Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C37/004—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by obtaining phenols from plant material or from animal material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
  • A01N31/08—Oxygen or sulfur directly attached to an aromatic ring system
  • A01N31/16—Oxygen or sulfur directly attached to an aromatic ring system with two or more oxygen or sulfur atoms directly attached to the same aromatic ring system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
  • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
  • A61K31/05—Phenols
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7048—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
  • A61K8/34—Alcohols
  • A61K8/347—Phenols
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/16—Emollients or protectives, e.g. against radiation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/18—Antioxidants, e.g. antiradicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
  • A61P39/06—Free radical scavengers or antioxidants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
  • A61Q17/04—Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H17/00—Compounds containing heterocyclic radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H17/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only oxygen as ring hetero atoms

Definitions

• This invention relates to a phenolic fraction of a group of compounds present in the fruit and leaves of olive plants, which are known as Polyphenols.
• the invention provides an olive extract containing hydroxytyrosol (3,4- dihydroxyphenylethanol), with low amounts or substantially free of oleuropein and tyrosol, and a method of obtaining the same and to methods of use of such compounds.
• Olive oil the principal fat component of the Mediterranean diet, has been associated with a lower incidence of coronary heart disease (Owen et al., 2000b; Parthasarathy et al., 1990; Mattson and Grundy, 1985) and certain cancers (d'Amicis and Farchi, 1999; Braga et al., 1998; Martin-Moreno et al., 1994).
• Several laboratories have reported that the hydrolysis of the olive oil phenolics oleuropin and other family members lead to small phenolic components with strong chemoprotective activity (Owen et al., 2000a; Manna et al., 2000).
• the olive oil phenolic hydroxytyrosol prevents low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation (Visioli and Galli, 1998), platelet aggregation (Petroni et al., 1995), and inhibits 5- and 12-lipoxygenases (de la Puerta et al., 1999; Kohyama et al., 1997). Hydroxytyrosol has also been found to exert an inhibitory effect on peroxynitrite dependent DNA base modification and tyrosine nitration (Deiana et al., 1999), and it counteracts cytotoxicity induced by reactive oxygen species in various human cellular systems (Manna et al., 2000). Finally, studies have shown that hydroxytyrosol is dose-dependently absorbed in humans following ingestion, indicating its bioavailability (Visioli et al., 2000).
• Both the pit and the pulp of olives are rich in water-soluble, phenolic compounds. Such compounds are extracted from olives during malaxation, according to their partition coefficients, and end up in the vegetation water. This explains why various phenolic compounds, such as oleuropein and its derivatives, produced in olive pulp, can be found in abundance in vegetation waters. Similarly, a number of monophenolic compounds, such as tyrosol and its derivatives, produced in olive pits, are also abundant in vegetation waters. Because of the strong chemoprotective activity of hydroxytyrosol, it is desirable to develop a method which produces an aqueous olive extract with a high percentage of hydroxytyrosol.
• the invention includes a method of producing a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition.
• the method has the steps of (a) producing vegetation water from olives, preferably from the meat (or pulp) of depitted olives, (b) adding acid to the vegetation water, preferably, in an amount to produce a pH between 1 and 5, and more preferably between 2 and 4, and (c) incubating the acidified vegetation water until at least 50%, preferably at least 75%, and more preferably at least 90% of the oleuropein originally present in the vegetation water has been converted to hydroxytyrosol.
• the acidified vegetation water is incubated for a period of at least two months, and even more preferably, the acidified vegetation water is incubated up to a period of approximately between 6-12 months.
• the incubating is carried out until the vegetation water has a weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol to oleuropein of between 1 :1 and 200:1 , preferably 4:1 and 200:1 , and more preferably 10:1 and 100:1.
• the incubating is carried out until the vegetation water has a weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol of between 3:1 and 50:1 , typically 5:1 to 30:1.
• the method may further include fractionating the incubated, vegetation water to separate hydroxytyrosol from other components, and/or drying the vegetation water rich in hydroxytyrosol to produce a dried extract.
• the incubated vegetation water is extracted with an organic solvent to produce a 20%, or preferably 95% or more rich fraction in hydroxytyrosol.
• an injectable composition that includes a hydroxytyrosol- rich composition prepared by one or more of the embodiments described above.
• the invention includes a method of producing a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition that includes the steps of (a) producing vegetation water from olives; (b) hydrolyzing the oleuropein and other large phenolic molecules by addition of acid (c) optionally, drying the vegetation water; (d) contacting the optionally dried vegetation water with a supercritical fluid; and (e) recovering the hydroxytyrosol-rich composition from the contacted vegetation water.
• the hydroxytyrosol-rich composition includes at least about 95 percent by weight hydroxytyrosol.
• the hydroxytyrosol-rich composition includes at least about 97 percent by weight hydroxytyrosol. In yet another embodiment, the hydroxytyrosol-rich composition includes at least about 99 percent by weight hydroxytyrosol.
• a method of producing a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition that includes the steps of (a) producing vegetation water from olives; (b) hydrolyzing the oleuropein and other large phenolic molecules by addition of acid (c) optionally, drying the vegetation water; (d) extracting the vegetation water with a suitable organic solvent, such as Ethyl Acetate (EtAc); and (e) recovering a fraction that contains hydroxytyrosol in a purity equal or higher than 95% of the total phenolic fraction.
• the hydroxytyrosol-rich composition includes at least 20% of a phenolic fraction containing about 95 percent by weight hydroxytyrosol.
• the EtAc fraction is purified by silica gel chromatography or other gel chromatography to obtain an hydroxytyrosol fraction containing 95% or more by weight hydroxytyrosol.
• the recovering step described above includes the steps of (a) recovering the supercritical fluid, where the supercritical fluid contains the hydroxytyrosol; and (b) vaporizing the supercritical fluid to extract the hydroxytyrosol-rich composition.
• the contacting step described above comprises the steps of (a) providing a porous membrane having opposite sides in a module under pressure with the membrane serving as a barrier interface between a fluid and a dense gas, the membrane being nonselective for said hydroxytyrosol; (b) providing the supercritical fluid into the module on one side of the membrane and the vegetation water on the opposite side of the membrane; (c) and extracting the hydroxytyrosol across the membrane as driven by a concentration gradient of the hydroxytyrosol between the vegetation water and the supercritical fluid.
• the porous membrane is a hollow fiber membrane.
• the supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide.
• the present invention comprises a method of producing a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition that includes the steps of (a) producing vegetation water from olives; (b) hydrolyzing the oleuropein and other large phenolic molecules by addition of acid; and (c) spray drying, i.e., evaporating the acidified vegetation water thereby resulting in a powder containing hydroxytyrosol.
• the evaporation step described above is performed by the addition of maltodextrins to the acidified vegetation water to preferably result in a powder containing approximately 1 to 5% hydroxytyrosol, and more preferably, a powder containing approximately 2% hydroxytyrosol.
• the invention includes a dietary supplement comprising an aqueous extract of olives containing a weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol to oleuropein of between 4:1 and 200:1 , typically 10:1 and 100:1.
• the invention includes a dietary supplement comprising an aqueous extract of olives containing a weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol of between 3:1 and 50:1 , typically 5:1 and 30:1.
• the above supplements may be dried, preferably by spray drying, to provide a powder extract, which can formulated into a tablet, capsule, pill, or confection food additive.
• the above supplements may be incorporated in a pharmaceutical formulations such as into a hydroxytyrol-rich injectable formulation.
• Also provided are methods of protecting skin against adverse effects of exposure to ultaviolet radiation (UVR) comprising administering to a subject in need of such protection a pharmaceutically effective amount of a treatment agent having a weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol to oleuropein of between about 1 :1 and about 200:1 , preferably between about 4:1 and about 100:1 , and more preferably between about 10:1 and about 50:1.
• the agent may also include a sunscreen for topical applications.
• the agent is administered topically.
• the agent is administered orally.
• Figure 1 shows the structures of phenolic compounds and their precursors detected in olive oil: ligstroside (I); oleuropein glucoside (II); aglycone of ligstroside (III); aglycone of oleuropein glucoside (IV); dialdehydic form of ligstroside aglycone laking a carboxymethyl group (V); dialdehydic form of oleuropein glucoside aglycone lacking a carboxymethyl group (VI); tyrosol (VII); hydroxytyrosol (VIII).
• Figure 2 shows the HPLC analysis of a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition of the invention after supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from vegetation water obtained from the meat of depitted olives.
• Figure 3 shows the HPLC analysis of a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition of the invention following supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, with synthetic hydroxytyrosol.
• Figure 4 shows the HPLC analysis of a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition of the invention after acidic hydrolysis of vegetation water obtained from the meat of depitted olives.
• Figure 5 shows the HPLC analysis of a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition of the invention following ethyl acetate extraction of hydroxytyrosol from vegetation water obtained from depitted olives and hydrolyzed by acid addition.
• Figure 6 shows the HPLC analysis of pure (95% or more) hydroxytyrosol obtained after purification by gel chromatography on silica gel.
• Figure 7 shows the mass spectrum of a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition of the invention.
• Figure 8 illustrates the fragmentation pathway of hydroxytyrosol.
• oleuropein is intended secoiridoid glucoside oleuropein (Structure II in Figure 1).
• tyrosol is intended 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (Structure VII in Figure
• the invention provides, in one aspect, provides a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition from olive-derived vegetation water. It has been discovered that under specific conditions, as described below, hydroxytyrosol may be obtained from the vegetation water of olives. Considered below are the steps in practicing the invention.
• the method of the invention employs olives that may be obtained from conventional and commercially available sources such as growers.
• the vegetation water is obtained from pitted olives.
• the olives processed according to the method disclosed herein may be pitted by any suitable means.
• Pits in the olives contain tyrosol which is an undesired component in the vegetation water and which may not be appreciably broken down by the acid treatment described below.
• the pits may be separated from the pulp manually or in an automated manner as described below.
• such means should be capable of segregating the pits without breaking them, which might otherwise cause higher concentrations of tyrosol in the vegetation water.
• hydroxytyrosol is extracted from vegetation water obtained from olives that have not been pitted.
• Finch et al. teach an apparatus for recovering olive oil from olives. Initially, olives are fed to a pulper that separates the olive pits from the olives to obtain a pitless olive meat. The meat is then taken up by an extraction screw that subjects the meat to an extraction pressure sufficient to withdraw a liquid phase, comprising oil, water and a minor proportion of olive pulp. The liquid phase is collected in a bin and then sent to a clarifying centrifuge that separates the pulp from the liquid phase to obtain a mixture comprising olive oil and vegetation water.
• a purifying centrifuge then separates the vegetation water and a small proportion of solid matter from the mixture to obtain an olive oil, substantially free of vegetation water, that is collected in a tank. According to Finch et al., the water is put to a disposal means such as a sewer.
• the present invention in sharp contrast, provides for the collection, saving and use of the vegetation water to extract hydroxytyrosol.
• the oleuropein contained in the vegetation water is converted to hydroxytyrosol.
• the pH of the vegetation water may be decreased by the addition of acid, and the vegetation water allowed to incubate under conditions which, according to the discovery of the invention, promote acid hydrolysis of oleuropein to hydroxytyrosol.
• the sample may then be fractionated or extracted to separate hydroxytyrosol from other compounds.
• the added acid is citric acid.
• the acid is added to the vegetation water, preferably to adjust the pH to 1-5, and more preferably, to a pH of 2-4.
• Solid citric acid can be added while continuously stirring in an amount of preferably about 25 to 50 pounds of acid per about 1000 gallons of vegetation water.
• the pH of the resulting solution can be monitored, and further addition of acid may be necessary to achieve the desired pH. Exemplary methods showing the conversion of oleuropein to hydroxytyrosol following the addition of citric acid are given in Examples 1 and 2.
• the acid may also be an organic or inorganic acid other than citric acid.
• exemplary acids which may be used in the present invention include the inorganic substances known as the mineral acids - sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acids - and the organic compounds belonging to the carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, and phenol (benzyl) groups.
• the addition of acid to the vegetation water serves several purposes: (i) it stabilizes the vegetation water from air (oxygen) polymerization of phenolic molecules; (ii) it prevents fermentation of the vegetation water by endogenous and/or exogenous bacteria and yeast; and (iii) it provides for the hydrolysis of oleuropein and other large phenolic molecules containing hydroxytyrosol, converting them into hydroxytyrosol, as shown in Examples 1 and 2.
• Tables 1 and 2 in Examples 1 and 2 respectively, contain data from two samples of vegetation water and the respective percent composition of various components in the samples over time following the addition of citric acid.
• the mixture is allowed to incubate until hydroxytyrosol is 75- 90% of the total combination of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol.
• substantially none of the oleuropein in the original mixture remains.
• the incubated vegetation water may be fractionated by a number of methods known in the art. Exemplary methods of fractionation include partitioning with an organic solvent, such as Ethyl Acetate, chromatographic methods, including gel chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), or supercritical fluids.
• organic solvent such as Ethyl Acetate
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• vegetation water obtained as described above after acidification provides a solution which is rich in low molecular weight polyphenols, particularly hydroxytyrosol and a small amount of tyrosol and oleuropein.
• concentration of hydroxytyrosol in the processed water may range from 4 - 5 grams per liter to 10 - 15 grams per liter depending upon the degree of dilution by addition of water during the olive oil extraction.
• the invention provides a method of extraction or purification that selectively enriches the content of hydroxytyrosol without the addition of contaminants.
• hydroxytyrosol is isolated from other members of the polyphenolic family, impurities, suspended solids, tannins, and other molecules contained in the vegetation water. Hydroxytyrosol may therefore be produced in a purity and quantity not readily available by current synthetic or natural extraction methods.
• a supercritical fluid is a gas that becomes very dense above its critical temperature and pressure. Its properties are between those of a gas and liquid, resulting in increased ability to dissolve compounds. Its relatively high density, high diffusivity, and low viscosity allow it to extract compounds faster than conventional liquid solvents.
• Carbon dioxide is the gas used most widely for supercritical fluid processing of foods and food ingredients because it is natural, nontoxic, non-flammable, and relatively inert and leaves no residue in the extracted product.
• Typical liquid extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide is usually done by dispersing one phase in the other in large contacting columns or towers, where the solute containing fluid, such as juices, flows downward by gravity, and the supercritical carbon dioxide flows upward. Mass transfer occurs at the interface between the two phases.
• liquids and suspensions can be achieved using supercritical fluids, such as carbon dioxide, and porous membranes instead of contacting columns.
• supercritical fluids such as carbon dioxide
• the liquid is fed continuously through porous polypropylene membranes configured as hollow fiber bundles or spiral wound sheets.
• the liquid passes through the porous membranes within a pressurized module, while supercritical carbon dioxide flows countercurrently on the other side of the membrane.
• the pressure in the module is essentially the same, so that the extraction is driven by the concentration gradient between the fluid and the supercritical carbon dioxide.
• the extract may be recovered by vaporizing the carbon dioxide for recycling.
• An exemplary method of extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide and porous membranes is described in U.S. Patent No 5,490,884, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
• Other supercritical fluids instead of, or in combination with, carbon dioxide.
• These fluids include methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, ethene, propene, hydrofluorocarbons, tetrafluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, carbon dioxide, dinitrogen monoxide, sulphur hexafluoride, ammonia, and methyl chloride.
• Example 3 describes a small scale experiment in support of the invention, wherein hydroxytyrosol was isolated from vegetation water using supercritical carbon dioxide and porous membranes. HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis of the isolated hydroxytyrosol srjows the sample to be 97-99% pure hydroxytyrosol.
• the invention provides a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition containing at least about 80% hydroxytyrosol, preferably at least about 90% hydroxytyrosol, more preferably at least about 95% hydroxytyrosol, even more preferably at least about 97% hydroxytyrosol, and yet, even more preferably at least about 99% hydroxytyrosol.
• the vegetation water Prior to extraction with a supercritical fluid the vegetation water may have carriers, which are known to those of skill in the art, such as maltodextran and/or polypropylene beads, added to the solution; and/or the solution may be dried.
• the drying step preferably removes at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 95%, and even more preferably at least about 98% of the water from the vegetation water.
• the invention contemplates a large scale unit where the surface membrane area of the membrane used for extraction is at least about 100 square yards, preferably at least about 300 square yards, and even more preferably at least about 600 square yards to allow separation of hydroxytyrosol from large volumes of vegetation water.
• the membrane system of the invention would, in one aspect, be able to accommodate a flow rate of between 1 - 20 liters per minute, preferably between 5-10 liters per minute. Additional purification methods may also be used in accordance with the invention as mentioned above. HPLC isolation of hydroxytyrosol is described in: Ficarra et al., 1991 ; Romani et al., 1999; and Tsimidou, 1992, each of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
• hydroxytyrosol produced by the method described above may be used for a variety of applications.
• hydroxytyrosol obtained by the method of the present invention can be used: (i) as a natural anti-bacterial, anti-viral and/or fungicidal product for agricultural and/or pest control applications, and (ii) as a therapeutic and/or an anti-oxidant for a variety of health purposes.
• the hydroxytyrosol is administered to a mammalian subject, such as a person desirous of one or more of the benefits associated with hydroxytyrosol.
• UVR ultraviolet radiation
• the hydroxytyrosol obtained by the method of the invention can be administered orally or parenterally.
• Oral dosage forms can be in a solid or liquid form.
• Such dosage forms can be formulated from purified hydroxytyrosol or they can be formulated from aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic extracts.
• aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic (e.g., water or water-ethanol) extracts can be spray- dried to provide a dry powder that can be formulated into oral dosage forms with other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic extracts can be formulated to contain various weight ratios of hydroxytyrosol to oleuropein of between 4:1 and 200:1 , preferably between about 10:1 and about 100:1.
• the extracts may also be formulated to contain various weight ratios of hydroxytysol and tyrosol of between about 2:1 and about 50:1 , preferably between about 5:1 and about 30:1.
• the composition is orally administered to a patient in need of protection against skin damage resulting from exposure to UVR.
• the solid oral dosage form compositions in accordance with this invention are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical arts, and comprise hydroxytyrosol in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition either in substantially pure form or as a component of a raw distillate or extract, is usually mixed, diluted or enclosed with a carrier.
• the carrier can be in a solid form, semi-solid or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient.
• the carrier can be in the form of a capsule or other container to facilitate oral administration.
• the solid oral dosage forms for administration in accordance with the present invention can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders or soft or hard gelatin capsules.
• the hydroxytyrosol obtained in accordance with this invention for oral administration can be in liquid form wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is water or an aqueous-alcoholic medium.
• compositions for administration in the present invention can also be formulated with other common pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gums, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, water, alcohol and the like.
• the formulations can additionally include lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate and mineral oil, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxybenzoates, sweetening agents or flavoring agents.
• the compositions of the present invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to a subject.
• parenteral formulations for use in accordance with the present invention are prepared using standard techniques in the art.
• the term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques.
• Such formulations are commonly prepared as sterile injectable solutions, using a parenterally acceptable carrier such as isotonic saline solution or as a sterile packaged powder prepared for reconstitution with sterile buffer or isotonic saline prior to administration to a subject.
• the parenteral formulation is an injectible formulation which comprises between 1 and 500 mg/ml of the hydroxytyrosol rich composition of the present invention.
• the injectible formulation comprises between 1 to 100 mg/ml of the hydroxytyrosol rich composition, even more preferably, between 10 to 100 mg/ml of the hydroxytyrosol rich composition, and most preferably about 10 mg/ml of the hydroxytyrosol rich composition.
• Table 1 shows the conversion of oleuropein to hydroxytyrosol over time following the addition of about 25 pounds of citric acid per 1000 gallons of vegetation water. The percentages in Table 1 are shown as weight percentages of the total phenolic compounds in the solution. As demonstrated in Table 1 , hydroxytyrosol comprises over 80% of the phenolic compounds in the solution after 12 months. Table 1 Conversion from Oleuropein to Hydroxytyrosol Following the Addition of About 25
• Table 2 shows the conversion of oleuropein to hydroxytyrosol over time following the addition of about 50 pounds of citric acid per 1000 gallons of vegetation water. The percentages in Table 2 are shown as weight percentages of the total phenolic compounds in the solution. Significantly, as demonstrated in Table 2, hydroxytyrosol comprises over 45% of the phenolic compounds in the solution after 2 months.
• EXAMPLE 3 Extraction of Hydroxytyrosol from Vegetation Water An aliquot (0.5 ml) of vegetation water containing about 40 mg of dry solid (maltodextran) was mixed with polypropylene porous beads and dried. The dry mix was used for extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (PoroCrit, LLC, Berkeley, CA). The collected sample (about 2.0 mg) was analyzed by HPLC. The profile of the sample is shown in Figure 2 and Table 3 shows the area under the major peak to be 97%. When synthetic hydroxytyrosol was added to the sample and analyzed by HPLC, one major peak appeared, as shown in Figure 3, indicating that the major product of the sample is hydroxytyrosol (Table 4).
• EXAMPLE 4 Extraction of Hydroxytyrosol from Acidified Vegetation Water An aliquot (1 liter) of vegetation water after acidic hydrolysis was vigorously shaken with ethyl acetate in a shaking flask. The organic solvent was separated from the aqueous solution and evaporated off by rotory evaporator. The resulting thick oil (about 20 g.) was collected and analyzed by HPLC. The profile of this sample is shown in Figure 5, and Table 5 shows the area of the major peak to be 97.457% indicating that hydroxytyrosol represents about or more than 95% of the total polyphenolic fraction in the water. Total phenolic determination by standard colorimetric assay shows that the hydroxytyrosol is contained in the oil at approximately 20% in weight.
• This fraction was used for further purification of hydroxytyrosol by gel chromatography. Dry silica (150 g) was suspended in ethyl acetate (300 ml) to obtain a thick slurry. The slurry was poured into a glass column and the silica was allowed to stand for 15 minutes to sediment. The thick oil containing about 20% (4 g) hydroxytyrosol was dissolved in 25 ml of ethyl acetate and slowly poured over the silica gel. The purification of the hydroxytyrosol was obtained by gravity elution of the product and by the addition of ethyl acetate as the solvent. The fractions containing the pure hydroxytyrosol were collected and pooled together.
• the test article was Olivenol (Lot #1A-1 B).
• Olivenol is the crude water preparation obtained by acidic hydrolysis of vegetation water (500 ml) evaporated to dryness by rotory evaporator and subsequent lyophilization.
• the test article vehicles were aqueous 0.5% w/v methylcellulose (oral administration) and methyl alcohol, 99.9% A.C.S. spectrophotometric grade (topical administration). Formulations were prepared once during the study and the test article was considered 75% active for the purpose of dosage calculations.
• mice One hundred male CrkSKHI-ftrBR hairless mice (Source: Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Portage, Michigan USA) were randomly assigned to ten dosage groups (Groups 1 through 10), ten mice per group as indicated in Table 1. The body weights of male mice ranged from 17 to 28 grams.
• dosage volume 10mL/kg.
• Groups 6-10 dosages and concentrations assume a mouse body weight of 25 grams and an administration volume of 0.1 mL/mouse (i.e., 100 mcL/mouse).
• Formulations were orally administered (via gavage) to appropriate mice once daily for either 31 (Groups 1 through 4) or 10 (Group 5) consecutive days. Formulations were topically administered (100 mcL/mouse) to appropriate mice once daily for either 31 (Groups 6 through 9) or 10 (Group 10) consecutive days.
• mice in Groups 1 through 10 were exposed to UVR (i.e., wavelengths in the UVB and UVA portions of the electromagnetic spectrum).
• the source of irradiation was a Berger Compact Arc high intensity solar simulator (Solar Light Company, Philadelphia, PA) with a WG320 Schott glass filter (1 mm) coupled to an Oriel light pipe.
• the radiant intensity of the source was monitored continuously with a PMA 2100 meter (Solar Light Company, Philadelphia, PA) or comparable device.
• the interval between the formulation administration and the start of UVR exposure was less than 15 minutes for most mice and slightly more than 15 minutes for a small number of mice.
• Calculated mean UVR dose values (MED) and standard deviations were determined for appropriate groups as follows. The lowest instrumental UVR dose to cause any cutaneous response at a site of exposure was determined for each mouse. The mean calculated UVR dose for each group for each observational time point was determined. If administration of the test article has no influence on the UVR dose required to elicit cutaneous responses, based on this method of calculation, a mean calculated UVR dose value equivalent to 1.0 MED would be expected at 48 hours after irradiation. A mean calculated UVR dose value greater than 1.0 would indicate a protective effect of the test article.
• mice orally administered Olivenol for 31 days In mice orally administered Olivenol for 31 days (Groups 1 through 4), the mean calculated UVR dose values at 48 hours after UVR exposure were 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 in the 0 (Vehicle), 1 , 10 and 100 mg/kg/day dosage groups, respectively.
• mice topically administered Olivenol for 31 days Groups 6 through 9
• the mean calculated UVR dose values at 48 hours after UVR exposure were 1.5, 1.5, >1.9 and >2.2 in the 0 (Vehicle), 1 , 10 and 100 mg/kg/day dosage groups, respectively.
• the > symbol was included as a prefix to the mean calculated UVR dose values in Groups 8 and 9 because no cutaneous reactions occurred in any of the UVR exposure sites for two mice in each of those groups. For those four mice an imputed value of 2.8 was assigned for the purpose of calculation.
• mice topically administered 100 mg/kg/day Olivenol for 31 days (Group 9) the mean calculated UVR dose was 1.6 at 72 hours after UVR exposure, as compared with a value of 1.2 for the appropriate control group (Group 6).
• the 1.5 mean calculated UVR dose value in Group 6 [0 (Vehicle), topical administration] at 48 hours after UVR exposure was unanticipated. Since the value was substantially greater than the anticipated value of approximately 1.0, the vehicle may have had some impact on cutaneous susceptibility to UVR exposure.
• mice orally or topically administered the 100 mg/kg/day Olivenol dosage for 10 days the mean calculated UVR dose values at 48 hours after UVR exposure were 1.0 and 1.3, respectively. These values were comparable to the values that occurred in the appropriate 0 (Vehicle) mg/kg/day dosage groups (i.e., Groups 1 and 6, respectively).
• mice in each of Groups 1 and 3 developed urogenital ulcerations.
• One mouse in each of Groups 6 and 7 developed lump(s). These are common findings in male hairless mice and were not considered test article-related. Necropsy revealed that all tissues appeared normal. Body weight and body weight changes observed throughout the experimental protocol were unremarkable.

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