the stability is sufficiently high for the display device and the alarm means, the stability evaluation means 60n outputs the ZMP position 70, the ZMP position history 72 and the stability ⁇ , and determines that there is a possibility of falling. In such a case, a warning command is output in addition to the ZMP position 70, the ZMP position history 72, and the stability ⁇ .
- the display means 61 is a display control means 61c that determines display contents according to a command from the stability calculation means 60d, and a device that includes a cathode ray tube, a liquid crystal panel, and the like.
- the display device 61d displays stability information and the possibility of falling.
- the display device 61d displays a top view 61b of the work machine 1 as shown in FIG. 8, and displays a fall warning area N, a ZMP position 70, and a ZMP position history 72 on the top view 61b.
- a shape or a different color from the ZMP position 70 may be used, or old data may be displayed smaller than new data.
- ZMP position history 72 displayed in FIG. 8A.
- a shape or a different color from the ZMP position 70 may be used, or old data may be displayed smaller than new data.
- an arrow from the ZMP position history 72 to the ZMP position 70 may be displayed.
- the stability ⁇ calculated by the stability calculating means 60d is displayed using a bar 61h as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 9 shows an example in which the bar 61h showing the stability ⁇ is arranged at the lower part of the display device 61d and the indicating unit is moved to the right as the stability decreases, the indicating unit moves in the vertical direction according to the stability.
- the bar 61h may be displayed on the upper side, the left side, or the right side of the display device 61d.
- the traveling body 2 in the top view 61 b is rotated reversely with respect to the turning body 3 by the turning angle and displayed.
- the front of the operator's field of view and the upper part of the display device 61d can always be matched, and the traveling direction can be easily confirmed.
- the display device 61d notifies the possibility of falling according to a command from the stability calculating means 60d.
- a warning message 61m using characters or illustrations is displayed on the upper or lower portion of the display device 61d.
- a three-dimensional illustration showing an overview of the work machine 1 is displayed instead of the top view 61b. May be displayed as follows.
- the background color of the display device 61d is changed when there is a possibility of falling. For example, the normal background color (stable state) is set to white, and is changed to red when a warning command is issued.
- the background color can be changed in several stages. For example, the normal time is set to white, yellow when the stability ⁇ is slightly low, orange close to red as the stability ⁇ is low, and red when a warning command is issued. By changing the background color in this way, the operator can instantly grasp the possibility of falling without gazing at the display screen.
- the example of changing the background color of the display has been described above, but the display colors of the fall warning area N, the ZMP position 70, and the ZMP position history 72 may be changed in the same manner as the background color.
- the display device 61d may also be configured to serve as user setting input means 55 for the operator to set warning levels, alarms, and the like.
- the display device 61d has input means such as a touch panel, and displays a setting input icon 61k as shown in FIG.
- the work machine 1 includes an alarm unit 63 that issues an alarm according to the stability ⁇ .
- the warning means 63 is a warning control means 63c that determines and outputs a warning method based on a command from the stability calculation means 60d, and a device that generates a warning sound such as a buzzer.
- the warning means 63 is a command from the warning control means 63c.
- an alarm device 63d that issues an alarm such as a warning sound.
- the alarm device 63d is provided in the cab 4.
- the warning control means 63c instructs to change the warning sound according to the stability ⁇ . For example, the sound volume increases as the stability ⁇ decreases, the warning sound interval decreases as the stability ⁇ decreases, and the pitch of the warning sound changes according to the stability ⁇ I do.
- the alarm device 63d may be installed outside the work machine 1. With such a configuration, it is possible to notify a worker who performs work around the work machine 1 of the possibility of the work machine 1 toppling over.
- FIG. 9 shows an example in which the traveling body 2 in the top view is rotated backward with respect to the turning body 3 by the turning angle and the direction of the work front is always directed upward, as shown in FIG.
- the direction of the traveling body 2 in the top view may be fixed, and the revolving body 3 may be rotated and displayed with respect to the traveling body 2 by the turning angle.
- This display method is particularly effective when it is necessary to grasp the positional relationship with surrounding objects.
- the operation lever is usually provided at an operation place of the operator other than on the work machine 1.
- a display device and an alarm device may also be installed at a place where an operator operates.
- ZMP calculation and stability calculation it is possible to reduce the amount of communication data and make it less susceptible to communication delays.
- the display device As another form of use of the display device, a case where the work manager confirms the status of the work machine 1 from a remote place is conceivable.
- a manager display device is provided in a place other than on the work machine 1 and the status of the work machine 1 is displayed by performing data transfer using wireless or the like. be able to.
- the display on the manager display device may be the same as that on the driver, or may be displayed with information such as the command amount to each actuator added.
- the work content determination means 61i preliminarily sets and stores characteristic operation patterns in a plurality of work such as suspended load work, excavation work, dismantling work, and traveling, and a fall warning area N suitable for each work content.
- a lever operation amount sensor 51 for detecting an input command amount to each of the drive actuators 11, 13, and 15 is installed, and a work front posture calculated by the ZMP calculation means, a bucket external force, and a history of detection values of the lever operation amount sensor 51 are used.
- the closest one of the preset operation patterns is selected, and the corresponding fall warning area N is output.
- the recovery operation calculation means 60l determines which of the operation levers 50 is operated in which direction to restore the stability.
- the recovery operation calculating means 60l can determine the operation method for recovering the stability and output it to the display device 61d, thereby supporting the stability recovery operation and reducing the possibility of falling.
- each operation lever 50 moves from the ZMP position 70 toward the center of the support polygon L from the attitude of the work machine 1 and the ZMP position 70.
- the operation method for moving the ZMP position 70 in the center direction is output to the display means 61.
- the display means 61 For example, when the direction of the work front is in front of the traveling body 2 and the ZMP position 70 is in front of the normal area N, the arm is slowly pulled forward or the direction of the work front is obliquely inclined with respect to the traveling body. It is preferable to perform an operation such as turning so that
- the display unit 61 displays the calculation result of the recovery operation calculation unit 60l on the display device 61d as necessary.
- the ZMP position 70 is displayed on the display device 61d, and the display device 61d and the alarm device 63d warn of a decrease in stability, thereby presenting the machine stability information to the operator.
- a method for presenting stability information a method using the operation lever 50 or the driver's seat 4 can be considered. For example, when a warning command is issued in the stability calculation means, the warning can be issued by vibrating the operation lever 50 or the driver's seat 4. Further, by increasing the operational feeling of the operation direction of the operation lever 50 in the direction of deteriorating the stability, it is possible to notify the possibility of falling and support the stable recovery operation.
- the stability information of the machine by a method other than the display device 61d and the alarm device 63d, the stability can be obtained even when the operator is not looking at the display device 61d or in an environment where the noise is loud and the alarm is difficult to hear. Recognize information and lead to safe operation.
- the alarm device 63d may be installed in a plurality of directions and locations such as front, rear, left and right with respect to the driver's seat 4 to generate a warning sound or the like from the alarm device in the direction of the ZMP position 70.
- a warning in accordance with the direction of the ZMP position 70, it is possible to recognize the stability information including the direction to be carefully watched even when the operator is not looking at the display device 61d.
- the state quantity detection means 49 of the second embodiment includes an attitude sensor 3b, a boom angle sensor 40a, an arm angle sensor 41a, a bucket angle sensor 42a, and pin force sensors 43a and 44a among the sensors shown in the first embodiment. Is provided.
- ⁇ ZMP calculation means Link calculation is performed as in the first embodiment.
- the detected values of the attitude sensor 3b, the turning angle sensor 3s, the boom angle sensor 40a, and the pin force sensors 43a and 44a arranged in each part of the work machine 1 are sent to the link calculation means 60a.
- the position vectors r2, r3, r10, r12 of the mass points 2P, 3P, 10P, 12P shown in FIG. 4 the position vectors s43, s44 of the pins 43, 44, and the external force vectors F43, F44 acting on the pins 43, 44 are machine-based. Conversion to a value based on the coordinate system (O-XYZ).
- the mass center 70b of the work machine 1 is calculated using the position vector and the external force vector of each mass point converted into the machine reference coordinate system based on the detection value of each sensor. To do.
- the center of mass 70b of the work machine 1 is derived as follows.
- r cog mass center vector m i : mass of the i-th mass point
- r i position vector of the i-th mass point
- the vector is a three-dimensional vector composed of an X component, a Y component, and a Z component.
- the X and Y coordinates of the center of mass 70b are evaluated. Therefore, the X coordinate rcogx of the center of mass 70b is calculated as follows.
- the Y coordinate rcogy of the center of mass 70b is calculated as follows.
- m is the mass of each mass point 2P, 3P, 10P, 12P and attachment 23 shown in FIG. 4 and is added to the mass m2, m3, m10, m12 of each mass point and the pins 43, 44.
- the mass of the attachment calculated from the external force vectors F43 and F44 is substituted.
- the ZMP calculation means 60b can calculate the center of mass 70b by using the detection values of the sensors provided in the respective parts of the work machine 1.
- the ZMP 70a shown in the first embodiment is calculated, and the two are stabilized. It can also be evaluated as a sex indicator.
- the ZMP calculating means 60f calculates the ZMP 70a using the equations (3) and (4) and calculates the center of mass 70b using the equations (9) and (10).
- the stability calculating means 60d can also be configured to use the ZMP 70a and the center of mass 70b and issue different warning commands to both.
- the display unit 61 may be configured to display using different shapes and colors in the ZMP 70a and the mass center 70b as shown in FIG.
- a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. Unlike the first and second embodiments, the third embodiment predicts near-future behavior of the ZMP position 70, and performs display and warning using the predicted value. This enables a quicker and more flexible response. In the following, differences from the second embodiment will be mainly described.
- the ZMP prediction means 60c calculates a predicted value 71 of the near future ZMP position.
- a method for calculating the predicted ZMP position 71 using the current ZMP position 70 and the ZMP position history 72 will be described by taking the case where the center of mass 70b is used as the ZMP position 70 as an example.
- the moving speed of the ZMP position can be considered to be almost constant. Therefore, by calculating the moving speed of the ZMP position 70 from the current ZMP position 70 (mass center 70b) calculated by the ZMP calculating means 60f and the past ZMP position history 72 stored in the ZMP storage means 60g, the near future.
- the predicted ZMP position 71 can be predicted.
- the predicted ZMP position 71 after dt seconds can be calculated by the following equation.
- x cog [p] is the ZMP position at the p-th calculation point
- t [p] is the time at the p-th calculation point
- x cogp is the predicted ZMP position 71 dt seconds after t [p].
- the stability calculating means 60d Based on the calculated value 70 of the ZMP calculating means 60f and the calculated value 71 of the ZMP predicting means 60c, the stability calculating means 60d performs stability determination.
- the stability calculation means 60d is composed of a support polygon calculation means 60m and a stability evaluation means 60n as in the first embodiment.
- the support polygon calculation means 60m is the same as that of the first embodiment, and the setting of the fall warning area N and the calculation of stability of the stability evaluation means 60n are the same as those of the first embodiment.
- the ZMP position 70 calculated by the ZMP calculating means 60f is used.
- the determination of the possibility of falling in the stability evaluation means 60n uses both the current ZMP position 70 calculated in the ZMP calculation means 60f and the predicted ZMP position 71 calculated in the ZMP prediction means 60c as indices. The determination of the possibility of falling and the warning command will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG.
- the work machine 1 determines that there is stability and does not output a warning command (steps 131, 132, 134).
- the work machine 1 determines that the possibility of fall has increased, and a preliminary warning command for performing a preliminary warning. Is output (steps 131, 132, 135).
- Steps 131, 133, 136 If the ZMP position 70 is in the fall warning area N, but the ZMP predicted position 71 is in the normal area J, it is determined that the recovery operation from the low stability state is being performed, and a command indicating that the recovery operation is being performed is output ( Steps 131, 133, 136).
- the work machine 1 determines that there is a possibility of fall and issues a normal warning command (steps 131, 133, and 137).
- the predicted ZMP position 71 as an evaluation index in addition to the ZMP position 70, it is possible to evaluate the stability when the current operation is continued, and it is possible to deal with at an earlier stage. In addition, it is possible to determine a case where stability is expected to be restored by the current operation, change the warning method, and reduce operator discomfort due to excessive warning.
- the stability evaluation means 60n described above determines that there is a possibility of a fall when both the ZMP position 70 and the ZMP predicted position 71 are in the fall warning area N. However, even when both are in the fall warning area N, When the stability of the predicted ZMP position 71 is higher than the stability of the ZMP position 70, it is determined that the stability recovery operation is being performed, and the ZMP position 70 is in the fall warning area N and the predicted ZMP position 71 is in the normal area J You may comprise so that the same instruction
- the display means 61 displays stability information and tipping warning information as in the first embodiment.
- the ZMP prediction position 71 which is a difference with 1st Embodiment is demonstrated.
- the ZMP position 70 and the predicted ZMP position 71 are displayed on the top view 61b of the display device 61d using different colors and different shapes.
- an arrow may be displayed from the ZMP position 70 to the ZMP predicted position 71.
- the display device 61d has at least four background colors of normal time, preliminary warning time, recovery operation time, and normal warning time, and the display control means 61c changes the background color in accordance with a command from the stability calculation means 60d.
- the display device 61d is instructed.
- the alarm means 63 issues an alarm such as a warning sound in response to a command from the stability calculation means 60d as in the first embodiment.
- the alarm device 63d of the third embodiment has at least three warning sounds, that is, at the time of preliminary warning, at the time of warning, and at the time of recovery operation, and the alarm control means 63c determines the type of warning command from the stability calculation means 60d. A command is issued to the alarm device 63d so as to generate a corresponding warning sound.
- the current ZMP position 70 and the predicted ZMP position 71 are used in the stability calculation means 60d and the display means 61 .
- the ZMP history stored in the ZMP storage means 60g The value 72 may be used.
- the possibility of falling can be determined by replacing the ZMP position 70 in the flowchart of FIG.
- the actuator speed is converted into the angular speed of each rotation angle by link calculation, and the mass position after dt seconds is calculated from the current posture and the calculated angular speed.
- the predicted ZMP position 71 after dt seconds can be calculated.
- the lever operation amount sensor 51 for detecting the lever operation amount is required.
- the predicted value can be calculated in conjunction with the operator's input, and the warning is given as the operator's operation feeling. Can be better matched.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating the fourth embodiment.
- recording / reproducing means 60h for recording / reproducing the work content and the ZMP position during the work is provided.
- a lever operation amount sensor 51 for detecting the input amount from the operator to each drive actuator 11, 13, 15 of the work machine 1 is provided.
- the lever operation amount sensor 51 for example, an angle sensor that detects the inclination of the operation lever 50 or a pressure sensor that detects a pilot pressure determined by a pressure reducing valve provided inside the operation lever 50 is used.
- the recording / reproducing means 60h includes a display switching input means 56 for an operator to give a display switching command between a display during operation and a display during reproduction, a work recording means 60j for recording work contents and a ZMP position during work, and a display switching input.
- the display control means 61c and the display switching means 60k for instructing the alarm control means 63d in response to an input from the means 56 are configured.
- the work recording means 60j records work contents and ZMP positions for a predetermined period.
- the period for storing the record may be a preset time such as 10 minutes or 1 day, or may be determined from engine start to engine stop.
- the work recording means 60j records the work radius calculated from the detection value of the lever operation amount sensor 51, the rotation angle of each rotary joint, the bucket external force calculated by the link calculation means 60a, and the posture of the work front as work contents. Further, as the stability information, the ZMP position 70 calculated by the ZMP calculating means 60f and the stability ⁇ calculated by the stability calculating means 60d are recorded. As warning information, various setting information such as a warning command and a fall warning area N is recorded. The warning command and various setting information may be recorded at all times during a predetermined period like the work contents and ZMP position, or before and after the warning command is issued or before and after the setting is changed. Only recording may be performed. The amount of data to be recorded can be reduced by limiting the recording period.
- the display switching means 60k Based on the input from the display switching input means 56, the display switching means 60k recognizes which of the display during operation and the display during reproduction is selected, and displays the display during operation with respect to the display control means 61c and the alarm control means 63d. Command to switch display during playback.
- the display means 61 switches between the display during operation and the display during reproduction according to a command from the display switching means 60k.
- the display during operation is the same as in the first embodiment. Hereinafter, display during playback will be described.
- FIG. 17 shows an example of display during playback.
- the stability information and the fall warning information similar to those during driving are displayed.
- the screen background color and warning message are the same as those displayed during operation.
- FIG. 17 shows an example in which the work machine 1 is operated using two levers. For each lever, the input direction of the operation lever is represented by the direction of the arrow, and the operation amount is represented by the size or length of the arrow. Bucket external force, work radius, road surface inclination, etc. are displayed as work environment information.
- the operation of the work machine 1 is expressed by displaying the lever operation amount and the turning radius.
- a three-dimensional illustration showing an overview of the work machine 1 is displayed, and the illustration is based on the recorded rotation angle. You may comprise so that an actual operation
- the ZMP position history 72 in the reproduction period is displayed as a work result as shown in FIG.
- the stability display bar 61h displays an average value of stability during the reproduction period.
- the stability information is mainly displayed during the operation shown in FIG. 5, the operator can accurately grasp the past work state by displaying additional information such as the lever operation amount and the turning radius during reproduction. be able to. Moreover, the stability in a series of work can be evaluated by displaying the work result.
- the recording / reproducing means As another use form of the recording / reproducing means, a case where the work status is confirmed in a place other than on the work machine 1 can be considered. In such a case, the information recorded in the work recording means 60j is taken out from the work machine 1 using an external recording medium or wireless, and is reproduced on a display device provided in a place other than the work machine 1. May be.
- the display at the time of reproduction can be used not only for grasping and investigating the occurrence situation and cause in the event of an accident, but also for work management, education, enlightenment activities, etc. by operation safety evaluation.
- the safety device of the present invention includes a control device including a state quantity detection unit that detects the posture of the work machine, a ZMP calculation unit that calculates the ZMP position of the work machine, and a display device.
- a top view of the machine is displayed, and a support polygon formed by a contact point between the work machine and the ground surface and the ZMP position are displayed on the top view.
- the display device of the present invention displays the information by rotating between the traveling body and the revolving body in the top view according to the turning angle. Thereby, it is possible to recognize the relationship between the support polygon and the ZMP position and the work front direction during the work including the turning operation. In addition, the traveling direction can be recognized.
- the safety device of the present invention has ZMP storage means for storing the history of the ZMP position for a predetermined time set in advance, and displays the ZMP position history. As a result, a change in the ZMP position can be recognized, and an increase or decrease in stability due to the current operation can be recognized.
- the display device of the present invention displays the current ZMP position calculated by the ZMP calculating means and the ZMP position history in different forms. As a result, the relationship between the past and present ZMP positions can be more easily recognized.
- the safety device of the present invention has a ZMP prediction means for predicting the behavior of the ZMP position, and displays the calculation result of the ZMP prediction means. As a result, the operator can recognize the ZMP position when the current operation is continued, and it is possible to cope with it at an earlier stage.
- the display device of the present invention displays the current ZMP position calculated by the ZMP calculating means and the ZMP predicted position calculated by the ZMP predicting means in different forms. This makes it possible to more easily recognize the relationship between the current and future ZMP positions.
- the normal region is set in the center of the support polygon formed by the contact point between the work machine and the ground surface
- the fall warning region is set in the periphery
- the ZMP position is in the fall warning region.
- a stability calculation means for issuing a warning command in the case, the fall warning area is displayed on a top view displayed on the display device, and a warning display or background color is displayed when a warning command is issued from the stability calculation means. Make changes. Thereby, even if an operator does not watch a display screen, it becomes possible to grasp
- the stability calculation means of the present invention uses the current ZMP position calculated by the ZMP calculation means and the ZMP history position stored in the ZMP storage means. Thereby, it is possible to evaluate whether or not the stability is improved by the current work, and it is possible to avoid an excessive warning.
- the stability calculation means of the present invention uses the current ZMP position calculated by the ZMP calculation means and the ZMP prediction position calculated by the ZMP prediction means. This makes it possible to evaluate the stability when the current operation is continued, to enable warning at an earlier stage, and to avoid excessive warning.
- the stability calculation means of the present invention calculates the stability of the work machine from the ratio of the distance from the center of the support polygon to the ZMP position and the distance from the center of the support polygon to the periphery of the support polygon, The calculated stability is displayed on the display device. This makes it possible to easily recognize the increase or decrease in stability.
- the safety device of the present invention includes work content determination means for determining which of the plurality of preset work patterns the current work corresponds to from a change in posture of the work machine, and the stability calculation means includes: A fall warning area preset for each work pattern based on the judgment result of the work content judgment means is used. Thereby, it is possible to set a fall warning area suitable for each work, and it is possible to keep the work efficiency higher.
- the safety device of the present invention has an alarm means, and outputs a sound or a sound when a warning command is issued from the stability calculation means. Thereby, even when the operator is not looking at the display device, it is possible to recognize the possibility of falling, and it is possible to allow surrounding workers to recognize the possibility of falling.
- the alarm means of the present invention changes the sound or voice according to the stability calculated by the stability calculation means. Therefore, even when the operator is not looking at the display device, the stability can be accurately recognized, and the surrounding workers can be accurately recognized.
- the safety device of the present invention has a detecting means for detecting a command value to the drive actuator, stores the command value to the drive actuator and the ZMP position for a predetermined time, and records and reproduces the work situation. Means for displaying a command value at the time of reproduction, and performing a display different from that during work. As a result, it becomes possible to grasp the situation and cause of the accident and to investigate and investigate it, and to perform work management, education, and enlightenment activities by evaluating the safety of operation.
- the fall warning area of the work machine and the current ZMP position are displayed on the top view of the display device, so that it is unified even during work in which various postures change. It is possible to evaluate the stability with a typical index, and to make the operator easily and accurately recognize the stability of the work machine instantaneously.
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Abstract
Description
以下、本発明の第1の実施形態について、図を参照しながら説明する。
図1は、本発明が適用される作業機械の側面図である。作業機械1には、走行体2上部に旋回体3が旋回可能に取付けられ、旋回体3は旋回モータ7によって中心軸3cを中心に旋回駆動される。旋回体3には、運転室4と動力系を構成するエンジン5が取付けられている。また、旋回体3の後方には、カウンタウエイト8が設けられている。30は地表面である。旋回体3はさらに作業機械1の起動停止および動作全般を制御する運転制御装置を備えている。
図2は、安全装置に関する概略構成を示すブロック図である。安全装置は、作業機械1の姿勢等を検出するために作業機械1の各部に取付けられた状態量検出手段(センサ)49、オペレータが安全装置の設定を行うためのユーザ設定入力手段55、状態量検出手段49の検出値により所定の演算を行う制御装置60、オペレータに安定性の情報を提示する表示装置61d、および警報装置63dを備える。
作業機械1の各部に取付けられた状態量検出手段(センサ)49について図3を参照しながら説明する。
上部旋回体3には、後述する重力と逆方向をZ軸としたワールド座標系に対する機械基準座標系の傾きを検出するための姿勢センサ3bが設けられている。姿勢センサ3bは、例えば傾斜角センサであり、上部旋回体3の傾斜角を検出することで、ワールド座標系に対する機械基準座標系の傾きを検出する。
上部旋回体3の旋回中心線3c上には、下部走行体2と上部旋回体3の旋回角度を検出するための旋回角度センサ3sが設けられている。
下部走行体2、上部旋回体3、ブーム10、及びアーム12の重心近傍には、それぞれ下部走行体加速度センサ2a、上部旋回体加速度センサ3a、ブーム加速度センサ10a、アーム加速度センサ12aが設けられている。
アーム12とバケット23を繋ぐピン43、リンク16とバケット23を繋ぐピン44には、それぞれピン力センサ43a、44aが設けられている。ピン力センサ43a、44aは、例えば円筒状の内部にひずみゲージが挿入され、このひずみゲージに発生するひずみを計測することによって、ピン43、44にかかる力(外力)の大きさと方向を検出する。
図4にZMP算出用作業モデル(側面)、ワールド座標系(O-X’Y’Z’)、機械基準座標系(O-XYZ)を示す。図4に示すようにワールド座標系(O-X’Y’Z’)は重力方向を基準とし、重力と逆方向をZ軸としたものである。一方、機械基準座標系(O-XYZ)は下部走行体2を基準としたものであり、図4に示すように、原点を上部旋回体3の旋回中心線3c上で、地表面30と接する点Oとし、下部走行体2の前後方向にX軸、左右方向にY軸、旋回中心線3c方向にZ軸を設定する。ワールド座標系と機械基準座標系との関係は上述した姿勢センサを用いて検出し、ZMP算出手段60fにおいては機械基準座標系に基づいて演算を行う。
また、第1の実施形態では、実装の簡易性を考慮しZMP70を演算するためのモデルとして、各構成部材の重心に質量が集中している集中質点モデルを用いる。下部走行体2、上部旋回体3、ブーム10、アーム12のそれぞれの質点2P、3P、10P、12Pを各構成部材の重心位置に設定し、それぞれの質点の質量をm2、m3、m10、m12とする。そして、それぞれの質点の位置ベクトルをr2、r3、r10、r12、加速度ベクトルをr´´2、r´´3、r´´10、r´´12とする。
ここで、安全装置の各構成要素の詳細を説明する前に、本発明における安定性の評価方式について説明する。第1の実施形態においては作業機械1の安定性を判定するための安定性評価指標としてZMP(Zero Moment Point)を用いる。
rzmp:ZMP位置ベクトル
mi:i番目の質点の質量
ri:i番目の質点の位置ベクトル
r”i:i番目の質点に加わる加速度ベクトル(重力加速度含む)
Mj:j番目の外力モーメント
sk:k番目の外力作用点位置ベクトル
Fk:k番目の外力ベクトル
なお、ベクトルはX成分、Y成分、Z成分で構成される3次元ベクトルである。
図1において、ユーザ設定入力手段55は複数個の入力ボタンなどから構成され、オペレータはユーザ設定入力手段55を介して作業内容や個々人の好みに応じて警告方法や安全率などの設定を行う。
ZMP算出手段60fは、状態量検出手段49の検出値から機械基準座標系(O-XYZ)を基準とした各質点の位置ベクトル、加速度ベクトルおよび外力ベクトルを算出するリンク演算手段60aと、機械基準座標系に変換された各質点の位置ベクトル、加速度ベクトルおよび外力ベクトルを用いてZMP70aを算出するZMP演算手段60bとから構成される。
図3において、作業機械1の各部に配された姿勢センサ3b、旋回角度センサ3s、ブーム角度センサ40a、アーム角度センサ41a、バケット角度センサ42a、走行体加速度センサ2a、旋回体加速度センサ3a、ブーム加速度センサ10a、アーム加速度センサ12a、ピン力センサ43a、44aの検出値がZMP算出手段60fのリンク演算手段60aに送られる。
ZMP演算手段60bでは、機械基準座標系に変換された各質点の位置ベクトル、加速度ベクトルおよび外力ベクトルを用いてZMP70aを算出し、ZMP70aをZMP位置70として出力する。
ZMP記憶手段60gは、ZMP算出手段60fにおいて算出されるZMP位置70を所定の期間、ZMP位置履歴72として保存し、所定の期間が過ぎたデータは破棄する。
次に、安定性演算手段60dがZMP位置70に基づいて行う領域判定による安定性算出と転倒可能性の判定について図5を用いて説明する。
表示手段61は、安定性演算手段60dからの指令により表示内容を決定する表示制御手段61cと、ブラウン管や液晶パネルなどからなる装置であって、運転室4内に設けられ、安定性演算手段60dからの制御により、安定性情報や転倒可能性を表示する表示装置61dとから構成される。
さらに第1の実施形態にかかる作業機械1においては、安定度αに応じて警報を発する警報手段63を有する。警報手段63は安定性演算手段60dからの指令に基づいて警報の方法を決定し出力する警報制御手段63cと、例えばブザーなどの警告音を発生する装置であって警報制御手段63cからの指令により警告音などの警報を発する警報装置63dとから構成される。警報装置63dは運転室4内に設けられる。警報制御手段63cは安定度αに応じて警告音を変更するように指令を行う。例えば、安定度αが低くなるにしたがって音の大きさを大きくする、安定度αが低くなるにしたがって警告音の間隔を短くする、安定度αに応じて警告音の音程を変化させるなどの変更を行う。
図9には、上面図の走行体2を旋回体3に対して旋回角度分逆回転して表示し、作業フロントの方向を常に表示装置の上向きとする例を示したが、図11に示すように上面図の走行体2の方向を固定し、走行体2に対し旋回体3を旋回角度分回転して表示するように構成しても良い。この表示方法は特に周囲の物体との位置関係を把握する必要がある場合に特に有効である。
以上の例においては、オペレータは作業機械1上に備えた運転席4に搭乗し、作業機械1の操作を行うことを想定して説明した。一方、作業機械1の操作は無線等を用いた遠隔操作が行われるケースがある。遠隔操作時には、搭乗時に比べ作業機械の姿勢や路面の傾斜等を正確に把握するのが困難であり、また、熟練したオペレータでも作業機械の安定性を感覚的に把握することが困難である。したがって、遠隔操作時においては、オペレータに対する安定性情報の表示および警告は一層優れた効果を奏する。
以上では、安定度演算手段60dにおいて算出される安定度αについて表示装置61d上にバー61hを用いて表示する例を示したが、表示装置61dに加えて安定度αを表示のみを行う簡易表示装置61xを設置し、簡易表示装置61x上にバー61hを表示するように構成しても良い。簡易表示装置61xの設置場所としては、運転席前方、作業機械1の外壁などが考えられる。また、表示装置61dを設けず、簡易表示装置61xのみを設置する構成としても良い。このような構成とすることによってより安価かつ簡易な構成で作業機械1の安定性を通知することが可能になる。
転倒警告領域Nの設定方法として、現在行っている作業の内容を認識し、その作業内容によって転倒警告領域Nの大きさや形状を変更することが考えられる。
回復動作算出手段60lは、操作レバー50のうちどのレバーをどちらの方向に操作すれば安定性を回復することができるか判定する。
以上では、ZMP位置70を表示装置61dに表示し、また、表示装置61dおよび警報装置63dによって安定性の低下を警告することによってオペレータに機械の安定性情報を提示する例を示した。安定性情報のその他の提示方法として、操作レバー50や運転席4を用いる方法が考えられる。例えば、安定性演算手段において警告指令が発せられた場合には、操作レバー50や運転席4を振動させることによって警告を行うことができる。また、操作レバー50の操作方向のうち安定性を劣化させる方向の操作感を重くすることによって、転倒可能性の通知および安定回復動作支援を行うことができる。このように、表示装置61dおよび警報装置63d以外の方法で機械の安定性情報を提示することによって、オペレータが表示装置61dを見ていない場合や、騒音が大きく警報が聞こえ辛い環境においても安定性情報を認識させ、安全な操作へ導くことができる。
以上では、バケットに加わる外力の検出にピン力センサ43a、44aを設ける例を示したが、その他の検出方法としてブームシリンダに圧力センサ11a、11bを設ける方法がある。この方法では、ブームシリンダに設けた圧力センサ11a、11bの検出値からバケット外力と作業フロント自重とを含んだモーメントMlを算出し、また、ブーム、アーム、バケットの各角度センサの検出値とブーム、アーム、バケットの各重心パラメータとから作業フロントの自重モーメントMocを算出する。次いで前記モーメントMlとMocとの差分およびブーム回動支点40からバケット23までの距離からバケット外力を算出する。
次に本発明の第2の実施形態を説明する。第2の実施形態では第1の実施形態のZMPに代えて、作業機械1の質量中心である重心位置を用いる。以下では、図12を参照し主に第1の実施形態との相違点を説明する。
第2の実施形態の状態量検出手段49は、第1の実施形態に示されるセンサのうち、姿勢センサ3b、ブーム角度センサ40a、アーム角度センサ41a、バケット角度センサ42a、ピン力センサ43a、44aが設けられる。
第1の実施形態と同様にリンク演算を行う。第2の実施形態においては、作業機械1の各部に配された姿勢センサ3b、旋回角度センサ3s、ブーム角度センサ40a、ピン力センサ43a、44aの検出値がリンク演算手段60aに送られ、図4に示す各質点2P、3P、10P、12Pの位置ベクトルr2、r3、r10、r12、ピン43、44の位置ベクトルs43、s44、ピン43、44に作用する各外力ベクトルF43、F44を機械基準座標系(O-XYZ)を基準とした値に変換する。
rcog:質量中心ベクトル
mi:i番目の質点の質量
ri:i番目の質点の位置ベクトル
であり、ベクトルはX成分、Y成分、Z成分で構成される3次元ベクトルである。
以上では質量中心ベクトルrcogのX成分、Y成分、Z成分のうちX成分(X座標)およびY成分(Y座標)を用いる例を示したが、これらに加え、Z成分を安定性評価および表示に用いるように構成しても良い。
以上では、ZMP位置70として作業機械1の質量中心70bのみを用いる例を示したが、質量中心70bの算出に加え、第1の実施形態に示したZMP70aの算出を行い、この二つを安定性の指標として評価することもできる。この場合、ZMP算出手段60fは式(3)および(4)を用いたZMP70aの算出と、式(9)および(10)を用いた質量中心70bの算出とが行われる。また、安定性演算手段60dにおいてもZMP70aと質量中心70bとを用い、両者で異なる警告指令を行うように構成することもできる。表示手段61においては、図12に示すようにZMP70aと質量中心70bとで異なる形状、色を用いて表示を行うように構成しても良い。
本発明の第3の実施形態を図13から図14を参照して説明する。第3の実施形態は第1、第2の実施形態と異なり、ZMP位置70の近未来の挙動の予測を行い、予測値を用いた表示および警告を行う。これによりさらに迅速で柔軟な対応が可能となる。以下では、第2の実施例との相違点を主に説明する。
ZMP予測手段60cでは、近未来のZMP位置の予測値71を算出する。以下では、質量中心70bをZMP位置70として用いる場合を例にとり、現在のZMP位置70とZMP位置履歴72とを用いてZMP予測位置71を算出する方式について説明する。
ZMP算出手段60fの算出値70およびZMP予測手段60cの算出値71に基づき、安定性演算手段60dにおいて安定判別を行う。
表示手段61では、第1の実施形態と同様に安定性情報および転倒警告情報の表示を行う。以下では、第1の実施形態との相違点であるZMP予測位置71の利用方法についてのみ説明する。図15(a)に示すように表示装置61dの上面図61b上にZMP位置70とZMP予測位置71とを異なる色や異なる形状を用いて表示する。また、図15(b)に示すようにZMP位置70からZMP予測位置71へ矢印を表示するように構成しても良い。
警報手段63では、第1の実施形態と同様に安定性演算手段60dからの指令により警告音などの警報を発する。第3の実施形態の警報装置63dは、少なくとも予備警告時と警告時と回復動作時との3通りの警告音を有し、警報制御手段63cは安定性演算手段60dからの警告指令の種類に応じた警告音を発生するように警報装置63dに指令を行う。
以上では、ZMP予測位置71を現在のZMP位置70および過去のZMP位置履歴72から算出する例を示したが、ZMP予測位置71を算出する他の方法として作業機械1の各駆動アクチュエータ11、13、15へのオペレータからの入力量(レバー操作量)を検出する方法がある。一般に作業機械では、レバー操作量によって各アクチュエータの速度が決定される。そこで、操作レバー50にレバー操作量センサ51を設け、駆動アクチュエータ11、13、15の速度を推定する。アクチュエータ速度をリンク演算により各回転角の角速度へと変換し、現在の姿勢と算出された角速度からdt秒後の質点位置を算出する。式(9)および(10)に算出された質点位置を代入することによってdt秒後のZMP予測位置71を算出することができる。
本発明の第4の実施形態を図16から図18を参照して説明する。第4の実施形態は第1の実施形態に加え、さらに作業内容や作業中のZMP位置を記録し、作業後に再生可能としている。以下では、第1の実施形態との相違点を主に説明する。
第1の実施形態を構成するセンサに加え、作業機械1の各駆動アクチュエータ11、13、15へのオペレータからの入力量を検出するレバー操作量センサ51を設ける。レバー操作量センサ51には例えば操作レバー50の傾きを検出する角度センサや操作レバー50の内部に設けられた減圧弁によって決定されたパイロット圧を検出する圧力センサを用いる。
記録再生手段60hは、オペレータが運転時表示と再生時表示との表示切替指令を行う表示切替入力手段56と、作業内容や作業中のZMP位置の記録を行う作業記録手段60jと、表示切替入力手段56からの入力に応じて表示制御手段61cおよび警報制御手段63dに指令を行う表示切替手段60kとから構成される。
作業記録手段60jでは、所定の期間の作業内容やZMP位置の記録を行う。記録を保存する期間は、10分あるいは1日などのあらかじめ設定した時間でも良いし、エンジン始動からエンジン停止までというように決定しても良い。
表示切替手段60kは表示切替入力手段56からの入力に基づき、運転時表示と再生時表示とのどちらが選択されているかを認識し、表示制御手段61cおよび警報制御手段63dに対し、運転時表示と再生時表示とを切替えるように指令を行う。
表示手段61は、表示切替手段60kからの指令により運転時表示と再生時表示を切替えて表示する。運転時表示については第1の実施形態と同様である。以下では再生時表示について説明する。
2 走行体
2a 加速度センサ(走行体)
3 旋回体
3a 加速度センサ(旋回体)
3b 姿勢センサ(旋回体)
3c 中心線
3s 旋回角センサ
4 運転室
5 エンジン
6 作業フロント
7 旋回モータ
8 カウンタウエイト
10 ブーム
10a 加速度センサ(ブーム)
11 ブームシリンダ
11a 圧力センサ(ブームボトム)
11b 圧力センサ(ブームロッド)
12 アーム
12a 加速度センサ(アーム)
13 アームシリンダ
15 作業具シリンダ
16 リンク(A)
17 リンク(B)
23 バケット
30 地表面
40 ブーム回動支点
40a 角度センサ(ブーム回動支点)
41 アーム回動支点
41a 角度センサ(アーム回動支点)
42 バケット回動支点
42a 角度センサ(バケット回動支点)
43 ピン(バケット-アーム)
43a 外力センサ(ピン43)
44 ピン(バケット-リンク)
44a 外力センサ(ピン44)
49 状態量検出手段
50 操作レバー
51 レバー操作量センサ
55 ユーザ設定入力手段
56 表示切替入力手段
59 速度算出手段
60 制御装置
60a リンク演算手段
60b ZMP演算手段
60c ZMP予測手段
60d 安定性演算手段
60f ZMP算出手段
60g ZMP記憶手段
60h 記録再生手段
60i 作業内容判定手段
60j 作業記録手段
60k 表示切替手段
60l 回復動作算出手段
60m 支持多角形算出手段
60n 安定性評価手段
60x 入力部
60y 出力部
61 表示手段
61d 表示装置
61b 作業機械上面図
61h 安定度表示バー
61k 設定入力アイコン
61m 警告メッセージ
61x 簡易表示装置
62 駆動アクチュエータ
63 警報手段
63d 警報装置
70 ZMP位置
70a ZMP
70b 質量中心
71 ZMP予測位置
72 ZMP履歴値
Claims (8)
- 走行体、該走行体上に取り付けた作業機械本体、該作業機械本体に対し上下方向に揺動自在に取り付けた作業フロント、およびこれらを制御する制御装置を備えた作業機械の安全装置において、
前記制御装置は、前記作業フロントを含む前記本体および走行体の各可動部の位置情報、加速度情報、外力情報をそれぞれ用いてZMPの座標を算出するZMP算出手段と、
前記作業機械の地面との複数の接地点が形成する支持多角形を算出し、前記ZMPが前記支持多角形の周縁の内側に形成した警告領域に含まれるとき転倒警告を発する安定性演算手段とを備え、
作業機械の上面図および支持多角形に対する作業機械のZMP位置を表示する表示装置を備え、
前記ZMP算出手段および安定性演算手段は、前記ZMP位置、および前記警告領域を含む支持多角形を演算して表示するとともに、
前記算出したZMP位置が前記支持多角形の周縁の内側に形成した警告領域に含まれるとき転倒警告を発することを特徴とする作業機械の安全装置。 - 請求項1記載の作業機械の安全装置において、
前記制御装置は、あらかじめ設定された所定期間におけるZMP位置の履歴を記憶するZMP記憶手段を有し、前記表示装置によりZMP位置の履歴を表示することを特徴とする作業機械の安全装置。 - 請求項1記載の作業機械の安全装置において、
前記制御装置は、ZMP位置の挙動を予測するZMP予測手段を有し、前記ZMP予測手段の予測結果を前記表示装置に表示することを特徴とする作業機械の安全装置。 - 請求項1記載の作業機械の安全装置において、
前記制御装置は、あらかじめ設定された所定期間におけるZMP位置の履歴を記憶するZMP記憶手段とZMP位置の挙動を予測するZMP予測手段のうち少なくともいずれかを有し、
前記安定性演算手段は、前記ZMP算出手段において算出される現在のZMP位置に加え、前記ZMP記憶手段に記憶されたZMP位置履歴と前記ZMP予測手段において算出されるZMP予測位置の少なくともいずれかを用いて安定性の判定を行うことを特徴とする作業機械の安全装置。 - 請求項1記載の作業機械の安全装置において、
前記制御装置は、支持多角形に対するZMP位置に基づいて作業機械の安定度を算出する安定性演算手段を有し、前記表示装置は前記安定性演算手段において算出された安定度を表示することを特徴とする作業機械の安全装置。 - 請求項1記載の作業機械の安全装置において、
前記制御装置は、前記安定性演算手段より警告指令が行われた場合に安定性の回復する操作方法を算出する回復動作算出手段を有し、
前記表示装置は、前記安定性演算手段より警告指令が行われた場合に前記回復動作算出手段の算出結果を表示することを特徴とする作業機械の安全装置。 - 請求項1記載の作業機械の安全装置において、
前記制御装置は、状態量検出手段により検出した駆動アクチュエータへの指令値と前記ZMP位置とを所定時間につき記憶して作業状況の再生を行う記録再生手段を有し、記録再生手段は、前記作業機械の作業状況の再生時には前記指令値を図示する表示を行うことを特徴とする作業機械の安全装置。 - 請求項1乃至7記載の作業機械の安全装置において、
前記制御装置は、前記ZMP算出手段に代えて、前記作業フロントを含む前記本体および走行体の各可動部の位置情報とあらかじめ与えられた質量情報とから作業機械の質量中心を算出する重心算出手段を有し、各手段はZMPに代えて質量中心を用いることを特徴とする作業機械の安全装置。
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JP2021080788A (ja) * | 2019-11-21 | 2021-05-27 | 株式会社小松製作所 | 転倒リスク提示装置および転倒リスク提示方法 |
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WO2021100762A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-21 | 2021-05-27 | 株式会社小松製作所 | 転倒リスク提示装置および転倒リスク提示方法 |
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JP2021188469A (ja) * | 2020-06-04 | 2021-12-13 | コベルコ建機株式会社 | 実機状態監視システムおよび実機状態監視方法 |
JP7516209B2 (ja) | 2020-10-23 | 2024-07-16 | 日立建機株式会社 | 警報制御装置及び警報管理システム |
KR20230139435A (ko) | 2021-03-08 | 2023-10-05 | 가부시키가이샤 고마쓰 세이사쿠쇼 | 전도 평가 시스템, 전도 평가 방법 및 작업 기계 |
WO2022190881A1 (ja) * | 2021-03-08 | 2022-09-15 | 株式会社小松製作所 | 転倒評価システム、転倒評価方法及び作業機械 |
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EP2578757B1 (en) | 2019-05-08 |
KR20130090763A (ko) | 2013-08-14 |
JPWO2011148946A1 (ja) | 2013-07-25 |
US20130066527A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 |
CN102906347A (zh) | 2013-01-30 |
US8768581B2 (en) | 2014-07-01 |
KR101790150B1 (ko) | 2017-10-25 |
JP5491627B2 (ja) | 2014-05-14 |
EP2578757A1 (en) | 2013-04-10 |
EP2578757A4 (en) | 2017-04-05 |
CN102906347B (zh) | 2015-04-22 |
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