WO2010035715A1 - 透明導電膜製造用の酸化物焼結体 - Google Patents
透明導電膜製造用の酸化物焼結体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010035715A1 WO2010035715A1 PCT/JP2009/066391 JP2009066391W WO2010035715A1 WO 2010035715 A1 WO2010035715 A1 WO 2010035715A1 JP 2009066391 W JP2009066391 W JP 2009066391W WO 2010035715 A1 WO2010035715 A1 WO 2010035715A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an oxide sintered body for producing a transparent conductive film formed as an electrode in a flat panel display or the like. Moreover, this invention relates to the transparent conductive film obtained using the said oxide sintered compact as a sputtering target, and its manufacturing method.
- ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) films are superior to other transparent conductive films in features such as low resistivity, high transmittance, and ease of microfabrication. Used across disciplines. At present, most of the ITO film forming methods in industrial production processes are so-called sputter film forming methods in which sputtering is performed using an ITO sintered body as a target because it can be produced in a large area with good uniformity and productivity.
- the crystallinity of the ITO film immediately after sputtering is amorphous, and fine processing such as etching is performed in an amorphous state, and then the thermal annealing treatment, In many cases, the ITO film is crystallized. This is because the ITO amorphous film is advantageous in production because the etching rate is an order of magnitude higher than the crystal chamber film, and the ITO crystal film can enjoy both advantages of low resistivity. Because.
- the crystallization temperature of the ITO film is about 150 ° C., and most of the film is amorphous because it is only below this temperature, but it is among the particles flying to the substrate by sputtering. Some of them have a considerably high energy, and the transfer of energy after reaching the substrate causes the temperature of the film to become higher than the crystallization temperature, resulting in a portion where the film is crystallized.
- the etching rate of the part is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of the amorphous part. It will remain, causing problems such as wiring shorts.
- the moisture concentration in the sputtering chamber gradually decreases with the elapse of the sputtering time, even if the moisture concentration is initially appropriate, the concentration gradually becomes less than the appropriate concentration. A part of the film crystallizes.
- the moisture concentration to be added is increased in order to surely obtain an amorphous sputtered film, the crystallization temperature when the film is crystallized by the subsequent annealing becomes very high. The problem is that the resistivity of the resulting film becomes very high. In other words, in order to make the entire sputtered film amorphous, it is necessary to always grasp and control the water concentration in the chamber according to sputtering with water addition, which is very difficult and takes a lot of trouble. It takes a lot of effort.
- an amorphous stable transparent conductive material is used in part instead of an ITO film in which a crystalline film is easily formed.
- an amorphous film can be obtained by sputtering a target having a composition in which zinc is added to indium oxide and the target is sputtered. It is very amorphous and does not crystallize unless it is heated to 500 ° C. or higher. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain the process advantage by crystallizing and reducing the etching rate by an order of magnitude, and the resistivity of the sputtered film is about 0.5 m ⁇ cm, which is higher than the crystallized ITO film. . Further, the film has an average visible light transmittance of about 85%, which is inferior to the ITO film.
- Patent Document 1 states that “a transparent conductive film containing an In oxide as a main component and containing Ge or containing Ge and Sn becomes an amorphous film, and therefore etching is not possible. “Easy and excellent workability” (paragraph 0015). This is because, under certain film formation conditions, the addition of Ge is effective for amorphizing the In 2 O 3 film and does not impair the electrical resistivity and transmittance of the film (paragraph 0021).
- the film formation conditions are as follows: “The film formation temperature is 100 to 300 ° C., the Ge addition amount is 2 to 12 atomic% with respect to the total of Ge amount and In amount, and the oxygen partial pressure is The film is formed at 0.02 mTorr or more ”(paragraph 0029).
- Patent Document 2 states that “a transparent conductive thin film containing indium oxide as a main component and at least one of tungsten, silicon, and germanium has a stable amorphous structure with excellent surface smoothness. When this amorphous film is crystallized by heating, a low specific resistance of 9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less is obtained while maintaining its surface smoothness, and a high visible light transmittance is obtained. (Paragraph 0024), and by adding at least one selected from tungsten, silicon, and germanium as the first additive element of indium oxide or tin-doped indium oxide, the film is made amorphous. It has been shown that flatness can be achieved.
- the content of the first additive element is 0.2 to 15 atomic% with respect to the total amount of indium and the first additive element.
- an amorphous transparent conductive thin film can be crystallized while maintaining excellent surface smoothness by heating at a temperature equal to or higher than the crystallization temperature, and at the same time the specific resistance can be lowered. Yes.
- the amorphous film is crystallized after the production, only an example in which tungsten is added is disclosed, and an example in which other elements are added alone is disclosed. There is no. Therefore, it is unclear whether other elements such as germanium have the same effect as tungsten.
- the heat treatment temperature for crystallization is as high as 300 ° C. to 450 ° C.
- Patent Document 3 in order to provide an indium oxide-based sputtering target for a high-resistance transparent conductive film having a resistivity of about 0.8 to 10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ cm, insulative oxidation is performed on indium oxide or tin-doped indium oxide. The target containing a thing is shown and manganese oxide is mentioned as an example of an insulating oxide. However, Patent Document 3 does not describe a sputtering target for obtaining a low-resistance conductive film.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a target for adding manganese to indium oxide or tin-doped indium oxide in a sintered body made of indium oxide and tin oxide, assuming that a sintered body containing manganese can achieve an extremely high sintering density. It is shown. It is described that manganese is adjusted so that the content in the finally obtained ITO sintered body is 5 to 5000 ppm.
- the manganese content is preferably 10 to 500 ppm, and even in specific examples, only a maximum of 500 ppm is added.
- Patent Document 5 discloses that the resistivity of a transparent conductive film is reduced by adding manganese oxide to indium oxide. It is preferable that the amount of manganese oxide added is 2 to 15 mol% because the specific resistance is 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ⁇ cm or less.
- Patent Document 6 describes a transparent conductive film characterized in that it contains indium oxide and tin oxide as main components and contains an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium and nickel. As a result, the film becomes dense and the electron mobility is increased to about 1.5 ⁇ 10 cm 2 ⁇ s ⁇ 1 ⁇ V ⁇ 1 . It is also described that moisture resistance and ultraviolet resistance can be improved by appropriately adding magnesium or nickel. It is described that the mixing ratio of the magnesium compound or nickel compound to the indium compound is preferably 0.05 or less when converted to incidium and magnesium or nickel M and expressed by the formula M / (M + In).
- Patent Document 7 discloses that the resistivity of a transparent conductive film is reduced by adding nickel oxide to indium oxide. It is preferable that the amount of nickel oxide added is 2 to 25 mol% because the specific resistance is 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ⁇ cm or less.
- Patent Document 8 shows a film containing trivalent cations in indium oxide, and aluminum is cited as an example. By doing so, it is described that a transparent conductive film having lower resistance and improved etching characteristics can be obtained.
- Patent No. 3780100 JP2004-241296 JP 2003-105532 A Japanese Patent No. 3396239 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-78907 JP 7-161235 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-71510 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 8-199343
- an amorphous transparent conductive film that can be formed without adding water during sputtering without heating the substrate, is easily crystallized by low-temperature annealing, and exhibits a sufficiently low resistivity after crystallization. Is not disclosed. Also, a sputtering target suitable for manufacturing such an amorphous transparent conductive film is not disclosed. If such an amorphous transparent conductive film is obtained, industrial applicability is high and it will be economically advantageous.
- one of the main problems of the present invention is to provide a sputtering target capable of producing such an amorphous transparent conductive film.
- Another of the main problems of the present invention is to provide such an amorphous transparent conductive film.
- indium oxide as a main component, containing tin as a first additive element, containing at least one selected from germanium, nickel, manganese, and aluminum as a second additive element, and containing tin as a first additive element
- the amount is 2 to 15 atomic% with respect to the total amount of indium and tin
- the total content of the second additive element is 0.1 to 0.1% with respect to the total amount of indium, tin and the second additive element.
- An oxide sintered body characterized by being 2 atomic%.
- Indium oxide as a main component tin as the first additive element, one or more selected from germanium, nickel, manganese, and aluminum as the second additive element, and magnesium and calcium as the third additive element
- the content of tin as the first additive element is 2 to 15 atomic% with respect to the total amount of indium and tin
- the content of the second additive element and the third element The oxide sintered body is characterized in that the total amount of is 0.1 to 2 atomic% with respect to the total amount of indium, tin, the second additive element, and the third additive element.
- the first feature of the present invention is that the added element such as germanium prevents crystallization by the effect of cutting the ITO network structure bond. If the crystallization of the ITO film is merely hindered, it can be achieved by increasing the concentration of addition.
- the second characteristic of the present invention which is that the film is crystallized by low-temperature annealing after the film formation and the resistivity of the film after the crystallization cannot be exhibited. This is because if the additive element concentration is increased, the crystallization temperature increases and the film resistivity after crystallization also increases. That is, the technical contribution of the present invention is that, in addition to making the sputtered film amorphous at the time of film formation, it is possible to realize both crystallization and low resistivity by subsequent low-temperature annealing.
- an oxide sintered body in which an additive element such as germanium is added to ITO in an appropriate concentration is used as a sputtering target, and the film is formed into an amorphous film by sputtering under predetermined conditions.
- the film has no problem of generation of etching residue in subsequent etching, and enjoys the advantages of the ITO amorphous film that the etching rate is about two orders of magnitude faster than the crystalline ITO film. Can do.
- the film is crystallized by annealing at a low temperature after the film formation, and an advantage that a crystalline film having a low resistivity can be obtained.
- Composition of oxide sintered body and transparent conductive film Tin as the first additive element when added to indium oxide, acts as an n-type donor and has the effect of reducing the resistivity.
- the tin concentration Sn is about 10 atomic% with respect to the total amount of indium and tin. If the tin concentration is too low, the amount of electron supply decreases, and conversely, if it is excessively large, it becomes an electron scattering impurity, and in either case, the resistivity of the film obtained by sputtering increases. Accordingly, the concentration range of tin suitable as ITO is 2 to 15 atomic%, preferably 8 to 12 atomic%, based on the total amount of indium and tin.
- Germanium, manganese, nickel and aluminum as the second additive element have the effect of making the film amorphous by preventing crystallization of the film when added to ITO. These may be added alone or in combination of two or more. However, if the total content of the second additive element is too small relative to the total amount of indium, tin, and the second additive element, there is almost no effect of making the film amorphous, and the sputtered film is partially It will crystallize. Conversely, if the total content of the second additive element is too large relative to the total amount of indium, tin, and the second additive element, the amorphous film obtained by sputtering is crystallized.
- the necessary annealing temperature becomes higher than 250 ° C., and costs, labor, and time for implementing such a process are required, which is inappropriate in production. Furthermore, if the concentration of the second additive element is too high, even if the film is crystallized by annealing at a high temperature, the resistivity of the resulting film increases, which is a major drawback from the viewpoint of the conductivity of the transparent conductive film. End up.
- the total content of the second additive element is 0.1 to 2 atomic%, preferably 0.5 to 1 atomic%, with respect to the total amount of indium, tin, and the second additive element.
- Germanium is preferable among the second additive elements. This is because germanium has a high effect of lowering the crystallization temperature as compared with other second additive elements, and also has a high effect of reducing the resistance of the film after crystallization.
- magnesium and calcium as the third additive element contribute to the amorphization of the film as well as the second additive element, they can be added to the ITO together with the second additive element. These may be added alone or in combination. In this case, if the total content of the second additive element and the third additive element is too small relative to the total amount of indium, tin, the second additive element, and the third additive element, the effect of amorphization is sufficient. In addition, the crystallization temperature is low, and a part of the sputtered film includes a crystallized portion, which causes a disadvantage that it remains as an etching residue during etching.
- the total content of the second additive element and the third additive element is set to 0.1 to 2 atomic% with respect to the total amount of indium, tin, the second additive element, and the third additive element, and preferably is set to about 0.1%. 3 to 1 atomic%.
- the oxide sintered body or transparent conductive thin film of the present invention includes elements other than the above-described additive elements such as Ag, Cu, Au, Pt, Pd, Ir, Re, Os, Ru, Ti, Mo, and Hf.
- Impurity elements such as Ce may be contained within a range that does not impair the object of the present invention.
- the oxide sintered body of the present invention In order to manufacture the oxide sintered body of the present invention, first, indium oxide powder, tin oxide powder, oxide powder of the second additive element, and oxide powder of the third additive element as necessary are prepared. Measure and mix at a predetermined ratio. If the mixing is insufficient, the manufactured target has a high resistivity region and a low resistivity region due to segregation of the second additive element and the third additive element, and is caused by charging in the high resistivity region during sputtering film formation. Abnormal discharge such as arcing is likely to occur. A material other than the oxide form may be used as a raw material, but an oxide is preferable from the viewpoint of handling.
- the atmospheric gas may be in the air because it is not necessary to take into consideration the oxidation of the raw material.
- indium oxide and the oxide of the second additive element and / or the third additive element, or tin oxide and the oxide of the second additive element and / or the third additive element are calcined as a mixed powder. Also good.
- the mixed powder is finely pulverized. This is due to the uniform dispersion of the raw material powder in the target.
- the presence of a raw material with a large particle size means that the composition is uneven depending on the location.
- germanium oxide is insulative. This may cause abnormal discharge during sputtering film formation.
- unevenness in the crystallization preventing effect due to the second additive element occurs, which may cause crystallization of ITO in a region where the concentration of the second additive element is low.
- the fine pulverization is desirably performed until the average particle size (D50) of the raw material powder is 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.6 ⁇ m or less.
- water is added to the mixed powder, and the mixture is finely pulverized with zirconia beads having a diameter of 1 mm for about 1.5 to 3.0 hours as a slurry having a solid content of 40 to 60% by weight.
- the mixed powder is granulated. This is to improve the fluidity of the raw material powder and to make the filling state during press molding sufficiently satisfactory.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- serving as a binder is mixed at a rate of 100 to 200 cc per 1 kg of slurry, under conditions of granulator inlet temperature 200 to 250 ° C., outlet temperature 100 to 150 ° C., disk rotation speed 8000 to 10,000 rpm. Granulate.
- press molding is performed.
- a mold having a predetermined size is filled with granulated powder, and a compact is obtained at a surface pressure of 700 to 900 kgf / cm 2 .
- the surface pressure is 700 kgf / cm 2 or less, a molded article having a sufficient density cannot be obtained, and it is not necessary to make the surface pressure 900 kgf / cm 2 or more.
- the sintering temperature is 1450 to 1600 ° C.
- the holding time is 4 to 10 hours
- the heating rate is 4 to 6 ° C./min
- the temperature is lowered by furnace cooling.
- the sintering temperature is lower than 1450 ° C.
- the density of the sintered body is not sufficiently increased, and when it exceeds 1600 ° C., the life of the furnace heater is reduced.
- the holding time is shorter than 4 hours, the reaction between the raw material powders does not proceed sufficiently, the density of the sintered body does not increase sufficiently, and if the sintering time exceeds 10 hours, the reaction has occurred sufficiently, so it is unnecessary. Waste of energy and time is generated, which is not preferable in production.
- the sintered body thus obtained has a relative density of 98 to 100%, for example, about 99.9%, and a bulk resistance of about 0.1 to 3.0 m ⁇ cm, for example, about 0.13 m ⁇ cm.
- the manufacturing method of a sputtering target is demonstrated below.
- the thickness is processed to about 4 to 6 mm, and the diameter is processed to a size corresponding to the sputtering device, and is made of copper.
- a sputtering target can be obtained by bonding an indium alloy or the like as a bonding metal to the backing plate.
- the sputtering film forming method will be described below.
- the transparent conductive film of the present invention uses the sputtering target of the present invention, the argon gas pressure is 0.4 to 0.8 Pa, the distance between the target and the substrate is 50 to 110 mm, the glass or the like is used as a substrate, and the sputtering power is increased.
- the target size is 8 inches, it can be obtained by sputtering film formation at 200 to 900 W.
- the sputtering method is preferably DC magnetron sputtering.
- the distance between the substrates is shorter than 50 mm, the kinetic energy of the target constituent element particles reaching the substrate becomes too large, the damage to the substrate is great, the film resistivity increases, and the film is partially crystallized. There is a possibility.
- the distance between the target and the substrate is longer than 110 mm, the kinetic energy of the target constituent element particles reaching the substrate becomes too small, a dense film is not formed, and the resistivity increases.
- Appropriate ranges for argon gas pressure and sputtering power are as described above for the same reason. Further, when the substrate temperature is also heated, the film is easily crystallized. Therefore, the film obtained can be made amorphous by appropriately selecting these sputtering conditions.
- the film characteristic evaluation method will be described below.
- the crystallinity of the transparent conductive film obtained as described above is determined by the presence or absence of a peak as shown by the crystalline film by X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD measurement) of the film, or by etching the film with oxalic acid. It can be confirmed whether or not an etching residue as shown in FIG. That is, in the X-ray diffraction measurement, when there is no specific peak due to the ITO crystal and there is no etching residue, it can be determined that the film is amorphous.
- Film annealing method The film annealing method will be described below.
- a temperature higher than the crystallization temperature of the amorphous film at 160 to 250 ° C. is slightly different depending on the additive element.
- a preferred amorphous film can be crystallized at 200 ° C. or lower.
- the fact that the film is crystallized can also be confirmed from the fact that the peak intensity in the XRD measurement becomes extremely strong and the etching rate becomes about two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the amorphous film by etching the film with oxalic acid.
- the crystallized film has a sufficient electron emission effect by tin, increases both carrier concentration and mobility, and varies slightly depending on the concentration of the added element, but less than 4.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ⁇ cm, preferably Can achieve a low resistivity of 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ⁇ cm or less, more preferably 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ⁇ cm or less.
- the mixture was weighed to 1 and mixed at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes with a super mixer in an air atmosphere. Next, water was added to the mixed powder, and the mixture was finely pulverized with zirconia beads having a diameter of 1 mm for 2 hours as a slurry having a solid content of 50%, so that the average particle diameter (D50) of the mixed powder was 0.6 ⁇ m or less.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- the granulated powder was filled in a mold having a predetermined size so as to have an 8-inch target diameter, and pressed at a surface pressure of 780 kgf / cm 2 to obtain a molded body. Then, the compact was heated to 1540 ° C. at a heating rate of 5 ° C./min, held at 1540 ° C. for 5 hours, and then cooled down to perform furnace cooling. Cylindrical grinding of the outer periphery of the oxide sintered body obtained under the above conditions, surface grinding of the surface side to a thickness of about 5 mm and a diameter of 8 inches, and bonding with indium as a bonding metal on a copper backing plate Thus, a sputtering target was obtained.
- the above sputtering target is attached to a sputtering apparatus of model SPF-313H manufactured by Canon Anelva Co., Ltd., the argon gas pressure is 0.5 Pa, the distance between the target and the substrate is 80 mm, the alkali-free glass is used as the substrate, and the sputtering power is set in the non-heated state.
- the amorphous film was annealed at a temperature of 130 to 250 ° C. at intervals of 10 ° C. for 60 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, and XRD measurement and resistivity of the annealed film were measured.
- the peak intensity in the XRD measurement gradually increased, the peak intensity suddenly increased from a certain temperature, and then stabilized.
- the resistivity of the film gradually decreased as the annealing temperature increased, and the film resistivity suddenly decreased from a certain temperature and then stabilized.
- the transparency of the film was maintained before and after annealing.
- the temperatures of both of these were almost the same, and the temperature at which the peak intensity and resistivity began to stabilize after abrupt changes was taken as the film crystallization temperature.
- the crystallization temperature of the film was 170 ° C., and the film resistivity after crystallization was 0.25 m ⁇ cm. These results are shown in Table 1. Further, the transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm was 90%.
- Example 2 to 30 The sintered body composition of Example 1 was changed as shown in Table 1, and the other conditions were the same as in Example 1 except for Examples 2 to 20. In all these cases, the film after film formation was amorphous and transparent, there was no etching residue, and the film resistivity decreased rapidly after crystallization compared to the film resistivity when amorphous.
- the films after film formation are all amorphous, and the crystallization temperature gradually increases as the dopant concentrations of germanium, nickel, manganese, and aluminum increase.
- the maximum value of the crystallization temperature was 250 ° C., and it was not necessary to increase the temperature.
- the resistivity of the film after crystallization is gradually increased as each dopant concentration of germanium, nickel, manganese, and aluminum is increased, but it is 0.41 m ⁇ cm at the maximum.
- the resistivity of the film to which zinc was added was still smaller than that of 0.45 m ⁇ cm.
- the film is amorphous after film formation, there is no etching residue, the crystallization temperature is low, and the film resistivity rapidly decreases after crystallization. And it turned out that favorable electroconductivity is shown.
- Example 21 to 45 the sintered body composition of Example 1 was changed as shown in Table 2, and the other conditions were the same as in Example 1.
- Examples 1 to 20 were single dopants, while Examples 21 to 45 were multiple dopants.
- Ni source is nickel oxide (NiO)
- Mn source is manganese oxide (Mn 2 O 3 )
- Al source is aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 )
- Magnesium source is magnesium oxide (MgO)
- Ca source is Calcium oxide (CaO) was used as a raw material.
- the film after film formation was amorphous, there was no etching residue, and after crystallization, the film resistivity decreased sharply compared to the film resistivity when amorphous.
- the crystallinity of the film after film formation is all amorphous, and the crystallization temperature is increased as the total concentration of various dopants of germanium, nickel, manganese, and aluminum increases. Although the temperature gradually increased, the maximum value of the crystallization temperature was 240 ° C., and it was not necessary to increase the temperature.
- the resistivity of the film after crystallization gradually increases as the total concentration of various dopants of germanium, nickel, manganese, and aluminum increases, but it is 0.44 m ⁇ cm at the maximum, which will be described later in a comparative example. The value remained lower than 0.45 m ⁇ cm, which is the resistivity of the film obtained by adding zinc to indium oxide.
- the resistivity of the film obtained by adding zinc to indium oxide 0.45 m ⁇ cm, which is the resistivity of the film obtained by adding zinc to indium oxide.
- Magnesium and calcium have effects such as amorphization as in germanium.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 17 In Comparative Examples 1 to 17, the sintered body composition of Example 1 was changed as shown in Table 3 and the other conditions were the same as those of Example 1. In Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, since the tin concentration is lower than the appropriate concentration, the crystallization temperature is too low, a part of the film after film formation becomes crystalline, and etching residues are generated. It was. Further, the resistivity of the film after crystallization was high, and it was higher than 0.45 m ⁇ cm, which is the resistivity of the film obtained by adding zinc to indium oxide.
- the tin concentration is within an appropriate concentration range, but since no dopant is added, the crystallization temperature is low, and part of the film after film formation becomes crystalline, resulting in etching residues. Has occurred.
- Comparative Example 5 zinc was added to indium oxide, which was amorphous after film formation, and the film was not crystallized even at a temperature of 500 ° C.
- the resistivity of the film is 0.45 m ⁇ cm, which is slightly higher than the resistivity of the film after crystallization shown in the present invention.
- Comparative Examples 6 to 9 have advantages in that the concentrations of germanium, nickel, manganese, and aluminum are high and are amorphous after film formation, but the crystallization temperature is high and the film resistivity after crystallization is slightly higher. high.
- Comparative Examples 10 to 17 have the advantage that the total concentration of various dopants of germanium, nickel, manganese, and aluminum is high and are amorphous after film formation, but both the crystallization temperature and the film resistivity after crystallization are both high.
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Abstract
Description
この様にITO膜の一部に結晶化した部分が生じると、その部分はエッチング速度が、非晶質の部分より、約2桁程小さいため、その後のエッチングの際に、いわゆる、エッチング残渣として残ってしまい、配線ショート等の問題を引き起こしてしまう。
しかし、水添加でのスパッタによって非晶質の膜を得ようとする方法には、数々の問題点がある。まず、スパッタ膜にパーティクルが発生してしまう場合が多い。パーティクルはスパッタ膜の平坦性や結晶性に悪影響を及ぼす。また、水を添加しなければパーティクルは発生しないことから、パーティクル発生の問題は水添加が原因である。
しかし、一方で、確実に非晶質のスパッタ膜を得るために、添加する水分濃度を高くしてしまうと、その後のアニールで膜が結晶化する際の結晶化温度が非常に高くなり、得られる膜の抵抗率が、非常に高くなってしまうという問題が生じてしまう。
つまり、スパッタ膜全部を非晶質とするために、水添加でのスパッタによると、常に、チャンバー内の水濃度を把握、制御する必要があるが、それは非常に困難であるとともに、大変な手間と労力を要してしまうのである。
従って、結晶化させて、エッチング速度を桁違いに小さくすることによるプロセス上の利点を得ることができず、スパッタ膜の抵抗率が約0.5mΩcmと、結晶化したITO膜より高い値である。さらに、当該膜は可視光平均透過率が約85%程度でありITO膜より劣っている。
ただし、特許文献1に記載の発明には、非晶質膜を得ることに終始しており、得られた非晶質膜を結晶化することについては考慮されていない。
しかしながら、当該文献には非晶質膜を作製後に結晶化する点が記載されているものの、具体的にはタングステンを添加した例しか開示されておらず、他の元素が単独で添加された例はない。そのため、ゲルマニウム等の他の元素がタングステンと同様の効果があるかは不明である。また、実施例では、結晶化させるための熱処理温度が300℃から450℃と高温度である。
しかしながら、その場合は、本発明の第2の特徴である、成膜後に低温アニールで膜が結晶化し、結晶化後の膜の抵抗率が低いという特徴を発揮させることができない。なぜなら、添加元素濃度を高くしてしまうと、結晶化温度が上昇するとともに、結晶化後の膜抵抗率も高くなってしまうからである。
つまり、本発明の技術的貢献は、成膜時のスパッタ膜の非晶質化に加え、その後の低温アニールによる膜の結晶化及び低抵抗率化の両方を実現できる点にある。
第一添加元素としてのスズは酸化インジウムに添加されると、n型ドナーとして働き、抵抗率を低下させる効果があり、市販のITOターゲットなどは、通常、スズ濃度Snがインジウムとスズとの合計量に対して約10原子%である。スズ濃度が低すぎると、電子供給量が少なくなり、また、逆に多すぎると電子散乱不純物となって、どちらの場合も、スパッタによって得られる膜の抵抗率が高くなってしまう。従って、ITOとして適切なスズの濃度範囲は、インジウムとスズとの合計量に対して2~15原子%であり、好ましくは8~12原子%である。
以下に本発明に係る酸化物焼結体の好適な製造方法について説明する。
本発明の酸化物焼結体を製造するためには、まず、原料である酸化インジウム粉末、酸化スズ粉末、第二添加元素の酸化物粉末及び必要に応じて第三添加元素の酸化物粉末を、所定の割合で秤量し、混合する。混合が不充分であると、製造したターゲットに第二添加元素や第三添加元素の偏析により高抵抗率領域と低抵抗率領域が存在して、スパッタ成膜時に高抵抗率領域での帯電によるアーキング等の異常放電が起き易くなってしまう。原料として酸化物の形態以外のものを使用しても良いが、取り扱いの観点からは酸化物が好ましい。
昇温速度が4℃/分より小さいと、所定温度になるまでに不必要に時間を要してしまい、昇温速度が6℃/分より大きいと、炉内の温度分布が均一に上昇せずに、むらが生じてしまう。この様にして得られた焼結体の密度は、相対密度で98~100%、例えば約99.9%、バルク抵抗は0.1~3.0mΩcm、例えば約0.13mΩcm程度となる。
以下にスパッタリングターゲットの製造方法について説明する。
上記の様な製造条件によって得られた酸化物焼結体の外周の円筒研削、面側の平面研削をすることによって厚さ4~6mm程度、直径はスパッタ装置に対応したサイズに加工し、銅製のバッキングプレートに、インジウム系合金などをボンディングメタルとして、貼り合わせることでスパッタリングターゲットとすることができる。
本発明の透明導電膜は、本発明のスパッタリングターゲットを用いて、アルゴンガス圧を0.4~0.8Pa、ターゲットと基板間隔を50~110mm、ガラスなどを基板として無加熱で、スパッタパワーを、例えば、ターゲットサイズが8インチの場合は、200~900Wでスパッタ成膜することで得ることができる。スパッタ方式は直流マグネトロンスパッタとするのが好ましい。
以下に膜の特性評価方法について説明する。
上記の様にして得られた透明導電膜の結晶性の判定は、膜のX線回折測定(XRD測定)で結晶性の膜が示すようなピークの有無、シュウ酸による膜のエッチングで結晶性の膜が示すようなエッチング残渣が生じるかどうかから確認することができる。つまり、X線回折測定でITO結晶に起因する特有のピークがなく、エッチング残渣がない場合にその膜はアモルファスであると判定できる。
また、膜の抵抗率はホール測定によって求めることができる。
以下に膜のアニール方法について説明する。
上記の様にして得られた非晶質膜を結晶化させるためには、例えば、窒素雰囲気下で、添加元素によって若干異なるが160~250℃の非晶質膜の結晶化温度よりも高い温度で30~60分間アニールをすることで得ることができる。好ましい非晶質膜では200℃以下で結晶化できる。膜が結晶化したことは、XRD測定でのピーク強度が極めて強くなることやシュウ酸による膜のエッチングで、エッチング速度が非晶質の膜より約2桁小さくなることからも確認できる。
原料である酸化インジウム(In2O3)粉末、酸化スズ(SnO2)粉末および酸化ゲルマニウム(GeO2)粉末を、原子数比でIn:Sn:Ge=89.91:9.99:0.1となるように秤量し、大気雰囲気中でスーパーミキサーにより、毎分3000回転、3分の混合を行った。
次に、混合粉に水を加えて、固形分50%のスラリーとして、直径1mmのジルコニアビーズで2時間の微粉砕を行い、混合粉の平均粒径(D50)を0.6μm以下とした。その後、PVA(ポリビニルアルコール)をスラリー1kgあたり125ccの割合で混合して、造粒機入口温度220℃、出口温度120℃、ディスク回転数9000rpmの条件で造粒した。
上記条件で得られた酸化物焼結体の外周の円筒研削、面側の平面研削をして、厚さ5mm程度、直径8インチとし、銅製のバッキングプレートに、インジウムをボンディングメタルとして、貼り合わせることでスパッタリングターゲットとした。
また、膜をシュウ酸:純水=5:95の重量比率で混合した液をエッチャントとして、エッチングを行ったが、エッチング残渣は認められなかった。
当該膜の結晶化温度は170℃、結晶化後の膜抵抗率は0.25mΩcmであった。これらの結果を表1に示す。また、波長550nmでの透過率は90%であった。
実施例1の焼結体組成を、各々表1の様に変化させて、その他の条件は、実施例1と同じ条件で行ったものが、実施例2~20である。これら全ての場合について、成膜後の膜は非晶質で透明であり、エッチング残渣はなく、結晶化後は膜抵抗率が、非晶質時の膜抵抗率と比較して急低下した。
また、結晶化後の膜の抵抗率もゲルマニウム、ニッケル、マンガン、アルミニウムの各ドーパント濃度の増加に伴って、次第に高くなっていくが、最大でも0.41mΩcmであり、比較例で後述する酸化インジウムに亜鉛を添加した膜の抵抗率が、0.45mΩcmであることと比較しても、より小さな値のままであった。
つまり、ゲルマニウム、ニッケル、マンガン、アルミニウムの各ドーパントを適切濃度添加することで、成膜後は非晶質で、エッチング残渣が無く、結晶化温度が低く、結晶化後は膜抵抗率が急低下して、良好な導電性を示すことが分かった。
実施例1の焼結体組成を、各々表2の様に変化させて、その他の条件は、実施例1と同じ条件で行ったものが、実施例21~45である。実施例1~20は単独ドーパントであったものが、実施例21~45では複数ドーパントとしたものである。Ni供給源は酸化ニッケル(NiO)、Mn供給源は酸化マンガン(Mn2O3)、Al供給源は酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)、マグネシウム供給源は酸化マグネシウム(MgO)、Ca供給源は酸化カルシウム(CaO)を原料としてそれぞれ使用した。
以上の結果から、これらの実施例では、成膜後の膜の結晶性はいずれも非晶質であり、結晶化温度は、ゲルマニウム、ニッケル、マンガン、アルミニウムの各種ドーパントの合計濃度の増加に伴って、次第に高温になっていくが、結晶化温度の最大値は240℃であり、高温とする必要はなかった。
また、結晶化後の膜の抵抗率もゲルマニウム、ニッケル、マンガン、アルミニウムの各種ドーパントの合計濃度の増加に伴って、次第に高くなっていくが、最大でも0.44mΩcmであり、比較例で後述する酸化インジウムに亜鉛を添加した膜の抵抗率である0.45mΩcmより小さな値のままであった。
つまり、ゲルマニウム、ニッケル、マンガン、アルミニウムの各ドーパントの合計濃度を適切濃度添加することで、成膜後は非晶質で、エッチング残渣が無く、結晶化温度が低く、結晶化後は膜抵抗率が急低下して、良好な導電性を示すことが分かった。
また、マグネシウム及びカルシウムは、ゲルマニウム等と同様に非晶質化等の効果を有する。
実施例1の焼結体組成を、各々表3の様に変化させて、その他の条件は、実施例1と同じ条件で行ったものが、比較例1~17である。
比較例1と比較例2では、スズ濃度が適切濃度より低いために、結晶化温度が低すぎて、成膜後の膜の一部が結晶質となってしまい、エッチング残渣が発生してしまった。また、結晶化後の膜の抵抗率が高く、酸化インジウムに亜鉛を添加した膜の抵抗率である0.45mΩcmより高くなってしまった。
Claims (7)
- 酸化インジウムを主成分とし、第一添加元素としてスズを含み、第二添加元素としてゲルマニウム、ニッケル、マンガン、およびアルミニウムから選択される1種以上を含み、第一添加元素であるスズの含有量がインジウムとスズとの合計量に対して2~15原子%であり、第二添加元素の含有量の合計がインジウムとスズと第二添加元素との合計量に対して、0.1~2原子%であることを特徴とする酸化物焼結体。
- 酸化インジウムを主成分とし、第一添加元素としてスズを含み、第二添加元素としてゲルマニウム、ニッケル、マンガン、およびアルミニウムから選択される1種以上を含み、第三添加元素としてマグネシウム、およびカルシウムから選択される1種以上を含み、第一添加元素であるスズの含有量がインジウムとスズとの合計量に対して2~15原子%であり、第二添加元素と第三元素の含有量の合計が、インジウムとスズと第二添加元素と第三添加元素との合計量に対して、0.1~2原子%であることを特徴とする酸化物焼結体。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の酸化物焼結体をスパッタリングターゲットとして用い、スパッタすることを特徴とする非晶質膜の製造方法。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の酸化物焼結体と同じ組成を有する非晶質膜。
- 請求項4に記載の非晶質膜を160~250℃の温度でアニールすることによって、非晶質膜を結晶化させることを特徴とする結晶質膜の製造方法。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の酸化物焼結体と同じ組成を有する結晶質膜。
- 抵抗率が4.5×10-4Ωcm未満であることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の結晶質膜。
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