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Definitions

• the present invention relates to pyrrolidine and. thiazolidine-based inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-TV (DPP-IV) and to methods for treating diabetes, particularly Type-2 diabetes as well as impaired glucose tolerance, impaired glucose homeostasis and complications associated with diabetes by inhibiting DPP-IV with such cyclic amido and cyclic ureido pyrrolidine and thiazolidine inhibitors.
• DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase-TV
• Diabetes results from the occurrence of one or more of several causative factors, and is characterized by an abnormal elevation in levels of plasma glucose (hyperglycemia). Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia results in an increased probability of premature morbidity and mortality. Abnormal glucose homeostasis is usually associated with changes in the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism, or due to other metabolic and hemodynamic diseases.
• Type-2 diabetes mellitus or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus are especially at increased risk of suffering from macrovascular and microvascular complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy.
• Therapeutic control of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and hypertension are critical in the clinical management and treatment of Type-2 diabetes mellitus.
• glitazone-type compounds i.e. 5-benzylthiazplidine-2,4-diones
• glitazones are agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), which is attributed to be responsible for their improved insulin sensitization.
• PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
• serious side effects e.g. liver toxicity
• DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase-TV
• DP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase-TV
• DPP-IV is a membrane bound non-classical serine aminodipeptidase which is located in a variety of tissues (intestine, liver, lung, kidney) as well as on circulating T-lymphocytes (where the enzyme is known as CD-26). It is responsible for the metabolic cleavage of certain endogenous peptides (GLP- 1(7-36), glucagon) in vivo and has demonstrated proteolytic activity against a variety of other peptides (e.g. GHRH, NPY, GLP-2, VIP) in vitro.
• DPP-IV inhibitors in the treatment of Type-2 diabetes is based on the fact that DPP-IV in vivo readily inactivates glucagon like peptide- 1 (GLP-I) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
• GLP-I (7-36) is a 29 amino-acid peptide derived by post- translational processing of proglucagon in the small intestine.
• GLP-l(7-36) has multiple actions in vivo including the stimulation of insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon secretion, the promotion of satiety, and the slowing of gastric emptying.
• GLP- 1(7-36) Based on its physiological profile, the actions of GLP- 1(7-36) are expected to be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of Type-2 diabetes, and potentially obesity.
• exogenous administration of GLP-l(7-36) continuously infusion
• GLP-I (7-36) is degraded rapidly in vivo and has been shown to have a short half-life in vivo (tl/2 of about 1.5 min).
• DPP-IV has been shown to be the primary degrading enzyme of GLP-I (7-36) in vivo.
• GLP-l(7-36) is degraded by DPP-IV efficiently to GLP-l(9-36), which has been speculated to act as a physiological antagonist to GLP-I (7-36). Inhibition of DPP-IV in vivo should, therefore, potentiate endogenous levels of GLP-I (7-36) and attenuate formation of its antagonist GLP- 1(9-36) and serve to ameliorate the diabetic condition.
• GLP-I and GIP are incretins that are produced upon ingestion of food, and which stimulate production of insulin. Inhibition of DPP-IV causes decreased inactivation of the incretins, which in turn, results in an increase in their effectiveness in stimulating pancreatic production of insulin.
• DPP-IV inhibition therefore, results in an increase in the level of serum insulin. Since the incretins are produced upon consumption of food only, DPP-IV inhibition is not expected to increase insulin levels when not required, thereby precluding excessive lowering of blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Inhibition of DPP-IV, is therefore, is expected to increase insulin levels without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, thereby lowering deleterious side effects associated with currently used insulin secretagogues. Although DPP-IV inhibitors have not been studied extensively as therapeutics for diseases other than diabetes, they are expected to have other potential therapeutic utilities.
• the present invention relates to a class of pyrrolidine-based inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-W (DPP-IV).
• DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase-W
• the present invention provides a new class of pyrrolidine and tbiazolidine DPP-IV inhibiting compounds ("DPP-IV inhibitors").
• One aspect of the present invention includes a compound of formula (I):
• E and G are independently 6-membered aryl, or 5-membered heteroaryl or 6- membered heteroaryl;
• E may be substituted with one or more R 1 groups;
• G may be substituted with one or more R 2 groups;
• R a is hydrogen, CN, NO 2 , alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O) 1 NR 4 R 5 , S(O) t R 4 , C(O)OR 4 , C(O)R 4 , or C(O)NR 4 R 5 ; each occurrence of R 4 , R 5 , R 20 and R 21 are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and
• Another aspect of the present invention includes a method of preparing a compound of the following formula:
• step (b) dehydrating the carboxamides of the compound from step (a) to cyano to provide a compound of formula:
• a further aspect of the present invention provides a method of preparing a compound of the following formula: comprising: (a) coupling a compound of formula:
• step (b) dehydrating the carboxamide in the compound from step (a) to provide a compound of formula:
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of formula A compound of formula (I):
• E and G are independently selected from 6-membered aryl, 5-membered heteroaryl, 6- membered heteroaryl, and 5-6-membered saturated or partially saturated carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings; E may be substituted with one or more R 1 groups;
• G may be substituted with one or more R groups
• R a is hydrogen, CN, NO 2 , alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O) t NR 4 R 5 , S(O) 4 R 4 , C(O)OR 4 , C(O)R 4 , Or C(O)NR 4 R 5 ; each occurrence of R 4 , R 5 , R 20 and R 21 are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and
• R 1 or R 2 is present and is:
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of formula A compound of formula (I):
• E, G, and M include a three ring system wherein M shares two carbon atoms with each of E and G;
• E, G and M are each independently selected from a 5-7-membered saturated or partially saturated carbocyclic ring, a 5-7 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocyclic ring, a 5-6-membered aromatic ring, and a 5-6-membered hetefoaromatic ring;
• E may be substituted with one or moire R 1 groups
• G may be substituted with one or more R 2 groups
• R a is hydrogen, CN, NO 2 , alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O) 4 NR 4 R 5 , S(O) 4 R 4 , C(O)OR 4 , C(O)R 4 , or C(O)NR 4 R 5 ; each occurrence of R 4 , R 5 , R 20 and R 21 are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and amino
• R 13c and R 14c are each independently R 5 ;
• Q a is CH or N;
• W is -CH 2 -, -S-, -CHF- or -CF 2 -;
• Z is C or N; m is 1, or 2; n is 0, 1, or 2; p is O to 6; q is O to 6; and t is 0, 1, or 2 wherein: when E and G are both phenyl either: (1) at least one OfR 1 Or R 2 is present and is:
• Compounds of the present invention having one or more optically active carbons can exist as racemates and racemic mixtures, diasteromeric mixtures and individual diastereomers, enatiomeric mixtures and single enantiomers, tautomers, atropisomers, and rotamers, with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention.
• Compounds described in this invention containing olefinic double bonds include both E and Z geometric isomers.
• Also included in this invention are all salt forms, polymorphs, hydrates and solvates. All of the above mentioned compounds are included within the scope of the invention.
• the present invention also provides methods of inhibiting the DPP-IV enzyme.
• the present invention further provides methods of treatment or prevention of diseases in which the dipeptidyl peptidase- JV enzyme is involved, such as diabetes and particularly Type-2 diabetes.
• the present invention also provides methods for obtaining the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them either singly or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of DPP-IV enzyme medicated diseases, particularly Type-2 diabetes.
• alkyl or “alk”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups, preferably having 1 to 10 carbons in the normal chain, most preferably lower alkyl groups.
• Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trirnethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like.
• substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl (e.g., to form a benzyl group), cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (-- COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH 2 -CO--), substituted carbamoyl ((R 4 )(R 5 )N-CO- wherein R 4 or R 5 are as defined below, except that at least one of R 4 or R 5 is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (-- SH). .
• lower alk or “lower alkyl” as used herein, denote such optionally substituted groups as described above for alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the normal chain.
• alkoxy denotes an alkyl group as described above bonded through an oxygen linkage (—0—).
• alkenyl denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain.
• exemplary unsubstituted such groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isobutenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, and the like.
• substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (--COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH 2 -CO-), substituted carbamoyl ((R 4 )(R 5 )N ⁇ CO ⁇ wherein R 4 or R 5 are as defined below, except that at least one of R 4 or R 5 is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (-SH);
• alkynyl denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in. the normal chain.
• exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentyriyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, and the like.
• substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (— COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH 2 -CO--), substituted carbamoyl ((R 4 )(R 5 )N ⁇ CO- wherein R 4 or R 5 are as defined below, except that at least one of R 4 or R 5 is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (--SH).
• cycloalkyl denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring systems, including bridged ring systems, desirably containing 1 to 3 rings and 3 to 9 carbons per ring.
• exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclododecyl, and adamantyl.
• substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents.
• aromatic or aryl, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, homocyclic aromatic groups, preferably containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbons.
• exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl.
• exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more nitro groups, alkyl groups as described above or groups described above as alkyl substituents.
• heterocyclic system denotes a heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl group as described herein, which contains carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S and including any bicyclic or tricyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to one or more heterocycle, aryl or cycloalkyl groups.
• the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized.
• the heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure.
• the heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom.
• heterocycles include, but are not hrnited to, lH-indazole, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-l,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyl, 4-piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H- quinolizinyl, 6H-l,2,5-thiadiazinyl, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, b-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl,
• oxadiazolyl 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl, oxindolyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4- ⁇ iperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridoox
• ⁇ eterocyclenyl denotes a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system of about 3 to about 10 atoms, desirably about 4 to about 8 atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms, and which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond.
• Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms.
• the designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclenyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom.
• heterocyclenyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein.
• the nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclenyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
• Heterocyclenyl as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A. ; "Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; "The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and "J.
• Exemplary monocyclic azaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydrohydropyridine, 1,2-dihydropyridyl, 1,4-dihydropyridyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrirnidine, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3- pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, and the like.
• Exemplary oxaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran, dihydrofuranyl, and fluorodihydrofuranyl.
• An exemplary multicyclic oxaheterocyclenyl group is 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl.
• ⁇ eter ⁇ cyclyl or “heterocycloalkyl,” denotes a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, desirably 4 to 8 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
• Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms.
• the designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom.
• the heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein.
• the nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
• Heterocyclyl as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A. ; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; arid “J. Am. Chem. Soc. ", 82:5566 (1960).
• Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4- dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.
• Heteroaryl denotes an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 5 to about 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.
• Ring sizes of rings of the ring system include 5 to 6 ring atoms.
• the "heteroaryl” may also be substituted by one or more subsituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein.
• the designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heteroaryl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom.
• a nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl may be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide.
• Heteroaryl as used herein includes by way of example and not h ' mitation those described in Paquette, Leo A. ; "Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry" (W. A.
• heteroaryl and substituted heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrazi ⁇ yl, thienyl, isothiazolyl, qxazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazo[l,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[2,l-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, thienopyridyl, thienopyrimidyl, pyrrolopyridyl, imidazopyridyl, benzoazaindole, 1,2,3- triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, benzthiazolyl, dioxolyl, furanyl, imidazolyl
• amino denotes the radical -NH 2 wherein one or both of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced by an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group.
• exemplary amino groups include, but are not limited to, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino, methylpropylamino and ethyldimethylamino .
• cycloalkylalkyl denotes a cycloalkyl-alkyl group wherein a cycloalkyl as described above is bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. Cycloalkylalkyl groups may contain a lower alkyl moiety. Exemplary cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyhnethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclopropylpropyl, cyclopentylpropyl, and cyciohexylpropyl.
• arylalkyl denotes an aryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.
• heteroarylalkyl denotes a heteroaryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.
• heterocyclylalkyl or “heterocycloalkylalkyl,” denotes a heterocyclyl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.
• halogen as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.
• haloalkyl denotes a halo group as described above bonded though an alkyl, as defined above. Fluoroalkyl is an exemplary group.
• aminoalkyl denotes an amino group as defined above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above.
• bicyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated denotes an 8- to 13-membered fused bicyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic.
• the ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S.
• Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and benzocycloheptyl.
• tricyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated denotes a 9- to 18-membered fused tricyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic.
• the ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-7 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S.
• Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, fluorene, 10 s ll-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and 2,2a,7,7a-tetrahydro-lH- cyclobuta[a]indene.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
• such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and the like.
• inorganic acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like
• organic acids such as, but not limited to
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two.
• Organic solvents include, but are not limited to, nonaqueous media like ethers, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, 1990, p. 1445, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” denotes those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• Substituted is intended to indicate that one or more hydrogens on the atom indicated in the expression using “substituted” is replaced with a selection from the indicated group(s), provided that the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
• moieties of a compound of the present invention are defined as being unsubstituted, the moieties of the compound may be substituted.
• the moieties of the compounds of the present invention may be optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from, but not limited to:
• cleave or “cleaving” means splitting a complex molecule into at least two separate molecules.
• “Cleavage products” are the separate molecules which result from cleaving.
• the term “metabolite” refers to a composition which results from a metabolic process.
• Examples of the results of metabolism on the compounds of the present invention include addition of -OH, hydrolysis, and cleavage.
• polymorphs refers to the various crystalline structures of the compounds of the present invention. This may include, but is not limited to, crystal morphologies (and amorphous materials), all crystal lattice forms, and all salts. Salts of the present invention can be crystalline and may exist as more than one polymorph. Each polymorph forms another aspect of the invention. Hydrates as well as anhydrous forms of the salt are also encompassed by the invention.
• Teoc is 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycafbonyl
• Et is ethyl (-CH 2 CH 3 ) or ethylene (-CH 2 CH 2 -).
• Me is methyl (-CH 3 ) or methylene (-CH 2 -).
• Boc is tert-butyloxycarbonyl.
• PhCH 2 is benzyl.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable tricyclic moiety is meant to include, but is not limited to, benzocycloheptapyridyl, benzodiazepinyl, and benzozapinyl
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds are used in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease mediated by an DPP-IV enzyme.
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used in combination with another disease modifying drug.
• diseases modifying drugs include, but are not limited to: (a) other dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors such as Vildagliptin (Novartis), Sitagliptin (Merck&Co.), Saxagliptin (BMS); (b) insulin sensitizers including (i) PPAR ⁇ agonists such as the glitazo ⁇ es (e.g.
• troglitazone pioglitazone, edaglitazone, rosiglitazone, and the like
• other PPAR ligands including PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonists such as muraglitazar (BMS) and tesaglitazar (AstraZeneca), and PP ARa agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate), (ii) biguanides such as metformin and phenformin, and (iii) protein tyrosine phosphatase-lB (PTP-IB) inhibitors; (c) insulin or insulin mimetics; (d) incretin and incretin mimetics such as (i) Exenatide available from Amylin Pharmaceuticals, (i) amylin and amylin mimetics such as pramlintide acetate, available as Symlin
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used in the treatment diseases or symptoms mediated by an DPP-IV enzyme.
• diseases or symptoms mediated by a DPP-TV enzyme include, but are not limited to, Type ⁇ (Type-2) Diabetes and Related Disorders, such as hyperglycemia, low glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis and its 30 sequelae, vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, other inflammatory conditions, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cataracts, glaucoma, glomerulosclerosis, foot ulcerations and unlcerative colitis, altered gastrointestinal motility, Syndrome X, ovarian hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovarian syndrome
• Syndrome X also known as Metabolic Syndrome
• obesity is thought to promote insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and increased cardiovascular risk, growth hormone deficiency, neutropenia, neuronal disorders, tumor invasion and metastasis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, gingivitis, osteoporosis, frailty of aging, intestinal injury, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and sperm motility/male contraception.
• BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the prevention, delay of progression or the treatment of an early cardiac or early cardiovascular diseases or damages, renal diseases or damages, heart Failure, or heart Failure associated diseases like (i) cardiovascular diseases or damages e.g.
• cardiac hypertrophy cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction, pulmonary congestion and cardiac fibrosis in dilated or in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• cardiomyopathy such as dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mesanglial hypertrophy, or diabetic cardiomyopathy, left or right ventricular hypertrophy, arrhythmia, cardiac dysrhythmia, syncopy, angina pectoris, cardiac bypass reocclusion, intermittent claudication, diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction, diabetic myopathy, stroke prevention in congestive heart failure, hypertrophic medial thickening in arteries and/or large vessels, mesenteric vasculature hypertrophy or artherosclerosis, preferably artherosclerosis in mammalian patients with hypertension of diabetes; (ii) renal diseases or damages like renal hyperfiltration such as after portal renal ablation, proteinuria in chronic renal disease, renal arteriopathy as a consequence of hypertension, nephrosclerosis, hypertensive
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used for the prevention, the delay of the onset, the delay of progression or the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive disorders and for improving memory (both short term and long term) and learning ability wheiin the (i) neurodegenerative disorder is dementia, senile dementia, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer related dementia, Huntington's chores, tardive dyskinesia, hyperkinesias, mania, Morbus Parkinson, Steel- Richard syndrome, Down's syndrome, myasthenia gravis, nerve and brain trauma, vascular amyloidosis, cerebral haemorrhage I with amyloidosis, brain inflammation, Friedrich ataxia, acute confusion disorders, acute confusion disorders with apoptotic necrocytosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, glaucoma, and Alzheimer's disease; (ii) cognitive disorders like cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, age-induced memory impairment, cognitive deficits associated with psychosis, cognitive impairment associated with diabetes, cognitive impairments disease
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are used for stimulating an immune response in a subject having or at risk of having cancer
• the cancer is selected from the group consisting of basal cell carcinomas including cancers of the binary tract, bladder, urinary system, bone, brain, breast, cervical, endometrial, ovarian, uterine, choriocarcinoma, central nervous system* colon and rectal cancers, connective tissue cancer, cancer of the digestive system, esophageal, gastric, stomach, larynx, liver, pancreatic, colorectal, renal cancers; cancers of the urinary system; cancers of eye, head and neck, oral cavity, skin, prostate; cancers of biliary tract, testicular, thyroid; intra- epithelial neoplasm, leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphoid leukemia; and other cancers of the respiratory system, lung, small cell lung, non-
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, allergies or asthma.
• chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, allergies or asthma.
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be useful in the treatment of pain, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid pain, osteoarthritis pain, anesthesia adjunct in mammalian patients undergoing surgery, chronic pain in advanced cancer, treatment of refractory diarrhea, biliary pain caused by gallstones.
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of mammalian patients undergoing islet/pancreas transplantation, for the prevention or the delay of transplant rejection, or allograft rejection in transplantation, for improving pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes patients, and for improving pancreatic function by increasing the number and size of pancreatic beta-cells in general.
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of mammalian patients with acne, skin disorders (e.g. pigmentation disorders or psoriasis), scleroderma, mycoses; anxiety, anxiety neurosis, major depression disorder, drug abuse, alcohol addiction, insomnia, chronic fatigue, sleep apnea; anorexia nervosa; epilepsy; migrane; encephalomyelitis; osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, calcitonin-induced osteoporosis; male and female sexual dysfunction, infertility; Type 1 diabetes; immunosuppression, HTV infection; hematopoiesis, anemia; and for weight reduction.
• skin disorders e.g. pigmentation disorders or psoriasis
• scleroderma mycoses
• anxiety anxiety neurosis
• major depression disorder drug abuse
• alcohol addiction insomnia
• chronic fatigue sleep apnea
• anorexia nervosa epilepsy
• the DPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are useful for the prevention, delay of progression or treatment of (i) bacterial infections from Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptoococcus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium difficile infection, Legionella, Pneumococcus, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Neisseria, Shigella, Salmonella, Listeria, Pasteurella, Streptobacillus, Spirillum, Treponema, Actinomyces, Borrelia, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Gardnerella, Campylobacter, Spirochaeta, Proteus, Bacteriodes, Helicobacter pylori, and anthrax infection; (ii) mycobacterial infection from tuberculosis and leprosy; (iii) viral infection from HTV, Herpes simplex virus 1, Herpes simplex virus 2, Cyt
• Hymenolepsis Echinococcus, Schistosomiasis, neurocysticerosis, Necator americanus, and Trichuris trichuria.
• the compounds from this invention are suitable for oral, sublingual, rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneo ⁇ s, intramuscular, and intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), pulmonary (aerosol inhalation), or nasal administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient.
• the compounds from this invention are conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.
• the PPP-IV inhibiting compounds of the present invention are synthesized by the general method shown in Schemes 1-14.
• bromotoluene derivatives were treated with n-butyllithium and heated, followed by treatment with dry-ice in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound.
• the acid can be prepared by Grignard reaction followed by treatment with dry-ice in an appropriate solvent. Esterification of the compound followed by NBS bromination and subsequent conversion to the phosphonium salt in a suitable solvent and heating affords the desired compound.
• Wittig reaction of the phosphonium salt with a suitable aldehyde in an appropriate solvent and heating, followed by saponification of the ester moiety arid subsequent catalytic hydrogenation affords the desired compound. Cyclisation of the compound with polyphosphoric acid in sulfolane and heating affords the desired compound after purification.
• bromotoluene derivatives are treated with Magnesium in a Grignard reaction followed by treatment with dry-ice in an appropriate solvent to yield the desired acid. This acid is then treated with sec-butyllithium in an appropriate solvent at lower temperature. The anion is added at lower temperature to a solution of a commercially available benzylchloride in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound. Cyclisation of the compound with polyphosphoric acid in sulfolane and heating affords the desired compound.
• Ester formation using thionylchloride in an alcohol and reduction of the ketone with a metal hydride in an appropriate solvent yields the compound after purification.
• Treatment of the alcohol with thionylchloride in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compound.
• prolinamide is treated with fumarylchloride in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound. This compound is then treated with oxalylchloride in dimethylformamide to afford the desired compound after purification.
• the coupling product of prolinamide with fumarylchloride can be treated with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride in a suitable solvent to afford the desired compound. Ozonolysis of this compound at - 78 0 C in a suitable solvent, followed by reductive workup affords the desired final compound as a mixture of the aldehyde and its methyl hemiacetal.
• Substituted or unsubstituted tricycles containing a nitrogen at the doubly benzylic position are treated with bromoacetylbromide and heated to afford the desired compounds. Treating these compounds with sodium azide or sodium cyanide in a suitable solvent and heating affords the desired azido or cyano compounds after purification. Catalytic hydrogenation or reduction with Lithium aluminium hydride in a suitable solvent affords the desired amine compounds. Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative yields the final desired product after purification.
• Treating tricyclic ketones in a Reformatskij reaction affords the desired product after purification.
• Activation of one of the hydroxyl groups with sulfonylchlbrides in a suitable solvent followed by treatment with NaN 3 affords the desired compounds after purification.
• Reduction of the azide reaction products with a catalyst in a suitable solvent affords the desired amine compounds after purification.
• Using these amines for a nucleophilic displacement reaction in a suitable solvent with a suitable bromo derivative described above yields the final desired products after purification.
• Substituted or unsubstituted suberylchlorides are treated in a suitable solvent with a slight excess of AgCN and heated to afford the desired product after purification.
• the ⁇ itrile containing compound is then treated with sodium hydride in a suitable solvent and heated.
• the mixture is then treated at rt with a suitable dibromoalkane and heated to give an intermediate which after treatment with sodium azide or potassium phthalimide in an appropriate solvent and heating affords the desired compound after purification.
• Treating the mixture after the addition of sodium hydride at rt with a suitable sulfamidate in an appropriate solvent affords the desired Teoc-protected compound after heating for several hours and subsequent purification.
• COOH, CONR 4 R 5 , COQMe after purification.
• R 1 COOMe
• the compounds are treated with an appropriate amine in a suitable solvent to afford the free amine compounds. Protection of the amines with BoC 2 O affords the Boc- protected products after purification.
• the Teoc protecting group is removed by treatment with acid to afford the desired amine compounds.
• ester moieties are removed by treatment with base in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired dicarboxylic acid derivatives after purification.
• a commercially available hydroxyl-proline derivative is treated with base and alkylated with allylbromide in an appropriate solvent to afford the allyl-protected amino acid after purification.
• This compound is then treated at -30 0 C with an appropriate base, trifiic anhydride and then an appropriately protected diamino acid in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound after purification.
• the compound is treated with EDCI and base in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound after purification. Cleavage of Fmoc protecting group by treatment with an suitable base affords the desired product.
• the free amine is then treated in the presence of an suitable polymer supported base with sulf ⁇ nyl chlorides, acid chlorides or isocyanates to afford the desired compounds after purification. Removal of the Boc-protecting group with acid in a suitable solvent affords the final desired compounds after purification.
• the primary amine is treated in an appropriate solvent with aldehydes or ketones in a reductive animation reaction to afford the desired products.
• the commercially available N-Boc-protected hydroxy amino acid ester can be treated with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride.
• the nucleophilic displacement reaction of the triflate with commercially available amines affords the desired products, after saponification of the ester moiety with base and purification.
• These compounds are then treated with EDCl and a base in an suitable solvent to afford the cyclic amides after purification. These compounds are converted to the desired products by removing the Boc-protection group.
• the commercially available bridged piperazine derivate is treated with a commercially available aziridine ester in an appropriate solvent to afford the desired compound after purification.
• the desired product reacts in presence of a base with an acid chloride or sulfonic acid chloride to yield the desired products after purification.
• the free acids are treated with EDCI in the presence of an appropriate base and a suitable amine derivative to afford the desired compounds after purification.
• the Cbz-protecting group is then removed by treatment with TMSI and subsequent purification to afford the desired final compounds.
• each of the structures of "B” bonds to the "A” structures on its left side and to the "D” structures on its right side as each is depicted below.
• the compound A-B-D chooses an "A” which includes the following:
• A is desirably The "B" structures are chosen from:
• E, G 5 and M represent a three ring system wherein M shares two carbon atoms with each ofE and G;
• E and G are each independently selected from ⁇ membered aryl, 5-membered heteroaryl; 6-membered heteroaryl; a 5-7-membered saturated or partially saturated carbocyclic ring; and a 5-7 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocyclic ring; desirably E and G are substituted phenyl; M is a 5-7-membered saturated or partially saturated carboxylic or heterocyclic ring, or a 5-6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring.
• E may be substituted with one or more R 1 groups;
• G may be substituted with one or more R 2 groups;
• R a is hydrogen, CN 5 NO 2 , alkyl, haloalkyl, S(O) 1 NR 4 R 5 , S(O) t R 4 , C(O)OR 4 , C(O)R 4 , each occurrence of R 4 , R 5 , R 20 and R 21 are each independently: hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl or aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are all optionally substituted,
• R 9 is H or C 1-6 alkyl, desirably H.
• U is CH 2 .
• W is -CH 2 -, -S-, -CHF- or -CF 2 -;
• Z is C or N; m is l, or 2; n is 0, 1, or 2; p is 0 to 6; q is 0 to 6; and t is 0, 1, or 2.
• Compounds of the present invention having one or more optically active carbons can exist as racemates and racemic mixtures, diasteromeric mixtures and individual diastereomers, enatiomeric mixtures and single enantiomers, tautomers, atropisomers, and rotamers, with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention.
• Compounds described in this invention containing olefinic double bonds include both E and Z geometric isomers.
• Also included in this invention are all salt forms, polymorphs, hydrates and solvates. All of the above mentioned compounds are included within the scope of the invention.
• the DPP-IV inhibition activity of the DPP-IV inhibitor compounds of the present invention may be measured using any suitable assay known in the art. A standard in vitro assay for measuring DPP-IV inhibitor activity is described.
• prolinamide (5 g) was first treated with bromacetylbromide (4.2 ml) in CH 2 Cl 2 and then with trifluoracetic acid anhydride in CH 2 CI 2 as described in WO 98/19998 to afford the title compound (7.85 g; 83%).
• L-prolinamide 25 g was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (1200 ml) and triethylamine (30 ml) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.9 g) added. The mixture was cooled to 0 0 C and treated with fumaryl chloride (11.7 ml). The dark mixture was stirred at it for 16 h and cooled to 0 °C. TFAA (77 ml) was added dropwise under stirring and the solution allowed to warm to rt over 6 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 to 2 days. Ice (500 g) was added followed by cautious addition of sat. NaHCO 3 (600 ml).
• Step B The title compound of Step A (12 g) above was dissolved in THF (150 ml) and cooled to - 64 0 C. n-Butyllithi ⁇ m ( 1.6 M in hexane, 77 ml) was added over a period of 30 min.
• Step D The title compound of Step C (10 g) above was dissolved in trifluorosulfonic acid (80 ml) and stirred at 60 0 C for 1 h. At rt 6 N aqueous HCl (80 ml) was dropwise added. The reaction was refluxed for 1 h and subsequently, poured on ice. After neutralization with 50% aqueous NaOH the precipitate was separated, washed with water and recrystallized from isopropanol/water (3.1) affording the title compound. The mother liquor was concentrated and the residue washed with water and chloroform to afford additional title compound (9.4 g; 94 %).
• step E The title compound of step E (370 mg) above was dissolved in toluene (5 ml) and cooled to — 15°C. Thionyl chloride (286 mg) was slowly added and the reaction was allowed to come to RT and run overnight. The solution was neutralized with triethylamine and directly used in the next step.
• Step B A suspension OfLiAlH 4 (360 mg) in Et 2 O (20 ml) was slowly treated with a solution
• Step B The title compound from Step A above (483 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (25 ml) and
• Step C The title compound from Step B above (937 mg) was dissolved in benzene (1 ,5 ml) and pyridine (1.5 ml). The mixture was cooled to 5 0 C and treated with a solution of p- tosylchloride in benzene (1.5 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 7 h, diluted with EtOAc (40 ml) and washed with 0.1 M HCl (10 ml), sat. NaHCO 3 (10 ml) and brine (10 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. The crude intermediate was dissolved in DMA (9 ml) and treated with NaN 3 (1.2 g).
• Step A The title compound from Preparative Example 13 Step A (1.1 g) was dissolved in
• Step F The title compound from Step E (1420 mg) was dissolved in CHCl 3 (20 ml) and
• Step J The title compounds from Step I above (950 mg) were treated with 57 % H 2 SO 4 (5 ml) and heated under N 2 at 90 0 C for 3 h. The mixture was cooled, diluted with H 2 O (80 ml) and made alkaline (pH ⁇ 10) by adding 50% NaOH. The mixture was washed with EtOAc (20 ml) and the aqueous phase diluted with dioxane (40 ml). The mixture was treated with an excess of BOC 2 O and stirred at rt for 16 h while the pH was kept at pH ⁇ 10.0. The mixture was acidified to pH ⁇ 4.0 by adding 1 M HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 150 ml).
• Step D The title compound from Step C above (5.4 g) was dissolved in CHCl 3 (5 ml) and
• Step F The title compound from Step E above (2.1 g) and potassium phthalimide (5.4 g) were suspended in DMF (30 ml) and stirred at 60 0 C overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in CHCl 3 , filtrated and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (EtOAc/cyclohexane) to afford the title compound (1.91 g; 76 %) 1 HNMR ⁇ CDCl 3 2.8-3.2 (m, 4H), 3.4-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.7-3.9 (m, 2H), 6.8-7.0 (m, 3H), 7.1-7.2 (m, IH), 7.7-8.0 (m, 6H)
• the dark filtrate was poured into a separatory funnel and the phases were separated with the aid of additional Et 2 O (100 ml).
• the aqueous phase was extracted with Et 2 O/CHCl 3 1 :1 (2 x 100 ml).
• the combined organic phases were washed with 10 % NH 4 OH solution (4 x 110 ml, until the basic phase was no longer blue), with H 2 O (100 ml), and brine (100 ml).
• the organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated.
• the residue was mixed with NaOH (24.8 g) and diethylene glycol (275 ml) was added' together with a few drops OfH 2 O. The mixture was heated at 215 - 220 0 C overnight.
• the bromoethyl compound (1.42 g) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (18 ml) and treated with potassium phthalimide (1.96 g). The suspension was stirred at 80 0 C overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue partitioned between EtOAc (50 ml), H 2 O (50 ml) and brine (50 ml).
• the pH was adjusted to pH ⁇ 4.0 by adding 0.1 N HCl and the aqueous phase - after addition of brine (10 ml) - extracted with EtOAc containing 10% THF (4 x 33 ml) and CH 2 Cl 2 containing 10 % THF (1 x 25 ml)).
• the title compound from Step A above (240 mg) was suspended/dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 MeOH 4:1 (5 ml) and a 4 M solution of HCl in dioxane (7 ml) added after which a clear solution was obtained.
• Step G The title compound from Step F above (676 mg) was suspended in THF (20 ml) and
• Step D If one were to follow a similar procedure as described in Preparative Example 54, but using 3-fluorobenzaldehyde in Step A and omitting Step D, one would obtain the desired compound.
• Step B The title compound from Step A above (103 mg) was dissolved in THF (2 ml) and a 4
• Step H The title compound from Step G above (11.9 g) was dissolved in THF (150 ml) and the mixture cooled to 0 0 C. At 0 0 C thionyl chloride (6.5 ml) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to rt overnight. The solvent was then removed in vacuo to afford the crude title compound.
• IM KOH 6 ml
• IM HCl 8. ml
• hydroxylamine hydrochloride (401 mg) was suspended in anhydrous MeOH (14 ml) and a 5.5 M solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (0.946 ml) added. This mixture was stirred at rt for 45 min and the title compound from Preparative Example 61 Step A (1400 mg) was added. The resulting mixture was heated in a closed vessel at 100 0 C overnight and subsequently allowed to cool down to rt. Due to incomplete conversion, hydroxylamine hydrochloride (401 mg) and a 5.5 M solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (0.946 ml) were added and the mixture was heated again at 100 0 C for 2O h.
• Step A The JV-hydroxyamidine product from Preparative Example 66 Step A (300 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous dichioromethane (5 ml), the solution cooled down to O 0 C and triethylamine (147 ⁇ l) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (103 ⁇ l) added. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. Due to incomplete conversion, triethylamine (221 ⁇ l) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (155 ⁇ l) were added at 0° C and stirring was continued at rt for 3 d. Dichloromethane (9 ml) and water (10 ml) were added to the stirred mixture.
• Step B The residue after removal of the Teoc protecting group was diluted with IM HCl and the aqueous phase washed with EtOAc. Concentration of the aqueous phase afforded the title compound as HCl-salt.
• Tosylmethyl isocyanide was dissolved in DMSO (10 ml) under N 2 at 10 °C and KOtBu (1.36 g) was added. The mixture was stirred for 5 min arid MeOH (0.173 ml) was added. The title compound from Step B above (0.8 g) was immediately added to the mixture. After 10 min dibromoethane (1.51 ml) was added and stirring was continued for 1 h at rt. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (10 ml) and sat. NH 4 Cl (30 ml) was added. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 ml).
• Step B To a solution of the title compound from Step A above (530 mg) and 3- fluorobenzaldehyde (245 ⁇ l) in 15 ml of methanol was added NaBH 3 CN (150 mg), and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C overnight. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (50 ml). The organic layer was extracted with water (3 x 50 ml) and the combined aqueous extracts were concentrated. The residue was used for the next step without any further purification.
• Step A The title compound from Preparative Example 91 Step D (305 mg) was dissolved in
• N-cyclohexylcarbodiimde-N'-methyl polystyrene resin (1.9 g) was suspended in 5 ml dichloromethane and agitated for 5 Min.
• Step B The title compound from Step A above (500 mg) was dissolved in dichloromethane
• PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 114-116 Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 113, except using the sulfonic acid chlorides as indicated in the Table below, the following compounds were prepared.
• Step C If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above with acetic acid anhydride in pyridine at 10O 0 C for 2 h one would obtain, after the removal of the pyridine under reduced pressure and after column chromatography, the title compound.
• Example numbers 336-399 were intentionally excluded.
• Example numbers 435-499 were intentionally excluded.
• Step C If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above according to the procedure described in Preparative Example 70 Step A, one would obtain the title compound. Step C
• Example numbers 536-599 were intentionally excluded.
• Step D If one were to treat the title compound from Step B above according to Preparative Example 61 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.
• Example numbers 636-679 were intentionally excluded.
• Example numbers 688-699 were intentionally excluded.
• Step A If one were to treat the compound from Preparative Example 300 Step A with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and base according to Preparative Example 67 Step A, one would obtain the title compound.
• Step B If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above according to Preparative
• Example numbers 736-779 were intentionally excluded.
• Example numbers 789-799 were intentionally excluded.
• Step C If one were to reflux the title compound from Step B above in xylene under Dean
• Step D If one were to treat the title compound from Step C above with the sulfamidate from
• Step E If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with TFA as described in
• Step CC If one were to boil the title compound from Step BB above under reflux with 4M aqueous hydrochloric acid under argon atmosphere for 14 h, saturate the cooled solution with NaCl, extract repeatedly with ethyl acetate, dry the combined organic extracts (MgSO 4 ), then, after evaporation of the solvent, followed by recrystallization from ethyl acetate/hexane, one would obtain the title compound.
• Step B If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above with triphenylphosphine according to Preparative Example 51 Step C, one would obtain the title compound.
• Step F If one were to treat a suspension of the title compound from Step D above with polyphosphoric acid at 170 0 C, followed by cooling to 30 °C, pouring into water, extraction with diethyl ether, washing with IN aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and drying (MgSO 4 ) followed by evaporation of the solvent, one would obtain the title compound.
• Step F If one were to treat a suspension of the title compound from Step D above with polyphosphoric acid at 170 0 C, followed by cooling to 30 °C, pouring into water, extraction with diethyl ether, washing with IN aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and drying (MgSO 4 ) followed by evaporation of the solvent, one would obtain the title compound.
• Step F If one were to treat a suspension of the title compound from Step D above with polyphosphoric acid at 170 0 C, followed by cooling to 30 °C, pouring into water, extraction with diethyl ether, washing with IN aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and drying (
• Step H If one were to treat the title compound from Step F above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step H and Step I, one would obtain the title compound. Step H
• Step AA If one were to treat commercially available thiophene-3-carbaldehyde with bromine and aluminium trichloride in dichloromethane and heat the reaction mixture for 2 h, subsequently pouring it into water, followed by extraction with ether, washing of the organic phase successively with aqueous IiVNaOH solution and water until neutral, then, after drying (MgSO 4 ) and evaporation of the solvent, followed by distillation, one would obtain the title compound.
• Step CC If one were to treat a solution of the title compound from Step BB above in chloroform with thionyl chloride at room temperature for 4 h, subsequently pouring it into water, followed by extraction with chloroform, washing of the organic phase with water, then, after drying (MgSO 4 ) and evaporation of the solvent, one would obtain the title compound.
• Step B If one were to treat the title compound from Step A above as described in Preparative
• Step_F If one were to treat the title compound from Step D above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step D, one would obtain the title compound.
• Step E If one were to treat the title compound from Step E above as described in Preparative Example 59 Step E and Step F, one would obtain the title compound.
• Step H If one were to treat the title compound from Step G above as described in Preparative
• Step A If one were to treat the title compound from Preparative Example 851 as described in

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