WO2007024000A1 - 超音波探触子、超音波探傷装置、超音波探傷方法及び継目無管の製造方法 - Google Patents
超音波探触子、超音波探傷装置、超音波探傷方法及び継目無管の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007024000A1 WO2007024000A1 PCT/JP2006/316869 JP2006316869W WO2007024000A1 WO 2007024000 A1 WO2007024000 A1 WO 2007024000A1 JP 2006316869 W JP2006316869 W JP 2006316869W WO 2007024000 A1 WO2007024000 A1 WO 2007024000A1
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- ultrasonic
- flaw detection
- detection material
- tubular
- transducer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/043—Analysing solids in the interior, e.g. by shear waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/24—Probes
- G01N29/2487—Directing probes, e.g. angle probes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/26—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor
- G01N29/262—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor by electronic orientation or focusing, e.g. with phased arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/26—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor
- G01N29/265—Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor by moving the sensor relative to a stationary material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/028—Material parameters
- G01N2291/0289—Internal structure, e.g. defects, grain size, texture
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
- G01N2291/0421—Longitudinal waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
- G01N2291/0422—Shear waves, transverse waves, horizontally polarised waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/056—Angular incidence, angular propagation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
- G01N2291/106—Number of transducers one or more transducer arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
- G01N2291/263—Surfaces
- G01N2291/2634—Surfaces cylindrical from outside
Definitions
- Ultrasonic probe Ultrasonic probe, ultrasonic flaw detector, ultrasonic flaw detection method, and seamless tube manufacturing method
- the present invention uses an ultrasonic probe, an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus, an ultrasonic flaw detection method, and this method for flaw detection using ultrasonic waves in a flaw existing in a tubular flaw detection material such as a steel pipe. «Regarding the method of manufacturing a tube, in particular, an ultrasonic probe and an ultrasonic probe capable of detecting flaws having various inclination angles with respect to the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material with high accuracy and high speed.
- the present invention relates to a wound device, an ultrasonic flaw detection method, and a method of manufacturing a seamless tube using the same.
- a seamless pipe which is a typical pipe, is manufactured by punching a billet with a piercer to form a hollow shell and rolling the hollow shell with a mandrel mill or the like.
- this seamless pipe there are flaws having various inclination angles with respect to the axial direction (hereinafter referred to as “inclination flaws” as appropriate).
- This slanting flaw is caused by a longitudinal crack flaw originally present in the billet being deformed in the above-mentioned manufacturing process in the axial direction, or to maintain a hollow shell path center. It is said that it is caused by the transfer of flaws on the guide surface of the guide show. Therefore, the inclination angle of the inclined flaw with respect to the axial direction of the seamless pipe varies depending on the diameter of the seamless pipe and the cause of the occurrence. That is, in the seamless pipe, there are inclined flaws having various inclination angles.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 55-116251 discloses detection. There has been proposed a method for flaw detection of flaws by arranging ultrasonic probes at appropriate positions and inclination angles according to the position and inclination angle of the target inclination flaw.
- Patent Document 1 since the method described in Patent Document 1 needs to change the inclination angle of the ultrasonic probe each time according to the inclination angle of the inclination flaw to be detected, it is extremely troublesome. There is a problem that it takes.
- a large number of ultrasonic probes are prepared and arranged at different inclination angles. There is a need. That is, there is a problem that the arrangement and calibration of the ultrasonic probe are complicated, and a large-sized device is essential and the cost is increased.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 61-223553 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Document 2) that solves the problems in the method described in Patent Document 1 includes a plurality of transducers (elements for ultrasonic transmission / reception).
- a flaw detection method using an array-type ultrasonic probe in which a) is arranged in a row has been proposed. More specifically, the arrangement direction of the transducers is aligned with the axial direction of the tube, and the ultrasonic probe is arranged so as to be decentered from the axial center of the tube, thereby transmitting the transverse wave ultrasonic wave into the tube.
- the inclination angle of the ultrasonic waves transmitted and received by the ultrasonic probe (inclination angle with respect to the axial direction of the tube) is changed by electronic scanning that electrically controls the transmission and reception timing of ultrasonic waves by each transducer. This is a method for detecting flaws having various inclination angles.
- Patent Document 2 has mainly the following two problems (first problem and second problem).
- FIG. 1 shows the inclination angle of an inclined flaw (angle formed by the extending direction of the inclined flaw and the axial direction of the tube) in the flaw detection method using an array type ultrasonic probe, which was confirmed by the inventors of the present invention through experiments. It is a figure which shows an example of the relationship between reflection echo intensity. More specifically, FIG. 1 shows a fixed amount of eccentricity when an array type ultrasonic probe similar to that described in Patent Document 2 is arranged with the axial force of the tube eccentric.
- the direction in which the inclined flaw extends and the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the ultrasonic probe (the propagation direction seen from the normal direction of the tangential plane of the tube including the incident point of the ultrasonic wave)
- the tilt of each flaw is so inclined that Reflected echo intensity at each tilt flaw (relative intensity when the reflected echo intensity at the tilt flaw at 0 ° tilt is OdB) when the ultrasonic tilt angle is changed by electronic scanning according to the tilt angle Show.
- the inventor of the present invention uses the method described in Patent Document 2 even if the same size of tilting flaw (depth 0.5 mm ⁇ length 25 mm). We found the problem that the intensity of the reflected echo differs depending on the tilt angle of the.
- the inventor of the present invention has a problem that the method described in Patent Document 2 has a problem that the intensity of the reflected echo varies depending on the tilt angle of the tilt flaw. We have found that there is a risk of missing harmful flaws and overdetecting fine flaws that do not require detection.
- the tilt angle of the ultrasonic wave transmitted and received by the ultrasonic probe is changed by electronic scanning that electrically controls the ultrasonic wave transmission and reception timing by each transducer of the array-type ultrasonic probe described in Patent Document 2.
- the flaw detection efficiency is reduced to 1Z3.
- the time required for one ultrasonic inspection at a specific portion of the tube depends on the outer diameter and thickness of the tube, the distance between the ultrasonic probe and the tube, and the like. However, it is about 50 to 100 sec. That is, the maximum number of times of flaw detection (flaw detection speed) per unit time at a specific part of the tube is about 10,000 to 20000 times Zsec. Therefore, the change speed (change frequency) of the ultrasonic inclination angle by the electronic scanning must be 10000 to 20000 times Zsec or less, even if the electronic scanning itself is extremely fast compared to the mechanical scanning. Even if there is, the flaw detection efficiency decreases as the number of tilt angles of the tilt flaw to be detected increases.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a group of transducers arranged in a matrix in order to detect flaws having various inclination angles.
- a method has been proposed in which ultrasonic waves are incident in an arbitrary direction. More specifically, an appropriate number of transducers are selected from the transducer group, and the incident direction of the ultrasonic wave is arbitrarily changed by electronic scanning that electrically controls the transmission / reception timing (drive time). To do. It is disclosed that a pattern for changing the incident direction of ultrasonic waves is stored in advance as a program.
- Patent Document 3 does not mention the first problem that the intensity of the reflected echo changes according to the inclination angle of each inclination flaw described above, and further solves the problem. Therefore, there is no disclosure regarding what change pattern should be used to change the incident direction of ultrasonic waves. Further, it has the same problem as the second problem concerning the method described in Patent Document 2 described above. That is, there is a problem that the flaw detection efficiency is lowered because it is necessary to repeat the electronic scanning by the number of times corresponding to the inclination angle of the inclination flaw to be detected.
- the present invention has been made to solve such problems of the prior art, and has high accuracy and high speed for flaws having various inclination angles with respect to the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material. It is an object of the present invention to provide an ultrasonic probe capable of flaw detection, an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus, an ultrasonic flaw detection method, and a method of manufacturing a seamless tube using the same.
- the inventor of the present invention has found that the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave changes in accordance with the inclination angle of both the inner surface flaw and the outer surface flaw. As described above, the inventor of the present invention differs in the intensity of the reflected echo according to the inclination angle of each inclination flaw (see FIG. 1). Even if the direction in which the inclination flaw extends and the ultrasonic probe force transmission Even if the inclination angle of the ultrasonic wave is changed by electronic scanning according to the inclination angle of each inclined flaw so that the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave generated is orthogonal, as shown in FIG. It was found that the outer surface refraction angle and the inner surface refraction angle change due to the inclination angle (depending on the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave).
- the flaw detection conditions are set so that the outer surface refraction angle (or inner surface refraction angle) is almost the same regardless of the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave, the outer surface flaw (or the inner surface flaw) regardless of the ultrasonic wave propagation direction. About the same echo intensity, and flaws with various tilt angles can be detected with high accuracy.
- the present invention has been completed based on the knowledge of the inventor. That is, the present invention includes a step of disposing an ultrasonic probe having a plurality of transducers as claimed in claim 1 so as to face a tubular flaw detection material, and in the tubular flaw detection material. And transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves by selecting an appropriate transducer from among the plurality of transducers so that the propagation directions of the ultrasonic waves become a plurality of different propagation directions. Hurry The ultrasonic wave refraction angle ⁇ r is substantially equal to each other, and the ultrasonic refraction angle ⁇ k of the ultrasonic waves in the plurality of propagation directions is substantially equal to each other.
- the present invention provides an ultrasonic flaw detection method characterized by setting flaw detection conditions by a probe.
- the flaw detection conditions by the ultrasonic probe are set so that the outer surface refraction angles ⁇ r of the ultrasonic waves are substantially equal to each other in a plurality of propagation directions.
- flaw detection conditions are set with an ultrasonic probe so that the internal refraction angles ⁇ k of ultrasonic waves in a plurality of propagation directions are substantially equal to each other, in any of the plurality of propagation directions. Regardless, it is possible to obtain substantially the same reflected echo intensity for internal flaws.
- the flaw detection conditions by the ultrasonic probe are set so that both the outer surface refraction angle 0 r and the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k of the ultrasonic waves in a plurality of propagation directions are substantially equal, Irrespective of the propagation direction, substantially the same reflected echo intensity can be obtained for the outer surface flaw and the inner surface flaw. Therefore, a plurality of flaws (outer surface flaws and Z or inner surface flaws) extending in directions orthogonal to a plurality of propagation directions can be detected with high accuracy.
- the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave means the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave as viewed from the normal direction of the tangential plane of the tubular flaw detection material including the incident point of the ultrasonic wave.
- the “outer surface bending angle” means that the ultrasonic wave U (the center line of the ultrasonic beam) incident on the tubular flaw detection material P on the ultrasonic flaw propagation surface of the tubular flaw detection material P This means the angle ⁇ r formed between the normal L1 of the tubular test object P at the point B reaching the outer surface and the ultrasonic wave U (the center line of the ultrasonic beam) (see FIG. 4 (d)).
- the “inner refraction angle” means the ultrasonic wave U (the center line of the ultrasonic beam) that has entered the tubular flaw detection material P on the ultrasonic wave propagation surface of the tubular flaw detection material P.
- the outer surface refraction angles 0 r of the ultrasonic waves are substantially equal to each other, and Z or the inner refraction angle of the ultrasonic waves in the plurality of propagation directions ⁇
- a specific method for making k substantially equal for example, a method using an ultrasonic probe in which a plurality of transducers are arranged in a matrix shape can be considered.
- the plurality of transducers are arranged in a matrix on a plane or a curved surface, and the plurality of propagation directions are The selection is performed so that the outer surface refraction angles ⁇ r of the ultrasonic waves are substantially equal to each other and Z or the inner refraction angles ⁇ k of the ultrasonic waves in the plurality of propagation directions are substantially equal to each other.
- a method for determining the vibrator is adopted.
- “a plurality of vibrators arranged on a curved surface” means that each vibrator (vibration surface of each vibrator) is formed on a curved surface so that the shape matches a part of the curved surface.
- each vibrator vibration surface of each vibrator
- it may be used as a meaning including the case where each vibrator (vibration surface of each vibrator) is formed in a flat shape and arranged so as to be in contact with each curved surface.
- the transducers selected so that the outer surface refraction angles ⁇ r of the ultrasonic waves are approximately equal to each other in the plurality of propagation directions specifically, for example, in claim 3 of the claims It can be determined as described below. That is, the outer surface refraction angles ⁇ r of the ultrasonic waves represented by the following formula (1) with respect to the plurality of propagation directions are substantially equal to each other in the plurality of propagation directions.
- the circumferential incidence angle ai and the axial incidence angle j8 i of the ultrasonic wave to the flaw detection material are determined based on the following formula (1), respectively, and the determined circumferential incidence angle ai and the axial incidence angle j8 i are determined. It is possible to determine the oscillator to be selected so that
- ⁇ r sin " 1 ( ⁇ (VsZVi) 2 , (sin3 ⁇ 4 i + cos3 ⁇ 4 i-sin ⁇ i) ⁇ 1/2 ) ⁇ (1)
- Vs in the equation (1) is the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave propagating in the tubular flaw detection material
- Vi is the ultrasonic wave propagation in the contact medium filled between the ultrasonic probe and the tubular flaw detection material. It means propagation speed.
- the “circumferential incidence angle” in the present invention refers to the normal line of the tubular flaw detection material P at the incident point o of the ultrasonic wave u (the center line of the ultrasonic beam) in the circumferential cross section of the tubular flaw detection material P.
- the “axial incident angle” means the normal L4 of the tubular flaw detection material P at the incident point O of the ultrasonic wave U (the center line of the ultrasonic beam) on the axial cross section of the tubular flaw detection material P and the above-mentioned It means the angle ⁇ i formed with the ultrasonic wave U (the center line of the ultrasonic beam) (see Fig. 4 (c)).
- the transducers that are selected so that the inner surface refraction angles ⁇ k of the ultrasonic waves in the plurality of propagation directions are substantially equal to each other are specifically described in, for example, claim 4 of the claims. It can be determined as follows. In other words, the inner surface refraction angles ⁇ k of the ultrasonic waves represented by the following formula (2) for the plurality of propagation directions are substantially equal to each other in the plurality of propagation directions.
- the ultrasonic incident angle ai and the axial incident angle j8i on the flaw detection material are determined based on the following equations (1) to (6), respectively, and the determined circumferential incident angle ai and axial incident angle i8 are determined. It is possible to determine the vibrator to be selected so that i can be obtained.
- ⁇ k cos (cos ⁇ r-cos ⁇ p-sin ⁇ r-cos Y -sin ⁇ j (2) where external refraction angle ⁇ r, propagation angle ⁇ and angle ⁇ in equation (2) are represented by the following formulas (1), (3) and (4), respectively.
- Vs in the above equation (1) is the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave propagating through the tubular flaw detection material. Vi means the transmission speed of ultrasonic waves in the contact medium filled between the ultrasonic probe and the tubular flaw detection material.
- k and ⁇ ′ in the equation (4) are represented by the following equations (5) and (6), respectively.
- tZD in the equation (5) means a wall thickness-to-outer diameter ratio of the tubular flaw detection material.
- “ propagation angle ” means , Propagation direction of ultrasonic wave (center line of ultrasonic beam) incident into tubular test material P (Propagation direction seen from normal direction of tangential plane of tubular test material P including ultrasonic incident point O) ) And the circumferential tangent of the tubular specimen P passing through the incident point O (see Fig. 4 (a)).
- the outer surface refraction angles 0 r of the ultrasonic waves in a plurality of propagation directions are made substantially equal to each other, and Z or the inner refraction angle ⁇ k of the ultrasonic waves in a plurality of propagation directions is set respectively.
- a method using an ultrasonic probe having a plurality of transducers arranged along a predetermined annular curved surface is conceivable.
- the ultrasonic probe according to claim 5 is configured such that a predetermined spheroid does not pass through the center of the spheroid and the spheroid does not pass through the center.
- a plurality of transducers arranged along an annular curved surface obtained by cutting along two parallel planes that face each other without sandwiching the center and are orthogonal to the rotation axis of the spheroid,
- the major axis direction of the ultrasonic probe is along the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material
- the minor axis direction of the ultrasonic probe is the front.
- a plurality of vibrators arranged along an annular curved surface means each vibrator (each vibration so that the shape matches a part of the annular curved surface.
- each vibrator (vibration surface of each vibrator) is formed in a flat shape and is arranged so as to be in contact with an annular curved surface! It is used to mean to speak.
- the center of the spheroid directly faces the axis of the tubular flaw detection material means a straight line that passes through the center of the spheroid and is orthogonal to the two parallel planes (the rotation of the spheroid). (Corresponding to the shaft) is used to mean the axis of the tube test material.
- the term “spheroid” in the present invention is used as a term that includes a major axis and a minor axis that are equal to LV and sphere! /
- the shape of the annular curved surface in which the outer surface refraction angles ⁇ r of the ultrasonic waves are substantially equal to each other in the plurality of propagation directions is, for example, as described in claim 6 of the claims. It is possible to decide. That is, to the tubular flaw detection material for the plurality of propagation directions so that the outer surface refraction angles ⁇ ⁇ : of the ultrasonic waves represented by the following formula (7) for the plurality of propagation directions are substantially equal to each other.
- the incident angle ⁇ w of the ultrasonic wave is calculated based on the following equation (7), and the shape of the annular curved surface is determined so that the calculated incident angle ⁇ w is obtained.
- the shape of the annular curved surface in which the inner surface refraction angles ⁇ k of the ultrasonic waves in the plurality of propagation directions are substantially the same is, for example, as in claim 7 of the claims It is possible to determine. That is, the following formula (2 ), The incident angle ⁇ w of the ultrasonic wave to the tubular flaw detection material with respect to the plurality of propagation directions is expressed by the following equation (7). ) And the shape of the annular curved surface is determined so that the calculated incident angle ⁇ w can be obtained.
- ⁇ k cos (cos ⁇ r-cos — sin ⁇ r-cos Y -sin ⁇ p)... (2)
- the outer surface refraction angle ⁇ r, the propagation angle ⁇ and the angle ⁇ in the equation (2) are represented by the following equations (7), (3) and (4), respectively.
- Vs is the propagation velocity of the ultrasonic wave propagating through the tubular flaw detection material
- Vi is the ultrasonic probe. It means the transmission speed of ultrasonic waves in the contact medium filled between the child and the tubular flaw detection material.
- k and ⁇ ′ in the equation (4) are represented by the following equations (5) and (6), respectively.
- flaw detection of the tubular flaw detection material is The oblique angle flaw detection method using transverse wave ultrasonic waves is generally performed by obliquely injecting ultrasonic waves into the tubular inspection material at an angle greater than the longitudinal wave critical angle.
- the longitudinal wave ultrasonic wave is totally reflected on the surface of the tube flaw detection material, while the transverse wave ultrasonic wave is propagated into the tube flaw detection material, and the refraction angle (transverse wave refraction angle) of the transverse wave ultrasonic wave is about 35 °.
- the major axis direction is along the axial direction of the flaw detection material
- the minor axis direction is along the circumferential direction of the flaw detection material
- the center of the spheroid is the axis of the tubular flaw detection material.
- the transducer located in the long diameter part of the ultrasonic probe the transducer with the largest incident angle, and therefore the refraction angle of the transmitted ultrasonic wave to the tubular flaw detection material.
- the shape of the annular curved surface may be determined so that the transmitted ultrasonic wave propagates in the tubular flaw detection material with a transverse wave refraction angle of 35 ° or more.
- the center of the spheroid is the tubular cover. It is arranged so as to face the axial center of the flaw detection material and to be located in the vicinity of the outer surface of the tubular flaw detection material, and transmit from a vibrator located at least in the long diameter portion of the ultrasonic probe among the plurality of transducers.
- the shape of the annular curved surface may be determined so that the ultrasonic wave to be transmitted propagates into the tubular flaw detection material with a transverse wave refraction angle of 35 ° or more.
- At least the oscillator force transmitted in the long diameter portion of the ultrasonic probe is transmitted (that is, the ultrasonic wave propagating in the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material). Further, it is possible to propagate the transverse wave ultrasonic wave in the tubular flaw detection material.
- the present invention for solving the above-mentioned problems is an ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus for ultrasonic flaw detection of a tubular flaw detection material as claimed in claim 9, wherein the tubular flaw detection apparatus An ultrasonic probe arranged opposite to the material to be inspected and having a plurality of transducers arranged in a matrix on a plane or a curved surface in the row direction and the column direction, and an ultrasonic wave generated by the ultrasonic probe A transmission / reception control means for controlling transmission / reception of the selected one of the plurality of vibrators, wherein the transmission / reception control means selects one vibrator group including at least one vibrator, and selects the selected one Oscillator group force While transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves in one propagation direction in the tubular flaw detection material, at least one of the vibrators constituting the one vibrator group differs in position in the row direction and the column direction.
- the present invention is also provided as an ultrasonic flaw detector characterized by transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves in another propagation direction different from the one propagation direction in the tubular flaw detection material.
- the transmission / reception control means selects one vibrator group including at least one vibrator from the plurality of vibrators arranged in a matrix, and One selected transducer group force The ultrasonic wave is transmitted and received in one propagation direction of the tubular flaw detection material.
- first flaw flaws extending in a direction orthogonal to the one propagation direction
- first flaw flaws extending in a direction orthogonal to the one propagation direction
- the transducers constituting the one transducer group out of the plurality of transducers arranged in a matrix by the transmission / reception control means are in the row direction and the column direction.
- Another transducer group including at least one transducer having a different position is selected, and the selected other transducer group force is applied to the ultrasonic wave in another propagation direction different from the one propagation direction of the tubular flaw detection material.
- a flaw (hereinafter referred to as “second flaw”) extending in a direction perpendicular to the other propagation direction is detected by the ultrasonic waves transmitted and received in the other propagation direction.
- the other transducer group includes transducers having different positions in the row direction and the column direction from the transducers constituting one transducer group, so that the ultrasonic wave propagation direction changes from one propagation direction to another.
- the position of the vibrator group transmitting and receiving the ultrasonic waves in the circumferential direction of the tubular flaw detection material is also changed. Therefore, if the change amount of this position is set appropriately, the propagation directions of the ultrasonic waves are made orthogonal to both the first flaw and the second flaw, and at the same time, the outer surface refraction angles ⁇ k and Z or the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ r It is possible to obtain substantially the same reflected echo intensity regardless of the inclination angle of each flaw.
- the number of transducer groups equal to the number of ultrasonic propagation directions is selected and configured to transmit and receive ultrasonic waves from each selected transducer group, It is possible to detect flaws having various inclination angles according to the number of propagation directions with high accuracy.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present invention it is possible to detect flaws having various inclination angles with respect to the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material with high accuracy and at high speed. is there.
- the time required for the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each selected transducer group to enter the tubular flaw detection material differs depending on the distance between each transducer group and the ultrasonic incident point. Since the distance between each transducer group and the ultrasonic incident point varies depending on the shape of the ultrasonic probe or tubular flaw detection material, even if ultrasonic waves are transmitted at the same timing as the selected transducer group force, The timing at which the ultrasonic wave enters the tubular flaw detection material, and the reception timing of the reflected echo on the surface of the tubular flaw detection material (inner and outer surfaces), is different.
- the incident timing of the transmitted ultrasonic waves is also different.
- the reflected echoes on the surface (inner and outer surfaces) of the tubular flaw detection material received by each transducer group are continuous or partially overlapped, and as a result, the width of the entire reflection echo on the surface of the tubular flaw detection material is expanded. There is a risk that the dead zone near the inner and outer surfaces of the tubular flaw detection material will increase.
- the transmission / reception control unit according to claim 10 of the claims is configured such that an ultrasonic wave transmitted from the one transducer group is on the surface of the tubular flaw detection material.
- the reception timing of the reflection echo of the first transducer group and the reception timing of the reflection echo of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the other transducer group on the surface of the tubular flaw detection material are substantially the same. It is preferable to control the transmission timing or reception timing of the ultrasonic waves of the other transducer group.
- the reception timing of the reflection echo of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the one transducer group on the surface of the tubular flaw detection material and the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the other transducer group is substantially the same (for example, the time difference is less than the pulse width of the transmitted ultrasonic waves) Since the transmission timing or reception timing of the ultrasonic waves of the transducer group is controlled, even if a configuration is adopted in which reflected echoes received by each transducer group are synthesized and errors are detected based on the synthesized reflected echoes. In addition, it is possible to reduce the dead zone near the inner and outer surfaces of the tubular flaw detection material.
- the present invention for solving the above-described problems is an ultrasonic probe for ultrasonic flaw detection of a tubular flaw detection material, as described in claim 11.
- a plurality of vibrators arranged along the curved surface, and the annular curved surface faces a predetermined spheroid without passing through the center of the spheroid and without sandwiching the center of the spheroid.
- it is also provided as an ultrasonic probe characterized by a curved surface obtained by cutting along two parallel planes orthogonal to the rotation axis of the spheroid.
- the predetermined spheroid is opposed to the predetermined spheroid without passing through the center of the spheroid and without sandwiching the center of the spheroid. Since multiple transducers are arranged along an annular curved surface obtained by cutting along two parallel planes orthogonal to the rotation axis of the body, the ultrasonic waves transmitted from each transducer are Propagated to the center.
- the major axis direction is along the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material
- the short diameter direction is along the circumferential direction of the tubular flaw detection material
- the center of the spheroid faces the axial center of the tubular flaw detection material.
- the ultrasonic probe according to the present invention is disposed opposite to the tubular flaw detection material, and for example, the direction in which the flaw having a predetermined inclination angle to be detected extends and the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave are orthogonal to each other. In this way, it is sufficient to select a transducer that transmits ultrasonic waves (select a number of transducers, such as the number of tilt angles of the flaws to be detected). At this time, since the elevation angle of each transducer viewed from the center of the spheroid differs depending on the position where each transducer is arranged, the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each transducer on the tubular flaw detection material It will be different.
- the shape of the ultrasound probe (the shape of the annular curved surface) is set appropriately, the propagation direction of the ultrasound transmitted from each transducer is made orthogonal to the direction in which the flaws to be detected extend,
- the outer surface refraction angle ⁇ k and Z or the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ r can be made substantially constant, and the same reflected echo intensity can be obtained regardless of the inclination angle of each flaw.
- the number of transducers equal to the number of ultrasonic propagation directions is selected, and ultrasonic waves are transmitted / received from the selected transducers, there are various inclination angles. It is possible to detect flaws with high accuracy.
- the ultrasonic probe according to claim 12 is arranged along a straight line that passes through the center of the spheroid and is orthogonal to the two parallel planes. And at least one vertical probe.
- a vertical probe on the outer surface of the tubular flaw detection material.
- vertical flaw detection with a probe that can inject ultrasonic waves vertically is possible, so that it is possible to detect the lamination of the wall thickness measurement of the tube flaw detection material at the same time as the oblique flaw detection of the tube flaw detection material. It has the advantage of being.
- the major axis direction is along the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material whose flaw detection material is the flaw detection direction, 13.
- An ultrasonic probe and transmission / reception control means for controlling transmission / reception of ultrasonic waves by the ultrasonic probe, wherein the transmission / reception control means includes at least two of the plurality of vibrators. Force An ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus characterized by transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves to and from the tubular flaw detection material is also provided.
- the transmission / reception control means selects the number of transducers equal to the number of ultrasonic propagation directions (the number of flaw inclination angles to be detected), and selects each of the selected Oscillator force By sending and receiving ultrasonic waves, it is possible to detect flaws having various inclination angles with high accuracy and at high speed.
- the ultrasonic probe when the ultrasonic probe is arranged so that the center of the spheroid deviates from the vicinity of the outer surface of the tubular flaw detection material, the ultrasonic flaw detection of ultrasonic waves transmitted from each transducer is performed. The incident point on the material is different for each vibrator. Therefore, it is assumed that the ultrasonic probe is arranged so that the center of the spheroid is located near the outer surface of the tubular flaw detection material, and the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each transducer is determined.
- the shape of the ultrasonic probe (the shape of an annular curved surface) is set so that the outer surface refraction angle and Z or the inner surface refraction angle can be made substantially constant while being orthogonal to the direction in which the flaws to be detected extend. Even if it is determined, the incident point of the ultrasonic wave to the tubular flaw detection material is different for each transducer, so in the case of a small diameter tubular flaw detection material (outer diameter of 100 mm or less) as planned. It is feared that the ultrasonic wave propagation behavior cannot be obtained (the outer surface refraction angle and the Z or inner surface refraction angle are not constant depending on the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave), and the flaw detection performance is lowered.
- the shape of the ultrasonic probe (the shape of an annular curved surface) is set so that the outer surface refraction angle and Z or the inner surface refraction angle can be made substantially constant while being orthogonal to the direction in which the flaws to be detected extend. Even if
- the ultrasonic probe according to claim 14 is arranged so that a center of the spheroid is located in the vicinity of an outer surface of the tubular test object.
- the incident points of the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transducers on the tubular flaw detection material substantially coincide with each other.
- the outer surface refraction angle and Z or inner surface refraction angle are substantially constant regardless of the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave), and it is possible to detect flaws having various inclination angles with high accuracy. .
- the transmission / reception control means according to claim 15 of the present invention is characterized in that one of at least two or more transducers that transmit / receive ultrasonic waves to / from the tubular flaw detection material.
- Receiving timing of reflected echo on the surface of the tubular flaw detection material of the transmitted ultrasonic wave, and receiving timing of reflection echo of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from another transducer on the surface of the flaw detection material Are controlled so that the transmission timing or reception timing of the ultrasonic waves of the one vibrator and the other vibrator is substantially the same.
- the reception timing of the reflected echo on the surface of the ultrasonic tube flaw detection material transmitted from one transducer and the other transducer force
- the ultrasonic tube flaw detection flaw transmitted The reception timing of reflected echoes on the material surface is approximately the same (for example, the time difference is less than the pulse width of the transmitted ultrasonic waves), so that the ultrasonic waves of one transducer and other transducers Since the transmission timing or reception timing is controlled, the reflected echoes received by each transducer are synthesized, and errors are detected based on the synthesized reflected echoes. Even if the configuration is adopted, it is possible to reduce the dead zone in the vicinity of the inner and outer surfaces of the tubular flaw detection material.
- the outer surface refraction angle and the Z or inner surface refraction are set according to the wall thickness to outer diameter ratio of the tubular flaw detection material. While the shape of the child is different, once the shape is set, the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each transducer becomes a fixed value for each transducer. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare ultrasonic probes with appropriate shapes individually for tubular flaw detection materials having a wide variety of wall thickness to outer diameter ratios, and there are problems in terms of cost and maintainability. is there.
- an adjusting unit that adjusts an incident angle of an ultrasonic wave transmitted from each of the plurality of transducers to the tubular flaw detection material as set forth in claim 16.
- the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each transducer is orthogonal to the direction in which the flaw as a detection target extends.
- the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each of the plurality of transducers to the tubular flaw detection material can be finely adjusted so that the outer refraction angle and the Z or inner refraction angle can be made substantially constant.
- a mechanical declination mechanism can be employed as the adjusting means.
- each of the plurality of vibrators as set forth in claim 17 includes a plurality of piezoelectric elements divided into strips along the radial direction of each vibrator, and the adjusting means includes: It is also possible to adjust the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave transmitted to the tubular flaw detection material by electrically controlling the transmission / reception timing of the ultrasonic waves by the plurality of piezoelectric elements.
- the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus according to claim 18 of the claim, A tracking device is provided that holds the relative position of the ultrasonic probe with respect to the tubular flaw detection material in a plane perpendicular to the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material substantially constant.
- the ultrasonic probe is relatively rotated along the circumferential direction of the tubular flaw detection material, and is relatively moved along the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material. Even if the cross-sectional shape of the tubular flaw detection material is not a perfect circle or the bending in the axial direction occurs when ultrasonic flaw detection is performed by moving the ultrasonic flaw detection device, the follower device allows the ultrasonic flaw detection device to detect the tubular flaw detection material. It is possible to keep the relative position substantially constant.
- each transducer force has an incident angle of the ultrasonic wave on the tubular flaw detection material. Fluctuations are suppressed, and as a result, the detection ability can be kept substantially constant.
- a follow-up device using a contact-type displacement meter, or a follow-up device composed of contact-type mechanical parts such as a saddle type shoe may be employed.
- a follow-up device using a contact-type displacement meter, or a follow-up device composed of contact-type mechanical parts such as a saddle type shoe may be employed.
- these follow-up devices there are the following problems.
- followability may be reduced due to slight irregularities on the outer surface of the tubular flaw detection material (too sensitive to the irregularity on the outer surface of the tubular flaw detection material).
- the tracking device as set forth in claim 19 includes one or more non-contact displacement meters that measure a distance to an outer surface of the tubular flaw detection material, A positioning mechanism for moving the ultrasonic probe along two axial directions orthogonal to the axial direction of the tubular flaw detection material; and a positioning control means for controlling the positioning mechanism, the positioning control means comprising: Based on the distance measured by the non-contact displacement meter, the positioning is performed so that the relative position of the ultrasonic probe with respect to the tubular flaw detection material is substantially constant. Control the mechanism.
- the contact type tracking device described above is used. Compared with the case where it does, favorable followability can be obtained and by extension, it is possible to obtain good flaw detection ability.
- the present invention that solves the above-mentioned problems is characterized in that, as described in claim 20, the ultrasonic probe using the ultrasonic flaw detector according to any one of claims 13 to 19 is used.
- the ultrasonic probe using the ultrasonic flaw detector according to any one of claims 13 to 19 is used.
- the present invention for solving the above-mentioned problems includes a first step of manufacturing a seamless pipe by perforating a material billet according to claim 21, and the first step. And a second step of flaw detection using the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, and Provided.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of the relationship between the inclination angle of an inclined flaw and the reflected echo intensity in a flaw detection method to which a conventional array-type ultrasonic probe is applied.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a relationship between an inclination angle of an inclined flaw and an incident angle of an ultrasonic wave to the inclined flaw in a flaw detection method to which a conventional array-type ultrasonic probe is applied.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing the propagation behavior of ultrasonic waves in the ultrasonic flaw detector shown in FIG. 3,
- FIG. 4 (a) is a perspective view
- FIG. 4 (b) is a sectional view in the pipe circumferential direction.
- Fig. 4 (c) shows a sectional view in the tube axis direction
- Fig. 4 (d) shows a sectional view along the ultrasonic wave propagation surface.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of an ultrasonic flaw detector according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 (a) is a perspective view
- FIG. 5 (b) is a plan view
- FIG. 5 (c) is a side view
- FIG. 5 (d) is an explanatory view.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory view showing the propagation behavior of ultrasonic waves in the ultrasonic flaw detector shown in FIG. 5,
- FIG. 6 (a) is a perspective view
- FIG. 6 (b) is a sectional view in the pipe circumferential direction.
- FIG. 6 (c) is a plan view
- FIG. 6 (d) is a cross-sectional view along the ultrasonic wave propagation surface.
- FIG. 7 shows the reflected echo intensity at each inner surface flaw obtained by conducting a flaw detection test with the ultrasonic flaw detector according to Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 shows an example of a waveform obtained when the ultrasonic wave transmission timing or reception timing of each transducer is not controlled in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- Fig. 9 shows an example of a waveform obtained when the ultrasonic wave transmission timing of each transducer is controlled in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 shows the intensity of reflected echo at each inner surface flaw obtained by carrying out a flaw detection test with the ultrasonic flaw detector according to Example 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 shows the reflection echo intensity at each inner surface flaw formed on each tZD steel pipe obtained by carrying out a flaw detection test with the ultrasonic flaw detector according to Example 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of an ultrasonic flaw detector according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 (a) is a front sectional view
- FIG. 12 (b) is a plan view
- Fig. 12 (c) shows a cross-sectional side view.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a follow-up device provided in an ultrasonic flaw detector according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 shows an example of a flaw detection waveform obtained when ultrasonic waves are transmitted / received by only one transducer in the ultrasonic flaw detection apparatus according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an ultrasonic flaw detector according to Example 4 of the present invention, in which the reception timings of the four transducers are controlled to be substantially the same, and ultrasonic waves are transmitted and received by the transducers.
- An example of the flaw detection waveform obtained in this case is shown below.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram for explaining the propagation behavior of ultrasonic waves in the ultrasonic flaw detector according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing the propagation behavior of ultrasonic waves in the ultrasonic flaw detector shown in FIG. 3,
- FIG. 4 (a) is a perspective view
- FIG. 4 (b) is a pipe circumferential direction cross-sectional view
- FIG. (c) is a cross-sectional view in the tube axis direction
- Fig. 4 (d) is a cross-sectional view along the ultrasonic wave propagation plane (the plane including point 0, point A, and point B shown in Fig. 4 (a)).
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing the propagation behavior of ultrasonic waves in the ultrasonic flaw detector shown in FIG. 3
- FIG. 4 (a) is a perspective view
- FIG. 4 (b) is a pipe circumferential direction cross-sectional view
- FIG. (c) is a cross-sectional view in the
- an ultrasonic flaw detector 100 is an ultrasonic flaw detector for ultrasonic flaw detection on a tube P, and includes a plurality of transducers 11 in the row direction and the column direction, respectively. Are arranged in a matrix on a plane or a curved surface (in the example shown in Fig. 3, in a matrix on a cylinder curved in the row direction), and an ultrasonic probe 1 And a transmission / reception control means 2 for controlling the transmission / reception of ultrasonic waves. Further, the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 according to the present embodiment has a predetermined threshold value for the amplitude of the reflected echo from the tube P (more specifically, the reflected echo synthesized by the waveform synthesis circuit 223 described later). Are compared with the flaw determination circuit 3 for detecting flaws existing in the pipe P, and an alarm output means 4 for outputting a predetermined alarm or the like when flaws are detected by the flaw determination circuit 3. I have.
- the ultrasonic probe 1 is arranged opposite to the tube P so that the row direction is along the axial direction of the tube P and the column direction is along the circumferential direction of the tube P! Speak.
- the transmission / reception control means 2 includes a transmission circuit 21, a reception circuit 22, and a control circuit 23.
- the transmission circuit 21 is connected to each transducer 11 to supply a pulse signal for transmitting an ultrasonic wave from each transducer 11 and each pulser 211 force delay time of the pulse signal supplied to each transducer 11 And a delay circuit 212 for setting.
- the receiving circuit 22 is connected to each transducer 11 to amplify the reflected echo received by each transducer 11 and a delay for setting the delay time of the reflected echo amplified by each receiver 221.
- a circuit 222 and a waveform synthesizing circuit 223 for synthesizing the reflected echo whose delay time is set by each delay circuit 222 are provided.
- the circuit 23 selects the transducer 11 that transmits and receives ultrasonic waves from among the plurality of transducers 11 arranged, and is set by the delay circuit 212 or the delay circuit 22 2 for each selected transducer 11. Operates to determine the delay time.
- the transmission / reception control means 2 (control circuit 23) having the above configuration includes one or more of the plurality of transducers 11 arranged in a matrix and including one transducer 11 arranged in a predetermined column.
- a transducer group of 11 forces is selected and ultrasonic waves are transmitted and received in a direction that forms a predetermined angle with respect to the axial direction of the selected transducer group force tube P.
- the one transducer group includes one or more transducers 11 including other transducers 11 arranged in a column different from the one transducer 11.
- Another transducer group having a different center of gravity is selected in the direction, and ultrasonic waves are transmitted and received from the selected other transducer group in a direction that forms an angle different from the predetermined angle with respect to the axial direction of the tube P.
- the operation of the transmission / reception control means 2 (control circuit 23) will be described more specifically with reference to FIG. 4 as appropriate.
- the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transducers 11 constituting the ultrasonic probe 1 are incident at the point A on the inner surface of the tube P after being incident at the point O force on the outer surface of the tube P. Reflects and reaches point B on the outer surface of tube P.
- the angle (propagation angle) is ⁇ (hereinafter also referred to as “propagation direction 0” as appropriate), and the outer surface refraction angle at point ((at the ultrasonic propagation surface shown in Fig. 4 (d), at point ⁇ of tube ⁇ ).
- the angle between the normal L1 and the ultrasonic beam U is 0 r
- the internal refraction angle at point A in the ultrasonic wave propagation plane shown in Fig. 4 (d)
- ⁇ k cos (cos ⁇ r e cos —sin ⁇ r- cos ⁇ m s ⁇ n ⁇ ) 2)
- i is the angle of incidence of the ultrasonic wave on the tube P in the circumferential direction (tube In the circumferential section, the angle between the normal L3 at point O of the tube P and the ultrasonic beam U, see Fig. 4 (b))
- ⁇ i is the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave on the tube ⁇ (tube axis) In the direction cross section, this means the angle between the normal L4 and the ultrasonic beam U at point O of the tube P (see Fig. 4 (c)).
- Vs means the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave propagating in the pipe P
- Vi means the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave in the contact medium filled between the transducer 11 and the pipe P.
- ⁇ is the angle (in the tube axis direction cross section shown in FIG. 4 (b)) between the straight line passing through the tube center C and the point O and the straight line passing through the tube center C and the point A ( It is equal to the angle formed by a straight line passing through pipe center C and point A and a straight line passing through pipe center C and point B, and is expressed by the following equation (4).
- the outer surface refraction angle ⁇ r and the ultrasonic wave propagation angle ⁇ are the ultrasonic incident angle ai of the ultrasonic wave on the tube ⁇ ⁇ and the axis of the ultrasonic wave on the tube ⁇ . Determined by directional incident angle j8i.
- the inner surface refraction angle 0 k is similarly determined by the circumferential incident angle ai and the axial incident angle j8i (however, strictly speaking, the thickness of the tube P It is also affected by ⁇ , which is determined by the thickness to outer diameter ratio).
- the amount of eccentricity when the ultrasonic probe is arranged eccentrically from the axis of the tube P is made constant (that is, the eccentricity is determined).
- the tube of the ultrasonic wave is made so that the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave and the direction in which the tilt extends are perpendicular to each other under the condition that the incident angle ai in the circumferential direction to the tube P determined according to the core amount is constant).
- Change only the tilt angle of P with respect to the axial direction (change only the axial incident angle j8i).
- the method of changing only the axial incident angle j8i can be derived from the above formulas (1) and (2).
- the folding angle ⁇ k changes according to the change of the axial incident angle
- the transmission / reception control means 2 (control circuit 23) first includes a plurality of transducers arranged in a matrix. 1 Select one transducer group including at least one transducer 11 from 1 and operate to transmit / receive ultrasonic waves from the selected transducer group to one propagation direction ⁇ in the tube P To do. More specifically, the control circuit 23 obtains an ultrasonic propagation direction ⁇ ⁇ perpendicular to the extending direction of the flaw (first flaw) having a predetermined inclination angle to be detected. Based on the above equation (3), the circumferential incident angle ai and the axial incident angle j8 i are determined, and a vibrator group from which these and ⁇ i are obtained is selected.
- the transmission / reception control means 2 (control circuit 23) is different from the vibrators 11 constituting the one vibrator group among the plurality of vibrators 11 arranged in a matrix in the row direction and the column direction.
- the other transducer group including at least one transducer 11 having different positions is selected, and the other propagation direction ⁇ different from the one propagation direction ⁇ in the tube P from the selected other transducer group is exceeded. Operates to send and receive sound waves.
- the control circuit 23 is the detection target and the ultrasonic wave propagation direction ⁇ that is orthogonal to the extending direction of the flaw (second flaw) having an inclination angle different from that of the first flaw.
- the circumferential incident angle ai and the axial incident angle ⁇ i are determined, and another vibrator group from which these ai and ⁇ i are obtained is selected.
- the other transducer groups include transducers having different positions in the row direction and the column direction from the transducers constituting one transducer group, the single transducer group force transmits and receives ultrasonic waves.
- the direction incidence angle ai is different from the circumferential incidence angle ai of ultrasonic waves transmitted and received from other transducer groups.
- the axial incidence angle j8 i of the ultrasonic waves transmitted and received and other transducers It is different from the axial incident angle i8 i of ultrasonic waves transmitted and received from the group. More specifically, when selecting another transducer group, the circumferential incidence angle ai and the axial incidence angle j8 i for one transducer group are different (based on Equation (3)).
- the circumferential incident angle ai and the axial incident angle j8 i for each of the transducer groups are determined, and each transducer 11 in the other transducer group is selected so that the ai and j8 i are obtained. .
- the ultrasonic propagation direction ⁇ is made orthogonal to both the first flaw and the second flaw, and at the same time, the refraction angle ( ⁇ r , ⁇ k) can be made substantially constant, and it is possible to obtain the same reflected echo intensity regardless of the inclination angle of each flaw.
- a number of transducer groups such as the number of tilt angles of a flaw to be detected, are selected and ultrasonic waves are transmitted / received from each selected transducer group, flaws having various tilt angles are obtained. Can be detected with high accuracy.
- it is possible to detect flaws having various inclination angles at high speed by transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves of the selected transducer group forces substantially simultaneously.
- the matrix is arranged on the curved surface.
- the ultrasonic probe 1 (arranged in a matrix on a cylinder curved in the row direction) is used, the axial incident angle j8 i of the ultrasonic waves transmitted and received from each transducer 11 is It depends on the radius of curvature and the position of each transducer 11. Therefore, when selecting a transducer group, a transducer group that can obtain the determined axial incident angle j8 i among the plurality of transducers 11 may be simply selected.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and it is also possible to employ an ultrasonic probe in which a plurality of transducers 11 are arranged in a matrix on a plane.
- the transmission / reception timing of the ultrasonic waves by the respective transducers 11 in the selected transducer group is set so that the ultrasonic waves are transmitted / received at the selected axial group incident angle
- the control may be controlled by the control circuit 23.
- the reflected echo received by each transducer 11 is synthesized by the waveform synthesis circuit 223 that simplifies the circuit configuration and reduces the manufacturing cost. Then, based on the synthesized reflected echo, the defect determination circuit 3 cannot be detected.
- the transmission / reception control means 2 (control circuit 23) according to the present embodiment has, as a preferred configuration, the reception timing of the reflected echo on the surface of the ultrasonic tube P transmitted by the one transducer group force, and the other Transducer force of the transmitted ultrasonic tube Reflected echo on the P surface
- the ultrasonic waves of the one transducer group and the other transducer group are set so that one reception timing is substantially the same (for example, a time difference less than the pulse width of the transmitted ultrasonic wave).
- the transmission timing or reception timing is controlled (the delay time of the corresponding delay circuit 212 or delay circuit 222 is set).
- the reception timing of the reflected echo on the surface of the ultrasonic tube P transmitted from one transducer group force and the surface of the ultrasonic tube P transmitted from another transducer group Therefore, even if the reflected echoes received by each transducer 11 (each transducer group) are synthesized by the waveform synthesis circuit 223 as described above, each reflected echo is received at the same time. Reduces the dead zone near the inner and outer surfaces of the tube P where the reflected echoes on the tube surface (inner and outer surfaces) received in groups are continuous or partly overlapped and the width of the entire reflected echo is unlikely to increase. Is possible.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of an ultrasonic flaw detector according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 (a) is a perspective view
- FIG. 5 (b) is a plan view
- FIG. c) shows a side view
- Fig. 5 (d) shows an explanatory diagram.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory view showing the propagation behavior of ultrasonic waves in the ultrasonic flaw detector shown in FIG. 5
- FIG. 6 (a) is a perspective view
- FIG. 6 (b) is a cross-sectional view in the pipe circumferential direction
- FIG. (c) is a plan view and FIG.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 100A is an ultrasonic flaw detector for ultrasonic flaw detection of the tube P, similarly to the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 according to the first embodiment.
- the ultrasonic probe 1A and transmission / reception control means 2A for controlling transmission / reception of ultrasonic waves by the ultrasonic probe 1A are provided.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 100A compares the amplitude of the reflected echo from the tube P with a predetermined threshold in the same manner as the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 according to the first embodiment.
- a flaw determination circuit 3 for detecting flaws existing in the pipe P, and an alarm output means 4 for outputting a predetermined alarm or the like when a flaw is detected by the flaw determination circuit 3 are provided.
- the equipment configuration of the transmission / reception control means 2A is the same as that of the transmission / reception control means 2 of the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 according to the first embodiment, and therefore detailed description thereof is omitted.
- the ultrasonic probe 1A includes a plurality of transducers 11 arranged along an annular curved surface.
- the circular curved surface faces a predetermined spheroid M without passing through the center O of the spheroid M and without sandwiching the center O of the spheroid, and the rotation axis of the spheroid. It is a curved surface obtained by cutting along two parallel planes S1 and S2 orthogonal to (see FIGS. 5 (c) and 5 (d)).
- the ultrasonic probe 1A has a major axis direction (X direction shown in Fig. 5 (b)) along the axial direction of the tube P and a minor axis direction (y direction shown in Fig. 5 (b)).
- the center O of the spheroid M is disposed opposite the pipe P so as to face the axis of the pipe P.
- the transmission / reception control means 2A operates so as to transmit / receive ultrasonic waves to / from the tube P from at least two or more of the plurality of transducers 11.
- the center O of the spheroid M is located in the vicinity of the outer surface of the tube P (thus, each transducer 11 force is transmitted). Let us consider a state in which the ultrasonic probe 1A is arranged so that the ultrasonic wave enters the tube P with the center O as the incident point.
- the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the respective transducers 11 constituting the ultrasonic probe 1A are incident from the point 0 (center O of the spheroid) on the outer surface of the tube P. Reflected at point A on the inner surface of pipe P and reaches point B on the outer surface of pipe P.
- the angle (propagation angle) is ⁇ (hereinafter also referred to as “propagation direction 0” where appropriate), and the outer surface refraction angle at point ⁇ (at the ultrasonic propagation surface shown in Fig. 6 (d))
- the angle between the normal L1 and the ultrasonic beam U is 0 r, and the internal refraction angle at point A (in the ultrasonic wave propagation plane shown in Fig.
- the normal L2 at point A of the tube P and the ultrasonic wave The angle formed by beam U is 0 k.
- the angle of incidence of the ultrasonic wave on the tube P (the angle between the normal L3 at the incident point O of the tube P and the incident ultrasonic beam U in the ultrasonic wave propagation plane shown in Fig. 6 (d)) is expressed as ⁇ w
- the refraction angle of the ultrasonic wave in the tube P (the angle formed by the normal L3 at the incident point O of the tube P and the ultrasonic beam U after the incident on the ultrasonic wave propagation surface shown in Fig. 6 (d)) is 0. s.
- An ultrasonic wave incident on the tube P at an incident angle ⁇ w exhibits a geometrical optical propagation behavior. Ie The ultrasonic wave incident on the tube ⁇ at the incident angle ⁇ w propagates into the tube ⁇ at the refraction angle ⁇ s determined according to Snell's law. And, as derived geometrically, the external refraction angle ⁇ r is equal to the refraction angle ⁇ s. That is, the following formula (7) is established.
- the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k represented by the above-described equation (2) is calculated so that the above-described equation (7) and the above-described equations (3) to (6) force are also derived. It is a function of the propagation angle ⁇ and the tube wall thickness-to-outer diameter ratio tZD.
- it becomes the minimum value and becomes equal to the outer surface refraction angle 0 r ( refraction angle ⁇ s).
- the maximum value is obtained and is expressed by the following equation (8).
- the difference between the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k and the outer surface refraction angle ⁇ r calculated by the above equation (8) is about 10 °.
- the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k when detecting the inner surface flaw extending in the axial direction of the tube P (detected by ultrasonic waves whose propagation direction ⁇ coincides with the circumferential direction of the tube tube) and the circumferential direction of the tube P are extended.
- the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k calculated by the above equation (8) becomes larger than 20 ° with respect to the outer surface refraction angle ⁇ s (that is, By changing the propagation direction ⁇ from the axial direction of the tube P to the circumferential direction, the inner surface bending angle ⁇ k becomes larger than 20 °), and the detection ability of the inner surface flaw extending in the axial direction of the tube P is greatly reduced.
- the inner surface flaw having an inclination angle between the axial direction and the circumferential direction of the pipe P Also, the detectability decreases as the internal refraction angle 0 k increases.
- the flaw detection direction depends on the propagation direction ⁇ of the ultrasonic wave (that is, The refraction angle ⁇ s corresponding to each propagation direction ⁇ is changed so that the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k corresponding to each propagation direction ⁇ becomes a substantially constant value (that is, depending on the inclination angle) (that is, the incident angle ⁇ w Change).
- the ultrasonic probe 1A has an inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k corresponding to each propagation direction ⁇ in accordance with the propagation direction ⁇ of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each transducer 11.
- the shape is designed so that the incident angle ⁇ w corresponding to each propagation direction ⁇ changes so as to have a substantially constant value.
- the ultrasonic probe 1A includes a plurality of vibrators 11 arranged along an annular curved surface, and the annular curved surface includes a predetermined spheroid ⁇ and the spheroid ⁇ .
- the elevation angle of each transducer 11 is determined according to the major axis and minor axis of the ultrasound probe 1A and the distance from the center ⁇ of the spheroid ⁇ of the ultrasound probe 1A.
- the elevation angle varies according to the position where the transducers are arranged (depending on the propagation direction ⁇ of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each transducer 11).
- the angle obtained by subtracting the elevation angle by 90 ° force corresponds to the incident angle ⁇ w. Therefore, the ultrasonic probe 1A according to the present embodiment appropriately sets the major axis and the minor axis of the ultrasonic probe 1A and the distance from the center axis of the spheroid ⁇ of the ultrasonic probe 1A.
- the inner surface bending angle ⁇ k corresponding to each propagation direction ⁇ corresponds to each propagation direction ⁇ . Designed to change the incident angle ⁇ w.
- the major axis of the ultrasonic probe 1A is 2 ⁇
- the minor axis is 2y
- the ultrasonic probe 1A is 2y. Is the major axis of the ultrasonic probe 1A, where h is the average distance from the center O of the spheroid M to the planes S1 and S2.
- the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transducer 11 located at 0 w (referred to as ⁇ wl) and the incidence of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transducer 11 located in the short diameter part of the ultrasonic probe 1A
- the angle ⁇ w (referred to as ⁇ w2) is expressed by the following equations (9) and (10), respectively.
- the ultrasonic propagation direction ⁇ coincides with the axial direction of the tube ((positioned at the long diameter portion of the ultrasonic probe 1A).
- the ultrasonic refraction angle ⁇ k and the ultrasonic propagation direction ⁇ coincide with the circumferential direction of the tube ((when the ultrasonic wave is transmitted from the transducer 11) (located in the short diameter part of the ultrasonic probe 1A)
- the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k in the case of transmitting ultrasonic waves from the transducer 11 is substantially equal.
- the refraction angle of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transducer 11 located in the long diameter part of the ultrasonic probe 1A is ⁇ sl
- Vs is the propagation velocity of the ultrasonic wave (transverse wave) that propagates in the tube P.
- Vi means the propagation speed of the ultrasonic wave (longitudinal wave ultrasonic wave) in the contact medium filled between the vibrator 11 and the tube P.
- the inner surface is the same as described above with reference to FIG.
- the relationship of the following formula (14) is established between the refraction angle 0kl and the refraction angle ⁇ si.
- the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k2 and The relationship of the following formula (15) is established between the refraction angle ⁇ s2.
- VsZVi-sin 0 w2Z ⁇ 1 -2 (t / D) ⁇ Vs / Vi -sin ⁇ w1---(1 8)
- the incident angles ⁇ wl and ⁇ w2 satisfy the above equation (1 1), the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k (of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transducer 11 located in the long diameter portion of the ultrasonic probe 1A ⁇ kl) and the inner surface refraction angle 0 k ( ⁇ k2) of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transducer 11 located in the minor axis part of the ultrasonic probe 1A are substantially equal.
- the propagation direction ⁇ of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each transducer 11 is extended as a detection target.
- the inner surface refraction angle 0 k can be made substantially constant, and it is possible to obtain the same reflected echo intensity regardless of the inclination angle of each flaw.
- the number of transducers 11 equal to the number of flaw tilt angles to be detected is selected by the transmission / reception control means 2A, and ultrasonic waves are transmitted / received from the selected transducers 11, various tilts can be obtained. It is possible to detect flaws having an angle with high accuracy.
- the tube P is similar to general oblique flaw detection.
- the transducer 11 located at the major axis of the ultrasonic probe 1A (the incident angle ⁇ w of the transmitted ultrasonic wave to the tube, and hence the refraction)
- the shape of the ultrasonic probe 1A (x, y, and so that the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the vibrator with the largest angle ⁇ s propagates into the tube P at the transverse wave refraction angle ⁇ s of 35 ° or more) h) should be determined.
- the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the transducer 11 positioned at least in the long diameter portion of the ultrasonic probe 1A is selected from the combinations of x, y, and h that satisfy the above equation (11). Select the combination in which the sound wave propagates in the tube P with a refraction angle ⁇ s of 35 ° or more.
- the longitudinal direction of the ultrasonic probe 1A is along the axial direction of the tube P, and The ultrasonic probe is positioned so that the minor axis direction of the wave probe 1A is along the circumferential direction of the tube P, and the center O of the spheroid is positioned in the vicinity of the outer surface of the tube P so as to face the axis of the tube P.
- the transducer 1A is arranged opposite to the tube P, the ultrasonic wave transmitted from at least the transducer 11 located in the long diameter portion of the ultrasonic probe 1A among the plurality of transducers 11 is a transverse wave of 35 ° or more.
- the major axis 2x and minor axis 2y of the ultrasonic probe 1A and the distance h of the center O force of the spheroid of the ultrasonic probe 1A are set.
- the ultrasonic probe 1A having the preferable shape determined as described above, at least the ultrasonic wave (that is, the tube P) transmitted from the transducer 11 positioned in the long diameter portion of the ultrasonic probe 1A.
- the ultrasonic wave propagating in the axial direction, transverse ultrasonic waves can be propagated in the tube P.
- the center O of the spheroid is positioned in the vicinity of the outer surface of the tube P not only when determining the shape described above but also when actually detecting flaws. It is preferable to arrange so as to.
- the incident points of the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transducers 11 to the tube P are substantially coincident (the center O of the spheroid is the incident point). It is possible to obtain the propagation behavior of the ultrasound as planned when the shape of the acoustic probe 1A is determined (the inner surface refraction angle 0 k is substantially constant regardless of the propagation direction of the ultrasound). It is possible to detect flaws having various inclination angles with high accuracy.
- the transmission / reception control means 2A of the ultrasonic flaw detector 100A preferably transmits / receives ultrasonic waves to / from the tube P, similarly to the transmission / reception control means 2 according to the first embodiment.
- the reception timing of the reflected echo on the surface of the ultrasonic tube P transmitted from one transducer 11 and the ultrasonic tube P surface transmitted from the other transducer 11 So that the reception timing of the reflected echo is substantially the same (for example, the time difference is equal to or less than the pulse width of the transmitted ultrasonic wave). Controls transmission timing or reception timing of sound waves.
- the ultrasonic wave P transmitted from one transducer 11 on the surface of the tube P Since the reception timing of the reflected echo and the reception timing of the reflected echo on the surface of the ultrasonic tube P transmitted from the other transducer 11 are substantially the same, the waveform synthesis circuit (Fig. Even if the reflected echoes received by the transducers 11 are synthesized by the not shown), the reflected echoes on the surface (inner and outer surfaces) of the tube P received by the transducers 11 are reflected or overlapped. A situation occurs in which the width of the echo increases 1, and it is possible to reduce the dead zone near the inner and outer surfaces of the tube p.
- the ultrasonic probe 1A changes the shape (x, y, and h) of the ultrasonic probe 1A according to the tZD of the tube P to be flawed. decide.
- the shape of the appropriate ultrasonic probe 1A varies depending on the tZD of the tube P to be flawed. Therefore, an ultrasonic probe 1A having an appropriate shape must be prepared for each tube having a wide variety of tZDs, which is problematic in terms of cost and maintainability.
- the internal refraction angle ⁇ k can be made substantially constant (so that the above-described equation (11) is satisfied), so that the ultrasonic waves transmitted to the force tube P of each of the plurality of vibrators 11 can be Since the incident angle ⁇ w can be finely adjusted, there is no need to prepare various types of ultrasonic probe 1A according to the tZD of tube P, etc. .
- each of the plurality of vibrators 11 includes a plurality of piezoelectric elements 111 divided into strips along the radial direction of each vibrator 11, and the adjusting means (
- the transmission / reception control unit 2A functions as the adjusting unit), and the incident angle ⁇ of the ultrasonic wave transmitted to the tube P is controlled by electrically controlling the transmission / reception timing of the ultrasonic waves by the plurality of piezoelectric elements 111.
- w it is possible to adjust the incident angle ⁇ w more easily and with better reproducibility than when a mechanical declination mechanism is employed.
- the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k can be made substantially constant, while the outer surface refraction angle ⁇ r depends on the propagation direction ⁇ .
- the ultrasonic probe 1A according to the present embodiment has a suitable shape for detecting flaws on the inner surface having various inclination angles with high accuracy.
- the outer surface refraction angle 0 r is set regardless of the inclination angle of each flaw (that is, regardless of the propagation direction ⁇ of the ultrasonic wave). ) It needs to be almost constant.
- the outer surface refraction angle ⁇ r is equal to the refraction angle ⁇ s. Therefore, it is sufficient to make the refraction angle ⁇ s substantially constant regardless of the propagation direction ⁇ .
- the incident angle ⁇ w is propagated. Regardless of the direction ⁇ , it should be almost constant.
- the lengths of the major axis (2 ⁇ ) and minor axis (2y) of the ultrasonic probe should be set to approximately equal values. . That is, the shape obtained when the spheroid is a sphere may be set. According to the ultrasonic probe having such a shape, the outer surface refraction angle r can be made substantially constant regardless of the propagation direction ⁇ , and the outer surface flaw having various inclination angles can be detected with high accuracy. Is possible.
- the shape of the ultrasonic probe suitable for detecting each flaw may be selected depending on whether the main detection target of the flaw in the pipe P is an inner surface flaw or an outer surface flaw.
- the shape of the ultrasonic probe (x, y and) satisfying the formula (11) suitable for detecting the inner surface flaw is used.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 whose schematic configuration is shown in Fig. 3, is formed on the inner surface of the steel pipe and has different inclination angles (0 °, 10 °, 20 °, 30 °, 45 ° with respect to the axial direction of the steel tube) A flaw detection test was conducted on multiple internal flaws (depth 0.5 mm x length 25.4 mm) having an inclination angle of.
- the ultrasonic probe 1 is a cylinder in which a plurality (30) of vibrators 11 having a length of 5 mm, a width of 3 mm, and an oscillation frequency of 2 MHz are curved in a row direction (axial direction of the steel pipe) with a curvature radius of 200 mm.
- the transducers 11 arranged in the first column are # 1 to # 10 and the transducers 11 arranged in the second column are # 1 1 to # 20 and The vibrators 11 arranged in the third column are referred to as # 21 to # 30.
- Table 1 shows the adjustment of the eccentricity of ultrasonic probe 1 so that transducer # 1 in the first row is optimal for detecting internal flaws with an inclination angle of 0 ° (ie, transducer # When the circumferential incident angle ai of 1 is adjusted), the ultrasonic incident angle ⁇ i of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the vibrator # 1 and the other vibrators # 2 to # 30, propagation of the ultrasonic wave The direction ⁇ and the internal refraction angle ⁇ k are shown.
- the method described in Patent Document 2 described above is, for example, the first row of vibrators # 1 to # 10, the second row of vibrators # 11 to # 20, or the third row.
- This is a method in which only the vibrators # 21 to # 30 are used (under the condition that the circumferential incident angle ai is constant), the axial incident angle j8 i is changed, and the tilt direction ⁇ is changed accordingly.
- the inner surface refraction angle 0 k also changes, which changes the flaw detection ability.
- the transmission / reception control means 2 has at least one arranged in the first row among the plurality of transducers 11 arranged in a matrix state.
- One transducer group including transducers 11 (in this example, transducers # 1 and # 3) are selected, and the selected transducer group force is applied in one propagation direction within the steel pipe. Operates to send and receive.
- the control circuit 23 includes at least one vibration having a position in the row direction and the column direction different from those of the vibrators 11 constituting the one vibrator group among the plurality of vibrators 11 arranged in a matrix.
- the transmission / reception control means 2 of the present embodiment includes:
- the ultrasonic propagation direction ⁇ is orthogonalized for each inner surface flaw having a different inclination angle (the value of ⁇ and the inclination angle of the inner surface flaw to be detected)
- the internal refraction angle 0 k can be set to a substantially constant value (about 40 °).
- FIG. 7 shows the reflected echo intensity at each inner surface flaw (reflected echo at the inner surface flaw with an inclination angle of 0 °) obtained by performing a flaw detection test using the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 according to the present example.
- Relative intensity when intensity is OdB).
- FIG. 7 as a comparative example, only the axial incident angle j8 i is changed under the condition that the circumferential incident angle ai is constant (that is, using only the transducers 11 arranged in the same column).
- the reflected echo intensity at each inner surface flaw obtained when the ultrasonic propagation direction ⁇ is orthogonal to each inner surface flaw is also shown. As shown in FIG.
- the reflected echo intensity decreases as the flaw inclination angle increases, and as a result, the flaw detection ability decreases, whereas in this embodiment, the inclination angle is 0 ° to 45 °. It can be seen that substantially the same reflected echo intensity can be obtained with respect to the inner surface flaws, and that a substantially constant flaw detection capability can be obtained.
- each transducer 11 (vibrator # 1, # 3) is formed by the waveform synthesis circuit 223 that simplifies the circuit configuration and reduces manufacturing costs. , # 15, # 17, and # 30), the reflected echoes received are synthesized, and based on the synthesized reflected echo, the failure determination circuit 3 cannot be detected. Then, the transmission / reception control means 2 ensures that the reception timing of reflected echoes on the steel pipe surface of the ultrasonic waves transmitted by each transducer 11 is substantially the same (so that the time difference is equal to or less than the pulse width of the transmitted ultrasonic waves. N), the supersonic sound of each transducer 11 The wave transmission timing or reception timing is controlled (the delay time of the corresponding delay circuit 212 or delay circuit 222 is set).
- Fig. 8 shows the vibration when # 1 and # 30 transmit ultrasonic waves almost simultaneously from transducers # 1 and # 30, which do not control the transmission timing or reception timing of ultrasonic waves # 1 and # 30.
- Reflected echoes received by 1 and # 30 respectively reflected echoes on the steel pipe surface (outer surface) received by transducers # 1 and # 30, respectively, and internal flaw force with an inclination angle of 45 ° detected by transducer # 30
- An example of a waveform obtained by synthesizing a reflection echo (flaw echo)) by a waveform synthesis circuit 223 is shown.
- FIG. 1 shows the vibration when # 1 and # 30 transmit ultrasonic waves almost simultaneously from transducers # 1 and # 30, which do not control the transmission timing or reception timing of ultrasonic waves # 1 and # 30.
- waveform E1 corresponds to the reflected echo on the outer surface of the steel pipe received by transducer # 30, and waveform E2 corresponds to the reflected echo on the outer surface of the steel tube received by transducer # 1.
- waveform E1 and waveform E2 are continuous or partially overlapped, and the outer surface of the steel pipe
- the dead zone near the outer surface of the steel pipe increases. This is because the beam path until the ultrasonic wave transmitted from transducer # 1 reaches the outer surface of the steel pipe is different from the beam path until the ultrasonic wave transmitted from vibrator # 30 reaches the outer surface of the steel pipe. It is a phenomenon that occurs.
- the transmission / reception control means 2 is configured so that the reception timings of the reflected echoes on the steel pipe surface of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each transducer 11 are substantially the same. Since the ultrasonic wave transmission timing or reception timing of each transducer 11 is controlled, the dead zone can be reduced as compared with the case shown in FIG. FIG. 9 shows reflected echoes received by transducers # 1 and # 30 after the transmission timing of transducer # 30 is delayed by a predetermined time with respect to transducer # 1 by transmission / reception control means 2 according to this embodiment. A waveform example obtained by synthesizing the signal by the waveform synthesis circuit 223 is shown. As shown in FIG.
- the transmission / reception control means 2 delays the transmission timing of the vibrator # 30 by a predetermined time with respect to the vibrator # 1, thereby causing the waveforms E1 and E2 shown in FIG. Are almost completely overlapped.
- the width of the combined waveform (E1 + E2) of waveforms E1 and E2 shown in Fig. 9 is slightly wider than the width of waveform E1 shown in Fig. 8, but reduced to about 1Z3 or less compared to the dead zone shown in Fig. 8. I understand that I can do it.
- the ultrasonic probe 1A includes a plurality of (32) transducers 11 having a length of 5 mm, a width of 3 mm, and an oscillation frequency of 2 MHz, passing through a predetermined spheroid, not passing through the center O of the spheroid, and Arranged along an annular curved surface obtained by cutting along two parallel planes S 1 and S 2 that face each other without sandwiching the center O of the spheroid and are orthogonal to the rotation axis of the spheroid did.
- the shape of the ultrasonic probe 1A is determined so that the incident angle 0 wl represented by the equation (9) is about 18 ° and the incident angle 0 w2 represented by the equation (10) is about 14 °. did.
- Such incident angles ⁇ wl and ⁇ w2 satisfy the above-described equation (11).
- the major axis direction of the ultrasonic probe 1A is along the axial direction of the steel pipe
- the minor axis direction of the ultrasonic probe 1A is along the circumferential direction of the steel pipe
- the center O of the spheroid is The flaw detection test was conducted with the ultrasonic probe 1A placed facing the steel pipe so that it was positioned near the outer surface of the steel pipe, facing the axis of the steel pipe. Water was used as the contact medium filled between the ultrasonic probe 1A and the steel pipe.
- the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves (transverse wave ultrasonic waves) in the steel pipe is 3200 mZsec
- the propagation speed of underwater ultrasonic waves (longitudinal wave ultrasonic waves) as the contact medium is 1500 mZsec.
- the refraction angle (refraction angle corresponding to the incident angle ⁇ wl) 0 s (referred to as 0 si) of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the vibrator 11 located in the long diameter part of the child 1A is about 41 °
- the refraction angle (refraction angle corresponding to the incident angle ⁇ w2) of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the vibrator 11 located in the minor axis portion of 1A is about 31 °.
- the ultrasonic refraction angle ⁇ r is equal to the refraction angles ⁇ si and ⁇ s2, while the ultrasonic refraction angle ⁇ k is the incident angle ⁇ w, the propagation direction ⁇ , and the tube. It is expressed as a function of tZD. That is, when the propagation direction ⁇ coincides with the axial direction of the steel pipe, the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k becomes the minimum value and becomes equal to the refraction angle ⁇ si. That is, the internal refraction angle ⁇ k is about 41 °.
- the shape of the ultrasonic probe 1A according to the present embodiment is determined as described above, the propagation direction ⁇ of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from each transducer 11 is detected. At the same time as making it perpendicular to the extending direction, the inner surface refraction angle 0 k can be made substantially constant regardless of the flaw inclination angle.
- FIG. 10 shows the reflected echo intensity at each inner surface flaw (the reflected echo intensity at the inner surface flaw with an inclination angle of 0 °) obtained by carrying out a flaw detection test with the ultrasonic flaw detector 100A according to the present example.
- Relative intensity with OdB As shown in FIG. 10, according to the ultrasonic flaw detector 100A according to the present embodiment, substantially the same reflected echo intensity can be obtained with an internal flaw of an inclination angle of 67.5 ° to 90 °. Thus, it can be seen that a substantially constant flaw detection capability can be obtained.
- the transmission / reception control means 2A transmits the ultrasonic steel pipes transmitted from the transducers 11 in the same manner as the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 according to the first embodiment.
- the transmission / reception control means 2A transmits the ultrasonic steel pipes transmitted from the transducers 11 in the same manner as the ultrasonic flaw detector 100 according to the first embodiment.
- each of the plurality of transducers 11 included in the ultrasonic probe 1A is composed of eight piezoelectric elements 11 1 divided into strips along the radial direction of each transducer 11.
- the difference is that steel pipes with 5% and 14% tZD as well as 11% are used as flaw detection materials.
- the transmission / reception control means 2A electrically controls the transmission / reception timing of ultrasonic waves by the plurality of piezoelectric elements 111 so that substantially the same flaw detection performance can be obtained for other tZD steel pipes.
- the incident angle ⁇ w of the ultrasonic wave transmitted to the steel pipe was adjusted.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present embodiment 100 is almost equivalent to the inner surface flaws in which the inclination angle of the steel pipe with 0 ranging from 5% to 14% is up to 70 ° to 90 °. It can be seen that the reflected echo intensity can be obtained, and as a result, a substantially constant flaw detection ability can be obtained.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of the ultrasonic flaw detector 100B according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 12 (a) is a front sectional view
- FIG. 12 (b) is a plan view
- FIG. ) Shows a side sectional view.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 100B according to the present embodiment includes four transducers (oblique angle transducers) 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D having an oscillation frequency of 5 MHz, and a vertical probe having an oscillation frequency of 5 MHz.
- Ultrasonic probe IB having a child 12 and these transducers 11A to 11 an acrylic housing 5 to which L 1D and a vertical probe 12 are attached, and a tip of the housing 5 And a soft hose 6.
- the transmission / reception control means for controlling the transmission / reception of ultrasonic waves by the ultrasonic probe 1B see the transmission / reception control means 2A shown in FIG. 5).
- the flaw detection circuit 3 by comparing the amplitude of the echo reflected from the steel pipe P with a predetermined threshold, the flaw detection circuit 3 (see Fig. 5) that detects flaws existing in the steel pipe P and the flaw detection circuit 3 detect flaws.
- an alarm output means 4 (see FIG. 5) for outputting a predetermined alarm or the like is provided.
- the device configuration of the transmission / reception control means of the present embodiment is the same as that of the transmission / reception control means 2 shown in FIG. [0139]
- the four transducers 11A to 11A included in the ultrasonic probe IB: L ID is the same as in the second embodiment.
- L ID is the same as in the second embodiment.
- a circular curved surface obtained by cutting along two parallel planes that do not pass through the center O of the body and face each other without sandwiching the center O of the spheroid, and are orthogonal to the rotation axis of the spheroid They are arranged as follows.
- the transducers 11A and 11B are arranged in the major axis direction of the ultrasonic probe 1B (the annular curved surface) so that the incident angle ⁇ wl expressed by the above-described equation (9) is about 18 °. It is in the direction of the long axis and is arranged in the X direction shown in Fig. 12 (b).
- the minor axis direction of the ultrasonic probe 1B (in the minor axis direction of the annular curved surface) is set so that the incident angle ⁇ w2 represented by the above-described equation (10) is about 14 °. Yes, they are arranged in the y direction shown in Fig. 12 (b).
- These incident angles ⁇ wl and ⁇ w2 satisfy the above-described equation (11).
- the vertical probe 12 included in the ultrasonic probe 1B has a straight line L (of the spheroid) whose vibration surface SO passes through the center O of the spheroid and is orthogonal to the two parallel planes. (Corresponding to the rotation axis) (in the example shown in FIG. 12, it is arranged just above the center O of the spheroid). Accordingly, there is an advantage that the wall thickness measurement of the steel pipe P by the vertical probe 12 can be detected at the same time as the oblique flaw detection by the transducers 11A to L1D.
- the major axis direction of the ultrasonic probe 1B is along the axial direction of the steel pipe P
- the minor axis direction of the ultrasonic probe 1B is along the circumferential direction of the steel pipe P
- the center of the spheroid The flaw detection test was performed with the ultrasonic probe 1B placed opposite the steel pipe P so that O is located near the outer surface of the steel pipe P so that O faces the axis of the steel pipe P.
- water as a contact medium was filled between the ultrasonic probe 1B and the steel pipe P by supplying water into the housing 5 from a water supply port 51 provided on the side wall of the housing 5.
- the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves (transverse wave ultrasonic waves) in the steel pipe is 3200 mZsec
- the propagation of ultrasonic waves (longitudinal wave ultrasonic waves) in water as the contact medium
- the refraction angle of the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transducers 11A and 11B located in the long diameter part of the ultrasonic probe 1B (the refraction angle corresponding to the incident angle ⁇ wl) 0 s (0 (referred to as sl) is approximately 41 °
- the refraction angle of the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transducers 11C and 11D located in the short diameter part of the ultrasonic probe 1B (the refraction angle corresponding to the incident angle ⁇ w2) 0 s (referred to as 0 s2) is approximately 31. It becomes.
- the outer surface refraction angle ⁇ r of the ultrasonic wave is equal to the refraction angles ⁇ si and ⁇ s2, while the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k is equal to the incident angle ⁇ w, the propagation direction ⁇ , and the steel pipe ⁇ It is expressed as a function of tZD. That is, when the propagation direction ⁇ coincides with the axial direction of the steel pipe ⁇ , the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k becomes the minimum value and becomes equal to the refraction angle ⁇ si. That is, the inner surface refraction angle ⁇ k for the vibrators 11A and 1 IB is about 41 °.
- the refraction angle ⁇ s As the propagation direction ⁇ is deflected in the axial direction of the steel pipe ⁇ in the circumferential direction, the refraction angle ⁇ s generally increases, and when the propagation direction ⁇ matches the circumferential direction of the steel pipe ⁇ , the internal refraction angle ⁇ k is the maximum value. Thus, it is expressed by the aforementioned equation (8).
- the propagation direction ⁇ is equivalent to the internal refraction angle ⁇ k when it coincides with the axial direction of the steel pipe ⁇ .
- the shape of the ultrasound probe 1B according to the present embodiment (the transducers 11A to 11: arrangement conditions of L 1D) is determined as described above.
- the propagation direction ⁇ of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the ID can be made orthogonal to the extending direction of the flaw to be detected, and at the same time, the inner surface refraction angle 0 k can be made substantially constant regardless of the flaw inclination angle.
- flaws extending in the circumferential direction of the steel pipe P by the vibrators 11A and 11B arranged along the axial direction of the steel pipe P are caused by the vibrators 11C and 11D arranged along the circumferential direction of the steel pipe P. Therefore, it is possible to accurately detect flaws extending in the axial direction of the steel pipe P.
- ultrasonic flaw detection is performed by rotating the steel pipe P in the circumferential direction and moving it in the axial direction.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 100B preferably includes a follow-up device that holds the relative position of the ultrasonic probe 1B with respect to the steel pipe P in a plane perpendicular to the axial direction of the steel pipe P substantially constant.
- a follow-up device that holds the relative position of the ultrasonic probe 1B with respect to the steel pipe P in a plane perpendicular to the axial direction of the steel pipe P substantially constant.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a follow-up device provided in the ultrasonic flaw detector 100B according to the present embodiment.
- the tracking device 7 in the present embodiment has one or more (two in this embodiment) non-contact displacement gauges (for example, laser displacement) that measure the distance to the outer surface of the steel pipe P. 71A, 71B, and two axial directions perpendicular to the axial direction of steel pipe P (in this example, vertical direction (Z direction) and horizontal direction (Y direction))
- the distance measured by the non-contact displacement meter 71A is input to the positioning control means 73A via the displacement meter amplifier 74A, and the distance measured by the non-contact displacement meter 71B is input to the displacement meter amplifier 74B.
- the configuration that is input to the positioning control means 73B is adopted.
- the positioning control means 73A determines that the relative position of the ultrasonic probe 1B with respect to the steel pipe P is substantially constant based on the distance measurement value to which the non-contact displacement meter 71A (displacement amplifier 74A) force is also input.
- the positioning mechanism 72A is controlled so that the position of the ultrasonic probe 1B in the Z direction is adjusted.
- the relative position of the ultrasonic probe 1B with respect to the steel pipe P becomes substantially constant based on the distance measurement value input from the non-contact displacement meter 71B (displacement amplifier 74B). Control the positioning mechanism 72B (adjust the position of the ultrasound probe 1B in the Y direction).
- the positioning control means 73A drives the positioning mechanism 72A so that the deviation between the distance measurement value input from the non-contact displacement meter 71A and the preset reference distance becomes zero.
- the positioning control means 73A drives the positioning mechanism 72A to move the ultrasonic probe 1B in the Z direction by a distance corresponding to the deviation.
- the positioning control means 73A measures the actual value of the driving amount of the positioning mechanism 72A (movement distance in the Z direction of the ultrasonic probe 1B) as needed, and performs positioning until the measured actual value becomes equal to the deviation.
- the positioning accuracy is increased by driving the mechanism 72A.
- the positioning mechanism 72A is driven by the positioning control means 73A after the portion of the steel pipe P whose distance has been measured by the non-contact displacement meter 71A has elapsed for a predetermined time (calculated by the outer diameter and rotation speed of the steel pipe P). This is performed at the timing when the ultrasonic probe 1B is reached (that is, the position rotated 180 °).
- the positioning control means 73B drives the positioning mechanism 72B so that the deviation between the distance measurement value input from the non-contact displacement meter 71B and the preset reference distance becomes zero. To do. In other words, the positioning control means 73B drives the positioning mechanism 72B to move the ultrasonic probe 1B in the Y direction by a distance corresponding to the deviation. At this time, the positioning control means 73B measures the actual value of the driving amount of the positioning mechanism 72B (the movement distance of the ultrasonic probe 1B in the Y direction) as needed, and the measured actual value becomes equal to the deviation. The positioning accuracy is increased by driving the positioning mechanism 72B.
- the positioning mechanism 72B is driven by the positioning control means 73B after a predetermined time (calculated based on the outer diameter and rotation speed of the steel pipe P) passes through the portion of the steel pipe P whose distance is measured by the non-contact displacement meter 71B. It is carried out at the timing to reach the 180 ° rotated position.
- the position of the ultrasonic probe 1B in the Z direction was adjusted based on the distance measured by the non-contact displacement meter 71A, and the distance measured by the non-contact displacement meter 71B.
- the configuration for adjusting the position of the ultrasound probe 1B in the Y direction based on the above has been described, but is not limited to this.
- the ultrasonic probe is used based on the distance measurement value by the non-contact displacement meter 71 A.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 100B since the ultrasonic flaw detector 100B according to the present embodiment includes the tracking device 7 as a preferable configuration, the cross-sectional shape of the steel pipe P is a force that is not a perfect circle, or bending in the axial direction occurs. Even if it is, the follower 7 can keep the relative position of the ultrasonic probe 1B with respect to the steel pipe P substantially constant. Therefore, the fluctuation of the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave to each of the transducers 11A to 1 ID force steel pipe P of the ultrasonic probe 1B is suppressed, and as a result, the flaw detection ability can be kept substantially constant.
- the transmission / reception control means includes the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the respective transducers 11A to L1D.
- the transmission timing or reception timing of the ultrasonic waves of each of the resonators 11A to L1D is controlled so that the reception timings of the reflected echoes on the surface of the steel pipe P are substantially the same.
- each of the transducers 11A to 11 Reflected light received by L 1D. Synthesize
- FIG. 14 shows an example of a flaw detection waveform (a waveform of a reflected echo received by the transducer 11A) obtained when ultrasonic waves are transmitted / received only by the transducer 11A in the ultrasonic flaw detection device 100B according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 15 shows the ultrasonic flaw detector 100B according to the present embodiment in which the transducers 11A to 1 ID are controlled so that the reception timings of the vibrators 11A to 1 ID are substantially the same.
- the flaw detection waveform shown in Fig. 14 is characterized in that the shape signal E appears.
- the flaw detection waveform shown in FIG. 15 is characterized by the appearance of the surface reflection signal S in addition to the shape signal E.
- the shape signal E and the surface reflection signal S appear because the two vibrators are arranged opposite to each other. That is, regarding the straight line L shown in FIG. 12, the vibrators 11A and 11B are arranged in line symmetry and the vibrators 11C and 11D are arranged in line symmetry.
- the shape signal E is reflected, for example, by the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the vibrator 11B on the outer surface of the steel pipe P and further on the vibrator 11A arranged oppositely. This corresponds to the reflected echo reflected again by the outer surface of the steel pipe P and received by the transducer 11B.
- the surface reflection signal S corresponds to, for example, a reflection echo that is transmitted from the transducer 11B, reflected by the outer surface of the steel pipe P, and received by the opposed transducer 11A.
- the reason why the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the transducers 11A to 11D are controlled so that the reception timings of the reflected echoes on the surface of the steel pipe P are substantially the same is as follows.
- Vibrator 11C force The surface reflection signal generated by receiving the transmitted ultrasonic wave with the vibrator 11D.
- Transducer 11D force Shape signal generated when the transmitted ultrasonic wave is reflected by the transducer 11C and received by the transducer 11D, and
- the shape signal E shown in FIG. 15 (the signal obtained by synthesizing the shape signals of (5) to (8) above) and the surface reflection signal S (above (1) to (4 ) (The combined signal of each surface reflection signal) can be reduced in duration (waveform width), and the dead zone resulting from the appearance of these fixed signals can be reduced.
- the ultrasonic flaw detector 100B has four-direction oblique flaw detection and While realizing the vertical flaw detection almost at the same time, it has a very compact ultrasonic probe IB structure, so a pair of non-contact displacement gauges 71 A, 71B, hydraulic cylinders 72A, 72B and hydraulic controllers 73A, 73B It is possible to integrate the tracking device 7 having Therefore, it is possible to simplify equipment and reduce costs while improving flaw detection efficiency. Moreover, since the non-contact type follower 7 is used, the followability at the pipe end of the steel pipe P is improved, and the entire length of the steel pipe P including the pipe end can be accurately detected.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/990,936 US8490490B2 (en) | 2005-08-26 | 2006-08-28 | Ultrasonic probe, ultrasonic testing equipment, ultrasonic testing method, and manufacturing method of seamless pipe or tube |
CA2619824A CA2619824C (en) | 2005-08-26 | 2006-08-28 | Ultrasonic probe, ultrasonic testing equipment, ultrasonic testing method, and manufacturing method of seamless pipe or tube |
BRPI0615382-8A BRPI0615382B1 (pt) | 2005-08-26 | 2006-08-28 | método de teste ultra-sônico, equipamento de teste ultra-sônico implementando o referido método, e método de fabricação de cano ou tubo sem costura |
EP06783098.4A EP1918700B1 (en) | 2005-08-26 | 2006-08-28 | Ultrasonic flaw detector, ultrasonic flaw detecting method and production method of seamless pipe |
BR122017023831-0A BR122017023831B1 (pt) | 2005-08-26 | 2006-08-28 | Equipamento de teste ultra-sônico, método de teste ultra-sônico utilizando o referido equipamento, e método de fabricação de cano ou tubo sem costura |
JP2007532216A JP4596336B2 (ja) | 2005-08-26 | 2006-08-28 | 超音波探傷装置、超音波探傷方法及び継目無管の製造方法 |
CN2006800311930A CN101258403B (zh) | 2005-08-26 | 2006-08-28 | 超声波探伤装置、超声波探伤方法及无缝管的制造方法 |
US13/312,213 US8776604B2 (en) | 2005-08-26 | 2011-12-06 | Ultrasonic probe, ultrasonic testing equipment, and ultrasonic testing method |
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US13/312,213 Division US8776604B2 (en) | 2005-08-26 | 2011-12-06 | Ultrasonic probe, ultrasonic testing equipment, and ultrasonic testing method |
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WO2008068972A1 (ja) * | 2006-12-04 | 2008-06-12 | Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. | 管の探傷用追従装置及びこれを用いた管の自動探傷装置 |
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JP2009244060A (ja) * | 2008-03-31 | 2009-10-22 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | 超音波探傷方法及び装置 |
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JP2010096779A (ja) * | 2010-02-04 | 2010-04-30 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | 超音波探傷装置 |
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CA2712540A1 (en) | 2007-03-01 |
US20120167690A1 (en) | 2012-07-05 |
AR085834A2 (es) | 2013-10-30 |
CN101907609A (zh) | 2010-12-08 |
BR122017023831B1 (pt) | 2018-03-06 |
BRPI0615382A2 (pt) | 2011-05-17 |
EP1918700A1 (en) | 2008-05-07 |
JPWO2007024000A1 (ja) | 2009-03-26 |
BRPI0615382B1 (pt) | 2018-02-06 |
AR055141A1 (es) | 2007-08-08 |
US20090217763A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 |
EP1918700B1 (en) | 2020-04-15 |
JP4836019B2 (ja) | 2011-12-14 |
CA2712540C (en) | 2015-12-08 |
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