WO1991008517A1 - Process for treating silver halide photographic meterial and composition therefor - Google Patents
Process for treating silver halide photographic meterial and composition therefor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1991008517A1 WO1991008517A1 PCT/JP1990/001574 JP9001574W WO9108517A1 WO 1991008517 A1 WO1991008517 A1 WO 1991008517A1 JP 9001574 W JP9001574 W JP 9001574W WO 9108517 A1 WO9108517 A1 WO 9108517A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- group
- fixing
- compound
- silver halide
- silver
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 127
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- -1 silver halide Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 235
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 153
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 title claims description 153
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 214
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 156
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 153
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 129
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 115
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 8
- ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver bromide Chemical compound [Ag]Br ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 230000026030 halogenation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005658 halogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003748 selenium group Chemical group *[Se]* 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 150000004764 thiosulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 185
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 133
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 82
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 54
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 54
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 52
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 52
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 52
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 52
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 52
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 50
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 46
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 42
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 38
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 38
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 38
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 37
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 34
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 33
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 32
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 32
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 27
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 27
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 25
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 25
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 24
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 23
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 21
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 20
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 20
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910021612 Silver iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 17
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 16
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 14
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- CJPQIRJHIZUAQP-MRXNPFEDSA-N benalaxyl-M Chemical compound CC=1C=CC=C(C)C=1N([C@H](C)C(=O)OC)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CJPQIRJHIZUAQP-MRXNPFEDSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 13
- ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver bromoiodide Chemical compound [Ag].IBr ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- JVXHQHGWBAHSSF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate;hydron;iron(2+) Chemical compound [H+].[H+].[Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O JVXHQHGWBAHSSF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 12
- JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-azaniumyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetate Chemical compound OC(=O)C(N)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 12
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 229940045105 silver iodide Drugs 0.000 description 12
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 11
- SJOOOZPMQAWAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ag].BrCl Chemical compound [Ag].BrCl SJOOOZPMQAWAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- XYXNTHIYBIDHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium thiosulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S XYXNTHIYBIDHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 11
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 9
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 8
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 8
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 8
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 7
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 7
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 7
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- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004397 aminosulfonyl group Chemical group NS(=O)(=O)* 0.000 description 6
- SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium bromide Chemical compound [NH4+].[Br-] SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 6
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 6
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 229960001367 tartaric acid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCCN XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LRUDIIUSNGCQKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=C(C)C=CC2=NNN=C21 LRUDIIUSNGCQKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
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- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 5
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- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 125000000590 4-methylphenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
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- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
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- 125000004217 4-methoxybenzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1OC([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
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- 150000004686 pentahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004965 peroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CMCWWLVWPDLCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenidone Chemical compound N1C(=O)CCN1C1=CC=CC=C1 CMCWWLVWPDLCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006678 phenoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003170 phenylsulfonyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)S(=O)(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001476 phosphono group Chemical group [H]OP(*)(=O)O[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003021 phthalic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003969 polarography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KYKNRZGSIGMXFH-ZVGUSBNCSA-M potassium bitartrate Chemical compound [K+].OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O KYKNRZGSIGMXFH-ZVGUSBNCSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001508 potassium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002635 potassium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000011082 potassium citrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001472 potassium tartrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940111695 potassium tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011005 potassium tartrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium thiocyanate Chemical compound [K+].[S-]C#N ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940116357 potassium thiocyanate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004368 propenyl group Chemical group C(=CC)* 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003230 pyrimidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004053 quinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium atom Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035807 sensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HELHAJAZNSDZJO-OLXYHTOASA-L sodium L-tartrate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O HELHAJAZNSDZJO-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940077386 sodium benzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940001584 sodium metabisulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010262 sodium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940006186 sodium polystyrene sulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019794 sodium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001433 sodium tartrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002167 sodium tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011004 sodium tartrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-OUBTZVSYSA-N sodium-24 Chemical compound [24Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYUVJABZUWWMMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;1,3,5-triazine Chemical compound [Na].C1=NC=NC=N1 XYUVJABZUWWMMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YKBVCQACDLGJMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-isothiocyanatoethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)CCN=C=S YKBVCQACDLGJMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KVCGISUBCHHTDD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 KVCGISUBCHHTDD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MZSDGDXXBZSFTG-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;benzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MZSDGDXXBZSFTG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UOULCEYHQNCFFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;hydroxymethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].OCS([O-])(=O)=O UOULCEYHQNCFFH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BZHOWMPPNDKQSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;sulfidosulfonylbenzene Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=S)C1=CC=CC=C1 BZHOWMPPNDKQSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SIXNTGDWLSRMIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;toluene Chemical compound [Na].CC1=CC=CC=C1 SIXNTGDWLSRMIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanyl Chemical class [SH] PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005486 sulfidation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005987 sulfurization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003419 tautomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LESFYQKBUCDEQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraazanium;2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound N.N.N.N.OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O LESFYQKBUCDEQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003475 thallium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003557 thiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003548 thiazolidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004149 thio group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003567 thiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005323 thioketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000007944 thiolates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical class CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluquinol Chemical compound CC1=CC(O)=CC=C1O CNHDIAIOKMXOLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M trans-cinnamate Chemical group [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DANYXEHCMQHDNX-UHFFFAOYSA-K trichloroiridium Chemical compound Cl[Ir](Cl)Cl DANYXEHCMQHDNX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- IELLVVGAXDLVSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclohexyl phosphate Chemical compound C1CCCCC1OP(OC1CCCCC1)(=O)OC1CCCCC1 IELLVVGAXDLVSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHRVKCZTBPSUIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridodecyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOP(=O)(OCCCCCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCCCCCC OHRVKCZTBPSUIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- APVVRLGIFCYZHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)CC(O)(C(=O)OCCCCCCCC)CC(=O)OCCCCCCCC APVVRLGIFCYZHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000689 upper leg Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000003673 urethanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000002845 virion Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012463 white pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002087 whitening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
- G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
- G03C5/38—Fixing; Developing-fixing; Hardening-fixing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C7/00—Multicolour photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents; Photosensitive materials for multicolour processes
- G03C7/30—Colour processes using colour-coupling substances; Materials therefor; Preparing or processing such materials
- G03C7/42—Bleach-fixing or agents therefor ; Desilvering processes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a processing method and a processing composition for a silver halide photographic light-sensitive material, and more particularly to a processing method for a silver halide material having excellent desilvering properties and a processing composition thereof.
- BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1 Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for processing a silver halide photographic light-sensitive material having a small thermostin of a sample and excellent in releasability, and a processing composition thereof.
- the present invention relates to a method for processing a silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material having a small amount of bleaching capri due to bleach-fixing and having excellent liquid stability, and a processing composition thereof.
- the processing of a silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material comprises a color developing process and a silver removing process.
- Silver generated by development is oxidized with a bleaching agent and then dissolved with a fixing agent.
- a bleaching agent a ferric (HI) ion complex salt (for example, an aminopolycarboxylic acid monoiron (1 โ ) complex salt) is mainly used, and as a fixing agent, thiosulfate is usually used.
- the processing of black-and-white photographic light-sensitive materials comprises a development process and a process of removing unexposed silver halide. Unlike the processing of color photographic light-sensitive materials, they are fixed without undergoing bleaching after development. Also in this case, thiosulfate is usually used as a fixing agent.
- JP-A-1-201659 discloses that a mesoionic compound is used as a bleaching accelerator in a bleaching bath or a bleach-fixing bath. Further, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2-44355 discloses that a 1,2,4-triazolyl-13-thiolate compound is used as a fixing accelerator in a fixing bath. However, these patents do not describe the intended effects of the present invention.
- the above-mentioned bleaching agent and fixing agent are used in the same bath as a bleach-fixing bath in the processing of color printing paper from the viewpoint of speeding up.
- the bleaching agent used here is usually iron (I) complex salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
- oxidizing agents with higher oxidizing power higher redox potential
- the problem of liquid stability is that thiosulfate undergoes oxidative deterioration and precipitates.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2-44355 discloses that a 1,2,4, -triazorimu 3 -thiolate compound is added to a fixing bath as a fixing accelerator.
- a mesoionic compound as a bleaching accelerator to a bleaching bath or a bleach-fixing bath.
- these patents disclose a mesoionic compound as a fixing agent in a bleach-fixing bath as in the present invention.
- the effect is often achieved with a small amount of use, and it also has a function such as removing substances adsorbed on silver halide (or silver).
- the present invention cannot be easily inferred from the use amount and the role (function) of the present invention which are greatly different from those used as a fixing agent as in the present invention.
- mesoionic compounds include U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,003-910, 4,675,276, 4,624,913, 4,631,253, and JP-A-62-217237. Nos. 64-3641, 60-144737, 62-253,161, 62-287, 239, 61-176, 920, 62-96, 943, JP-A-1-154, No. 056 is disclosed, all of which are added to a photographic light-sensitive material or added to a developing solution, and do not mention the intended effects of the present invention.
- a first object of the present invention is to provide a method for processing a silver halide photographic light-sensitive material which is excellent in desilvering property and which has a low thermostin of a sample after processing.
- a second object of the present invention is to provide a processing method for providing a bleach-fix bath which has little bleaching capri and is excellent in liquid stability.
- the first object of the present invention is to provide a silver halide photographic light-sensitive material having at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer on a support after exposure.
- Processing method for developing A method for processing a silver halide photographic light-sensitive material, characterized in that the bath having fixing ability comprises at least one mesone compound represented by the following general formula (I):
- the first aspect of the present invention has been achieved.
- X represents โ or C 1
- โ and โ represent โ , S, N, N-R 2 or C 1 R 3
- U represents 0, S or Nโ
- โ โ represents 1 0 โ , โ S โ or 1 N R.
- R, R z, R 3 and R 4 may be the same or different and represent "(TR ', T is
- n Wath 0 or 1 Table.
- R, R 'and R โ may be the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkynole group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group or a heterocyclic group.
- R, R 'and R is substituted with a carboxylic acid or sulfonate group.
- X and U, Y and Z, and Z and U may be closed.
- the โbath having fixing abilityโ includes, for example, a fixing bath and a bleach-fixing bath.
- the second object of the present invention is to provide at least one bleach-fix bath.
- a method for processing a silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material characterized in that the method comprises a kind of methionine compound as a fixing agent, and substantially excludes other fixing agents (hereinafter referred to as a second embodiment of the present invention). ).
- the meso-ion compounds used in the present invention are described in W. Baker and WD Ollis in a quarterly review (Quart. Rev.) 11.15 (1957), adduct-noise.
- a group of compounds referred to in the Advances in Heterocycl is Chemistry 1911 (197b), which is a "5- or 6-membered heterocyclic compound with one covalent structural formula or polarity.
- the compound cannot be satisfactorily represented by the structural formula, and is a compound that has a โ -electron six pseudomole linked to all the atoms that make up the ring, and the ring has a partial positive charge, and the exocyclic atom or atomic group With the same negative charge above.
- X represents, New or C one R, Y and Z represents 0, S, N, N- R z or C one R 3, U is 0, S or N-R 4 Represents
- examples of the heterocycle formed by the combination of X, Y, Z, and U include, for example, imidazoliums, birazolides, oxazolidines, thiazolidines, torazolids, and tetrazolidiums. , Thiadiazolium, oxaziazoliums, thiatriazoliums, oxatriazoliums, etc. I can do it.
- a โ represents โ โ e, โ S โ or 1 N R.
- R,, R, R 3 and R 4 may be the same or different and represent โ T โ Hr R ', where T is
- R, R 'and may be the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (eg, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n- Butyl group, t-butyl group, n-hexyl group, hydroxyethyl group, dimethylaminoethyl group, cyanoethyl group, carboxyshethyl group, carboxymethyl group, carboxypropyl group, 1,2-dicarboxyshethyl group A sulfoethyl group, a sulfopropyl group, a sulfobutyl group, a 2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl group), a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms (for example, a cyclopropyl group, a cyclo
- R, R 'and R is a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof (eg, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, an ammonium salt) or a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof (eg, a sodium salt).
- a carboxylic acid or a salt thereof eg, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, an ammonium salt
- a sulfonic acid or a salt thereof eg, a sodium salt.
- X and ', Y and Z, Z and U may be closed.
- R, R 'and R โhave a substituent other than the carboxylic acid group and the sulfonic acid group
- substituent include, for example, a nitrogen atom, a halogen atom (eg, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom) , A mercapto group, a cyano group, an alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a methoxyl group), an alkoxy group (for example, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a methoxyloxy group, a methylthioethoxy group), an alkyl group A ruthio group (for example, methylthio group, dimethylaminoethylthio group, methoxysylthio group), a sulfonyl group (for example, methansulfonyl group), a rubamoyl group (for example, unsubstituted rubamoyl group (for
- the compound represented by the general formula (I) may form a salt (eg, acetate, nitrate, salicylate, hydrochloride, iodate, bromate).
- a salt eg, acetate, nitrate, salicylate, hydrochloride, iodate, bromate.
- A represents โโ
- X represents N or CโR
- Y represents โ , S, N or NโR z
- Z represents N, โR 2 or C-R 3 to represent
- U is represent N-R 4.
- T is preferably โNโ, one Cโor a combination thereof, R โฒ and! ? โ is preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
- R โฒ and R โฒโฒ is preferably an alcohol group substituted with a carboxylic acid group or a sulfonate group.
- R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R Represents the same or different, and represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- R 5 , R 7, R 8 and R 9 may be a hydrogen atom.
- R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R! It is assumed that at least one alkyl group among 0 is substituted with at least one carboxylic acid group or sulfonic acid group.
- reaction solution was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water, the extracted ethyl acetate layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and then ethyl acetate was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain the desired product 389, lg (yield). 89.3%).
- Synthesis Example 1 The same method as in Synthesis Example 1 was carried out using methoxycarbonylmethylisothiosinate and 1-honolemil-1 1-methylhydrazine synthesized in the same manner as in (1) to obtain the desired mesoion. 4 One-carboxyl 1-methyl-1,2,4-triazolimum 3 โthiolate was synthesized. Melting point 231-232'C
- the amount of compound of the present invention is used in a fixing bath or bleach-fixing baths 1 X 1 0 - 5 โ 10 Moruno ยฃ are suitable, arbitrary 1 chi 10- 3 mol to 3 mol / a is preferable.
- the halogen composition of the silver halide emulsion in the light-sensitive material to be processed is AgBrI (I โ 2 mol%), it is preferably used in an amount of 0.5 to 2 mol /.
- AgBr, AgBrCp or high silver chloride it is preferable to use 0.1 to 1 molno. You may use together a method compound.
- the compound of the present invention may be used in combination with thiosulfate as described below.
- the present inventors have studied various fixing agents other than thiosulfate in order to improve the fixing property.
- meso-ion compounds it was found that those having a water-soluble group as a substituent showed a significant improvement in fixation.
- the meso-ionic compound having the water-soluble substituent gave a better result with respect to the thermo-tin as compared with the compound having no water-soluble substituent.
- Fixing agent substitution group improves not only desilvering property but also thermostin after processing It was unexpected.
- thermostin reducing thermostin
- concentrations in the bath 10_ 3-0 fixer concentration before bath. 5-fold is preferred.
- M represents a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring composed of a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfate atom, or a selenium atom.
- Q is โ โ โ , 1 S โ or 1 N e โ Represents R โ .
- Examples of the 5-membered heterocyclic ring represented by M include imidazole, virazolium, oxazolium, thiazolium, triazolium, tetrazolium, and thiadiazolium. , Oxazia Zolium, thiatriazolium, oxatriazole, and the like.
- RH represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (for example, methyl, ethynole, n-propynole, n-butyl, isopropyl, n-octynole, ethoxynorrebonylmethyl, dimethylamino) Ethynole), substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group (eg, cyclohexyl group, 4-methylinocyclohexyl group, cyclopentyl group, etc.), substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl Group (eg, propenyl group, 2-methylpyridinyl group, etc.), substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group (eg, propargyl group, butulyl group, 1-methylpropargyl group, etc.), substitution A substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group (eg, benzyl group, 4-methoxybenzy
- the heterocyclic ring represented by M may be a nitro group, a halogen atom (eg, a chlorine atom or a bromine atom), a mercapto group, a cyano group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group ( For example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a t-butyl group, a methoxyethyl group, a methylthioethyl group, a dimethylaminoethyl group, a morpholinethyl group, a methylthiomethyl group, a methyl group Xyethyl, xyethyl, trimethylammonioethyl, cyanoethyl, phosphonomethyl, phosphonoethyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl, 4-Methanesulfonamide group, 4-Methylphenyl group,
- unsubstituted Group unsubstituted Group, methylthioperido group, methoxethylthioperido group), sulfamoylamino group (for example, unsubstituted sulfamoyl group, dimethylsulfamoylamino group), and acyl group (for example, acetyl group) Benzoyl group, 4-methoxybenzoyl group, thioacyl group (eg, thioacetyl group), heterocyclic group (eg, 1-morpholino group, 1-vinylidino group, 2-pyridyl group, 4- Viridyl group, 2-Chenyl group, 1-Bilazolyl group, 1-Imidazolyl group, 2-Tetrahydric furyl group, Tetrahydrochenyl group, oxycarbol group (for example, Toxicarbonyl group, phenoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl group, methylthioethoxycarbony
- the compound represented by the general formula (m) may form a salt (eg, acid salt, nitrate, salicylate, hydrochloride, iodate, bromate).
- a salt eg, acid salt, nitrate, salicylate, hydrochloride, iodate, bromate.
- โ and โ represent โ.
- X represents N or C one R 13
- Y is 0,
- S represents N or N-R 14
- Z represents N, N-R 15 or C _ R 16.
- R 12 , Ris. Ri 4 R 15 and R 16 are an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aranolalkyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, an amino group, an acylamino group. , A sulfonamide group, a ureido group, a sulfamoylamino group, an acyl group, a thioacyl group, a carbamoyl group or a thiocarbamoyl group.
- R 13 and R 16 may be a hydrogen atom.
- R 1 2 d R 3 1 โ 12 and 15, 12 โ RI 6 R l4 and R l 5, and F โ 14 and R 16 may form a ring.
- the compound represented by the general formula (IV) will be described in detail.
- R 12 , R 13 , R... R 15 and R 15 are a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (eg, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, a t-butyl group, a methoxyl group, Methylthioethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, morpholinoethyl, dimethylaminoethylthioethyl, aminoethyl, methylthiomethyl, trimethylammonioethyl, phosphonomethyl, phosphono An ethyl group), a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group (for example, a cyclohexyl group, a cyclopentynole group, a 2-methylcyclohexyl group), a substituted or unsubstituted group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group (eg,
- Formula (IV) in preferably Ku is X, is N, C- R 13 represents, Y! Represents N-R, 4 or S, 0, Z is N or C- a R 16 Table eagle, R 12 , R 13 or R 16 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. Represents. However, R 13 and R 16 may be a hydrogen atom.
- R 14 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted An unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted thioacyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted thioalkavayl group are preferred.
- the compound represented by the above general formula (BI) or (IV) of the present invention is a compound described in J. Heterocyclic Chera. 2_. 105 (1965) J. Org. Chem. 32, 2245 (1967), Journal of Ob. Chemical, J. Chem. Soc. ) 3799 (1969), Journal 'Ob' America โ Chemical 'So' Sci. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.) 80 1895 (1958), Chemical. Commun.) 1222 (1971), Tetrahedron Lett. 2939 (1972), Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.
- the phrase โhas substantially no other fixing agentโ specifically refers to another fixing agent.
- the compound of the present invention can effectively function as a fixing agent by substantially preventing the other fixing agents from being owned, for example, by substantially preventing the commonly used thiosulfate from being substantially owned. What we were able to achieve was unexpected.
- the amount of the compound of the present invention used in the bleach-fix bath is an amount capable of functioning as a fixing agent, for example, 1 part: โ morno. 1. 5 X10- 1 or more mole Z are preferred, more preferably at least 2 X10- 1 mole Z โ , 2 X10 - 1 โ 3 mol / i particularly good preferable.
- the halogen composition of the silver halide emulsion in the light-sensitive material to be processed is AgBrI (I โ 1 mol% or more, preferably 3 to 15 mol%), 0.5 to 2 mol / l It is preferably used at ยฃ, more preferably 1.2 to 2 mol / ยฃ.
- the composition of the hagogen is AgBr, AgBrCp or high silver chloride (AgCp โ 80 mol% In the above case), it is preferable to use 0.2 to 0.9 molno, more preferably 0.4 to 0.9 molno.
- the former is the case of the normal amount of coated silver is relatively large (e.g., 2 to 10 g Zm z) shooting photosensitive material, the latter is relatively not small, usually silver coverage (e.g. 0. 4 โ 0. 9g Znt 2 ) This is the case for photosensitive materials for printing.
- improvement of the liquid stability of each processing bath has been desired.
- a problem with the stability of the bleach-fixing bath and the subsequent rinsing bath is the precipitation of sulfides resulting from the oxidative degradation of the thiosulfate used as the fixing agent.
- the reason why the problem also occurs in the washing bath is that the bleach-fixing solution is brought into the washing bath during processing.
- Sulfite is usually used as an antioxidant to prevent this precipitation.However, when replenishment is low, simply increasing the amount of sulfite used no longer causes solubility problems or oxidization of sulfite. Problems such as the formation of sodium sulfate precipitates are becoming increasingly unsolvable.
- the present inventors have studied various fixing agents having excellent oxidation stability in place of thiosulfate.As a result, the mesoion compound has fixing ability, is stable against oxidation, and precipitates even when the replenishing amount is small. It was also found that the bleaching capri was smaller than that of thiosulfate, and good results were obtained, especially in a bleach-fix solution combined with a high potential oxidizing agent.
- the reason that the meso-ionic compound has excellent oxidation resistance and good fixability is that the S-group and the P-group bonded to the aromatic ring are stable to oxidation. , Or one SO group,
- the structure is such that the charge of the N โ R group etc. is not neutralized by tautomerism, so it may have high affinity with silver. I don't know for sure.
- bleached capri is expected to decrease the amount of the main drug remaining in the film after treatment, and it is currently being broken.
- the addition of the compound of the present invention to a washing bath or a stabilizing bath is also effective and effective for preventing precipitation of the washing bath.
- the silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material of the present invention at least one of a blue-sensitive layer, a green-sensitive layer, and a red-sensitive layer is provided on a support.
- the number and the order of the silver halide emulsion layer and the non-photosensitive layer are not particularly limited.
- a typical example is a halide having at least one light-sensitive layer comprising a plurality of silver halide emulsion layers having substantially the same color sensitivity but different sensitivities on a support.
- a silver photographic light-sensitive material, wherein the light-sensitive layer is a unit light-sensitive layer having color sensitivity to any of blue light, green light, and red light.
- the photosensitive layers are arranged in this order from the support side in the order of the red-sensitive layer, the โ -sensitive layer, and the blue-sensitive layer.
- the above-mentioned order of installation may be reversed, or the order of installation may be such that different photosensitive layers are sandwiched between the same color-sensitive layers.
- Non-photosensitive layers such as various intermediate layers may be provided between the silver halide light-sensitive layers and as the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer.
- the intermediate layer includes JP-A-61-43748, JP-A-59-113438, and JP-A-59-113438. It may contain couplers, DIR compounds, etc. as described in the specifications of 113440, 61-20037 and 61-20038, and may be provided with a color mixing inhibitor as usual. Good.
- a plurality of silver halide emulsion layers constituting each unit photosensitive layer are composed of a high-speed emulsion layer and a low-speed emulsion layer.
- the layer configuration can be used favorably.
- a low-sensitivity emulsion layer and a support are provided on the side away from the support.
- a high sensitivity emulsion layer may be provided on the near side.
- a low-sensitivity blue-sensitive layer (BL), a high-sensitivity blue-sensitive layer (BH), a high-sensitivity-sensitive layer (GH), and a low-sensitivity green-sensitive layer (GL)
- BL low-sensitivity blue-sensitive layer
- BH high-sensitivity blue-sensitive layer
- GH high-sensitivity-sensitive layer
- GL low-sensitivity green-sensitive layer
- RH High-sensitivity red-sensitive layer
- RL Low-sensitivity red-sensitive layer
- the layers may be arranged in the order of blue-sensitive layer / * GHNORHZGLLZRL from the farthest side from the support.
- the blue-sensitive layers ZGL, RRL, ZZ, and HZRH can be arranged in this order from the side farthest from the support.
- Layer / high-speed emulsion layer Z may be arranged in the order of low-speed emulsion layer.
- the preferred silver halide contained in the photographic emulsion layer contains about 30 mol% or less of silver iodide.
- Silver iodobromide, silver iodochloride, or silver iodochlorobromide Particularly preferred is silver iodobromide or silver iodochlorobromide containing from about 2 mol% to about 25 mol% of silver iodide.
- the silver halide contained in the photographic emulsion layer may be silver chlorobromide which does not substantially contain silver iodide. Is preferably made of silver chloride.
- substantially not containing silver iodide means that the silver iodide content is 1 mol% or less, preferably 0.2 mol% or less.
- any silver halide and silver chloride can be used. Although this ratio can vary widely depending on the purpose, a silver chloride ratio of 2 mol% or more can be preferably used.
- a so-called high silver chloride emulsion having a high silver chloride content is preferably used.
- the silver chloride content of these high silver chloride emulsions is preferably at least 90 mol%, more preferably at least 95 mol%.
- an almost pure silver chloride emulsion having a silver chloride content of 98 to 99.9 mol% is also preferably used.
- the silver halide grains in the photographic emulsion layer include those having regular crystals such as cubic, octahedral, and tetrahedral, those having irregular crystalline forms such as spherical and tabular, and twin planes. It may have a crystal defect or a composite form thereof.
- the silver halide may be fine grains having a grain size of about 0.2 or less, large-sized grains having a projected area diameter of up to about 10, and may be a polydisperse emulsion or a monodisperse emulsion.
- Silver halide photographic emulsions usable in the present invention include, for example, Research Disclosure (hereinafter referred to as RD) No. 17643 (December 1978), pp. 22-23, โI. Emulsion Production (Emulsion preparation and types) ", and No. 18716 (November 1979), p. 648," Physics and Chemistry of Photography โby Grafkid, published by Paul Montel (P. Glaf ki des, Chera icet Phisique Pho tograph) ique, Paul Hontel, 1967), Duffin's "Emulsion Chemistryโ, published by Focal Press (GF Duff in, Photographic Emulsion Chemistry (Focal)
- Tabular grains having an aspect ratio of about 5 or more can also be used in the present invention. Tabular grains are written by Gatov, Gutoff, Photograph Science and Engineering, brother 14 248-2 โ /
- the crystal structure may be uniform, the inside and the outside may be composed of different halogen compositions, or may have a layered structure, and silver halides having different compositions are joined by ebitaxial junction. It may be bonded to a compound other than silver halide such as silver rhodan or lead oxide.
- the โ -gen silver emulsion is usually used after physical ripening, chemical sensitization and spectral sensitization.
- various polyvalent metal ion impurities cadmium, zinc, lead, copper, thallium, iron, ruthenium, rhodium, nodium radium, osmium, Salts such as iridium and platinum or complex salts
- Compounds used for chemical sensitization include those described in JP-A-62-215272, page 18, lower right column to page 22, upper right column.
- the additives used in such a process are described in RD No. 17643 and RD No. 18716, and the relevant parts are summarized in the table below.
- Known photographic additives that can be used in the present invention are also described in the above two RDs, and are described in the following table. Location.
- a compound capable of being immobilized by reacting with formaldehyde described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,411,987 and 4,435,503 is used. It is preferable to add to Various color foggers can be used for the light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention, and specific examples are described in the patents described in the above-mentioned RD No. 17643, WCG.
- magenta coupler 5-birazolone-based and birazoloazole-based compounds are preferred, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,310,619 and 4,351,897, EP 73,636, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,432, 3,725,064, RDNa24220 (June 1984), JP-A-60-33552, RDNo.24230 (June 1984), JP-A-60-43659, 61 -72238, 60-35730, 55-118034, 60-185951, U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,500,630, 4,540,654, 4,556,630,
- Examples of cyan couplers include phenol-based and naphthol-based power blurs.
- a force brush that releases a photographically useful residue with the force ring can also be preferably used in the present invention.
- DIR couplers that release development inhibitors are described in R D 17643, V! Patents described in paragraphs (A) to (F), JP-A-57-151944, JP-A-57-154234, JP-A-60-184248, JP-A-63-37346, U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,248,962, and 4,782,012 The one described in the item is preferred.
- the coupler used in the light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention can be introduced into the light-sensitive material by various known dispersion methods.
- high-boiling organic solvents having a boiling point at normal pressure of 175 or more used in the oil-in-water dispersion method include phthalic acid esters (dibutyl phthalate). , Dicyclohexyl phthalate, di-2-ethylethylhexyl phthalate, desyl phthalate, bis (2,4-di-t-amylphenyl) phthalate, bis (2,4-di-1) t-Milphenyl) isophthalate, bis (1,1-ethylpropyl) phthalate, etc., and esters of phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid (triphenyl phosphate, Recyclyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, tricyclohexylphosphate, tri2-ethylhexylphosphate, tridodecylphosphate, tributane Shetyl phosphat
- Organic solvents having a boiling point of about 30 ยฐ C or more, preferably 50 ยฐ C or more and about 160 ยฐ C or less can be used as the scavenger solvent. Typical examples thereof include ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and butyl acetate. Ethyl propionate, methylethyl ketone, cyclopihexanone, 2-ethoxyhexyl acetate, dimethylformamide, and the like.
- a homopolymer or a copolymer described on pages 12 to 30 of International Publication No. W088 / 00723 is used.
- acrylic polymers is preferred in terms of stabilizing the color image.
- the present invention can be applied to various types of photosensitive materials.
- General purpose or movie power Ranega film, slide or TV color reversal film, color paper, direct positive color light sensitive material, color boji film and Color reversal paper is a typical example.
- Suitable supports that can be used in the present invention are described, for example, in the aforementioned RD. No. 17643, page 28, and in the same RD. No. 18716, page 647, right column to page 648, left column.
- the total thickness of all hydrophilic colloid layers on the side having the emulsion layer is 25 or less, preferably 20 or less, and the film swelling speed T 1/2 is 30 seconds or less ( (Preferably 15 seconds or less).
- the film thickness means a film thickness measured under a humidity control of 25% at a relative humidity of 55% (2 days), and the film swelling rate T1 / 2 can be measured according to a method known in the art. For example, A. Green et al., Photogr. Sci. Eng., Vol. 19, No. 2, Photographing 'Science' and Engineering. Use a swellometer of the type described on pages 124-129. T 1/2 is 30% of the color developing solution, and 90% of the maximum swollen film thickness reached when processed for 0.1 min 15 seconds is the saturated film thickness, and reaches this film thickness of 1/2 Is defined as the time to
- the film swelling rate โ 1/2 can be adjusted by adding a hardening agent to gelatin as a binder or by changing the aging conditions after coating.
- the swelling ratio is preferably 150 to 400%.
- the swelling ratio can be calculated from the maximum swelling film thickness under the conditions described above according to the following formula:
- the color photographic light-sensitive material described above should be developed by the usual method described in the aforementioned RD No. 17643, pp. 28-29, and RD No. 18716, 615 left-right column. Can be.
- the color developing solution used for developing the photosensitive material is preferably an alkaline solution containing an aromatic primary amine color developing agent as a main component.
- Aminophenol compounds are also useful as the color developing agent, but P-phenylenediamine compounds are preferably used.
- a typical example thereof is 3-methyl-141-amino-N , N-Jetylaniline, 3โMethyl-4 N-Amino NโEthyl Nโ / 5โHydroxyshetyl Ayurin, 3โMethyl-1 4โAmino NโEthyl-N โ 9-Methanesulfonamidoethylaniline, 3โMethyl- 4โAmino-NโEthyl-Metoxysheylaniline and their sulfates, hydrochlorides or pโToluenesulfonates And the like. These compounds can be used in combination of two or more depending on the purpose.
- the color developer is a pH buffer such as alkali metal carbonate, borate or phosphate, bromide, iodide, benzimi It is common to include development inhibitors or antifoggants such as dazoles, benzothiazoles or mercapto compounds.
- benzyl alcohol is a pollutant, liquid preparation, and color pollution prevention Therefore, it is better not to build a house.
- substantially means less than or equal to 2 (preferably, not at all) per color developer.
- the black-and-white developer includes dihydroxybenzenes such as hydroquinone, 3-villazolidones such as 1-phenyl-3-virazolidone or aminofuynols such as N-methyl-p-aminophenol.
- dihydroxybenzenes such as hydroquinone, 3-villazolidones such as 1-phenyl-3-virazolidone or aminofuynols such as N-methyl-p-aminophenol.
- Known black-and-white developing agents can be used alone or in combination.
- the pH of these color developing solutions and black-and-white developing solutions is generally 9 to 12.
- the amount of replenishment of these developing solutions depends on the type of photographic material to be processed, but is generally less than 3 ยฃ per square meter of the photographic material, and it is necessary to reduce the bromide ion concentration in the replenishing solution. It can be reduced to 500 or less.
- a so-called high silver chloride photosensitive material when a so-called high silver chloride photosensitive material is used, by lowering bromine ions in the color developing solution and increasing the amount of chloride ions, photographic properties and processing properties are excellent, and fluctuations in photographic properties are suppressed. Especially preferred because it can do this.
- the amount of replenishment can be reduced to about 20 โ per square meter of the light-sensitive material at which the overflow in the color developing bath is substantially eliminated.
- the replenishment rate is reduced, it is preferable to prevent evaporation of the liquid and air oxidation by reducing the contact area of the processing tank with air. Further, the replenishing amount can be reduced by using means for suppressing the accumulation of bromide ion in the developer.
- the processing temperature of the color developing solution of the present invention is from 20 to 50, preferably from 30 to 50. โ 45.
- the processing time is 20 seconds to 5 minutes, preferably 30 seconds to 3 minutes.However, the processing time can be further reduced by using a high temperature and high pH and using a high concentration of a color developing agent. .
- the photographic emulsion layer after color development is usually bleached.
- the bleaching process may be performed simultaneously with the fixing process (bleach-fixing process), or may be performed separately.
- the bleaching process is performed.
- fixing are performed simultaneously (bleach-fixing process).
- a processing method of performing a bleach-fixing process after the bleaching process may be used. Further, processing in a continuous bleach-fixing bath in two tanks, fixing before bleach-fixing, or bleaching after bleach-fixing can be arbitrarily performed according to the purpose.
- bleaching agent examples include compounds of polyvalent metals such as iron (m), cobalt (I), chromium (IV), and copper ( โ ), peracids, quinones, and two-port compounds.
- Typical bleaching agents are: fluorinated compounds; bichromates; organic salts of iron (DI) or cobalt (IE), such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, diethylenetriamine pentoxide, cyclopentane Aminopolycarboxylic acids such as hexanediaminetetraacetic acid, methyliminoni acid, 1,3-diaminobutanepanacetic acid, glycol etherdiamintetraacetic acid, etc.
- Iron aminodicarboxylate (DI) complex salts such as iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (m) complex salt and persulfate are preferable from the viewpoint of rapid treatment and prevention of environmental pollution.
- iron (II) complex salt of amino borohydride can be bleach-fixed in bleaching solution. It is also particularly useful in liquids.
- a so-called high-potential oxidizing agent having an oxidation-reduction potential of 150 mV or more, preferably 180 mV or more, more preferably 200 mV or more is preferable.
- the oxidation-reduction potential of the oxidizing agent in the above can be determined by the method described in Transactions of the Faraday Society (Transactions of the Faraday Society). 55 (1959), 1312-1313. Is defined as the oxidation-reduction potential obtained by the measurement.
- the oxidation-reduction potential in this case was obtained by the above-described method under the condition of PH 6.0.
- the reason why the potential obtained at pH 6.0 is employed is that the vicinity of pH 6.0 is a measure of the occurrence of bleaching capri.
- iron (III) aminopolycarboxylate complex salt examples include sodium, potassium, ammonium, etc., but ammonium salt is preferred in terms of fastest bleaching.
- the pH of the bleaching solution or bleach-fixing solution using these aminopolycarboxylate iron (M) complex salts is usually 5.5 to 8, but a lower pH can be used to speed up the processing. .
- a bleaching accelerator can be used in the bleaching solution, the bleach-fixing solution and their prebaths, if necessary.
- Specific examples of useful bleach accelerators are described in the following specification.
- the bleach-fixing solution of the present invention includes known additives such as rehalogenating agents such as ammonium bromide and ammonium chloride, PH buffering agents such as ammonium nitrate, and gold corrosion inhibitors such as ammonium sulfate. Additives can be added. '
- a known fixing agent may be used in addition to the compounds of the general formulas (I) and (II) of the present invention.
- the fixing agent include thiosulfates, thiocyanates, thioether compounds, thioureas, and iodide salts of thioureas.
- thiosulfates are generally used.
- Ammonium sulfate is preferred in terms of solubility and fixing speed, and other fixing It may be used in combination with an agent.
- the fixing solution may contain an aminoboronic acid or an organic phosphonic acid-based chelating agent (preferably, 1-hydroxyshethylidene-1,1,1-diphosphonic acid and N, N, N). ', N' monoethylene diamine tetraphosphonic acid).
- the fixing solution may further contain various types of fluorescent whitening agents, antifoaming agents, surfactants, polybulbyllidone, methanol, and the like.
- stirring of each processing solution in the desilvering step is enhanced as much as possible from the viewpoint of shortening the desilvering processing time.
- stirring means include the methods described in JP-A-62-183460 and JP-A-62-183461.In the case of means for impinging a jet, the time until the collision is that the photosensitive material is treated with the processing solution. Preferably within 15 seconds of being introduced to the
- the crossover time from the color developing solution to the bleaching solution improves the bleaching capri and the stain adhesion on the photosensitive material surface. From the viewpoint, it is preferable that the time is within 10 seconds.
- the one-hour crossover from the bleaching solution of the present invention to the processing solution having a fixing ability is preferably within 10 seconds from the viewpoint of improving poor recoloring of the cyan dye.
- the replenishing amount of the fixing solution, the photographic color light-sensitive material e.g., coated silver amount 4 to 12 g Zm z
- replenishment of bleach-fixing solution The quantity should be less than 60 ffie Zm 2 Good.
- a sulfite, a bisulfite, a carbonyl bisulfite adduct, or a sulfinic acid compound may be added.
- aminoborierubonic acids and organic phosphonic acid chelating agents preferably, 1-hydroxyshethylidene-1,1,1-diphosphonic acid and N, N, N โฒ , N'-ethylenediaminetetraphosphonic acid.
- the bleach-fixing solution can further contain various fluorescent whitening agents, antifoaming agents, surfactants, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methanol, and the like.
- each processing solution in the desilvering step is strengthened as much as possible from the viewpoint of shortening the desilvering processing time.
- stirring means include the methods described in JP-A-62-183460 and JP-A-62-183461.In the case of means for impinging a jet stream, the time until the impact is that the photosensitive material is treated with the processing solution. It is preferable to do this within 15 seconds after entering the II.
- the crossover from the color developing solution to the bleach-fixing solution for one hour is improved in terms of bleach capri and contamination of the photosensitive material surface. It is preferable that the time is within 10 seconds.
- the replenishing amount of bleach-fixing solution, the photographic color light-sensitive materials (e.g., coated silver amount 4 โ ; 12 g Z m 2 ) rather then preferable is 800 _ m 2 hereinafter in the case of, mosquito In the case of color photographic paper, it is preferably 60 Zm 2 or less.
- the silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material used in the present invention generally undergoes water washing and Z or stabilization steps after desilvering. The amount of water to be washed in the washing process depends on the characteristics of the photosensitive material (for example, the materials used such as couplers), the intended use, the aqueous water temperature, the number of washing tanks (number of stages), and the replenishment method such as countercurrent and forward flow, and various other factors.
- the amount of washing water can be greatly reduced, but bacteria increase due to the increase in the residence time of water in the tank, and the generated suspended matter adheres to the photosensitive material. And other problems.
- the method of reducing Ca ions and Mg ions described in JP-A-62-288838 is extremely effectively used. be able to.
- chlorinated bactericides such as isothiazo pyridine compounds diabendazoles and sodium chlorinated sodium diisocyanoate described in JP-A-57-8542, and other benzotriazoles, etc., written by Hiroshi Horiguchi Use the bactericides described in "The Chemistry of Bactericidal and Fungicides", edited by the Sanitary Technology Society, โMicrobial Sterilization, Sterilization, and Inhibition Techniques", and the Japan Society of Bacteriological Protection and Prevention, "Encyclopedia of Bacterial and Inhibitorsโ. Can also.
- the pH of the washing water in the processing of the light-sensitive material of the present invention is from 4 to 9, and preferably from 5 to 8.
- the washing temperature and washing time can also be variously set depending on the characteristics of the photosensitive material, the use, etc., but generally 15 to 45 to 20 seconds to 10 minutes, preferably 25 to 40 to 30 seconds to 5 minutes. Select range Is done.
- the light-sensitive material of the present invention can be processed directly with a stabilizing solution instead of the above-mentioned water washing. In such a stabilization treatment, any of the known methods described in JP-A-57-8543, JP-A-58-14834, and JP-A-60-220345 can be used.
- the stabilization process may be further performed after the water washing process.
- formalin, hexamethylene tetramine, a formalin used as a final bath of a photographic light-sensitive material may be used.
- stabilizing baths having a dye stabilizing agent represented by oxahydridotriazine and an N-methylol compound. If necessary, this stabilizing bath also contains ammonium compounds, metal compounds such as Bi and A ยฃ, fluorescent whitening agents, various chelating agents, membrane pH regulators, hardening agents, bactericides, and antioxidants.
- an alkanolamine or a surfactant preferably silicone
- Water used in the water washing or stabilization process is tap water, and ion-exchange resin is used to reduce the Ca ion and Mg ion concentration to 5 โ ยฃ or less. It is preferable to use treated water or water that has been sterilized by a halogen or UV germicidal lamp.
- the replenishment amount of the above washing and stabilizing solution is 1 to 50 times, preferably 2 to 30 times, more preferably 2 to 15 times the amount brought in from the previous bath per unit area of the photosensitive material.
- the overflow solution accompanying this replenishment can be reused in the desilvering step and other steps.
- the silver halide color light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention may contain a color developing agent for the purpose of simplifying and speeding up the processing.
- a color developing agent for the purpose of simplifying and speeding up the processing.
- a color developing agent for example, the indoor lily described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,342,597 Compounds, Schiff base-type compounds described in 3,342,599, RD RD โ 14,850 and 15,159, aldol compounds described in 13,924, U.S. Pat.No.3,719,492 And the urethane compounds described in JP-A-53-135628.
- the silver halide color light-sensitive material processed in the present invention may contain various 1-phenyl-3-virazolidones for the purpose of accelerating color development, if necessary.
- Typical compounds are described in JP-A-56-64339, JP-A-57-144547, and JP-A-58-115438.
- the various processing solutions used in the present invention are used at 10 ยฐ C. (: up to 50 ยฐ C. Usually, a temperature of 33 to 38 ยฐ C. is standard. However, a higher temperature is used to accelerate the processing and shorten the processing time. In addition, it is possible to improve the image quality and the stability of the processing solution by lowering the temperature to lower temperature, and also to save the silver of the photosensitive material by West German Patent No. 2,226,770 or US Pat. , 499, may be performed using cobalt intensification or hydrogen peroxide intensification.
- One example of a silver halide color light-sensitive material is one using direct positive silver halide. The processing using this photosensitive material will be described below.
- a surface of PH 11.5 or less containing an aromatic primary amine color developer after imagewise exposure of silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material, or after or while fogging with light or a nucleating agent It is also preferable to directly form a positive color image by performing color development, bleaching and fixing with a developer. More preferably, the pH of this developer is in the range of 11.0 to 10.0.
- the fogging treatment in the present invention includes a method of applying a second exposure to the entire surface of a photosensitive layer called a so-called โlight fogging methodโ and a method of developing in the presence of a nucleating agent called a โchemical fogging methodโ Either of these may be used. Development may be performed in the presence of a nucleating agent and fog light. Further, a light-sensitive material having a nucleating agent may be overexposed.
- the light fogging method is described in the aforementioned Japanese Patent Application No. 61-253716, page 47, line 4 to page 49, line 5, and the nucleating agent that can be used in the present invention is described in the specification. It is described on page 49, line 6 to page 67, line 2, and the use of compounds represented by the general formulas [N-1] and [N-2] is particularly preferred. Specific examples thereof include [N-I-1] to [N-I-10] described on pages 56 to 58 of the same specification and [N- โ -] described on pages 63 to 66 of the same specification. 1] to [NโDโ12] are preferred.
- nucleation promoter used in the present invention is described on page 68, line 11 to page III, line 3 of the same specification, and specific examples thereof are described on page 69 to page 70 of the same specification.
- the use of (A-1) to (A-13) is preferred.
- the color developing solution used in the development processing of the light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention is described on page 71 โ line to page 72, line 9 in the same specification, and in particular, aromatic primary amines
- a p-phenylenediamine-based compound is preferable, and a typical example thereof is 3-methyl-1-amino-N-ethyl-Nโ ( โ -methansulfo N-amidoethyl) anilin, 3โmethyl 4-amino-ethyl- โ โ ( โ Hydroxy Shechinore) anilin, 3โmethyl 4โamino-ethyl โ โ Metoki Shechilla Urine and salts thereof such as sulfates and hydrochlorides can be mentioned.
- the first embodiment of the present invention can be applied to a silver halide black-and-white photographic light-sensitive material.
- the light-sensitive material and the processing thereof will be described in detail below.
- the halogen composition of the silver halide emulsion used in the present invention there is no particular limitation on the halogen composition of the silver halide emulsion used in the present invention, and any composition such as silver chloride, silver chlorobromide, silver iodobromide, silver bromide, and silver iodobromide can be used. Although good, the amount of silver iodide is preferably 10 mol% or less, particularly preferably 5 mol% or less.
- the silver halide grains in the photographic emulsion layer used in the present invention may have a relatively wide grain size distribution, but preferably have a narrow grain size distribution.
- the particle size, which accounts for 90% of the total, is within โ 40% of the average particle size.
- the average grain size of the silver halide used is preferably a fine grain (for example, 0.7 or less), and particularly preferably a grain size of 0.7 or less. 5 or less is preferred.
- the particle size distribution is basically not limited, but is preferably monodisperse.
- the term โmonodisperseโ as used herein means that at least 95% by weight or number of particles is composed of particles having a size within 40% of the average particle size: t.
- the silver halide grains in the photographic emulsion may have regular (regular) crystals such as cubic, octahedral, rhomboid, and tetrahedral, and irregular shapes such as spherical and tabular. Are those that have a characteristic (i rr e gu l ar) crystal or those that have a complex form of these crystal forms You can use it.
- the silver halide grains may be composed of a uniform phase in the inside and the surface layer, or different phases.
- the silver halide emulsion used in the present invention may be prepared by the following methods during formation or physical ripening of silver halide grains: potassium salt, sulfite, lead salt, thallium salt, rhodium salt, or a complex salt thereof, A didium salt or a complex salt thereof may coexist.
- the silver halide used in the present invention per mol of silver 10- B โ 10- 5 molar Lee Li indium salts are prepared Wakashi Ku is the presence of a complex salt thereof, and silver iodide content of the grain surface Is silver halo iodide having a grain average silver iodide content higher than that of silver iodide.
- the use of an emulsion containing such a silver haloiodide provides photographic characteristics with higher sensitivity and higher gamma.
- the silver halide emulsion used in the method of the present invention may not be chemically sensitized, but may be chemically sensitized.
- chemical sensitization of silver halide emulsions sulfur sensitization, reduction sensitization and noble metal sensitization are known, and any of these methods can be used alone or in combination with chemical sensitization. You may.
- the gold sensitization method is a typical one of the noble metal sensitization methods, and uses a gold compound, mainly a gold complex salt.
- Complex salts such as precious metals other than gold, for example, platinum, platinum, rhodium, rhodium, etc., can be used. Examples are given in U.S. Pat. No. 2,448,060 and British Patent No. 618,016.
- sulfur sensitizer various sulfur compounds such as thiosulfates, thioureas, thiazoles, rhodanines and the like can be used in addition to the sulfur compounds contained in gelatin. In the above, it is preferable to use a iridium salt or a rhodium salt at the time of grain formation, especially before the completion of physical ripening in the production process of the silver halide emulsion.
- the silver halide emulsion layer may contain two types of monodisperse emulsions having different average grain sizes as disclosed in JP-A-61-223734 and JP-A-62-90646. It is preferable in terms of the highest density (Dmax), and the small-sized monodispersed particles are preferably chemically sensitized, and the method of chemical sensitization is most preferably sulfur sensitization.
- the large-size monodisperse emulsion may not be chemically sensitized, but may be chemically sensitized. Generally, large-sized monodispersed particles are not subjected to chemical sensitization because black spots are easily generated. However, it is particularly preferable to apply the chemical sensitization so shallow that black spots are not generated.
- โ shallow application '' refers to shortening the time required for chemical sensitization compared to chemical sensitization of small-sized grains, lowering the temperature, or reducing the amount of chemical sensitizer added.
- the difference in sensitivity between the large-size monodispersed emulsion and the small-sized monodispersed emulsion is not particularly limited, but is 0.1 to 1.0 as AlogE, more preferably 0.2 to 0.7. Yes, the larger the large size monodispersed emulsion, the better.
- the average particle size of the small-sized monodispersed grains is 90% or less, preferably 80% or less, of the average size of the large-sized silver halide monodispersed grains.
- the average grain size of the silver halide emulsion grains is preferably 0.02; to 1.0 // more preferably 0.1 to 0.5, and the average grain size of large and small monodispersed grains falls within this range. It is preferable that the house is located.
- the coated silver amount of the small-sized monodispersed emulsion is Is preferably 40 to 90% by weight, more preferably 50 to 80% by weight, based on the amount of phase-coated silver.
- a single dispersion emulsion having a different grain size may be introduced into the same emulsion or into separate layers.
- the large size emulsion be the upper layer and the small size emulsion be the lower layer.
- the total coated silver amount is preferably 1 g / m 2 to 8 g / m 2 .
- the light-sensitive material used in the present invention includes sensitizing dyes described in JP-A-55-52050, pp. 45-53 (for example, cyanine dyes and merosyanine dyes) for the purpose of improving sensitivity. Can be added. These sensitizing dyes may be used alone, or a combination thereof may be used, and a combination of sensitizing dyes is often used, particularly for supersensitivity. Along with the sensitizing dye, a dye that does not itself have a spectral sensitizing effect or a substance that does not substantially absorb visible light and that exhibits supersensitization may be included in the emulsion. Useful dyes, combinations of dyes exhibiting supersensitivity and substances exhibiting supersensitization are described in Research Disclosure, Vol. 176, 17643 (published in December 1978), page 23 IV J It is described in the section.
- azols such as benzothiazolium salts, nitroindazoles, benzobenzimidazoles, and bromobenzi Midazoles, mecaptothiazoles, mecaptobenzothiazoles, mechabutothiadiazoles, aminotriazoles, benzothiazoles, nitrobenzotriazoles, etc.
- the light-sensitive material processed in the present invention may have a nucleating agent in a photographic emulsion layer or other hydrophilic colloid layers.
- nucleating agent used in the light-sensitive material processed in the present invention examples include, for example, RESEARCH DISCLOSURE Item 23516 (November 1983, P. 346) and the references cited therein, as well as U.S. Pat. 207, 4,269,929, 4,276,346, 4,278,748, 4,385,108, 4,459,347, 4,560,638 4, 478, 928, UK Patent 2,011,391B, JP-A-60-179734, 62-270, 948, 63-29, 751, 61-170,733, 61-27, Item 744, No. 62-948, EP217,310, or US Pat.No.
- various compounds containing โ or S atoms are effective.
- the light-sensitive material processed in the present invention may have a desensitizer in a photographic emulsion layer or other hydrophilic colloid layers.
- the organic desensitizer used in the light-sensitive material used in the present invention is defined by its polarographic half-wave potential, that is, the oxidation-reduction potential determined by polarography, and the sum of the anode potential and cathode potential of the borer port is positive. It becomes.
- a method for measuring the oxidation-reduction potential of a bolograph is described, for example, in US Pat. No. 3,501,307.
- Organic desensitizers having at least one water-soluble base are preferred. More specifically, examples thereof include a sulfonate group, a carboxylate group, and a sulfonate group. These groups are organic bases (for example, ammonia, pyridin, triethylamine, and the like). Salts may be formed with pyridin, morpholine, and the like, or alkali metals (eg, sodium, calcium, and the like).
- organic desensitizer those represented by the general formulas () to (V) described in JP-A-63-133145 are preferably used.
- Organic ' โ agent used in the light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention 1.
- 0 X 10- 8 โ silver halide emulsion layer; I. 0 X 10- 4 mole / m z, especially 1.
- 0 X 10 " 7 โ : I. 0 X 10- 5 2 exist allowed to be the preferred arbitrariness.
- the emulsion layer or other hydrophilic colloid layer of the light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention may contain a water-soluble dye as a filter dye or for various purposes such as preventing irradiation.
- a filter dye a dye for further lowering the photographic sensitivity, preferably an ultraviolet absorber having a spectral absorption maximum in the intrinsic sensitivity range of silver halide, or when used as a light-sensitive material Mainly 38 โ ! Dyes having substantial light absorption in the region of -600 nm are used.
- These dyes may be added to the emulsion layer depending on the purpose, or may be added to the upper part of the silver halide emulsion layer, that is, a non-photosensitive hydrophilic covalent layer which is farther from the support than the silver halide emulsion layer. It is preferable to add the mordant together with the mordant and fix it.
- the above-mentioned ultraviolet absorber is a suitable solvent (for example, water, alcohol (for example, methanol, ethanol, propylene alcohol), acetone, methyl cellulose solvent, etc., or a mixture thereof). Mixed solvent] and added to the coating solution.
- a suitable solvent for example, water, alcohol (for example, methanol, ethanol, propylene alcohol), acetone, methyl cellulose solvent, etc., or a mixture thereof.
- UV absorbers examples include benzotriazole compounds substituted with aryl groups, 4-thiazolidone compounds, benzophenone compounds, cinnamate compounds, butadiene compounds, benzoxazole compounds, and UV-absorbing polymers. Can be used.
- ultraviolet absorbers are described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 3,533,794, 3,314,794, 3,352,618, JP-A-46-2784, U.S. Pat.Nos. 3,705,805, 3 , 707,375, 4,045,229, 3,700,455, 3,499,863, and German Patent Application Publication 1,547,863.
- the filter dyes include oxonol dyes, hemioxonol dyes, styrene dyes, melocyanine dyes, cyanine dyes and azo dyes. From the viewpoint of reducing the residual color after the development, a dye which is soluble in water or decolorized by alkali or sulfite ion is preferred.
- pyrazolonexonol dyes described in U.S. Patent No. 2,274,782 diaryl azo dyes described in U.S. Patent No. 2,956,879, U.S. Patent No. 3,423,207, No. 3,384,487, a stillyl dye butadidinyl dye, U.S. Pat.No. 2,527,583, a merocyanine dye, U.S. Pat.Nos. 3,486,897, 3,652 Nos. 3,284, and 3,718,472.
- the dye is dissolved in a suitable solvent (for example, water, alcohol (for example, methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol), acetate, methylsolvent, or a mixed solvent thereof). It is added to the non-photosensitive hydrophilic colloid layer coating solution of the present invention.
- a suitable solvent for example, water, alcohol (for example, methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol), acetate, methylsolvent, or a mixed solvent thereof.
- the specific amount of the dye used is generally in the range of 10 to 3 g / m 2 to 1 g / m 2. In particular, a preferable amount can be found in the range of 10 to 3 g / ra 2 to 0.5 gZm 2 .
- the photographic light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention may have an inorganic or organic hardener in the photographic emulsion layer and other hydrophilic colloid layers.
- chromium salts aldehydes, (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, etc.), N-methyl compounds (such as dimethylol urine), and active butyl compounds (1, 3, 5โtriac) Liloylhexahydros-triazine, 1,3-vinylsulfonyl-121-propanol, etc., active halogen compounds (2,4-dichloro-16-hydroxy-s) ), Mucohalogenic acids and the like can be used alone or in combination.
- a coating aid In the photographic emulsion layer or other hydrophilic color layer of the light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention, a coating aid, antistatic, improvement of slipperiness, emulsification / dispersion, prevention of adhesion and improvement of photographic properties (for example, development acceleration, high contrast Various surfactants may be included for various purposes such as chemical reaction and sensation.
- Surfactants preferably used in the present invention are polyalkylene oxides having a molecular weight of 600 or more described in JP-B-58-9412.
- a fluorine-containing surfactant for example, US Pat. Nos. 4,201,586, JP-A-60-80849, and JP-A-59-74554. Is particularly preferred.
- the photographic light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention is provided with a matting agent such as silica, magnesium oxide, or polymethylmethacrylate for the purpose of preventing adhesion to the photographic emulsion layer or other hydrophilic colloid layer. You can see it.
- a matting agent such as silica, magnesium oxide, or polymethylmethacrylate
- the photographic emulsion of the light-sensitive material processed in the present invention may contain a dispersion of a water-insoluble or hardly soluble synthetic polymer for the purpose of improving dimensional stability and the like.
- a water-insoluble or hardly soluble synthetic polymer for the purpose of improving dimensional stability and the like.
- a polymer having a monomer component of a combination of acrylic acid, metaacrylic acid, and the like can be used.
- the silver halide emulsion layer and other layers of the photographic light-sensitive material of the present invention preferably contain a compound having an acid group.
- Compounds having an acid group include organic acids such as salicylic acid, acetic acid, and ascorbic acid and acid monomers such as acrylic acid, maleic acid, and phthalic acid as repeating units. Mention may be made of polymers or copolymers. Regarding these compounds, reference can be made to the descriptions in JP-A-61-223834, JP-A-61-228437, JP-A-62-25745, and JP-A-62-55642.
- ascorbic acid as a low molecular weight compound
- an acid monomer such as acrylic acid and divinyl benzene
- It is a water-dispersible latex of a cobolimer consisting of a crosslinkable monomer having two or more unsaturated groups such as
- the developing solution used for developing the silver halide black-and-white photosensitive material contains a commonly used additive (for example, a developing agent, an alkaline agent, a PH buffer, a preservative, and a chelating agent). It can be owned. Any of the known methods can be used for the treatment of the present invention, and a known treatment solution can be used.
- the processing temperature may be a temperature lower than 18 ยฐ C or a temperature higher than 50 ยฐ C, which is usually selected between 18 ยฐ C and 50 ยฐ C.
- Black-and-white developers include dihydroxybenzenes, 1-phenylene
- Known developing agents such as 3-virazolidones and aminofunols can be used alone or in combination.
- Hydroxybenzene-based developing agents used in the above black-and-white developer include hydroloquinone, chloronodroquinone, bromonodroquinone, isoprovirhydroquinone, methylhydroquinon, 2,3โDichloronodroquinone, 2,3โJib mouth monodroquinone, 2,5โDimethyl high droquinone, etc.
- the quinone is preferred.
- Examples of 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone or its derivative as an auxiliary developing agent include 1-phenyl-2,3-birazolidone, 1-phenyl-2,4,4 dimethyl-1-3-virazolidone, 1-phenyl Lou 4 โMethyru 4 โHydroxymetyl 1 3 โBilazolidone, 1 โFeniru 4, 4 โDihidroki Sime Chiru 3 โVirazolidon, 1 1Phenyl 1 5 โMetyl 3 โVirazolidon, 1 p โAmino Fenuru 4, 4 โDimethyl 3 โPizolidon, 1 โ P โTri โ 4,4 โ โ โ โ3-virazolidone.
- โ โAminophanol-based auxiliary developing agents โ โMethyl phenolโAmino phenol, โ โAmino phenol, (โ (Hydroxy Shechirou โ - โ -aminophenol, (-(4 โ-hydroxyphenyl) glycine, 2 โ-methyl- โ -aminophenol, โ -benzylamine There is a strong force such as phenol, among which โ -methyl โ -amino phenol is preferred.
- the dihydroxy benzene-based developing agent is usually preferably used in an amount of 0.05 mol / ยฃ to 8 molno โ .
- the former is 0.05 molno ยฃ to 0.5.
- Mol / ยฃ the latter being preferably used in an amount of not more than 0.06 mol / ยฃ.
- Examples of the sulfite preservatives used in the present invention include sodium sulfite, sodium sulfite, lithium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, metabisulfite, and formaldehyde sodium bisulfite. There is a stream.
- sulfites are used in excess of 0.3 moles or more, and if added in too large an amount, precipitates in the developer and cause liquid contamination, so the upper limit is 1. Preferably it is 2 moles โ ยฃ.
- Alkali agents used in the developer of the present invention include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium tertiary phosphate and tertiary phosphate.
- Control agents and buffers such as potassium phosphate, sodium silicate, and potassium silicate.
- Additives other than the above components include boric acid and borax
- Development inhibitors such as: ethylene glycol, ethylene render alcohol,
- Antifoggants such as triazole-based compounds or black
- Preventive agent can be housed, and if necessary,
- the developer used in the present invention contains a silver stain inhibitor as disclosed in
- JP-A-62-186259 The developer described in JP-A-62-186259 was used as a buffering agent.
- Oxisims for example, acetoxim
- tritium salts and potassium salts For example, tritium salts and potassium salts.
- the fixing solution may contain, if necessary, a hardening agent (eg, a water-soluble aluminum compound), acetic acid and a dibasic acid (eg, tartaric acid, quenched acid).
- a hardening agent eg, a water-soluble aluminum compound
- acetic acid e.g, tartaric acid, quenched acid
- a dibasic acid e.g, tartaric acid, quenched acid
- Acid or their salts preferably PH It has 3.8 or more, more preferably 4.0 to 7.5.
- a known fixing agent may be used in addition to the compound of the present invention.
- the fixing agent include sodium sulfate and ammonium thiosulfate, and ammonium thiosulfate is particularly preferred from the viewpoint of fixing speed.
- the amount of the fixing agent to be used can be appropriately changed, and is generally about 0.1 to about 5 mol.
- Water-soluble aluminum salts which mainly act as a hardener in the fixer, are compounds generally known as hardeners in acidic hardeners, such as aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate. And alums.
- tartaric acid or its derivative can be used alone or in combination of two or more. These compounds are effective if they have a fixer solution of 0.005 mol or more per 1 ยฃ of fixer, and particularly effective are 0.01 mol ยฃ to 0.03 mol of ยฃ.
- tartaric acid potassium tartrate, sodium tartrate, lithium tartrate, ammonium tartrate, ammonium tartrate, and the like.
- citric acid As examples of the citric acid or derivatives thereof effective in the present invention, citric acid, sodium citrate, and potassium citrate are powerful.
- the fixer may further contain a preservative (eg, sulfite, bisulfite), a โ buffer (eg, acetic acid, boric acid), a โ modifier (eg, ammonia, sulfuric acid), an image preserving agent, if desired. Improving agents (eg, potassium iodide) and chelating agents can be provided.
- the binder is 10 to 40 g, more preferably 18 because of the high developer content. Use about โ 25 g / ยฃ.
- the fixing temperature and time are the same as in the case of development, and preferably from about 20 to about 50 and from 10 seconds to 1 minute.
- fungicides for example, compounds described in Horiguchi's "Bacterial Prevention and Prevention Chemistry", JP-A-62-115154), water-washing accelerators (sulfites, etc.), chelating agents You may have a house.
- the replenishing amount of the washing water or the like may be 1200ffi ยฃ / "in z or less (set to 0).
- the case where the replenishing amount of the washing water (or the stabilizing solution) is 0 is a so-called pool water washing method.
- a multi-stage countercurrent method eg, two-stage or three-stage has been known for a long time.
- washing bath or stabilizing bath examples include an isothiazoline-based compound described in BT Kreiman, J. Image, Tech. Vol. 10 No. 6242 (1984), Research Disclosure (R..X). Vol. 205, No. 20526 (May 1981), an isothiazoline compound described in Vol. 228, 228 โ 22845 (April, 1983),
- the compounds described in JP-A-61-115, 154 and JP-A-62-209, 532 can also be used in combination as a microbiocide.
- part or all of the overflow solution from the washing or stabilizing bath which is generated by replenishing the washing or stabilizing bath used after the treatment according to the present invention with water subjected to protection means, is disclosed in As described in JP-A-235,133 and JP-A-63-129,343, it can also be used for a processing solution having a fixing ability, which is a preceding processing step.
- a water-soluble surfactant or a water-soluble surfactant is used to prevent water bubbles from occurring when washing with a small amount of washing water and / or to prevent a treating agent component adhering to the squeeze roller from being transferred to the treated film.
- An antifoaming agent may be added.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 63/1988 discloses a method for preventing contamination by dyes eluted from a photosensitive material.
- the dye adsorbent described in -163, 456 may be placed in a washing tank.
- the developed and fixed photographic material is washed with water and dried. Washing is performed almost completely to remove the silver salt dissolved by fixing, preferably about 20 to about 50 and 10 seconds to 3 minutes.
- Drying is carried out at about 40 to about 100'C. It can be changed accordingly, but usually about 5 seconds to 3 minutes and 30 seconds.
- the โ -Iller transport type automatic developing machine is described in US Pat. Nos. 3,025,779 and 3,354,971 and the like, and in this specification, it is simply referred to as a roller transport type processor.
- the roller transport type processor has four steps of developing, fixing, washing and drying.
- the method of the present invention does not exclude other steps (for example, a stopping step), but follows these four steps. Is most preferred.
- the water washing process can save water by using a two- or three-stage countercurrent washing method.
- the developer used for developing the light-sensitive material to be processed in the present invention is preferably stored in a packaging material having low oxygen permeability described in JP-A-61-73147.
- a replenishment system described in JP-A-62-91939 can be preferably used.
- the first embodiment of the present invention can be applied to both black-and-white photographic materials and black-and-white silver halide photographic materials (for example, black-and-white photographic materials for photography). , X-ray black-and-white light-sensitive materials, printing black-and-white light-sensitive materials), and laser light-sensitive infrared light-sensitive materials.
- Sample 101 which is a multilayer color light-sensitive material composed of each layer having the following composition, was prepared.
- Silver iodobromide emulsion (Ag I 4 mol%, internal high
- Silver iodobromide emulsion (AgI 10 mol%, internal high
- Thickness ratio 2 Silver coating amount 0.7 Gelatin 0.8 ES-1 1 X 10- 4 EXS-2 3 X 10- 4
- Silver iodobromide emulsion (AgI 2 mol%, internal high A g I type, sphere equivalent diameter 0.3, sphere equivalent โ
- Silver iodobromide emulsion (AgI 4 mol%, internal high
- Silver iodobromide emulsion (Ag I 10 mol%, internal high
- Silver iodobromide emulsion (Ag I 10 mol%, internal high
- Fine grain silver iodobromide (average grain size 0.07,
- the dry film thickness of all the coating layers except for the undercoat layer was 17.6, and the swelling rate (T โฒ / 2 ) was 8 seconds.
- the prepared sample was cut and processed into a width of 35 mm, imagewise exposed, and with the processing formula shown below, using an automatic processor, the cumulative replenishment capacity of the fixing solution; Performing the running process and the process
- Rinse (1) 1 minute 05 seconds 35 minutes 10 ยฃ countercurrent piping from (2) to (1).
- Replenishment amount is 35mm width per 1m length
- Tap water is filled with a โ -type strong acid-strength ion exchange resin ('Armite IR-120B manufactured by Rohm and Haas) and a โ -type anion exchange resin (' Amberlite IR-400 ') Water is passed through a mixed bed power column to reduce the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions to 3 mg / ยฃ or less, and sodium sodium dichloride sodium 20 mg / ยฃ and sodium sulfate โ 0.15 g / ยฃ was added.
- a โ -type strong acid-strength ion exchange resin 'Armite IR-120B manufactured by Rohm and Haas
- a โ -type anion exchange resin ' Amberlite IR-400 '
- the O solution G pH was in the range of 6.5 to 7.5 c
- the amount of residual silver in the unexposed portion of the sample after this treatment was measured using a fluorescent X-ray analyzer.
- the samples after the processing at the end of running were stored in a thermostat at 60 ยฐ CZ and 70% humidity for 10 days, and the change in minimum density (Drain) of magenta before and after the thermostat was examined.
- New tear paper Table 1 shows the results.
- Table 1 shows that by using the compound of the present invention as a fixing agent, good results were obtained in which desilvering properties were good in rapid processing and less in moist heat. I understand.
- Example 1 The same tests as in Example 1 were performed, replacing A-9 or A-13, respectively.
- Rinse water is a counter-current system from (2) to โ , and all of the water in the wash water was introduced into the fixing bath.
- To replenish the bleach-fixing bath connect the upper part of the bleach tank and the lower part of the bleach-fixer tank of the automatic processor and the upper part of the fixing tank with the lower part of the bleach-fix tank with a pipe, and replenish the bleach tank and the fixing tank. All of the liquid generated by the supply of the developer is allowed to flow into the bleach-fixing bath.1
- the amount of developer brought into the bleaching process, the amount of bleaching solution brought into the fixing process, Oihi's fixer washing process The carry-on amounts were 2.5 i and 2.0 i โ 2.0 per meter length of 35 mm wide photosensitive material, respectively.
- the crossover O time is 5 seconds in each case, and this time is included in the processing time of the previous process.
- the composition of the treatment liquid is shown below.
- Aqueous solution (700g /)
- the fixing agent of the present invention 1.32 mol 3,9 T mol midazole 28.5 85.5
- H-type strongly acidic cation exchange resin Amberit IR-120B manufactured by Michigan Anders
- OH-type strongly basic anion exchange resin Amberlite IRA-400
- Filled mixed bed force Through the rum to reduce the calcium and magnesium concentrations to 3 mg or less, followed by sodium sodium dichloride 20 mg // i and sodium sulfate 150 mg / โ was added. โ of this solution was in the range of 6.5-7.5.
- the amount of silver remaining in the unexposed area of the sample after the treatment was measured using a fluorescent X-ray diffraction apparatus.
- the samples were stored in a thermostat at 70% humidity for 60 days for 60 days, and the change in the minimum magenta concentration (Dmin) before and after the thermostat was examined.
- Dmin minimum magenta concentration
- Example 1 In addition, the same test was carried out when the comparative compounds (A), (B), (C) and (D) used in Example 1 were replaced with the compound of the present invention in an equimolar amount.
- Table 1 shows that the use of the compound of the present invention as a fixing agent It can be seen that good results were obtained, such as good desilvering properties in rapid processing and little sting in moist heat.
- Example 3 Compound โ -1 was converted to Compound โ -3, A-4, A-5, A-7, A-8, A-9, A-12, A-13, A-14, A-1 7, Aโ18, Aโ20, Aโ22, Aโ24, Aโ29, Aโ30, Aโ31, Aโ39, Aโ43, Aโ45, Aโ52 or Aโ54 The same tests as in Example 3 were performed instead.
- Example 5 As a result, as in Example 3, when the fixing agent of the present invention was used, good results were obtained with excellent image storability (wet heat thermo) and desilverability (fixing property) in rapid processing.
- Example 5 When the fixing agent of the present invention was used, good results were obtained with excellent image storability (wet heat thermo) and desilverability (fixing property) in rapid processing.
- multilayered color photographic paper having the following layer structure was prepared.
- the coating solution was prepared as follows.
- Coating solutions for the second to seventh layers were prepared in the same manner as the coating solution for the first layer.
- As a gelatin hardening agent for each layer 1-oxy-1,3,5-dichloromethane s-triazine sodium salt was used.
- the following dyes were added to the emulsion layer to prevent irradiation.
- composition of each layer is shown below.
- the numbers represent the coated amount (g Zm 2 ).
- the silver halide emulsion shows the coated amount in terms of silver.
- Second layer Color mixture prevention layer
- Silver chlorobromide emulsion (cubic, average grain size 0.55,
- the coefficient of variation of the size distribution is 0.10 and 0.08, and the
- Silver chlorobromide emulsion (cubic, 1: 4 mixture (Ag mole ratio) of 0.58 lord and 0.45 / an) Coefficient of variation in grain size distribution 0.90 and 0.11, each emulsion and also a g B r 0.6 mol% was localized on a part of the grain surface) 0.23 Zerah Chi down 1.34 Macia Nkapura (ex C) 0.32 Color Image stabilizer (cpd - 6) 0.17 Color Image stabilizer (cpd - 7) 0.40 Color image stabilizer (cpd-8) 0.04 Solvent (s01V-6) 0.15 6th layer (ultraviolet absorbing layer)
- R C Z H 5 and C 4 H
- the drifting fixer is replenished with the drifter replenisher and rinse solution (121).
- composition after each treatment is as follows.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
Description
ๆ ็ดฐ ๆธ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณๅใณๅฆ็็ตๆ็ฉ ๆ่กๅ้
ๆฌ็บๆใฏใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณๅใณๅฆ็็ตๆ ็ฉใซ้ขใใใใฎใงใใใ ่ฉณใ ใ ใฏ่ฑ้ๆงใซๅชใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณๅใณใใฎๅฆ็็ตๆ็ฉๆดใซ่ฉณใ ใ ใฏๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใฎ ใตใผใขในใใฃ ใณใๅฐใช ใใ ใใค้ข่ฑๆงใซๅชใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณๅใณใใฎๅฆ็็ตๆ็ฉใซ้ขใใใใฎใงใใใ
ใ ใใซใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ใซ่ตทๅ ใใๆผ็ฝใซใใชใๅฐใช ใ ใ ใคๆถฒๅฎๅฎๆงใซๅชใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซ ใฉไธๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆน ๆณๅใณใใฎๅฆ็็ตๆ็ฉใซ้ขใใใใฎใงใใใ
่ๆฏๆ่ก
ไธ่ฌใซใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ใฏใซ ใฉใผ็บ่ฒ ็พๅ้็จใจ้้คๅป้็จใใใชใใ ็พๅใง็ใใ้ใฏๆผ็ฝๅคใง้
ธ ๅใใใๅพใ ๅฎ็ๅคใงๆบถ่งฃใใใใ ๆผ็ฝๅคใจใใฆใฏไธปใซ็ฌฌ 2้ ( HI ) ใฃใฉใณ้ฏไฝๅกฉ ๏ผใใจใใฐใข ใใ ใใช ใซใซใใณ้
ธไธ้ ๏ผ 1ฮ ) ้ฏไฝๅกฉ๏ผ ใ็จใใใใ ๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆใฏใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ้ๅธธ็จใใ ใใฆใใใ
ๅ้ป็ฝๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ใฏ็พๅ้็จใจๆช้ฒๅ
ใฎใใญใฒใณๅ ้ใฎ้คๅป้็จใใใชใใ ใซ ใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ใจใฏ็ฐใชใใ ็พๅๅพๆผ็ฝ้็จใ็ตใๅฎ็ใใใใ ใใฎๅ ดๅใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆใฏ ้ๅธธใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ็จใใใใฆใใใ
ใซ ใฉใผใ ้ป็ฝใฉใกใใฎๅฆ็ใ ้ๅใๆใพใใฆใใใ ๅๅฆ็ ๅทฅ็จใใใใใ็ญๆ้ๅใใใ ใจ็ ็ฉถใใชใใใฆใใใ ๅฎ็ๅทฅ ็จใใใฎไพๅคใงใช ใใ ็จฎใ
ใฎๅฎ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใใ ๆค่จใฏใใใฆใใ
ใๅนๆใฎใใใใฎใฏใปใจใใฉ่ฆๅบใใใฆใใชใใ ๅใ ๅฎ็ๅคใ ใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉไปฅๅคใฎใใฎใซใใฆ่ฟ
้ๅใใฏใใใ ใจใใๆใ ใฆใ ่ใใใใใ
ใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใซไปฃใใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ 4378424ๅทใ ็น ้ๆญ 57-150842ๅทใชใฉใซใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใฎ 1, 2, 4โ ใ ใช ใข ใพใช ใฅใ โ 3โใใฉใฌใผ ใใ็จใใ่จ่ผใใใใ่ฉณ็ดฐใชๆค่จใฏ ใชใใใฆใใชใใ
ใพใใ ็น้ๅนณ 1-201659ๅทใซใฏใ ใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใๆผ็ฝไฟ้ฒ ๅคใจใใฆๆผ็ฝๆตดใใใใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใซ็จใใใใจใ้็คบใใใฆ ใใใ ใใใซ็น้ๅนณ 2-44355ๅทใซใฏ 1, 2, 4โ ใ ใชใขใพใช ใฅใ ไธ 3โใใฉใฌใผ ใๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใจใใฆใ ๅฎ็ๆตดใซ็จใใ ใใจใ้็คบใใใฆใใใ ใใใใชใใใใใใฎ็น่จฑใซใฏๆฌ็บๆ ใฎ็ฎ็ใจใใๅนๆใซใคใใฆใฏไฝใ่ฟฐในใใใฆใใชใใ
ใพใใก ใฝใฃใฉใณๅๅ็ฉใจใใฆใฏใใไปฅๅคใซใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 003๏ผ 910ๅทใ ๅ 4, 675, 276ๅทใ ๅ 4,624, 913ๅทใ ๅ 4, 631, 253ๅทใ ็น้ ๆญ 62-217237ๅทใ ๅ 64- 3641ๅทใ ๅ 60-144737ๅทใ ๅ 62- 253,161 ๅทใ ๅ 62-287, 239ๅทใ ๅ 61-176, 920ๅทใ ๅ 62-96,423ๅทใ ็น้ๅนณ 1-154, 056ๅทใ้็คบใใใฆใใใใ ใฉใใๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใซๆทปๅ ใใใใฎใงใใฃใใใ ็พๅๆถฒใซๆทปๅ ใใใใฎใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ ็ฎ็ใจใใๅนๆใซๅฏพใใฆใฏไฝใ่ฟฐในใฆใใชใใ
ๅใ ็ปๅใฎไฟๅญๆงๅไธใซ้ขใใฆใใ ใใใซใใผใบใฏ้ซใใ ๆ ๅ
ๆๆไธญใฎ็ด ๆใใใจๅฆ็ใฎๆ็ตๆตดใซใคใใฆใฎไธก้ขใๆค่จใใ ใใฆใใใใพใ ใพใ ไธๅๅใงใใใ ใใฎใใใซ่ฑ้ๆงใ ็ปๅไฟ ๅญๆงใจใ็พๅจใฎๆใพใ ใพใ ๆบ่ถณใงใใๆง่ฝใพใง้ใใฆใใใใ ๆๆฌ็ใชๅฏพ็ญใๆใพใใฆใใใ
ใใใซไธ่จๆผ็ฝๅคใจๅฎ็ๅคใฏ่ฟ
้ๅใฎ่ฆณ็นใใใซใฉใผๅฐ็ป็ด ใฎๅฆ็็ญใงใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใจใใฆๅไธๆตดใงไฝฟ็จใใใฆใใใ ใใ ใง็จใใใใฆใใๆผ็ฝๅคใฏ้ๅธธใจใใฌใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธไธ้ ( I ) ้ฏไฝๅกฉใงใใใ ่ฟๅนด่ฟ
้ๅใใ ใใซ้ฒใใใใใ ้
ธๅๅ ใฎใใฃใจ้ซใ ๏ผ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใฎ้ซใ๏ผ ้
ธๅๅคใๆผ็ฝๆตดไธญใงไฝฟใ ใใใใใซใชใฃใฆใใใ ใใใๆผ็ฝใซใใชใๅคงใใใใจใๆผ็ฝ ๅฎ็ๆตดๅใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใ ๆถฒๅฎๅฎๆงใฎใชใฉใซๅ้กใใใใใจใ็ฅ ใใใฆใใใ ๆถฒๅฎๅฎๆงใฎๅ้กใจใฏใ ใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใฎ้
ธๅๅฃๅใๅ ใๆฒๆฎฟใ็ใใใ ใจใงใใใ
ใใฎๅ้กใฏใ ่ฟๅนดไฝ่ฃๅ
ๅใ้ฒใใซใคใใ ็นใซๅ้กใจใชใใ ใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใฎ้
ธๅใ้ฒๆญขใใใใใซใ ไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใไฟๆๅคใจใใฆ ้ๅธธ็จใใฆใใใใ ๅข้ๆทปๅ ใใฆใไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ้
ธๅใใใฆ่ซ็ก ใฎๆฒๆฎฟใ็ใใใชใฉๅฅใฎๅ้กใ่ตทใใไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใงใฎๅฏพ็ญใฏๅฐ้ฃ ใซใชใฃใฆใใฆใใใ
ไธๆนใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใซไปฃใใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆใก ใฝใฃใฉใณๅๅ็ฉใ็จ ใใใใจใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ 4378424ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 57 - 150842ๅทใชใฉใซ่จ่ผ ใใใฆใใใๆฌ็บๆใง่ฟฐในใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ ใงใฎๅนๆใซใคใใฆใฏๅ
จ ใ่ฟฐในใใใฆใใชใใ
ใพใ็น้ๅนณ 2- 44355ๅทใซใฏ 1 , 2 , .4 โ ใ ใช ใขใพใช ใฅใ ใผ 3 โ ใใฉใฌใผ ใๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ไฟ้ฒๅคใจ 'ใใฆๅฎ็ๆตดใซๆทปๅ ใใใใจใ ้็คบใใใฆใใ็น้ๅนณ 1 - 201659ๅทใซใฏใก ใฝใฃใฉใณๅๅ็ฉใๆผ็ฝ ไฟ้ฒๅคใจใใฆๆผ็ฝๆตดใพใใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใซๆทปๅ ใใใใจใ้็คบใ ใฆใใใใ ใใใ็น่จฑใซใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใซใ ใก ใฝใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉ ใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใซๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ็จใใ่จ่ผใฏๅ
จใ ใช ใใ ใพใๆฌ็บ ๆใฎ็ฎ็ใจใใๅนๆใซๅฏพใใ่จ่ผใๅ
จใ ใชใใ
ๅใ ไฟ้ฒๅคใจใใฆไฝฟ็จใใๅ ดๅใฏใ ๅฐ้ใฎไฝฟ็จ้ใงๅนๆใๅบ ใๅ ดๅใๅคใใ ใพใๆฉ่ฝใจใใฆใใใญใฒใณๅ้ ๏ผๅใฏ้๏ผ ใธใฎ ๅธ็็ฉ่ณชใ้คใพใใ็ญใฎๅฝนๅฒใใใคใใฎใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใ ใซๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ็จใใๅ ดๅใจใฏไฝฟ็จ้ใ ๅฝนๅฒ ๏ผๆฉ่ฝ๏ผ ใจใๅคงใ ใซ็ฐใชใใใจใใๅฎนๆใซๆฌ็บๆใ้กๆจใใใใจใฏใงใใชใใใฎ ใชใใใ
ใพใใก ใฝใคใชใณๅๅ็ฉใจใใฆใฏใใไปฅๅคใซใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 003- 910ๅทใ ๅ 4, 675, 276ๅทใ ๅ 4, 624, 913ๅทใ ๅ 4, 631, 253ๅทใ ็น ้ๆญ 62-217237ๅทใ ๅ 64- 3641ๅทใ ๅ 60-144737ๅทใ ๅ 62- 253,161 ๅทใ ๅ 62- 287, 239ๅทใ ๅ 61-176, 920ๅทใ ๅ 62-96, 943ๅทใ ็น้ๅนณ 1-154, 056ๅทใ้็คบใใใฆใใใใ ใฉใใๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใซๆทปๅ ใใใใฎใงใใฃใใใ ็พๅๆถฒใซๆทปๅ ใใใใฎใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ ็ฎ็ใจใใๅนๆใซๅฏพใใฆใฏไฝใ่ฟฐในใฆใใชใใ
ใใฎใใ ใซใ ๆผ็ฝใซใใชใ ๆถฒๅฎๅฎๆงใฎไธกๆนใฎๅ้กใๆบ่ถณใงใ ใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใฏ็พๅจใพใ ่ฆๅบใใใฆใใชใใจใใใใ
ๆใฎ้็คบ
ๅพใฃใฆๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 1 ใฎ็ฎ็ใฏ่ฑ้ๆงใซๅชใใใคๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใฎ ใตใผใขในใใฃ ใณใฎๅฐใชใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ ใไพใใใ ใจใซใใใ
ใใใซใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 2ใฎ็ฎ็ใฏๆผ็ฝใซใใชใๅฐใช ใใ ใใคๆถฒ ๅฎๅฎๆงใซๅชใใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใ่ใๅฆ็ๆนๆณใๆไพใใใ ใจใซใ ใใ
ๆฌ็บๆ่
ใใฏ้ญๆๆค่จใใ็ตๆใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎไธ่จ็ฌฌ 1 ใฎ็ฎ็ใฏใ ๆฏๆไฝไธใซๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1ๅฑคใฎๆๅ
ๆงใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใๆใ ใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใ้ฒๅ
ๅพใ ็พๅๅฆ็ใใๅฆ็ๆนๆณ
ใซ ๏ผ ใฆใ ๅฎ็่ฝใๆใใๆตดใไธ่จไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใฎใก ใฝ ใณๅๅ ็ฉใๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1็จฎใ่ๆใใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ ๏ผไปฅไธใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 1 ใฎๆ
ๆง๏ผ ใซใ ใ ้ๆใใใใ
ๅผไธญใ Xใฏ ฮใพใใฏ C ไธ ใ่กจใใใ ฮฅใใใณ ฮ ใฏใใ Sใ Nใ N - R 2 ใพใใฏ C ไธ R 3 ใ่กจใใใ Uใฏ 0ใ Sใพใใฏ Nโ
ฮ
R 4 ใ่กจใใใ ฮ ฮใฏไธ 0 ฮใ โ S ฮใพใใฏไธ N Rใ่กจใใใ
R ,ใ R z ใ R 3 ใใใณ R 4 ใฏๅใใงใใฃใฆใ็ฐใคใฆใใฆใ ใ ใ "๏ผT R ' ใ่กจใใใ Tใฏ
- R " 0 S
I II I
โ S โใ ไธโฆไธใ ไธ Nโใ ไธ Cไธใ ไธ Cไธใ - S 0 2 โใพใใฏ ใใใใไปปๆใซ็ตๅใใ้ฃ็ตๅบใ่กจใใใ nใฏ 0ใพใใฏ 1 ใ่กจ ใใใ
Rใ R ' ใใใณ Rใ ใฏๅไธใงใ็ฐใชใฃใฆใใ ใๅใ
ๆฐด็ด ๅๅญใ ใขใซใญใใฌๅบใ ใทใฏ ใญใข ใฏใฌใญใซๅบใ ใขใซใฑใใซๅบใ ใขใซใญใใซๅบ ใพใใฏใธใใญ็ฐๅบใ่กจใใใ
ใใ ใ Rใ R ' ใใใณ R " ใฎใ ใกๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1 ใคใฏใซใซใใณ ้
ธใพใใฏในใซใ ใณ้
ธๅบใง็ฝฎๆใใใฆใใใใฎใจใใใ
ใพใ Xใจ Uใ Yใจ Zใ Z ใจ Uใฏ้็ฐใใฆใใฆใใใใ
ใชใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 1 ใฎๆ
ๆงใง ใๅฎ็่ฝใๆใใๆตดใ ใจใฏไพใ ใฐๅฎ็ๆตดใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใชใฉใๆใใใ ใจใใงใใใ
ใพใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎไธ่จ็ฌฌ 2 ใฎ็ฎ็ใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใๅฐใช ใ ใจใไธ
็จฎใฎใก ใฝใฃใฉใณๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆๅซใฟใ ใใคไปใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ ๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ใพใชใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉไธๅ็ๆ ๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ ๏ผไปฅไธใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 2ใฎๆ
ๆง๏ผ ใซใใ้ๆใ ใใใ
ไปฅไธใ ๆฌ็บๆใ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใใก ใฝใค ใชใณๅๅ็ฉใจใฏ W. Bakerใจ W. D. Ollis ใใฏ ใชไธใฟ ใช ใผ ยท ใฌใใฅใผ๏ผQuart. Rev.) 11. 15 (1957)ใ ใก ใ ใ -ใณใทใฃ ใบ . ใค ใณ ' ใใใญใตใค ใฏ ใช ใ ใฏ ยท ใฑ ใ ใน ใ ใชใผ๏ผAdv ances in Heterocycl is Chemistry) 19 1 (197b)ใง ใใฆ ใใๅๅ็ฉ็พคใงใใ ใ 5ใพใใฏ 6ๅกใฎ่ค็ด ็ฐ็ถๅๅ็ฉใงใ ไธใค ใฎๅ
ฑๆ็ตๅๆง้ ๅผใพใใฏๆฅตๆงๆง้ ๅผใงใฏๆบ่ถณใซ่กจ็คบใใใใจใ ใงใใใ ใพใ็ฐใๆงๆใใใในใฆใฎๅๅญใซ้ฌ้ฃใใ ฯ้ปๅญใฎๅ
ญ ๅฝๅญใๆใใๅๅ็ฉใง็ฐใฏ้จๅ็ๆญฃ้ป่ทใๅธฏใณใ ็ฐๅคๅๅญใพใ ใฏๅๅญๅฃไธใฎ็ญใใ่ฒ ้ป่ทใจใคใๅใใใใฃใฆใใใ ใใฎใ่กจ ใใใ
ใพใใ ๅ่จใใๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 1 ใฎๆ
ๆงใซใใใฆไฝฟ็จใใๅฎ็่ฝ ใๆใใๆตดใซ็จใใใใไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใง่กจใใใใใก ใฝ ใณๅๅ ็ฉใซใคใใฆ่ชฌๆใใใ
ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ไธญใ Xใฏ ฮใพใใฏ Cไธ R , ใ่กจใใใ Yใใใณ Zใฏ 0ใ Sใ Nใ Nโ Rz ใพใใฏ Cไธ R3 ใ่กจใใใ Uใฏ 0ใ Sใพใใฏ Nโ R 4 ใ่กจใใใ ใใใง Xใ Yใ Zใ Uใฎ็ตๅใใง ๅฝขๆใใใ่ค็ด ็ฐใจใใฆใฏไพใใฐใฃ ใใใพใช ใฆใ ้กใ ใใฉใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใฉใญใตใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใใขใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใใกใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใ ใ ใฉใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใใขใธใขใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใฉใญใตใธใกใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใใข ใ ใช ใกใพใช ใฆใ ้กใ ใฉใญใต ใ ใช ใขใพใช ใฅใ ้กใชใฉใใ
ใใใใใ
ฮ
A ยฉใฏโใ eใ โ S ฮใพใใฏไธ N Rใ่กจใใใ
R , ใ R ใ R 3 ใใใณ R 4 ใฏๅใใงใใฃใฆใ็ฐใคใฆใใฆใ ใ ใ ~ T~Hr R ' ใ่กจใใใ Tใฏ
R " 0 S
I II II
ไธ Sโใ ไธ 0 โใ ไธ Nโใ ไธ Cไธใ ไธ Cโใ - S 0 2 ไธใพใใฏ ใใใใไปปๆใซ็ตๅใใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐๅใซใใขใคใซๅบใ ใฅ ใฌใค ใ ๅบใ ใใฉใซใซใใขใค ใซๅบใ ใใฉใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ในใซใใก ใขใค ใซๅบใ ใซใซใใณใข ใ ใๅบใ ในใซใใณใข ใ ใๅบ๏ผ ใ่กจใใใ n ใฏ 0 ใพใ ใฏ 1 ใ่กจใใใ
Rใ R ' ใใใณ ใฏๅไธใงใ็ฐใชใฃใฆใใ ใๅใ
ๆฐด็ด ๅๅญใ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎ็ญ็ด ๆฐ 1ใ 6 ใฎใขใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใ ใซๅบใ ใงใใซๅบใ nโใใญ ใใซๅบใ nโใใใซๅบใ t ไธใใใซ ๅบใ nโใธใญใทใซๅบใ ใ ใใญใญใทใงใใซๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใข ใใ ใจ ใใซๅบใ ใทใกใ ใจใใซๅบใ ใซใซใใญ ใทใงใใซๅบใ ใซใซใใญ ใทใก ใใซๅบใ ใซใซใใญใทใใญใใซๅบใ 1 , 2 โใธใซใซใใญ ใทใงใใซๅบใ ในใซใใงใใซๅบใ ในใซใใใญ ใใซๅบใ ในใซใใใใซๅบใ 2 โ ใ ใใญใญใทโ 3 โในใซใใใญใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎ็ญ ็ด ๆฐ 3ใ10ใฎใทใฏ ใญใขใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใทใฏใญใใญใใซๅบใ ใท ใฏ ใญใใใซๅบใ ใทใฏ ใญใธใญใทใซๅบใ 4 โใ ใใญใญใทใทใฏ ใญใธใญ ใทใซๅบใ 4 โใซใซใใญใทใทใฏ ใญใธใญใทใซๅบใ 4 ใผในใซใใทใฏ ใญ ใธใญใทใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎ็ญ็ด ๆฐ 2ใ 8 ใฎใกใซใฑไบ ใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใใฅใซๅบใ ใใญใบใใซๅบใ 4 โใซใซใใญใทโ 2 โใใใฅใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใ ใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎ 2ใ 8 ใฎใขใซใญใใซๅบ
(ไพใใฐใใญใใซใฎใซๅบ๏ผ ใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆ ใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎ็ญ็ด ๆฐ 1ใ 8 ใฎใธใใญ็ฐๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใ 2 โใใช ใธใซๅบใ 3 โใใช ใธ ใซๅบใ 4 โ ใใช ใธใซๅบใ 2 โใใงใใซๅบใ 1 โใใฉใพใช ใซๅบใ 1 โใค ใใใพใช ใซๅบใ 2 โใ ใ ใฉ ใ ใใญใ ใชใซๅบ๏ผ ใ่กจใใใ ใใ ใ Rใ R ' ใใใณ R " ใฎใ ใกๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1 ใคใฏใซใซใใณ ้
ธใพใใฏใใฎๅกฉ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉใ ใซ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉใ ใข ใณใขใ ใฅใ ๅกฉ๏ผ ใพใใฏในใซใใณ้
ธใพใใฏใใฎๅกฉ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉใ ใซ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉใ ใขใณใขใใฅใ ๅกฉ๏ผ ใง็ฝฎๆใใใฆใใใใฎใจใใใ
ใพใ X ใจใ'ใ Yใจ Zใ Z ใจ Uใฏ้็ฐใใฆใใฆใใใใ
ใ ใใง Rใ R ' ใใใณ R " ใใซใซใใณ้
ธๅบใ ในใซใใณ้
ธๅบไปฅ ๅคใซ็ฝฎๆๅบใๆใใๅ ดๅใ ใใฎ็ฝฎๆๅบใฎไพใจใใฆใฏไพใใฐไบ ใ ๅฃๅบใ ใใญใฒใณๅๅญ ๏ผไพใใฐๅกฉ็ด ๅๅญใ ่ญ็ด ๅๅญ๏ผ ใ ใกใซใซใ ใๅบใ ใทใกใๅบใ ใขใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใใซๅบใ ใงใใซๅบใ ใก ใใญใทใงใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใขใซใณใญใทๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใใญใทๅบใ ใง ใใญ ใทๅบใ ใก ใใญ ใทใง ใใญใทๅบใ ใก ใใซใใชใจ ใใญใทๅบ๏ผ ใ ใขใซใญ ใซใใชๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใใซใใชๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใข ใใใจใใซใใชๅบใ ใก ใใญ ใทใงใใซใใชๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใใใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใฟ ใณในใซใ ใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ๅใซใใขใค ใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆๅใซใใขใค ใซๅบใ ใธ ใก ใใซใซใซใใขใค ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใใกใขใค ใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆใน ใซใใกใขใค ใใฌๅบใ ใก ใใซในใซใใกใขใค ใใฌๅบ๏ผ ใ ใซใซใใณใข ใ ใ ๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใกใป ใใข ใ ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใใณใข ใ ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใฟ ใณในใซใใณใข ใ ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใกใทใซใฉใญใทๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใกใปใใซใฉ ใญใทๅบ๏ผ ในใซใใใซใฉใญใทๅบ ไพใใฐใก ใฟ ใณในใซใใใซใฉใญใท ๅบ๏ผ ใ ใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ใก ใใซใฅ ใฌใค ใ ๅบ๏ผ ใ ใใฉใฆ ใฌใค ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆใใฉใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใข ใ
ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆใก ใ ใๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใก ใ ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใ ใใญใญ ใทๅบใชใฉใใใใใใใ
ใใใซไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใฏใ ๅกฉ ๏ผไพใใฐ้
ข้
ธ ๅกฉใ ็ก้
ธๅกฉใ ใต ใช ใใซ้
ธๅกฉใ ๅกฉ้
ธๅกฉใ ใจ ใฆ็ด ้
ธๅกฉใ ่ญ็ด ้
ธๅกฉ๏ผ ใๅฝขๆใใฆใใใใ
ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ไธญๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ A ยฉใฏโ โใ่กจใใใ Xใฏ N ใพใใฏ Cโ R, ใ่กจใใใ Yใฏโฆใ Sใ Nใพใใฏ Nโ Rz ใ่กจ ใใใ Zใฏ Nใ - R 2 ใพใใฏ Cโ R3 ใ่กจใใใ Uใฏ Nโ R4 ใ่กจใใใ
R " S
I II
nใ 1 ใฎๆใฏ Tใฏโ Nโใ ไธ Cโใพใใฏใใฎ็ตๅใใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใใ R ' ใใใณ๏ผ๏ผใ ใฏๆฐด็ด ๅๅญใพใใฏใขใซใญใซๅบใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ใใ ใง R ' ใใใณ R" ใฎใ ใกๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1ใค ๏ผๅฅฝใพใ ใ ใฏ 1ใ 2ๅญ๏ผ ใฏใซใซใใณ้
ธๅบใพใใฏในใซใ ใณ้
ธๅบใง็ฝฎๆใใใใขใซใฐใซๅบใง ใใใใจใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ไธญใใใพใ ใ ใฏไปฅไธใฎไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ II ) ใใใใใ ใใ
ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ ฮ ) ไธญใ X ' ใฏ Nใพใใฏ Cโ R5 ใ่กจใใ Y ใฏ
7
0ใ Sใ N - R 6 ใพใใฏ Nโ N z ใ่กจใใใ R R
R 8
R7 ใ R8 ใ R 9 ใใใณ R ,ใใฏๅไธใงใ็ฐใชใฃใฆใใ ใๅใ
็ฝฎ ๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎ็ญ็ด ๆฐ 1ใ 6ใฎใขใซใญใซๅบใ่กจใใใ ใใ
ใง R 5 ใ R 7 ใ R 8 ใใใณ R 9 ใฏใ ๆฐด็ด ๅๅญใงใใฃใฆใใใใ ใใ ใใ R 5 ใ R 6 ใ R 7 ใ R 8 ใ R 9 ใใใณ R๏ผ 0ใฎใ ใกๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1 ใคใฎใขใซใญใซๅบใฏๅฐใชใ ใจใ 1 ใคใฎใซใซใใณ้
ธๅบใพใ ใฏในใซใใณ้
ธๅบใง็ฝฎๆใใใฆใใใใฎใจใใใ
ไปฅไธใซๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใฎๅ
ทไฝไพใ็คบใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใฏใ ใใใซ้ๅฎใใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใ
CHzCHzSOsNH,
Aโ 4. Na03SCHzCH2Nโ
S ยฉ
CHzCOzCOONH.
HO
HN003ZH0
HO
ฮ S HO
ใ
Nโ N2H0300H 8- V S
H0032H3
I
HOOOHO Q S ใ H3
A - V
IT
NHCOOHzCHzCOOH
Aโ16, H00CCHCH2-Nโ N
C3H7 / ^ใฝ sใ
ใ N
Aโ17 CH3-Nโ N
่ญฐ CCH2CH๏ผ , ใฝ se
NH;
CH2CH2C00H
A -20 CHs-N^rN
CH3 v /(V)V
^ ใ S ฮ
CH3 7 ฮฏ
CHzCH2S03Na
A -21
A -24, HOOCCH z-NโN
'ฮฆ sยฉ
CH2CHzC00H
A -38, CH:
NaO
ๅ
ซ sใ
10
CHzCOOH
25
Aไธ 43, CH3Nโ
I
CHzCHzCOONH,
A -45, CH N
ฮธ
H00CCHzCH2'" fใฝ' NCH3
CH3
A -47, HOOCCHzN^N
' 1 ฮ XCH; ใ
CH ๅ NCH2CH2N
CH; H;
CHZCH2N / C
CH:
Aโ 49 CH: .CHzCOOH
CH3 ใ OS
COOH;
A -50.
A -51.
CHECH2C00H
NHzCOCH
NHCOCH:
CHzCHzSCH2C00H ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅ่จไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใพใใฏ ๏ผ H ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉ ใฏใธใฃใผใใซ ' ใฉใ ' ใใใญใตใค ใฏ ใช ใ ใฏ ' ใฑ ใ ใน ใ ใช ใผ ๏ผ J Heterocylic Chem.) 2_. 105 (1965)ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ยท ใฉใ ยท ใฉ ใผใฌใ ใ ใฏ ยท ใฑ ใ ใน ใ ใช ไธ๏ผJ. Org. Chem.) 32. 2245 (1967). ใธใฃใผใใซ โฆ ใฉใ ยท ใฑ ใ ใซใซ ' ใฝใตใค ใกใใฃ ๏ผ J. Chem. Soc. ) 3799 (1969) ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ' ใฉใ ยท ใกใก ๏ผ ใซ ใณ ' ใฑ ใ ใซใใฌ ' ใฝ ใตใค ใกใใฃ ๏ผJ. Am. Chem. Soc.) 80 ใ 1895 (1958) ใ ใฑ ใ ใซ
ใใฌ * ใณ ใใใฆใฒใผใทใจ ใณ (Chem. Commun.) 1222 (1971) ใ ใ ใ ใฉใธ ใ-ใญ ใณ ยท ใฌใฟใผใน๏ผTetrahedron Lett J 2939 (1972) ใ ็น ้ๆญ 60- 87322ๅทใ ใใช ใใ ' ใใก ' ใใค ใใใง ใณ ' ใธใ ใ ใทใง ใณ ยท ใฑใปใซใทใฃใ h (Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen bes ellschaf t) 38 ใ 4049 (1905) ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ โฆ ใฉใ โฆ ใฑ ใ ใซใซ
โข ใฝใตใค ใกใใฃ * ใฑ ใ ใซใซ ยท ใณ ใ ใฅใใฑใผใทใง ใณ๏ผJ. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.) 1224 (1971)ใ ็น้ๆญ 60- 122936ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 60- 117240ๅทใ ใข ใใใณใธใฃ ใบ ' ใค ใณ ยท ใใใญใตใค ใฏ ใช ใ ใฏ ' ใฑ ใ ใน ๅ ใช โ (Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry) 19 ใ 1 976)ใ ใ ใ ใฉใธ ใใญ ใณ * ใฌใฟไธใบ๏ผTetrahedron Letters) 5881 (1968) - ใธใฃใผใใซ . ใฉใ . ใใใญใตใค ใฏ ใช ใใฏ ' ใฑ ใใน ใ ใช ใผ๏ผj. Hete rocyclic Chem.) 5_. 277 (1968)ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ยท ใฉใ ยท ใฑ ใใซ ใซ ' ใฝใตใค ใกใใฃ ' ใใฝ 'ไธใญใณ ' ใ ใฉ ใณใถใฏ ใทใง ใณ I (J. Chem. Soc. , Parkin Trans. I) 627 (1974) ใ ใ ใ ใฉใธ ใใญ ใณ ' ใฌใฟ ใผใบ ๏ผTetrahedron Letters) 1809 (1967)ใ ๅ 1578 (1971) ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ โฆ ใฉใ ยท ใฑ ใใซใซ ๏ผ ใฝใตใค ใกใใฃ ๏ผJ. Chem. Soc.) 899 (1935)ใ ๅ 2865 (1959) ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ยท ใฉใ ' ใชใผใฌใใ ใฏ ' ใฑ ใใน ใ ใชใผ ๏ผJ. Org. Chem.) 30 ใ 567 (1965)็ญใซ่จ่ผ ใฎๆนๆณใงๅๆใงใใใใ ไปฅไธใซไปฃ่กจ็ๅๅ็ฉใฎๅๆไพใ็คบใใ ๅๆไพ 1 (ไพ็คบๅๅ็ฉ 1 ใฎๅๆ๏ผ
( 1 ) 2 โใก ใใญใทใซใซใไบใซใงใใซใค ใฝใใชใทใกใใผ ใใฎ ๅๆ
/5โใกใฉใใณใก ใใซใจในใใซ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ 603.6gใจใก ใใซใขใซใณใผ ใซ 1. 5 ยฃใฎๆบถๆถฒใๆฐทๅทไธ ใ ใช ใงใใซใก ใ ใณ 1256mยฃใๅ ใใๅพใ 10 ไปฅไธใงไบ็กซๅ็ญ็ด 235 ใๆปดไธใใใ ๆปดไธๅพ 10'Cไปฅไธใง 1
ๆ้ๆชๆใใๅพใ 5 ใฆไปฅไธใงใงใใซใฏ ใญใญใใซใก ใผ ใ 288 ใ ๆปดไธใใ ใใฎใพ ใพ 2ๆ้ๆชๆใใใ ๅๅฟๅพๅๅฟๆถฒใ้
ข้
ธใงใใซ ใจๆฐดใงๅๆถฒใใ ๆฝๅบใใ้
ข้
ธใงใใซๅฑคใ็กซ้
ธใใฐใ ใทใฆ ใ ใงไนพ ็ฅใ ๆฟพไธใใๅพ้
ข้
ธใงใใซใๆธๅง็ๅปใใฆๆฒน็ถใฎ็ฎ็็ฉ 389, lg (ๅ็ 89.3%) ใๅพใใ
( 2 ) 1 โใกใปใใซไธ 1 โใก ใใซใผ 4 ใผใก ใ ใญ ใทใซใซใใใซ ใงใใซใใชใป ใ ๅใซใใธ ใใฎๅๆ
(1)ใงๅๆใใ 2 โใก ใ ใญ ใทใซใซใไบใซใงใใซใค ใฝ ใใช ใทใก ใ ใผ ใ 101.6g ใจ 1 ไธใกใปใใซใผ 1 โ ใก ใใซใ ใ ใฉ ใธ ใณ 61.7 g ใจ ใก ใใซใขใซใณใผใซ 150 ใฎๆททๅๆบถๆถฒใ 2ๆ้ๅ ็ฑ้ๆตใใๅพใ ใก ใใซใขใซใณใผใซใๅๅง็ๅปใใๆฎๆธฃใซ้
ข้
ธใงใใซ 500^ใๅ ใใ ๆๅบใใ็ตๆถใๆฟพๅใใฆ็ฎ็็ฉ 105.0g (ๅ็ 64.3% ) ใๅพ ใใ
( 3 ) ใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณไธ 1. 5 โ ใธใก ใใซใผ 4 โใก ใ ใญ ใทใซใซใไบ ใซใงใใซใผ 1, 2๏ผ 4 โ ใ ใช ใกใพใช ใฆใ ใผ 3 โใใฉ ใฌใผ ใ ใฎๅๆ
(2)ใงๅๆใใ 1 ไธใกใปใใซใผ 1 โใก ใใซใผ 4 ใผ ใก ใ ใญ ใทใซ ใซ ใใใซใงใใซใใชใป ใ ใซใซใใธ ใ ยท93.3g ใซใก ใใซใขใซใณ ใผใซ 300 ฮนฯใ ใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ใก ใใญใท ใใฎ 28%ใก ใใซใกใซใณ ใผใซๆบถๆถฒ 10 ใ ๅ ใใฆๅฎคๆธฉไธ 2ๆ้ๆชๆใใ ๆๅบใใ็ตๆถใๆฟพๅใใฆ็ฎ็็ฉ 67.2 g (ๅ็ 78.0%) ใๅพใใ ่็น 139 ใ140ใฆ
( 4 ) ใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณไธ 4 ไธใซใซใใญ ใทใงใใซใผ 1 , 5 โ ใธใก ใใซ โ 1, 2, 4 โ ใ ใช ใขใพ ใช ใฅใ ไธ 3 โใใฉ ใฌใผ ใ ใฎๅๆ
(3)ใงๅๆใใใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณไธ 1 , 5 โ ใธใก ใใซใผ 4 ใผใก ใ ใญ ใทใซ ใซใใใซใงใใซใผ 1 , 2๏ผ 4 ใผ ใ ใช ใขใพใช ใฅ ใ ไธ 3 โใใฉ ใฌใผ ใ 64.6gใซๆฐดใ 300 ใๅ ใใฆๆบถ่งฃใใ 5 Nใฎๆฐด้
ธๅใ ใ ใช ใฆใ
lOOffigใๅ ใใฆ 30'Cใง 2ๆ้ๅ ็ฑๆชๆใใใ ๅๅฟๅพๅฎคๆธฉไธใ ๆฟ ๅกฉ้
ธ 45szยฃใๅ ใใฆไธญๅใใๅพใ ๆธๅงไนพๅบใใๆฎๆธฃใๆฐด ใ ใๅ็ตๆถใใฆ็ฎ็็ฉ 49.3g (ๅ็ 81.6%) ใๅพใใ ่็น 214ใ 215*Cๅพใใใๅๅ็ฉใฏ N M Rใ I Rใ ใในในใบใฏ ใ ใซใ ๅ
็ด ๅๆใซใใ ็ฎ็็ฉใงใใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใใใ
ๅๆไพ 2 (ไพ็คบๅๅ็ฉ 2ใฎๅๆ๏ผ
( 1 ) 1 โใกใปใใซไธ 1 ใผใก ใใซไธ 4 โในใซใใงใใซใใชใป ใ ใซใซใใธ ใใ ใ ใช ใฅ ใ ๅกฉใฎๅๆ
1 โใกใปใใซไธ 1 โใก ใใซใ ใใฉ ใธ ใณ 114.2gใซใก ใใซใขใซใณ ใผใซ 600ฮดโฮฒใจๆฐด 300ฮฏฯใๅ ใใๆบถๆถฒใซใ ในใซใใงใใซใค ใฝใใชใท ใกใใผ ใใ ใ ใช ใฅใ ๅกฉ 175.3gใๅ ใ 4ๆ้ๅ ็ฑ้ๆตใใใ ๅๅฟ ๅพๅๅฟๆถฒใๆธๅงไนพๅบใใฆๅพใใใๅบๅฝข็ฉใใก ใใซใขใซใณใผใซ 1 ยฃใใๅ็ตๆถใ็ฎ็็ฉ 169.4g (ๅ็ 66.0%) ใๅพใใ ่็น 255 ใฆใ256 ใฆ
( 2 ) ใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณไธ 1 , 5 โใธใก ใใซไธ 4 โในใซใใงใใซไธ 1 ,
2, 4 โ ใ ใช ใกใพใช ใฆใ โ 3 โใใฉใฌใผ ใใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉใฎๅๆ
(1)ใงๅๆใใ 1 ใผใกใปใใซไธ 1 ใผใก ใใซโ 4 โในใซใใงใใซ ใใฉใป ใ ใซใซใใธ ใใ ใ ใช ใฅใ ๅกฉ 139.8gใซใก ใใซใขใซใณใผใซ 850 zafiใจใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ใก ใ ใญ ใท ใใฎ 28%ใกใใซใขใซใณใผใซๆบถๆถฒ 5 ใ ๅ ใใฆ 3ๆ้ๅ ็ฑ้ๆตใใใ ๅฎคๆธฉใพใงๅทๅดใใ ๆๅบใใ็ตๆถใ ๆฟพๅใใๅพใ ใก ใใซใขใซใณใผใซ ๏ผ ๆฐด = 9 ๏ผ 1 ใฎๆททๅๆบถๅช 2 ยฃใ ใๅ็ตๆถใใ ็ฎ็็ฉ 99.3g (ๅ็ 67.9%) ใๅพใใ ่็น 300ใฆ ไปฅไธ
ๅพใใใๅๅ็ฉใฏ N M Rใ I Rใ ใในในใบใฏ ใ ใซใ ๅ
็ด ๅๆ ใซใใ ็ฎ็็ฉใงใใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใใใ
ๅๆไพ 3 (ไพ็คบๅๅ็ฉ 52ใฎๅๆ๏ผ
ๅๆไพ 1 ไธ๏ผ1)ใจๅๆงใซใใฆๅๆใใใก ใใญใทใซใซใไบใซใก ใ ใซใค ใฝใใชใทใกใใผ ใ ใจ 1 โใใใฌใใซไธ 1 โใก ใใซใ ใใฉใธใณ ใ็จใใฆใ ๅๆไพ 1 ใจๅๆงใซใใฆ็ฎ็็ฉใงใใใก ใฝใค ใชใณไธ 4 ไธใซใซใใญ ใทใก ใใซใผ 1 ใผใก ใใซใผ 1 , 2๏ผ 4 - ใ ใช ใกใพใช ใฆใ ใผ 3 โใใฉใฌใผ ใใๅๆใใใ ่็น 231ใ232 'C
ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ๆตดใพใใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใงไฝฟ็จใใใ้ใฏ 1 X 1 0 - 5ใ10ใขใซใยฃใ้ฉๅฝใงใใใ 1 ฮง 10โ3ใขใซใ 3 ใขใซ/ aใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ใ ใใงใ ๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆไธญใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฎใใญใฒใณ ็ตๆใ A g B r I ( I โฅ 2 ใขใซ๏ผ
) ใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏ 0. 5ใ 2 ใขใซ/ ใง็จใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใพใใใญใฒใณ็ตๆใ A g B rใ A g B r C ยฃใพใใฏ้ซๅกฉๅ้ ๏ผA g C ยฃโฅ80ใขใซ ใฎๅ ดๅใฏใ 0. 1 ใ 1 ใขใซใ ยฃใง็จใใใฎใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ๅใ ๆฌ็บๆไปฅๅคใฎไปใฎใก ใฝใฃ ใฉใณๅๅ็ฉใไฝต็จใใฆไฝฟ็จใใฆใใใใ
ใพใใ ๅพ่ฟฐใฎๅฆใ ใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใจไฝต็จใใฆใใใใ ไฝใใ ๆฌ็บ ๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ็จใใฆใ ้ๅธธ็จใใใใใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ ใๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ๆใใใชใๆนใ็กซๅ้ฒๆญขใชใฉใฎ็นใใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ๅฎ็ๆงใฎๅไธใ็ฎๆใๆฌ็บๆ่
ใใฏใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉไปฅๅคใฎๅฎ็ๅค ใ็จฎใ
ๆค่จใใใ ไธญใงใใก ใฝใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใซใคใใฆใฏ้ญๆๆค่จ ใใ็ตๆใ ็ฝฎๆๅบใจใใฆๆฐดๆบถๆงๅบใใใคใใฎใซใคใใฆๅคงๅน
ใชๅฎ ็ๆงใฎๅไธใใฟใใใใใจใ่ฆๅบใใใ ใใฎๆฐดๆบถๆง็ฝฎๆๅบใใ ใฃใก ใฝ ใคใชใณๅๅ็ฉใฏใ ใตใผใขใซใใในใใฃ ใณใซใคใใฆใๆฐดๆบถ ๆง็ฝฎๆๅบใฎใชใใใฎใซๆฏใน่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใ ๅฎ็ๅคใฎ็ฝฎ ๆๅบใซใใใ ่ฑ้ๆงใฐใใใๅฆ็ๅพใฎใตใผใขในใใฃ ใณใ่ฏๅใ
ใใฎใฏไบๆณๅคใฎใใจใงใใฃใใ
ใใฎ็็ฑใซใคใใฆใฏใ ๆฐดๆบถๆง็ฝฎๆๅบใฎๅฐๅ
ฅใซใใๅฎ็ๆใซ็ ๆใใ้้ฏไฝใ่ๅ
ใซๆฎๅญใใซ ใ ใ ใชใใใใจ่ใใฆใใใๆ ็ขบใชใใจใฏใใใฃใฆใใชใใ
ๅฐใ ๆฐดๆดๆตดใพใใฏๅฎๅฎๆตดใซๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๆทปๅ ใใใใจใ ใตใผใขในใใฃ ใณใฎๆธๅฐใซๅนๆใใใๆๅนใงใใใ ใใใงใ ใใ ใใฎๆตดไธญใฎๆฟๅบฆใจใใฆใฏใ ๅๆตดใฎๅฎ็ๅคๆฟๅบฆใฎ 10_ 3ใ0. 5ๅใ ๅฅฝใพใใใ
ๆฌกใซใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅ่จ็ฌฌ 2 ใฎๆ
ๆงใง็จใใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใซๅฎ็ๅค ใจใใฆ่ๆใใใไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ M ) ๅใณ ๏ผIV ) ใง่กจใใใใใก ใฝ ใณ ๅๅ็ฉใซใคใใฆ่ชฌๆใใใ
ใใฎ็บๆใง็จใใใก ใฝใฃใฉใณๅๅ็ฉใฎไธญใงๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏไปฅไธใฎ ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ ฮฮ ) ใ่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใใใใใใใ
ๅผไธญใ Mใฏ็ญ็ด ๅๅญใ ็ช็ด ๅๅญใ ้
ธ็ด ๅๅญใ ็กซ้
ธๅๅญใพใใฏ ใป ใฌใณๅๅญใซใใๆงๆใใใ 5ๅกใพใใฏ 6ๅกใฎ่ค็ด ็ฐใ่กจใใ. A ! Qใฏ โ ฮ ฮใ ไธ S ฮใพใใฏไธ N eโ R ฮใ่กจใใใ
ใฏใขใซใญใซๅบใ ใทใฏ ใญใขใซใญใซๅบใ ใขใซใฑใใซๅบใ ใขใซใญใใซ ๅบใ ใกใฉใซใญใซๅบใ ใกใชใผใซๅบใพใใฏใธใใญ็ฐๅบใ่กจใใใ
ๆฌกใซไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ m ) ใซใคใใฆ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆใใใ
Mใง่กจใใใใ 5ๅกใฎ่ค็ด ็ฐใจใใฆใฏใค ใใใพใช ใฅใ ใ ใใฉ ใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใฉใญใตใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใใขใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใ ใช ใกใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใ ใ ใฉใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใใขใธใขใพใช ใฅใ ้กใ ใฉใญใตใธใก
ใพใช ใฅ ใ ้กใ ใใข ใ ใช ใกใพใช ใฆใ ้กใ ใฉใญใต ใ ใช ใขใพ ใช ใฅ ใ ้ก ใชใฉใใใใใใใ
R Hใฏ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใใซใ ใง ใใใฌใ n โใใญ ใใใฌใ n โใใใซใ ใค ใฝใใญ ใใซใ n โใฉใฏ ใ ใใฌใ ใจ ใ ใญ ใทใซ ใใฌใใใซใก ใใซใ ใธใก ใใซใข ใ ใ ใจใใใฌ ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎ ๆใใใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใทใฏๅฃใขใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใทใฏ ๅฃใธใญ ใทใซ ๅบใ 4 โใก ใใใฌใทใฏ ใญใธใญ ใทใซๅบใ ใทใฏ ใญ ใใณใใซๅบใ ็ญ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใฑใใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใใญใบใใซๅบใ 2 โใก ใใซใ ฯ ใบใใซๅบใ ็ญ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใ ใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใญใ ใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใใญใใซใฎใซๅบใ ใใใฅใซๅบใ 1 โใก ใใซใใญใ ใซใฎใซๅบใ ็ญ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใ ใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใก ใฉใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ ใใณใธใซๅบใ 4 ใผใก ใใญใทใใณใธใซๅบใ ็ญ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก ็ฝฎๆใฎใกใชใผใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใใฑใใซๅบใ ใใใใซๅบใ 4 ใผใก ใ ใซใ ใฑใใซๅบใ 3 โใก ใ ใญ ใทใ ใจใใซๅบใ 4 ไธใจ ใ ใญ ใทใซใซใ ใใซใ ใฆ ใใซๅบใ ็ญ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆๅใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใธใใญ็ฐๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ ใ ใช ใธใซๅบใ ใค ใใใพใช ใซๅบใ ใขใซใ ใช ใ ๅบใ ใ ใช ใขใพใช ใซๅบใ ใ ใ ใฉใพใชใซๅบใ ใใงใใซๅบใ ็ญ๏ผ ใ่กจใใใ
ใพใใ Mใง่กจใใใใ่ค็ด ็ฐใฏไบ ใ ๅฃๅบใ ใใญใฒใณๅๅญ ๏ผไพ ใใฐๅกฉ็ด ๅๅญใ ่ญ็ด ๅๅญ็ญ๏ผ ใ ใก ใซใซ ใ ใๅบใ ใทใก ใๅบใ ใใ ใใ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใก ใใซๅบใ ใง ใใซๅบใ ใใญ ใใซๅบใ t ไธใใใซๅบใ ใก ใ ใญ ใทใงใใซๅบใ ใก ใ ใซใใชใงใใซๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใข ใ ใ ใจใใซๅบใ ใขใซใ ใช ใ ใงใใซ ๅบใ ใก ใใซใใชใก ใใซๅบใ ใก ใ ใญ ใทใง ใ ใญ ใทใจ ใ.ใญ ใทใงใใซๅบใ ใ ใช ใก ใใซใข ใณใขใใฉใงใใซ ฯใ ใทใกใ ใจใใซๅบใ ใในใใ ใก ใใซๅบใ ใในใใ ใจใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใกใชใผใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใฆ ใใซๅบใ
4ไธใก ใฟ ใณในใซใใณใข ใ ใใใจไบใซๅบใ 4 โใก ใใซใใจใใซๅบใ
3 โใก ใใญใทใใจไบใซๅบใ 4 ใผใธใก ใใซใก ใ ใ ใใจใใซๅบใ 3 ,
4 โใธใฏ ใญใใฌใใฑใใซๅบใ ใใใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใขใซใฑใใซๅบ ๏ผไพใ ใฐใก ใช ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใทใฏ ใญใขใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใทใฏ ใญใธใญ ใทใซๅบใ ใทใฏ ใญใใณใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใขใซใญใใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใใญใใซใฎใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใกใฉใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐในใณใธใซๅบใ 4 ไธใก ใใซใใณใธใซๅบใ ใ ใจใใใซๅบใ 4 โใก ใใญใทใใณใธใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใขใซใณใญใทๅบ ๏ผไพใ ใฐใก ใใญใทๅบใ ใจ ใใญ ใทๅบใ ใก ใใญ ใทใง ใใญใทๅบใ ใก ใใซใใช ใจ ใใญ ใทๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใข ใ ใ ใจ ใใญใทๅบ๏ผ ใ ใก ใช ใผใซใฉใญใทๅบ (ไพใใฐใใจใ ใญใทๅบใ 4 โใก ใใญ ใทใใจใ ใญใทๅบ๏ผ ใ ใขใซใญ ใซใใชๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใใซใใชๅบใ ใงใใซใใชๅบใ ใใญ ใใซใใช ๅบใ ใก ใใซใใชใงใใซใใชๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใข ใใ ใจใใซใใชๅบใ ใก ใใญใทใงใใซใใชๅบ๏ผ ใ ใก ใช ใผใซใใชๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใใจใใซใ ใฉๅบใ 4 ใผใธใก ใใซใก ใใ ใใจไบใซใใชๅบ๏ผ ใ ใใใญ็ฐใฉใญใท ๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ 2 โใใช ใธใซใฉใญใทๅบใ 2 โใค ใใใพใช ใซใฉใญ ใทๅบ๏ผ ใใใญ็ฐใใฉๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ 2 โใใณใบใใขใพใช ใซใใชๅบใ 4 โใ ใฉใพใชใซใใชๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใใใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใฟ ใณในใซใใใซๅบใ ใจใฟ ใณ ใน ใพใฌใ ใใใฌๅบใ p โ ใ ใชใฌใจ ใณ ใน ใพใฌใ ใ ใฌๅบใ ใก ใ ใญใทใง ใใซในใซใใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ๅใซใใขใคใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ฝฎๆๅใซใใขใค ใซๅบใ ใก ใใซใซใซใ ใขใค ใซๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใข ใ ใ ใจใใซใซใใฌใใข ใฃ ใซๅบใ ใก ใใญ ใทใงใใซใซใซใใขใค ใใฌๅบใ ใก ใใซใใชใงใใซใซ ใซใ Nใขใคใซๅบใ ใใจไบใซใซใซใ ใขใค ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใใฉใซใซใใขใค ใซ ๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใธใก ใใซใใชๅใซใใขใค ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใใก ใขใค ใซๅบ (ไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆในใซใใก ใขใค ใซๅบใ ใก ใใซในใซใใก ใขใค ใซๅบใ ใค ใใใพใช ใฏใฌใจใใซใน ใซใ ใก ใข ใค ใฌๅบใ ใ ใจ ใใซใน ใใฌใ ใก ใข ใค
ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใซใซใใณใข ใ ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใกใป ใใข ใ ใๅบใ ใบใฝใบใก ใ ใๅบใ ใก ใใญใทใใญ ใใช ใณใข ใ ใๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใก ใ ใ ใใญ ใ ใชใณใข ใ ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใใณใข ใ ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใฟ ใณในใซใ ใณใก ใ ใๅบใ ใใณใผใณในใซใใณใข ใ ใๅบใ p โ ใใซใจใณในใซใใณใก ใ ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใกใทใซใฉใญ ใทๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใกใปใใซใฉใญใทๅบใ ใใณใพ ใฃใซใฉใญใทๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใใใซใฉใญใทๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใฟ ใณในใซใไบ ใซใฉใญใทๅบ๏ผ ใ ใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ใก ใ ใซใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ใงใใซใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ใก ใใญใทใงใใซใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใข ใ ใ ใ ฮฑ ใใซใฆ ใฌใฃ ใๅบใ ใก ใใซใใชใงใใซใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ใขใซใ ใช ใ ใจใใซใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ใใจใใซใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใใฉใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใใฉใฅใฌใค ใๅบใ ใก ใใซใใช ใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ใก ใใญใทใงใใซใใชใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใใก ใขใค ใซใก ใ ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆในใซใใกใขใค ใซๅบใ ใธใก ใใซในใซใ ใก ใขใค ใซใก ใใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใกใทใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใกใปใใซๅบใ ใใณใพใฃ ใซๅบใ 4 โใก ใใญใทใใณใพใฃ ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใใชใขใทใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใชใขใปใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใใใญ็ฐๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ 1 โใขใซใ ใช ใๅบใ 1 ไธ ใใบใช ใธใ ๅบใ 2 โใใช ใธใซๅบใ 4-ใใช ใธใซๅบใ 2 โใใงใใซ ๅบใ 1 โใใฉใพใช ใซๅบใ 1 ไธใค ใใใพใชใซๅบใ 2 โใ ใ ใฉ ใ ใ ๅฃใ ใช ใซๅบใ ใ ใ ใฉ ใ ใใญใใงใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใฉใญใทใซใซใ --ใซๅบ (ไพใใฐใก ใใญ ใทใซใซใใใซๅบใ ใใจใ ใญใทใซใซใไบใซยฝใ ใก ใใญ ใทใง ใใญ ใทใซใซใใใซๅบใ ใก ใใซใใชใง ใใญใทใซใซใใใซ ๅบใ ใก ใใญ ใทใง ใใญใทใง ใใญใทใง ใใญใทใซใซใใใซๅบใ ใธใก ใ ใซใข ใ ใ ใจ ใใญใทใซใซใใใซๅบใ ใขใซใ ใช ใ ใจ ใใญ ใทใซใซใไบ ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใฉใญ ใทใซใซใใใซใก ใ ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใใญใทใซใซใไบ ใซใข ใ ใ็ใ ใใจใ ใญ ใทใซใซใใใซใก ใ ใๅบใ 2 โใงใใซใธใญ
ใทใซใฉใญใทใซใซใใใซใก ใใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใขใใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆใก ใใๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใก ใใๅบใ ใก ใใญใทใงใใซใก ใ ใๅบใ ใกใใช ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใซใซใใณ้
ธใพใใฏใใฎๅกฉใ ในใซใใณ้
ธใพใใฏใใฎๅกฉใ ใ ใใญใญใทใซๅบใชใฉใง็ฝฎๆใใฆใใฆใใใใ
ใใใซไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ m ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใฏใ ๅกฉ ๏ผไพใใฐ้
ธ ๅกฉใ ็ก้
ธๅกฉใ ใตใช ใใซ้
ธๅกฉใ ๅกฉ้
ธๅกฉใ ใจใฆ็ด ้
ธๅกฉใ ่ญ็ด ้
ธๅกฉ๏ผ ใๅฝขๆใใฆใใใใ
ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ ฮ ฮ ) ไธญๅฅฝใพใ ใ ใฏ ฮ, ฮใฏโ ใ่กจใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใง็จใใใใใก ใฝใฃใฉใณๅๅ็ฉใฎไธญใงใใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ ไปฅไธใฎไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผIV) ใใใใใใใ
ๅผไธญใ X, ใฏ Nใพใใฏ Cไธ R 13ใ่กจใใใ Y, ใฏ 0ใ Sใ N ใพใใฏ Nโ R 14ใ่กจใใใ Zใฏ Nใ Nโ R15ใพใใฏ C _ R 16ใ ่กจใใใ
R 12ใ R i s. R i 4 R 15ใใใณ R 16ใฏใขใซใญใซๅบใ ใทใฏ ใญใข ใซใญใซๅบใ ใขใซใฑใใซๅบใ ใขใซใญใใซๅบใ ใกใฉใใฌใญใซๅบใ ใก ใช ใผใซๅบใ ใใใญ็ฐๅบใ ใข ใใๅบใ ใกใทใซใก ใใๅบใ ในใซใ ใณใก ใ ใๅบใ ใฆ ใฌใค ใๅบใ ในใซใใกใขใคใซใก ใ ใๅบใ ใกใทใซๅบใ ใ ใชใขใทใซๅบใ ๅใซใใขใค ใซๅบใพใใฏใใฉใซใซใใขใค ใซๅบใ่กจใ ใใ
ใใ ใใ R 13ใใใณ R 16ใฏๆฐด็ด ๅๅญใงใใฃใฆใใใใ ใพใใ
R 1 2 d R 3 1\ 1 2ใจ 1 5ใ 1 2 ^ R I 6 R l 4ใจ R l 5 ใใฒ F^ 14 ใจ R 16ใฏ็ฐใๅฝขๆใใฆใใใใ
ไธ่จไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ IV ) ใง็คบใใใๅๅ็ฉใซใคใใฆใฏ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆใ ใใ
R 1 2ใ R 1 3ใ R . . R 1 5ใใใณ ใฏ็ฝฎๆใ ใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎ ใขใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใใซๅบใ ใงใใซๅบใ nโใใญ ใใซๅบใ t ไธใใใซๅบใ ใก ใใญใทใงใใซๅบใ ใก ใใซใใชใงใใซๅบใ ใธใก ใ ใซใข ใ ใ ใจใใซๅบใ ใขใซใ ใช ใ ใงใใซๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใข ใ ใ ใจใ ใซใใชใงใใซๅบใ ใข ใ ใ ใจใใซๅบใ ใก ใใซใใชใก ใใซๅบใ ใ ใช ใก ใใซใข ใณใขใใฉใงใใซๅบใ ใในใใ ใก ใใซๅบใ ใในใใ ใจใ ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใ ใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใทใฏ ใญใขใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใท ใฏ ใญใธใญ ใท ใฏใฌๅบใ ใทใฏ ใญใใณใใใฌๅบใ 2 โใก ใใซใทใฏ ใญใธใญ ใท ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใ ใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใฑใใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใช ใซๅบใ 2 โใก ใใซใก ใช ใซๅบ๏ผ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใญใใซๅบ ๏ผไพ ใใฐใใญใใซใฎใซๅบ๏ผ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใกใฉใซใญใซๅบ ๏ผไพ ใใฏใ ใใณใธใซๅบใ ใใจใใใซๅบใ 4 โใก ใใญใทใใณใธใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใก ใช ใผใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใใฑใใซๅบใ ใใใใซๅบใ 4ไธใก ใใซใใจ ใใซๅบใ 4 โใก ใ ใญ ใทใใจใใซๅบใ 4 โใซใซใใญ ใทใ ใฑใใซๅบใ 4 โใก ใใซใ ใจ ไบใซๅบใ 3 , ไธใธในใซใใ ใจ ไบใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใพใใฏ ็ฝฎๆใ ใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใธใใญ็ฐๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใ 2 โ ใใช ใธใซๅบใ 3 โ ใใช ใธใซๅบใ 4ไธใใช ใธใซๅบใ 2โใใงใใซๅบใ 1 โใใฉ ใพใช ใซๅบใ 1 ไธใค ใ ใใพใช ใซๅบใ 2 โใ ใ ใฉ ใ ใใญ ใ ใช ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ็ฝฎๆใ ใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใข ใ ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆใก ใ ใๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใก ใ ใๅบใ ใก ใใซใก ใ ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใก ใทใซใก ใ ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใปใใซใก ใ ใๅบใ ใใณใพใค ในใฌใข ใ ใๅบใ ใก ใ ใญ ใทใใญ ใใฉใใซ ใข ใ ใ ๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใ ใณใข ใ ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใฟ ใณในใซใ ใณใข ใ ใ ็ใ ใใณใผใณในใซใ ใณใข ใ ใๅบใ 4โ ใ ใซใจ ใณในใซใ ใณใข ใ ใ
ๅบ๏ผ ใ ใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ็ก็ฝฎๆใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบใ 3 - ใก ใใซใฅ ใฌใค ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ในใซใ ใก ใขใค ใซใก ใ ใๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆในใซใ ใก ใขใค ใซใก ใ ใๅบใ 3 -ใก ใใซในใซใ ใก ใข ใค ใใฌใข ใ ใๅบ๏ผ ใ ใก ใท ใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใกใปใใซๅบใ ใใณใพใฃ ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใใชใขใทใซๅบ ๏ผไพ ใใฐใใชใขใปใใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ๅใซใใขใคใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ก็ฝฎๆๅใซใ ใข ใค ใซๅบใ ใธใก ใใซใซใซใใข ใค ใซๅบ๏ผ ใ ใพใใฏใใฉใซใซใใข ใค ใซๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใธใก ใใซใใชๅใซใใขใคใซๅบ๏ผ ใ่กจใใใ ใใ ใ R z ใใใณ R 5 ใฏๆฐด็ด ๅๅญใงใใฃใฆใใใใ
ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผIV) ไธญๅฅฝใพใ ใ ใฏ X , ใฏ Nใ Cโ R 13ใ่กจใใใ Y ! ใฏ Nโ R , 4ใพใใฏ Sใ 0ใ่กจใใใ Zใฏ Nใพใใฏ Cโ R 16ใ่กจ ใใใ R 12ใ R 13ใพใใฏ R 16ใฏ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใญใซ ๅบใ ็ฝฎๆใใใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใฑใใซๅบใ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆ ใฎใขใซใญใใซๅบใพใใฏ็ฝฎๆใใใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใธใใญ็ฐๅบใ่กจใ ใใ ใใ ใ R 13ใใใณ R 16ใฏใ ๆฐด็ด ๅๅญใงใใฃใฆใใใใ R 14 ใฏใ ็ฝฎๆใใใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใญใซๅบใ ็ฝฎๆใใใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎ ใขใซใฑใใซๅบใ ็ฝฎๆใใใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใขใซใญใใซๅบใ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใธใใญ็ฐๅบใ ็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใก ใใๅบใ ็ฝฎ ๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใใชใข ใทใซๅบใ ็ฝฎๆใใใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎใใฉ ๅใซใใข ใฃ ใซๅบใๅฅฝใพใใใ
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CH; ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅ่จไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ BI ) ใพใใฏ ๏ผ IV ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉ ใฏใธใฃใผใใซ ' ใฉใ ' ใใใญใตใค ใฏ ใช ใ ใฏ ' ใฑ ใ ใน ใ ใชไธ๏ผ J . Heterocyclic Chera.) 2_. 105 (1965)ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ' ใฉใ ' ใฉ โใฌใ ใ ใฏ ยท ใฑ ใ ใน ใ ใช ไธ ๏ผJ. Org. Chem.) 32 ใ 2245 (1967) ใธใฃใผใใซ . ใฉใ ยท ใฑ ใ ใซใซ ' ใฝใตใค ใกใใฃ ๏ผJ. Chem. Soc.) 3799 (1969) ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ' ใฉใ ' ใขใก ใช ใซ ใณ โฆ ใฑ ใ ใซใซ ' ใฝ' ใตใค ใกใใฃ ๏ผJ. Am. Chem. Soc.) 80 1895 (1958) ใ ใฑ ใใซใซ . ใณ ใ ใใฆใฒใผใทใจ ใณ๏ผChem. Commun.) 1222 (1971) ใ ใ ใ ใฉ ใ ใ ใญ ใณ ใ ใฌใฟใผใน๏ผTetrahedron Lett.) 2939 (1972) ใ ็น้ ๆญ 60- 87322ๅทใ ใใช ใใ ' ใใก ' ใใค ใใใงใฝ ยท ใธใ ใ ใทใง ใณ โข ใฒใผใพใฌใทใ ๅ (Berichte der Deu tschen Chem i schen Gesel 1 s chaf t) 38 ใ 4049 (1905) ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ' ใฉใ ' ใฑ ใ ใซใซ ' ใฝ ใตใค ใกใใฃ ' ใฑ ใ ใซใซ ' ใณ ใ ใฅใใฑใผใทใง ใณ U. Chem. Soc.
Chem. Commun.) 1224 (1971)ใ ็น้ๆญ 60- 122936ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 60 -117240ๅทใ ใก ใใใน'ใณใธใฃ ใบ ' ใค ใณ ' ใใใญใตใค ใฏ ใช ใ ใฏ ' ใฑ ใใน ใ ใชไธ (Advances in Heterocycl ic Chemistry) 19 ใฝ 1 (1976)ใ ใใใญใธ ใ'ใญ ใณ ยท ใฌใฟใผใบ๏ผTetrahedron Letters) 5881 (1968) ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ' ใฉใ ยท ใใใญใตใค ใฏ ใช ใ ใฏ ' ใฑ ใ
ใน ๅ ใฒไธ U- Heterocyclic Chem.) 5_. 277 (1968) . ใธใฃใผใ ใซ ยท ใฉใ โฆ ใฑ ใใซใซ ' ใฝใตใคใกใใฃ ' ใใฝ 'ไธใญใณ ' ใ ใฉ ใณใถใฏ ใท ใง ใณ IU. Chem. Soc, , Perkin Trans. I) 627 (1974)ใ ใ ๅ ใฉ ใธ ใ-ใญ ใณ ยท ใฌใฟใผใน (Tetrahedron Letters) 1809 (1967) ใ ๅ 1578 (1971) ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ' ใฉใ ' ใฑ ใใซใซ ' ใฝใตใค ใกใใฃ ๏ผJ. Chem. Soc.) 899 (1935)ใ ๅ 2865 (1959) ใ ใธใฃใผใใซ ยท ใฉใ ' ใชใผใฌใใใฏ ' ใฑ ใใน ใ ใชใผ๏ผJ. Org. Chem.) 30- 567 (1965)็ญใซ่จ่ผใฎๆนๆณใงๅๆใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 2ใฎๆ
ๆงใซใใใฆใ ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ ฮ ฮ ) ใพใใฏ ๏ผIV) ใฎ ๅๅ็ฉใ็จใใๅ ดๅใซใใใฆ ใไปใฎๅฎ็ๅคใๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ๆใใช ใใ ใจใฏใ ๅ
ทไฝ็ใซใฏไปใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ 0.05ใขใซใยฃไปฅไธใ ใใๅฅฝ ใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 0.01ใขใซใยฃไปฅไธใงใใใใจใ่จใใ ใใฎใใใซไปใฎ ๅฎ็ๅคใๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ๆใใใชใใ ไพใใฐใ ้ๅธธใใไธ่ฌ็ใซ็จ ใใใใใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ๆใใใชใใใจใซใใฃใฆๆฌ็บ ๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๆๅนใซๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆๆฉ่ฝใใใใใใจใใงใใใฎ ใฏไบๆณๅคใฎใใจใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใงไฝฟ็จใ ใใ้ใฏใ ๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆๆฉ่ฝใใ ใ้ใ ไพใใฏ 1 ใบ๏ผ^ ใขใซใ ยฃไปฅไธใงใใใ 1. 5 X10-1ใขใซ Z ไปฅไธใๅฅฝใพใใใ 2 X10-1 ใขใซ Z ฯไปฅไธใใใๅฅฝใพใใใ 2 X10 -1ใ 3 ใขใซ/ iใ็นใซๅฅฝ ใพใใใ
ใ ใใงใ ๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆไธญใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฎใใญใฒ ใณ็ตๆใ A g B r I ( I โฅ 1 ใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 3ใ15ใขใซ %) ใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏ 0. 5ใ 2 ใขใซ/ ยฃใง็จใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใใ ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 1. 2ใ 2 ใขใซ/ ยฃใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใพใใๅฃใฒใณ็ตๆใ A g B rใ A g B r C ยฃใพใใฏ้ซๅกฉๅ้ ๏ผ A g C ยฃ โฅ80ใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธ๏ผ ใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏ 0 . 2ใ0. 9 ใขใซใ ใง็จใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใ ใ ใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 0. 4ใ0. 9ใขใซใ ยฃใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๅ่
ใฏ้ๅธธๅกๅธ้้ใๆฏ่ผ็ๅคใ ๏ผไพใใฐ 2ใ10 g Zm z) ๆฎ ๅฝฑ็จๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅ ดๅใงใใใ ๅพ่
ใฏ้ๅธธๅกๅธ้้ใๆฏ่ผ็ๅฐใช ใ ๏ผไพใใฐ 0. 4 ใ0. 9g Znt 2) ใใช ใณ ใ็จๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅ ดๅใงใใใ ่ฟๅนดไฝ่ฃๅ
ๅใ้ฒใใซใคใใฆๅๅฆ็ๆตดใจใๆถฒๅฎๅฎๆงใฎๅไธใ ๆใพใใฆใใใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใใใณใใฎๅพๆตดใฎๆฐดๆดๆตดใฎๅฎๅฎๆงใซ ้ขใใๅ้กใฏๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ็จใใฆใใใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใฎ้
ธๅๅฃๅใซ ใใ็ใใ็กซๅ็ฉใฎๆฒๆฎฟใงใใใ ่ฉฒๆฐดๆดๆตดใงใๅ้กใ็บ็ใใ ใฎใฏๅฆ็ๆใซๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใๆฐดๆดๆตดใซๆใก่พผใพใใใใใงใใใ ใใฎๆฒๆฎฟใ้ฒๆญขใใใใใซ้
ธๅ้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ้ๅธธ็จ ใใใใฆใใใใ ไฝ่ฃๅ
ๅใฎ้ใซใฏใใฏใไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใฎไฝฟ็จ้ใ ๅขใใ ใใงใฏๆบถ่งฃๆงใฎๅ้กใไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ้
ธๅใใใฆ็ใใ่็ก ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ็ๆใชใฉใฎๅ้กใซใใ่งฃๆฑบใงใใช ใ ใชใคใฆใใฆใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆ่
ใใฏใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใซไปฃใใ้
ธๅๅฎๅฎๆงใซๅชใใๅฎ็ๅค ใ็จฎใ
ๆค่จใใ็ตๆใ ใก ใฝใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็่ฝๅใๆใใใจ ใจใใซ้
ธๅใซๅฏพใใฆๅฎๅฎใงไฝ่ฃๅ
้ใฎๆใซใๆฒๆฎฟ็ๆใใชใใ ใจใ ๅใ ๆผ็ฝใซใใช ใใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใฎๅ ดๅใซๆฏในๅฐใ ใ็นใซ้ซ้ป ไฝ้
ธๅๅคใจ็ตใฟๅใใใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใซใใใฆ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใ ใใใใจใ่ฆๅบใใใ
ใก ใฝใฃ ใฉ ใณๅๅ็ฉใ่้
ธๅๆงใซๅชใใใคๅฎ็ๆงใ่ฏๅฅฝใงใใ ็็ฑใจใใฆใฏใ ่ณ้ฆ็ฐใซ็ตๅใใไธ S ฮๅบใ ไธ ฮ ฮ ฮ ฮๅบใชใฉ ใ้
ธๅใซๅฏพใใฆใ ็ๅฎๅฎใงใใใใจใ ๅใ ไธ S Oๅบใ
ไธ N ฮ R ๅบใชใฉใฎ้ป่ทใไบๅค็ฐๆงใซใใไธญๅใใใชใๆง้ ใซ ใชใฃใฆใใใใ้ใจใฎ่ฆชๅๆงใๅคงใใใใจใชใฉใ่ใใใใใ
ๆ็ขบใชใใจใฏใใใฃใฆใใชใใ
ๅใ ๆผ็ฝใซใใชใ่ฏๅใใใ ใจใซๅฏพใใฆใฏใ ๅฆ็ๅพใฎ่ๅ
ๆฎ ๅญใฎไธป่ฌ้ใๆธๅฐใใฆใใใใจใไบๆณใใ็พๅจ่งฃๆไธญใงใใใ
ๅฐใ ๆฐดๆดๆตดใพใใฏๅฎๅฎๆตดใซๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๆทปๅ ใใใใจใ ๆฐดๆดๆตดใฎๆฒๆฎฟ้ฒๆญขใซใฏๅนๆใใใๆๅนใงใใใ ใ ใใงใ ใใใ ใฎๆตดไธญใฎๆฟๅบฆใจใใฆใฏใ ๅๆตดใฎๅฎ็ๅคๆฟๅบฆใฎ 10โ 3ใ0. 5ๅใๅฅฝ ใพ ใใใ
ๆฌกใซใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅใฉไธๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใใใณใใใ็จใใๅฆ ็ๆนๆณใซใคใใฆใฏ่ฉณใใ่ฟฐในใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฏใ ๆฏๆไฝไธใซ้ ๆ่ฒๆงๅฑคใ ็ทๆ่ฒๆงๅฑคใ ่ตคๆ่ฒๆงๅฑคใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใฎๅฐ ใช ใ ใจใ 1ๅฑคใ่จญใใใใฆใใใฐใ ใใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคๅ ใณ้ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใฎๅฑคๆฐๅใณๅฑค้ ใซ็นใซๅถ้ใฏใชใใ ๅ
ธๅ็ใชไพใจ ใใฆใฏใ ๆฏๆไฝไธใซใ ๅฎ่ณช็ใซๆ่ฒๆงใฏๅใใงใใใๆๅ
ๅบฆใฎ ็ฐใชใ่คๆฐใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใใๆใๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใๅฐใชใ ใจ ใ 1 ใคๆใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใงใใใ ่ฉฒๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใฏ ้่ฒๅ
ใ ็ท่ฒๅ
ๅใณ่ตค่ฒๅ
ใฎไฝใใใซๆ่ฒๆงใๆใใๅไฝๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใงใใใ ๅคๅฑคใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใซใใใฆใฏใ ไธ่ฌใซๅไฝๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใฎ้
ๅใใ ๆฏๆไฝๅดใใ้ ใซ่ตคๆ่ฒๆงๅฑคใ ็ถ ๆ่ฒๆงๅฑคใ ้ๆ่ฒๆงๅฑคใฎ้ ใซ่จญ็ฝฎใใใใ ใใใใ ็ฎ็ใซๅฟ ใใฆไธ่จ่จญ็ฝฎ้ ใ้ใงใใฃใฆใใ ใพใๅไธๆ่ฒๆงๅฑคไธญใซ็ฐใชใ ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใๆใพใใใใใช่จญ็ฝฎ้ ใใใจใใใใ
ไธ่จใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใฎ้ๅใณๆไธๅฑคใ'ๆไธๅฑคใซใฏๅ ็จฎใฎไธญ้ๅฑค็ญใฎ้ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใ่จญใใฆใใใใ
่ฉฒไธญ้ๅฑคใซใฏใ ็น้ๆญ 61 - 43748ๅทใ ๅ 59- 113438ๅทใ ๅ 59 -
113440ๅทใ ๅ 61-20037ๅทใ ๅ 61 -20038ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใซ่จ่ผใใใใ ใใชใซใใฉใผใ D I Rๅๅ็ฉ็ญใๅซใพใใฆใใฆใใ ใใ ้ๅธธ็จ ใใใใใใใซๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅคใ่ใใงใใฆใใใใ
ๅๅไฝๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใๆงๆใใ่คๆฐใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใฏใ ่ฅฟ ็ฌ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 1,121, 470ๅทใใใใฏ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 923, 045ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใ ใใใใซ้ซๆๅบฆไนณๅคๅฑคใ ไฝๆๅบฆไนณๅคๅฑคใฎ 2ๅฑคๆงๆใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ็จ ใใใ ใจใใงใใใ ้ๅธธใฏใ ๆฏๆไฝใซๅใใฃใฆ้ ๆฌกๆๅ
ๅบฆใไฝ ใ ใชใๆงใซ้
ๅใใใฎใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใใ ใพใๅใใญใฒใณไนณๅคๅฑคใฎ้ ใซใฏ้ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑคใ่จญใใใใฆใใฆใใใใ ใพใใ ็น้ๆญ 57- 112751ๅทใ ๅ 62- 200350ๅทใ ๅ 62-206541ๅทใ ๅ 62-206543ๅท็ญ ใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซๆฏๆไฝใใ้ขใใๅดใซไฝๆๅบฆไนณๅคๅฑคใ ๆฏๆไฝใซ่ฟใๅดใซ้ซๆๅบฆไนณๅคๅฑคใ่จญ็ฝฎใใฆใใใใ
ๅ
ทไฝไพใจใใฆๆฏๆไฝใใๆใ้ ใๅดใใใ ไฝๆๅบฆ้ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑค (B L ) ใ้ซๆๅบฆ้ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑค ๏ผ B H ) ใ้ซๆๅบฆ็ถ ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑค ๏ผ G H ) ใไฝๆๅบฆ็ทๆๅ
ๆงๅฑค ๏ผ G L ) ใ้ซๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๅ
ๆงๅฑค ๏ผ R H ) Zไฝๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๅ
ๆงๅฑค ๏ผ R L ) ใฎ้ ใ ใพใใฏ B H/B Lใ G L / G H ZR H /R Lใฎ้ ใ ใพใใฏ B HZ B L ZG HZG L /R L /R Hใฎ้ ็ญใซ่จญ็ฝฎใใใใจใใงใใใ
ใพใ็นๅ
ฌๆญ 55-34932ๅทๅ
ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซใ ๆฏๆไฝ ใใๆใ้ ใๅดใใ้ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑค/ *G Hใ R H ZG L ZR Lใฎ้ ใซ้
ๅใใ ใ ใจใใงใใใ ใพใ็น้ๆญ 56-25738ๅทใ ๅ 62- 63936ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซใ ๆฏๆไฝใใๆใ้ ใ ๅดใใ้ๆๅ
ๆงๅฑค ZG Lใ R L ZG HZR Hใฎ้ ใซ้
ๅใใใ ใจใใงใใใ
ใพใ็นๅ
ฌๆญ 49- 15495ๅทๅ
ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซไธๅฑคใๆ
ใๆๅ
ๅบฆใฎ้ซใใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใ ไธญๅฑคใใใใใ ใไฝใๆ ๅ
ๅบฆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใ ไธๅฑคใไธญๅฑคใใ ใๆดใซๆๅ
ๅบฆใฎไฝ ใใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใ้
็ฝฎใใ ๆฏๆไฝใซๅใใฃใฆๆๅ
ๅบฆใ้ ๆฌกไฝใใใใๆๅ
ๅบฆใฎ็ฐใชใ 3ๅฑคใใๆงๆใใใ้
ๅใๆใใ ใใใ ใใฎใใใชๆๅ
ๅบฆใฎ็ฐใชใ 3ๅฑคใใๆงๆใใใๅ ดๅใงใใ ็น้ๆญ 59 - 202464ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซใ ๅไธๆ่ฒ ๆงๅฑคไธญใซใใใฆๆฏๆไฝใใ้ขใใๅดใใไธญๆๅบฆไนณๅคๅฑค /้ซๆๅบฆ ไนณๅคๅฑค Zไฝๆๅบฆไนณๅคๅฑคใฎ้ ใซ้
็ฝฎใใใฆใใใใ
ไธ่จใฎใใใซใ ใใใใใฎๆๅ
ๆๆใฎ็ฎ็ใซๅฟใใฆ็จฎใ
ใฎๅฑค ๆงๆ โฆ ้
ๅใ้ธๆใใใใจใใงใใใ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใใ ๅใฉใผใใฌใใฃใซใ ๅ ใฏใซใฉใผๅ่ปขใ ใฃ ใซใ ใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏใ ใใฎๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใซๅซๆใใ ใๅฅฝใพใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใฏ็ด 30ใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใฎๆฒๅ้ใๅซใใ ๆฒ ่ญๅ้ใ ๆฒๅกฉๅ้ใ ใใใ ใฏๆฒๅกฉ่ญๅ้ใงใใใ ็นใซๅฅฝใพใใ ใฎใฏ็ด 2 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใใ็ด 25ใขใซ๏ผ
ใพใงใฎๆฒๅ้ใ่ใๆฒ่ญๅ้ใ ใ ใ ใฏๆฒๅกฉ่ญๅ้ใงใใใ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใใ ๅใฉใผๅฐ็ป็ดใฎๅ ดๅใซ ใฏใ ใใฎๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใซ่ๆใใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใจใใฆใฏใ ๅฎ่ณช ็ใซๆฒๅ้ใ่ใพใชใๅกฉ่ญๅ้ใใ ใ ใฏๅกฉๅ้ใใใชใใใฎใ ๅฅฝใพใ ใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใงๅฎ่ณช็ใซๆฒๅ้ใ่ใพใช ใใจใฏใ ๆฒๅ้ๅซๆ็ใ 1 ใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใ ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 0 . 2 ใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใฎใใจใใใใ ใใใใฎๅกฉ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใฎใใญใฒใณ็ตๆใซใค ใใฆใฏไปปๆใฎ่ญๅ้ ๅกฉๅ้ใฎใใฎใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใ ใฎๆฏ็ใฏ็ฎ็ใซๅฟใใฆๅบใ็ฏๅฒใใจใ ใใใใ ๅกฉๅ้ๆฏ็ใ 2 ใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใฎใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใซ
้ฉใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏๅกฉๅ้ๅซๆ็ใฎ้ซใๆ่ฌ้ซๅกฉๅ้ไนณๅคใๅฅฝ ใพ ใ ใ็จใใใใใ ใใใใฎ้ซๅกฉๅ้ไนณๅคใฎๅกฉๅ้ๅซๆ็ใฏใ 90ใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใใ 95ใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใๆดใซๅฅฝใพใใใ ็พๅ ๅฆ็ๆถฒใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใไฝๆธใใ็ฎ็ใงใ ๅกฉๅ้ๅซๆ็ใ 98ใ99.9ใข ใซ๏ผ
ใงใใใใใชใปใผ็ดๅกฉๅ้ใฎไนณๅคใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ็จใใใใใ ๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคไธญใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏใ ็ซๆนไฝใ ๅ
ซ้ขไฝใ ๅๅ ้ขไฝใฎใใใช่ฆๅ็ใช็ตๆถใๆใใใใฎใ ็็ถใ ๆฟ็ถใฎใใใช ๅคๅ็ใ็ตๆถๅฝขใๆใใใใฎใ ๅๆถ้ขใชใฉใฎ็ตๆถๆฌ ้ฅใๆใใ ใใฎใ ใใใใฏใใใใฎ่คๅๅฝขใงใใใใ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใฎ็ฒๅพใฏใ ็ด 0. 2 ไปฅไธใฎๅพฎ็ฒๅญใงใๆๅฝฑ้ข็ฉ ็ดๅพใ็ด 10 ใซ่ณใใพใงใฎๅคงใตใค ใบ็ฒๅญใงใใ ใ ใ ๅคๅๆฃไนณๅค ใงใๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ไนณๅคใฏใ ไพใใฐใช ใตใผ ใ . ใใฃ ในใฏ ใญใผใธใฃไธ ๏ผไปฅไธใ R D ใจ่จใ๏ผ No.17643 (1978 ๅนด 12ๆ๏ผ๏ผ 22 ใ23้ ๏ผ "I. ไนณๅค่ฃฝ้ ๏ผEmulsion preparation and types)" ใ ๅใณๅ No.18716 (1979ๅนด 11ๆ๏ผ๏ผ 648้ ใ ใฐใฉ ใใญใ่ ใๅ็ใฎ็ฉ็ใจๅๅญฆใ ๏ผ ใใผใซใข ใณใใซ็คพๅ ๏ผP.Glaf k i des , Chera i c e t Ph i s i que Pho tograph i que , Paul Hon tel , 1967) ใ ใใใฃ ใณ่ ใๅ็ไนณๅคๅๅญฆใ ๏ผ ใ ใฉใผใซใซใใฌใน็คพๅ (G. F. Duff in, Photographic Emulsion Chemistry (Focal
Press, 1966)) ใ ใผใช ใฏใ ใณ่ ใๅ็ไนณๅคใฎ่ฃฝ้ ใจๅกๅธใ ใ ใ ใชใผใซใใฌใใฌใน็คพๅ (V. L. Zelikman e t al.๏ผ Making and Coating Photographic Emulsion, Focal Press , 1964) ใชใฉใซ ่จ่ผใใใๆนๆณใ็จใใฆ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใใจใใงใใใ
็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 574, 628ๅทใ ๅ 3, 655๏ผ 394ๅทๅใณ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ
1,413, 748ๅทใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใๅฅฝใพใใใ
ใพใใ ใกในใบใฏ ใๆฏใ็ด 5ไปฅไธใงใใใใใชๅนณๆฟ็ถ็ฒๅญใๆฌ ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใงใใใ ๅนณๆฟ็ถ็ฒๅญใฏใ ใฌ ใใ่ใ ใใฉ ใใฐใฉใใฃ ใ ใฏ ยท ใตใค ใจ ใณใน ยท ใข ใณ ใ ยท ใจ ใณใธใใข ใช ใณใฐ ๏ผ Gu tof f , Phot ograph i c Science and Engineering) ๅผ 14 248ใ 2ฮฐ /ๆบ
(1970ๅนด๏ผ ๏ผ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 434, 226ๅทใ ๅ 4, 414, 310ๅทใ ๅ
4, 433, 048ๅทใ ๅ 4, 439๏ผ 520ๅทๅใณ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 2, 112, 157ๅทใชใฉ ใซ่จ่ผใฎๆนๆณใซใใ็ฐกๅใซ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใใจใใงใใใ
็ตๆถๆง้ ใฏไธๆงใชใใฎใงใใ ๅ
้จใจๅค้จใจใ็ฐ่ณชใชใใญใฒใณ ็ตๆใใใชใใใฎใงใใ ใใ ๅฑค็ถๆง้ ใใชใใฆใใฆใใใใ ใพ ใใ ใงใใฟใญใท ใฃใซๆฅๅใซใใฃใฆ็ตๆใฎ็ฐใชใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใ ๆฅๅใใใฆใใฆใใ ใใ ใพใไพใใฐใญใใณ้ใ ้
ธๅ้ใชใฉใฎใ ฯใฒใณๅ้ไปฅๅคใฎๅๅ็ฉใจๆฅๅใใใฆใใฆใใใใ
ใพใ็จฎใ
ใฎ็ตๆถๅฝขใฎ็ฒๅญใฎๆททๅ็ฉใ็จใใฆใใใใ
ใ ฯใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฏใ ้ๅธธใ ็ฉ็็ๆใ ๅๅญฆๅขๆๅใณๅๅ
ๅข ๆใ่กใฃใใใฎใไฝฟ็จใใใ ็ฉ็็ๆใฎ้็จใซใใใฆใ ็จฎใ
ใฎ ๅคไพก้ๅฑใค ใช ใณไธ็ด็ฉ ๏ผใซ ใ ใ ใฆ ใ ใ ไบ้ใ ้ใ ้
ใ ใฟ ใช ใฆ ใ ใ ้ใ ใซใใใฆใ ใ ใญ ใธใฆใ ใ ใใฝ 'ใฉ ใธใฆใ ใ ใชใน ใ ใฆ ใ ใ ใค ใช ใธ ใฅใ ใ ็ฝ้ใชใฉใฎๅกฉใใใ ใฏ้ฏๅกฉใชใฉ๏ผ ใๅฐๅ
ฅใใใใจใใงใ ใใ ๅๅญฆๅขๆใซ็จใใใใๅๅ็ฉใซใคใใฆใฏใ ็น้ๆญ 62-215272 ๅทๅ
ฌๅ ฑๆ็ดฐๆธ็ฌฌ 18้ ๅณไธๆฌใ็ฌฌ 22้ ๅณไธๆฌใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฎใๆใ ใใใใ ใพใใ ใ ใฎใ ใ ใชๅทฅ็จใงไฝฟ็จใใใๆทปๅ ๅคใฏ R D No. 17643ๅใณๅ No.18716ใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ใใฎ่ฉฒๅฝ'็ฎๆใๅพๆฒใฎ ่กจใซใพ ใจใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใงใใๅ
ฌ็ฅใฎๅ็็จๆทปๅ ๅคใไธ ่จใฎ 2ใคใฎ R Dใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ไธ่จใฎ่กจใซ้ฌ้ฃใใ่จ่ผ็ฎ
ๆใ็คบใใใ
ๆทปๅ ๅค็จฎ้ก R D 17643 R D 18716
1 ๅๅญฆๅขๆๅค 23้ 648้ ๅณๆฌ
2 ๆๅบฆไธๆๅค ๅ ไธ
3 ๅๅ
ๅขๆๅคใ 23ใ24้ 648้ ๅณๆฌใ
ๅผท่ฒๅขๆๅค 649้ ๅณๆฌ
4 ๅข็ฝๅค 24้
5 ใใถใ้ฒๆญขๅค 24ใ25้ 649้ ๅณๆฌใ
ๅใณๅฎๅฎๅค
ๅ
ๅธๅๅคใ 25ใ26้ 649้ ๅณๆฌใ ใ ใฃ ใซใฟใผๆๆใ 650้ ๅทฆๆฌ
็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค
7 ในใใฃ ใณ้ฒๆญขๅค 25้ ๅณๆฌ 650้ ๅทฆใๅณๆฌ 8 ่ฒ็ด ็ปๅๅฎๅฎๅค 25้
9 ็กฌ่ๅค 26้ 651้ ๅทฆๆฌ
10 ใใค ใณใไธ 26้ ๅ ไธ
11 ๅฏๅกๅคใ ๆฝคๆปๅค 27้ 650้ ๅณๆซ
12 ๅกๅธๅฉๅค 26้ ' 27้ 650้ ๅณๆซ
่กจ้ขๆดปๆงๅค
13 ในใฟใ ใ ใฏ 27้ ๅ ไธ
้ฒๆญขๅค
ใพใใ ใใซใ ใขใซใใ ใใฌในใซใใๅ็ๆง่ฝใฎๅฃๅใ้ฒๆญขใ ใใใใซใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ 4 , 411 , 987ๅทใๅ 4 , 435๏ผ 503ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใ ใใซใ ใขใซใใ ใใจๅๅฟใใฆใ ๅบๅฎๅใงใใๅๅ็ฉใๆๅ
ๆๆ ใซๆทปๅ ใใ ใ ใจใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏ็จฎใ
ใฎใซใฉใผใซใใฉใผใไฝฟ็จ ใใใ ใจใใงใใ ใใฎๅ
ทไฝไพใฏๅๅบใฎ R DNo.17643 ใ Wโ Cใ Gใซ่จ่ผใใใ็น่จฑใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ
ใค ใง ใญใผใซ ใใฉใผใจ ใใฆใฏใ ไพใใฐ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 933๏ผ 501 ๅทใ ๅ 4, 022, 620 ๅทใ ๅ 4,326,024 ๅทใ ๅ 4, 401, 752 ๅทใ ๅ 4, 248, 961 ๅทใ ็นๅ
ฌๆญ 58- 10739ๅทใ ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 1 , 425, 020 ๅทใ ๅ 1,476, 760ๅทใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 973, 968ๅทใ ๅ 4, 314, 023ๅทใ ๅ 4, 511, 649ๅทใ ๆฌงๅท็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 249.473Aๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฎใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผใจใใฆใฏ 5โใใฉใพใญ ใณ็ณปๅใณใใฉใพใญใข ใพใผใซ็ณปใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅฅฝใพใใใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 310, 619 ๅทใ ๅ 4, 351, 897ๅทใ ๆฌงๅท็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 73, 636ๅทใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 061 , 432ๅทใ ๅ 3, 725, 064ๅทใ R DNa24220 (1984ๅนด 6ๆ๏ผ ใ ็น้ๆญ 60-33552 ๅทใ R DNo.24230 (1984ๅนด 6ๆ๏ผ ใ ็น้ๆญ 60-43659ๅทใ ๅ 61- 72238ๅทใ ๅ 60-35730ๅทใ ๅ 55-118034ๅทใ ๅ 60-185951ๅทใ ็ฑณ ๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 500, 630ๅทใ ๅ 4, 540, 654ๅทใ ๅ 4, 556, 630ๅทใ
W 0 ( P C T ) 88Z04795ๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฎใ็นใซๅฅฝใพใใใ
ใทใข ใณใซใใฉใผใจ ใใฆใฏใ ใใฑใ ใผใซ็ณปๅใณใใ ใใผใซ็ณปๅ ใใฉใผใๆใใใใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 05^,212ๅทใ ๅ 4, 146, 396ๅทใ ๅ 4, 228, 233ๅทใ ๅ 4, 296, 200ๅทใ ๅ 2, 369, 929ๅทใ ๅ 2, 801, 171 ๅทใ ๅ 2, 772,162ๅทใ ๅ 2, 895, 826ๅทใ ๅ 3, 772, 002ๅทใ ๅ 3, 758, 308ๅทใ ๅ 4, 334, 011ๅทใ ๅ 4๏ผ327,173ๅทใ ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑๅ
ฌ้ ็ฌฌ 3, 329, 729ๅทใ ๆฌงๅท็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 121 , 365Aๅทใ ๅ 249,453Aๅทใ ็ฑณๅฝ ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 446, 622ๅทใ ๅ 4, 333, 999ๅทใ ๅ 4, 753, 871ๅทใ ๅ 4, 451, 559ๅทใ ๅ 4, 427, 767ๅทใ ๅ 4, 690, 889ๅทใ ๅ 4, 254, 212
ๅทใ ๅ 4, 296, 199ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 61-42658ๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฎใๅฅฝใ ใใ
็บ่ฒ่ฒ็ด ใฎไธ่ฆๅธๅใ่ฃๆญฃใใใใใฎๅ ใฉใผ ใ ยท ใซใใฉใผใฏ R DNo.17643 ใฎ VIโ G้
ใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 163, 670ๅทใ ็นๅ
ฌๆญ 57 -39413ๅทใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 004, 929ๅทใ ๅ 4, 138, 258ๅทใ ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ ็ฌฌ 1,146, 368 ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฎใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ใพใใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 774,181ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใซ ใใใช ใณใฐๆใซๆพๅบใใใ่ๅ
่ฒ็ด ใซ ใใ็บ่ฒ่ฒ็ด ใฎไธ่ฆๅธๅใ่ฃๆญฃใใใซใใฉใผใใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ ็ฌฌ 4, 777, 120ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎ็พๅไธป่ฌใจๅๅฟใใฆ่ฒ็ด ใๅฝขๆใใ ใ ่ฒ็ด ใใฌใซใผใตไธๅบใ้ข่ฑๅบใจใใฆๆใใใซใใฉใผใ็จใใใ ใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ
็บ่ฒ่ฒ็ด ใ้ฉๅบฆใชๆกๆฃๆงใๆใใๅใใฉไธใจใใฆใฏใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น ่จฑ็ฌฌ 4,366, 237ๅทใ ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 2, 125๏ผ 570ๅทใ ๆฌงๅท็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 96, 570 ๅทใ ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ ๏ผๅ
ฌ้๏ผ ็ฌฌ 3, 234, 533ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฎใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ใใช ใใผๅใใใ่ฒ็ด ๅฝขๆใซใใฉใผใฎๅ
ธๅไพใฏใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 451, 820ๅทใ ๅ 4, 080, 211ๅทใ ๅ 4, 367, 282ๅทใ ๅ 4, 409, 320 ๅทใ ๅ 4,576, 910ๅทใ ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ 2, 102, 173ๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ
ๅ ใใใช ใณใฐใซไผดใฃใฆๅ็็ใซๆ็จใชๆฎๅบใๆพๅบใใๅใใฉ ไธใใพใๆฌ็บๆใงๅฅฝใพ ใใไฝฟ็จใงใใใ ็พๅๆๅถๅคใๆพๅบใใ D I Rใซใใฉใผใฏใ ๅ่ฟฐใฎ R D 17643 ใ V๏ผใ F้
ใซ่จ่ผใใใ ็น่จฑใ ็น้ๆญ 57-151944ๅทใ ๅ 57-154234ๅทใ ๅ 60 - 184248ๅทใ ๅ 63-37346ๅทใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ 4, 248, 962ๅทใ ๅ 4 , 782, 012ๅทใซ่จ่ผใ ใใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ
็พๅๆใซ็ปๅ็ถใซ้ ๆ ธๅคใใ ใ ใฏ็พๅไฟ้ฒๅคใๆพๅบใใๅใ ใฉใผใจใใฆใฏใ ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 2,097, 140ๅทใ ๅ 2, 131, 188ๅทใ ็น้
ๆญ 59-157638ๅทใ ๅ 59- 170840ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ
ใใฎไปใ ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซ็จใใใ ใจใฎใงใใ ใซใใฉใผใจใใฆใฏใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 130, 427ๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใฎ็ซถไบๅ ใใฉใผใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4๏ผ283,472ๅทใ ๅ 4, 338, 393ๅทใ ๅ 4๏ผ310,618 ๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใฎๅคๅฝ้ใซใใฉใผใ ็น้ๆญ 60-185950ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 62- 24252ๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใฎ D I R ใฌ ใใใฏในๅๅ็ฉๆพๅบใซใใฉใผใ DIR ๅใใฉใผๆพๅบๅใใฉใผใ D I Rใซใใฉใผๆพๅบใฌ ใ ใ ใฏในๅๅ็ฉ ใ ใ ใ ใฏ D I R ใฌ ใใ ใฏในๆพๅบใฌ ใใใฏในๅๅ็ฉใ ๆฌงๅท็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 173, 302Aๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎ้ข่ฑๅพๅพฉ่ฒใใ่ฒ็ด ใๆพๅบใใๅใใฉใผใ R D ฮฮฑ11449 ใ ๅ 24241ใ ็น้ๆญ 61-201247ๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใฎๆผ็ฝ ไฟ้ฒๅคๆพๅบใซใใฉใผใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 553, 477ๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใฎใชใฌ ใณ ใๆพๅบใซใใฉใผใ ็น้ๆญ 63-75747ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใญใค ใณ่ฒ็ด ใๆพ ๅบใใใซใใฉใผใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 774, 181ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎ่ๅ
่ฒ็ด ใ ๆพๅบใใใซใใฉใผ็ญใๆใใใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซไฝฟ็จใใใซใใฉใผใฏใ ็จฎใ
ใฎๅ
ฌ ็ฅๅๆฃๆนๆณใซใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซๅฐๅ
ฅใงใใใ
ๆฐดไธญๆฒนๆปดๅๆฃๆณใซ็จใใใใ้ซๆฒธ็นๆบถๅชใฎไพใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ
2, 322, 027ๅทใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ๆฐดไธญๆฒนๆปดๅๆฃๆณใซ็จใใ ใใๅธธๅงใงใฎๆฒธ็นใ 175ใฆไปฅไธใฎ้ซๆฒธ็นๆๆฉๆบถๅคใฎๅ
ทไฝไพใจใ ใฆใฏใ ใใฟใซ้
ธใจในใใซ้ก ๏ผใธใใใซใใฟ ใฌใผ ใใ ใธใทใฏ ใญใธ ใญใทใซใใฟ ใฌใผ ใใ ใธไธ 2 โใงใใซใธใญใทใซใใฟ ใฌใผ ใใ ใใท ใซใใฟ ใฌใผ ใใ ใใน ๏ผ2, 4 โใธไธ t โใก ใใซใใจใใซ๏ผ ใใฟ ใฌ ใผ ใใ ใใน ๏ผ2, 4 โใธไธ t ใผใก ใใซใใจใใซ๏ผ ใค ใฝใใฟ ใฌใผ ใใ ใใน ๏ผ 1 , 1 ใผใธใงใใซใใญ ใใซ๏ผ ใใฟ ใฌใผ ใใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ใช ใณ้
ธใพ ใใฏใในใใณ้
ธใฎใจในใใซ้ก ๏ผ ใ ใช ใใจใใซใในใใงใผ ใใ ใ
ใช ใฏ ใฌใธใซใในใใจใผ ใใ 2 โใงใใซใธใญ ใทใซใธใใจใใซใใน ใใงใผ ใใ ใ ใช ใทใฏ ใญใธใญใทใซใในใใงใผ ใใ ใ ใช ใผ 2 โใงใ ใซใธใญ ใทใซใในใใฅใผ ใใ ใ ใช ใใใทใซใในใใฆใผ ใใ ใ ใช ใ ใใฐใทใงใใซใในใใจไธ ใใ ใ ใช ใฏ ๅฃ ใญใๅฃ ใใซใในใใฑไธ ใใ ใธโ 2 โใงใใซใธใญใทใซใใงใใซใในใใใผ ใใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ๅฎๆฏ้ฆ ้
ธใจในใใซ้ก ๏ผ 2 โใงใใซใธใญ ใทใซใใณใพใงโ ใใ ใใใทใใฌใน ใณใพใงไธ ใใ 2 โใงใใซใธใญใทใซไธ p โ ใ ใใญใญ ใทใใณใพใจใผ ใใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ใข ใ ใ้ก ๏ผ N , Nโใธใงใใซ ใใใซ ใณใข ใ ใใ ฮ' , N ใผใธใงใใซใฉใฆ ใช ใใฌใข ใ ใใ N โใ ใ ใฉใใทใซใใญ ใช ใใณใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ใขใซใณ ใผใซ้กใพใใฏใ ใฑใ ใผใซ้ก ๏ผใค ใฝในใใข ใช ใใฌใขใซใณ ใผใซใ 2 , 4 โใธใผ ter tโใก ใใซใใฆใ ใผใซใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ่่ชๆๅใซใใณ้
ธ ใจในใใซ้ก ๏ผใใน ๏ผ 2 โใงใใซใธใญใทใซ๏ผ ใปใใฒใผ ใใ ใธใฉใฏ ใใซใกใผใฌใผ ใใ ใฐใช ใปใญใผใซ ใ ใช ใใใฌใผ ใใ ใค ใฝในใใก ใช ใซใฉใฏใใผ ใใ ใ ใช ใชใฏใใซใท ใ ใฌใผ ใใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ใกใใช ใณ่ชๅฐ ไฝ ๏ผ N , N โใธใใใซโ 2 โใ ใใญใทไธ 5 โ ter tโใฉใฏใใซใก ใฆใช ใณใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ็ญๅๆฐด็ด ้ก ๏ผใใฉใ ใฃ ใณใ ใใใทใซใใณใผใณใ ใธใค ใฝใใญ ใใซใใใฟ ใฌใณใชใฉ๏ผ ใชใฉใๆใใใใใ ใพใๆๅฉ ๆบถๅคใจ ใใฆใฏใ ๆฒธ็นใ็ด 30 'Cไปฅไธใ ๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 50 'Cไปฅไธ็ด 160 โขCไปฅไธใฎๆๆฉๆบถๅคใชใฉใไฝฟ็จใงใใ ๅ
ธๅไพใจ ใใฆใฏ้
ข้
ธใฑใใซใ ้
ข้
ธใใใซใ ใใญ ใใชใณ้
ธใงใใซใ ใก ใใซใงใใซใฑ ใ ใณใ ใทใฏ ฯใธใญใตใ ใณใ 2 โใจ ใใญใทใงใใซใขใปใใผ ใใ ใธใก ใใซใใซ ใ ใข ใ ใใชใฉใๆใใใใใ
ใฉใ ใ ใฏในๅๆฃๆณใฎๅทฅ็จใ ๅนๆๅใณๅซๆตธ็จใฎใฉใ ใ ใฏ ในใฎๅ
ท ไฝไพใฏใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4 , 199 , 363ๅทใ ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑๅบ้ก ๏ผ O L S ) ็ฌฌ 2๏ผ 541 , 274ๅทๅใณๅ 2 , 541๏ผ230ๅทใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ
ใพใใ ใใใใฎใซใใฉใผใฏๅ่จใฎ้ซๆฒธ็นๆๆฉๆบถๅชใฎๅญๅจไธใพ ใใฏไธๅญๅจไธใงใญใผใใใซใฉ ใ ใ ใฏ ในใใช ใใผ ๏ผไพใใฐ็ฑณๅฝ็น ่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 203, 716ๅท๏ผ ใซ่ๆตธใใใฆใ ใพใใฏๆฐดไธๆบถๆงใใคๆๆฉๆบถ ๅชๅฏๆบถๆงใฎใใช ใใผใซๆบถใใใฆ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณๅฃใฃ ใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใซไนณๅๅ ๆฃใใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏใ ๅฝ้ๅ
ฌ้็ชๅท W 088/00723ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใฎ็ฌฌ 12ใ 30้ ใซ่จ่ผใฎๅ็ฌ้ๅไฝใพใใฏๅ
ฑ้ๅไฝใ็จใใใใใ ็นใซใก ใฏ ใชใซใข ใ ใ็ณปใใชใไธใฎไฝฟ็จใ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅ็ญใฎไธใงๅฅฝใพใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏ็จฎใ
ใฎๅใฉไธๆๅ
ๆๆใซ้ฉ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ไธ ่ฌ็จใใ ใ ใฏๆ ็ป็จใฎๅใฉใผใใฌใ ใฃ ใซใ ใ ในใฉใค ใ็จใใ ใ ใฏใ ใฌใ็จใฎใซ ใฉใผๅ่ปขใ ใฃ ใซใ ใ ใซ ใฉใผในไธใไธใ ็ดๆฅใใธ ๅ ใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใ ใซ ใฉใผใใธใ ใฃ ใซใ ๅใณๅ ใฉใผๅ่ปขใใผใใผ ใชใฉใไปฃ่กจไพใจใใฆๆใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซไฝฟ็จใงใใ้ฉๅฝใชๆฏๆไฝใฏใ ไพใใฐใ ๅ่ฟฐใฎ R D. No.17643ใฎ 28้ ใ ๅใณๅ No.18716ใฎ 647้ ๅณๆฌใใ 648้ ๅทฆๆฌใซ่จ ่ผใใใฆใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅ
ๆๆใฏใ ไนณๅคๅฑคใๆใใๅดใฎๅ
จ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณ ใญใค ใ ๅฑคใฎ่ๅใฎ็ทๅใ 25 ไปฅไธใ ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 20ๅฟไปฅไธใงใใใ ใใค ่่จๆฝค้ๅบฆ T 1 /2 ใ 30็งไปฅไธ ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 15็งไปฅไธ๏ผ ใๅฅฝใพใ ใใ ่ๅใฏใ 25'C็ธๅฏพๆนฟๅบฆ 55%่ชฟๆนฟไธ ๏ผ 2 ๆฅ๏ผ ใงๆธฌๅฎใใ่ๅ ใๆๅณใใ ่่จๆฝค้ๅบฆ T 1/2 ใฏใ ๅฝ่ฉฒๆ่กๅ้ใซใใใฆๅ
ฌ็ฅใฎ ๆๆณใซๅพใฃใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใใจใใงใใใ ไพใใฐใ ใจใผ ' ใฐใชใผใณ (A. Green)ใใซใ ใ ใใฉ ใ ใฐใฉ ใ ใฃ 'ใณ ใฏ ' ใตใค ใจ ใณใน ' ใข ใณ ใ . ใจ ใณใธใใข ใช ใณใฐ๏ผPhotogr. Sci. Eng.) . 19ๅทปใ 2ๅทใ 124 ใ129้ ใซ่จ่ผใฎๅใฎในใจใญใกใผใฟใผ ๏ผ่จๆฝค่จ๏ผ ใไฝฟ็จใใใ
ใจใงๆธฌๅฎใงใใ T 1 / 2 ใฏ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใง 30ใฆใ 0. ๅ 15็งๅฆ็ใใ ๆใซๅฐ้ใใๆๅคง่จๆฝค่ๅใฎ 90 %ใ้ฃฝๅ่ๅใจใใ ใใฎ 1 /2 ใฎ ่ๅใซๅฐ้ใใใพใงใฎๆ้ใจๅฎ็พฉใใใ
่่จๆฝค้ๅบฆ ฮค 1 / 2 ใฏใ ใใค ใณใไธใจใใฆใฎใผใฉใใณใซ็กฌ่ๅค ใๅ ใใใใจใ ใใใใฏๅกๅธๅพใฎ็ตๆๆกไปถใๅคใใใใจใซใใค ใฆ่ชฟๆดใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใ ่จๆฝค็ใฏ 150ใ400 %ใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใใ ่จๆฝค็ใจใฏใ ใใใซ่ฟฐในใๆกไปถไธใงใฎๆๅคง่จๆฝค่ๅใใใ ๅผ ๏ผ ๏ผๆๅคง่จๆพ่ไธ่ๅ๏ผ ใ่ๅใซๅพใฃใฆ่จ็ฎใงใใใ
ๅ่ฟฐใฎใซ ใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฏใ ๅ่ฟฐใฎ R D No. 1 764 3 ใฎ 28ใ 29้ ใ ๅใณๅ No. 18716ใฎ 615ๅทฆๆฌใๅณๆฌใซ่จ่ผใใใ้ๅธธใฎๆนๆณ ใซใใคใฆ็พๅๅฆ็ใใ ใ ใจใใงใใใ
ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎ็พๅๅฆ็ใซ็จใใ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใฏใ ๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ่ณ้ฆ ๆ็ฌฌไธ็ดใกใ ใณ็ณป็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใไธปๆๅใจใใใขใซๅ ใชๆง ๆบถ ๆถฒใงใใใ ใใฎ็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใจใใฆใฏใ ใก ใใ ใใฆใใผใซ็ณปๅ ๅ็ฉใๆ็จใงใใใใ P โใใฑใใฌใณใธใข ใ ใณ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใไฝฟ็จใใใ ใใฎไปฃ่กจไพใจใใฆใฏ 3 โใก ใใซไธ 4 ไธใข ใใ ใผ Nใ Nใธใงใใซใกใใช ใณใ 3 โใก ใใซใผ 4 ไธใข ใ ใ ใผ N โใงใ ใซไธ Nโ /5 โใ ใใญใญใทใงใใซใกใฆใช ใณใ 3 โใก ใใซไธ 4 โใก ใ ใ ใผ N โใงใใซไธ Nโ 9 ไธใก ใฟ ใณในใซใ ใณใข ใ ใใจใใซใกไบ ใช ใณใ 3 โใก ใใซใผ 4 โใก ใ ใ ไธ N โใงใใซใผ ไธใก ใใญ ใทใง ใใซใกใใช ใณๅใณใใใใฎ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ ๅกฉ้
ธๅกฉใใ ใ ใฏ p โ ใใซใง ใณในใซใ ใณ้
ธๅกฉใชใฉใๆใใใใใ ใใใใฎๅๅ็ฉใฏ็ฎ็ใซๅฟ ใ 2็จฎไปฅไธไฝต็จใใใใจใใงใใใ
็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใฏใ ใขใซใซ ใช้ๅฑใฎ็ญ้
ธๅกฉใ ใใฆ้
ธๅกฉใ ใ ใ ใฏใช ใณ้
ธๅกฉใฎใใใช P H็ทฉ่กๅคใ ่ญๅ็ฉๅกฉใ ๆฒๅ็ฉๅกฉใ ใใณใบใฃ ใ
ใใพใผใซ้กใ ใ ใณใพใใขใพใผใซ้กใใ ใ ใฏใก ใซใซใ ใๅๅ็ฉใฎ ใใใช็พๅๆๅถๅคใพใใฏใซใใช้ฒๆญขๅคใชใฉใ่ใใฎใไธ่ฌ็ใง ใใใ ใพใๅฟ
่ฆใซๅฟใใฆใ ใ ใใญใญใทใซใก ใ ใณใ ใธใงใใซใ ใ ใญใญใทใซใก ใ ใณใ ไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ ใใฉใธใณ้กใ ใใจไบใซใป ใ ๅใซใ ใธ ใ้กใ ใ ใช ใจใฟใ ใผใซใก ใ ใณใ ใซใใณใผใซในใซใใณ้
ธ้กใ ใ ใช ใจใใฌใณใธใก ใ ใณ ๏ผ 1 , 4 โใธใกใถใใทใฏ ใญ ใ2 , 2 , 2 ใ ใฉใฏ ใฟ ใณ๏ผ ้กใฎๅฆใๅ็จฎไฟๆๅคใ ใจใใฌใณใฐใช ใณใผใซใ ใธใจใใฌใณ ใฐใช ใณใผใซใฎใใใชๆๆฉๆบถๅคใ ใใณใธใซใขใซใณใผใซใ ใใช ใงใ ใฌใณใใช ใณใผใซใ ๅ็ดใข ใณใขใใฅใ ๅกฉใ ใก ใ ใณ้กใฎใใใช็พๅ ไฟ้ฒๅคใ ่ฒ็ด ๅฝขๆใซใใฉใผใ ็ซถไบๅใใฉใผใ ใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใใญ ใณ ใใค ใใฉใค ใใฎใใ ใชใซใใฉใปๅคใ 1 ไธใใจไบใซใผ 3 โใใฉใพ ใช ใใณใฎใใใช่ฃๅฉ็พๅไธป่ฌใ ็ฒๆงไปไธๅคใ ใข ใ ใ ใใช ใซใซใ ใณ้
ธใ ใก ใใ ใใช ใในใใณ้
ธใ ใขใซใญใซใในใใณ้
ธใ ใในใใ ใซใซใใณ้
ธใซไปฃ่กจใใใใใใชๅ็จฎใญใฌใผ ใๅค ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใงใ ใฌใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธใ ใฆ ใ ใช ใญไธ้้
ธใ ใธใจใใฌใณ ใ ใช ใข ใ ใณ ไบ้
ข้
ธใ ใทใฏ ใญใธใญใตใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธใ ใ ใใญใญใทใงใใซใค ใ ใ ใธ้
ข้
ธใ 1 ใผใ ใใญใญใทใงใใช ใใณไธ 1 , 1 ใผใธใในใใณ้
ธใ ไบ ใ ใช ใญใผ N , N , N โ ใ ใช ใกใใฌใณใในใ ใณ้
ธใ ใจใใฌใณใธ ใข ใ ใณใผ N , N , N , N โใ ใ ใฉใ ใใฌใณใในใใณ้
ธใ ใงใใฌ ใณใธใข ใ ใณใผใธ ๏ผ 0 โใ ใใญใญใทใใจใใซ้
ข้
ธ๏ผ ๅใณใใใใฎ ๅกฉ๏ผ ใ 4 , 4 ' โใธใข ใใ ใผ 2 , 2 ' โใธในใซใในใใซใใณ็ณปๅๅ ็ฉใฎใใใช่ๅ
ๅข็ฝๅคใ ใขใซใญใซในใซใใณ้
ธใ ใก ใชไธใซในใซใ ใณ้
ธใ ่่ชๆใซใซใใณ้
ธใ ่ณ้ฆๆใซใซใใณ้
ธ็ญใฎๅ็จฎ็้ขๆดปๆง ๅคใชใฉใๆทปๅ ใใฆใใใใ
ไฝใใ ใใณใธใซใขใซใณใผใซใฏๅ
ฌๅฎณๆงใ ่ชฟๆถฒๆงๅใณ่ฒๆฑๆ้ฒๆญข
ใฎ็นใงๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ใพใชใๆนใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ใใใง ใๅฎ่ณช็ใซใ ใจ ใฏใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒ 1 ยฃๅฝใใ 2 ไปฅไธ ๏ผๆดใซๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏๅ
จใ่ใพ ใชใ๏ผ ใๆๅณใใใ
ใพใๅ่ปขๅฆ็ใๅฎๆฝใใๅ ดๅใฏ้ๅธธ้ป็ฝ็พๅใ่กใฃใฆใใ็บ ่ฒ็พๅใใใ ใใฎ้ป็ฝ็พๅๆถฒใซใฏใ ใใค ใใญใญใ ใณใชใฉใฎใธใ ใใญใญใทใใณใผใณ้กใ 1 โใใจใใซไธ 3 โใใฉใพใช ใใณใชใฉใฎ 3 โใใฉใพใช ใใณ้กใพใใฏ N โใก ใใซใผ p โใก ใ ใ ใใจใใผใซ ใชใฉใฎใก ใใ ใใฆใใผใซ้กใชใฉๅ
ฌ็ฅใฎ้ป็ฝ็พๅไธป่ฌใๅ็ฌใงใ ใใใฏ็ตใฟๅใใใฆ็จใใ ใ ใจใใงใใใ
ใใใใฎ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒๅใณ้ป็ฝ็พๅๆถฒใฎ P Hใฏ 9 ใ12ใงใใใ ใจใไธ่ฌ็ใงใใใ ใพใใใใใฎ็พๅๆถฒใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใฏใ ๅฆ็ใใ ๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใซใใใใใ ไธ่ฌใซๆๅ
ๆๆ 1ๅนณๆนใกใผ ใ ใซๅฝใใ 3 ยฃไปฅไธใงใใใ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒไธญใฎ่ญๅ็ฉใค ใช ใณๆฟๅบฆใไฝๆธ ใใใฆใใ ใใจใซใใ 500 ไปฅไธใซใใใใจใใงใใใ ็นใซใ ๆ่ฌ้ซๅกฉๅ้ๆๅ
ๆๆใ็จใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒไธญใฎ่ญ็ด ใคใช ใณใไฝใ ใใ ๅกฉๅ็ฉใฃใฉใณใๆฏ่ผ็ๅคใ ใใใใจใงๅ็ๆงใ ๅฆ็ๆงใซๅชใใ ๅ็ๆงใฎๅคๅใๆใใใ ใจใใงใใใฎใง็นใซๅฅฝ ใพ ใใใ ใใฎใใใชๅ ดๅใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใฏใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆตดใงใฎใชใผใใผ ใๅฃไธใๅฎ่ณช็ใซใช ใ ใชใๆๅ
ๆๆ 1ๅนณๆนใก ไธ ใใซๅฝใใ็ด 20 ^ใพใงๆธๅฐใใใใใจใใงใใใ ่ฃๅ
้ใไฝๆป
ใใๅ ดๅใซใฏๅฆ ็ๆงฝใฎ็ฉบๆฐใจใฎๆฅ่งฆ้ข็ฉใๅฐใ ใ ใใใ ใจใซใใฃใฆๆถฒใฎ่ธ็บใ ็ฉบๆฐ้
ธๅใ้ฒๆญขใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใพใ็พๅๆถฒไธญใฎ่ญๅ็ฉใฃ ใช ใณใฎ่็ฉใๆใใๆๆฎตใ็จใใใ ใจใซใใ่ฃๅ
้ใไฝๆธใใ ใ ใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใฎๅฆ็ๆธฉๅบฆใฏใ 20ใ50ใฆใงๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 30
ใ 45ใฆใงใใใ ๅฆ็ๆ้ใฏใ 20็งใ 5ๅใงใ ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 30็งใ 3ๅใงใใใใ ้ซๆธฉ้ซ P Hใจใใ ใใค็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใ้ซๆฟๅบฆใซ ไฝฟ็จใใใใจใซใใใ ๆดใซๅฆ็ๆ้ใฎ็ญ็ธฎใๅณใใใจใใงใใใ
็บ่ฒ็พๅๅพใฎๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใฏ้ๅธธๆผ็ฝๅฆ็ใใใใ ใใ ใใ ๆฌ ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 1 ใฎๆ
ๆงใซใใใฆใฏๆผ็ฝๅฆ็ใฏๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใจๅๆใซ่กใช ใใใฆใใใใ ๏ผๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๅฆ็๏ผ ใ ๅญๅฅใซ่กใชใใใฆใใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 2ใฎๆ
ๆงใซใใใฆใฏๆผ็ฝใจๅฎ็ใๅๆใซ่กใใใ (ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๅฆ็๏ผ ใ ๆดใซๅฆ็ใฎ่ฟ
้ๅใๅณใใใใ ๆผ็ฝๅฆ็ๅพ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใใๅฆ็ๆนๆณใงใใใใ ใ ใใซใๆงฝใฎ้ฃ็ถใใๆผ ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใงๅฆ็ใใใใจใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใฎๅใซๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใใใ ใจใ ๅใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๅฆ็ๅพๆผ็ฝๅฆ็ใใใ ใจใ็ฎ็ใซๅฟใไปปๆ ใซๅฎๆฝใงใใใ ๆผ็ฝๅคใจใใฆใฏใ ไพใใฐ้ ๏ผ m ) ใ ใณใใซ ใ ( I ) ใ ใฏ ใญใ ( IV ) ใ ้
๏ผ ฯ ) ใชใฉใฎๅคไพก้ๅฑใฎๅๅ็ฉใ ้ ้
ธ้กใ ใญใ ใณ้กใ ไบ ใๅฃๅๅ็ฉ็ญใ็จใใใใใ ไปฃ่กจ็ๆผ็ฝๅค ใจใใฆใฏใใฑใช ใทใกใณๅ็ฉ ๏ผ ้ใฏ ใญใ ้
ธๅกฉ ๏ผ ้ ๏ผ DI ) ใใใ ใฏ ใณใใซ ใ ๏ผ IE ) ใฎๆๆฉ้ฉๅกฉใ ไพใใฐใงใใฌใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธใ ใธใจใใฌใณ ใ ใชใข ใ ใณไบ้
้
ธใ ใทใฏใญใธใญใตใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธใ ใก ใใซใค ใ ใใ้้
ธใ 1 , 3 โใธใข ใใ ใๅฃใใณๅ้
ข้
ธใ ใฐใช ใณ ใผใซใจใผใใซใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธใ ใชใฉใฎใข ใใ ใใช ใซใซใใณ้
ธ้ก ใใ ใ ใฏใฏใงใณ้
ธใ ้
็ณ้
ธใ ใช ใณใด้
ธใชใฉใฎ้ฏๅกฉ ๏ผ ้็กซ้
ธๅกฉ ๏ผ ่ญ็ด ้
ธๅกฉ ๏ผ ้ใใณใฌใณ้
ธๅกฉ ๏ผ ไบ ใใญใใณใผใณ้กใชใฉใ็จใใใ ใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎใ ใกใจใใฌใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ m ) ้ฏ ๅกฉใๅงใใจใใใข ใใ ใใช ใซใซใใณ้
ธ้ ๏ผ DI ) ้ฏๅกฉๅใณ้็กซ้
ธ ๅกฉใฏ่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใจ็ฐๅขๆฑๆ้ฒๆญขใฎ่ฆณ็นใใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใใใซใข ใ ใ ใใช ๅใซใใณ้
ธ้ ๏ผ II ) ้ฏๅกฉใฏๆผ็ฝๆถฒใซใใใฆใใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็
ๆถฒใซใใใฆใ็นใซๆ็จใงใใใ
ใพใใ ็นใซ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใ 150m Vไปฅไธใ ๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 180m V ไปฅไธใ ใใๅฅฝใพใ ใ ใฏ 200m Vไปฅไธใฎใ ใใใใ้ซ้ปไฝ้
ธๅๅค ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ไธ่จใซใใใ้
ธๅๅคใฎ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใฏใ ใ ใฉ ใณในใกใฏใทใจ ใณ ใบ ยท ใฉใ โฆ ใถ ยท ใใก ใฉใใฃ ' ใฝใตใคใจใใฃ ๏ผ Transactions of the Faraday Society). 55ๅทป ๏ผ1959ๅนด๏ผ ใ 1312ใ1313่ฒทใซ่จ่ผ ใใฆใใๆนๆณใซใใฃใฆๆธฌๅฎใใฆๅพใใใ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใงๅฎ็พฉใ ใใใ ใใฎๅ ดๅใฎ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใฏใ P H6. 0 ใฎๆกไปถใงไธ่ฟฐใฎๆน ๆณใซใใฃใฆๅพใใใใใฎใงใใใ ใใฎใใใซ P H6. 0ใซใใใฆ ๆฑใใ้ปไฝใๆก็จใใใฎใฏ P H6. 0ไป่ฟใๆผ็ฝใซใใช ใฎ็บ็ใฎ ็ฎๅฎใจใชใใใใงใใใ
ไปฅไธใซใ ใข ใใ ใใช ใซใซใใณ้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮฮ ) ้ฏๅกฉใฎๅ
ทไฝไพใๆใ ใใใ ใใใใซ้ๅฎใใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใ ไฝตใใฆใ ไธ่จๅฎ็พฉใซ ใใใ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใ่จใใ ๅฐใ ใข ใใ ใใช ใซใซใใณ้
ธ้ ๏ผ m ) ้ฏๅกฉใฏใ ใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใ ใซ ใช ใฆใ ใ ใขใณใขใใฅใ ็ญใฎๅกฉใงไฝฟ็จใ ใใใ ใข ใณใขใใฅใ ๅกฉใๆใๆผ็ฝใฎ้ใ็นใงๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๅๅ็ฉ No. ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝ
(mV vs. NHE, pH=6)
1 . N - ๏ผ 2 -ใกใป ใใข ใ ใ๏ผ
ใฃ ใใไบ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮฮ ) ้ฏๅกฉ 180
2. ใก ใใซใค ใใไบ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ m ) 200
้ฏๅกฉ
3. ใฃ ใใไบ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ m ) ้ฏๅกฉ 210
4. 1๏ผ 4 ใผใใใฌใณใธใก ใ ใณ
ๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ HI ) ้ฏๅกฉ 230
5. ใธใจใใฌใณใใฉใงไธใใซใธ
ใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ H ) ้ฏๅกฉ 230
6. ใฐใช ใณใผใซใจใผใใซใธใก ใ ใณ
ๅ้ฝ้
ธ้ ๏ผ 1ฮ ) ้ฏๅกฉ 240
7. 1, 3โใใญ ใใฌใณใธใก ใ ใณ
ๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ HI ) ้ฉๅกฉ 250
8. ใจใใฌใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้
( m ) ้ฏๅกฉ no
9. ใธใจใใฌใณ ใ ใช ใข ใ ใณไบ้
ข้
ธ
้ ๏ผ m ) ้ฏๅกฉ 80
10. ใ ใฉ ใณในไธ 1, 2โใทใฏ ใญใธใญ
ใตใณใธใกใ ใณๅ้
้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮ ฮ )
้ฏๅกฉ 80
ใใใใฎใข ใใ ใใช ใซใซใใณ้
ธ้ ๏ผM) ้ฏๅกฉใ็จใใๆผ็ฝๆถฒ ๅใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎ P Hใฏใ ้ๅธธ 5.5ใ 8ใงใใใใ ๅฆ็ใฎ่ฟ
้ ๅใฎใใใซใ ๆดใซไฝใ P Hใงๅฆ็ใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๆผ็ฝๆถฒใ ๆผ ๅฎ็ๆถฒๅใณใใใใฎๅๆตดใซใฏใ ๅฟ
่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๆผ ็ฝไฟ้ฒๅคใไฝฟ็จใใใ ใจใใงใใใ ๆ็จใชๆผ็ฝไฟ้ฒๅคใฎๅ
ทไฝไพ ใฏใ ๆฌกใฎๆ็ดฐๆธใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 893, 858ๅทใ ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 1,290,812ๅทใ ๅ 2, 059,988ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 53-32736ๅทใ ๅ 53-57831ๅทใ ๅ 53-37418ๅทใ ๅ 53-72623ๅทใ ๅ 53-95630ๅทใ ๅ 53-95631ๅทใ ๅ 53- 104232ๅทใ ๅ 53-124424ๅทใ ๅ 53-141623 ๅทใ ๅ 53-28426ๅทใ R DNo.17129ๅท ๏ผ 1978ๅนด 7ๆ๏ผ ใชใฉใซ่จ่ผ ใฎใก ใซใซใ ใๅบใพใใฏใธในใซใ ใฃ ใๅบใๆใใๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ ็น้ๆญ
50- 140129ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใขใพใช ใธใณ่ชๅฐไฝ ๏ผ ็นๅ
ฌๆญ 45-8506 ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 52-20832ๅทใ ๅ 53-32735ๅทใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 706, 561ๅทใซ ่จ่ผใฎใใฉๅฐฟ็ด ่ชๅฐไฝ๏ผ ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 1,127, 715ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 58- 16, 235ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎๆฒๅ็ฉๅกฉ๏ผ ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 966, 410ๅทใ ๅ 2, 748, 430ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใชใฉใญใทใจใใฌใณๅๅ็ฉ้ก๏ผ ็นๅ
ฌๆญ 45- 8836 ๅท่จ่ผใฎใใช ใขใ ใณๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ ใใฎไป็น้ๆญ 49-42434ๅทใ ๅ 49- 59644ๅทใ ๅ 53-94927ๅทใ ๅ 54-35727ๅทใ ๅ 55-26506ๅทใ ๅ 58 -163940ๅท่จ่ผใฎๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ ่ญๅ็ฉใค ใช ใณ็ญใไฝฟ็จใงใใใ ใชใ ใงใใก ใซใซใ ใๅบใพใใฏใธในใซใ ใฃ ใๅบใๆใใๅๅ็ฉใไฟ้ฒ ๅนๆใๅคงใใ่ฆณ็นใงๅฅฝใพใ ใใ ็นใซ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 893,858ๅทใ ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 1,290, 812ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 53- 95630ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎๅๅ็ฉใ ๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ๆดใซใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4, 552, 834ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅฅฝ ใพใใใ ใใใใฎๆผ็ฝไฟ้ฒๅคใฏๆๆไธญใซๆทปๅ ใใฆใใใใ ๆฎๅฝฑ ็จใฎใซใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ใใใจใใซใใใใฎๆผ็ฝไฟ้ฒๅค ใฏ็นใซๆๅนใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใซใฏใ ่ญๅใข ใณใขใใฅใ ใๅกฉๅใข ใณใขใ ใฅใ ใฎใใ ใชๅใใญใฒใณๅๅคใ็ก้
ธใข ใณใขใใฅใ ใชใฉใฎ P H็ทฉ ่กๅคใ ็กซ้
ธใกใณใขใใฅใ ใชใฉใฎ้ ่
้ฃ้ฒๆญขๅคใชใฉใฎๅ
ฌ็ฅใฎๆทป ๅ ๅคใๆทปๅ ใใใ ใจใใงใใใ '
ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 1ใฎๆ
ๆงใซใใใๅฎ็ๆตดใซใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ๅใณ ๏ผ ฮ ) ใฎๅๅ็ฉไปฅๅคใซใ ๆข็ฅใฎๅฎ็ๅคใไฝต็จใใฆใใใใ ไพใใฐใ ๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆใฏใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ ใใฉใทใข ใณ้
ธๅกฉใ ใใฉใง ไธใใซ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใ ใใฉๅฐฟ็ด ้กใ ใฎๆฒๅ็ฉๅกฉ็ญใใใใใใจ ใใงใใใใ ใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใฎไฝฟ็จใไธ่ฌ็ใงใใใ ็นใซใใฉ็กซ้
ธ ใข ใณใขใใฅใ ใๆบถ่งฃๆงใๅฎ็้ๅบฆใฎ็นใใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใใ ไปใฎๅฎ็
ๅคใจไฝต็จใใใฎใใใใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎไฟๆๅคใจใใฆใฏใ ไบ็กซ้
ธ ๅกฉใ้ไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใใใใฏใซใซใใใซ้ไบ็กซ้
ธไปๅ ็ฉใ ในใซใ ใฃ ใณ้
ธๅๅ็ฉใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅฎ็ๆถฒใซใฏๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎๅฎๅฎๆงๅไธใฎใใ ใซใ ใข ใใ ใใช ใซใซใใณ้
ธ้กใๆๆฉใในใใณ้
ธ็ณปใญใฌใผ ใๅค (ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏใ 1 โใ ใใญใญ ใทใงใใช ใใณไธ 1 , 1 โใธใในใใณ ้
ธๅใณ N , N , N ' , N ' ไธใจใใฌใณใธใข ใ ใณใ ใ ใฉใในใใณ ้
ธ๏ผ ใ่ๆใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ
ๅฎ็ๆถฒใซใฏใ ๆดใซใ ๅ็จฎใฎ่ๅ
ๅข็ฝๅคใ ๆถๆณกๅคใ ็้ขๆดปๆงๅคใ ใใช ใใฅใซใใญ ใช ใใณใ ใก ใฟใ ใผใซ็ญใ่ๆใใใ ใ ใจใใงใ ใใ
่ฑ้ๅทฅ็จใซใใใๅๅฆ็ๆถฒใฎๆชๆใฏใงใใใ ใๅผทๅใใใฆใ ใใใจใใ ่ฑ้ๅฆ็ๆ้็ญ็ธฎใฎ็นใใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๆชๆๆๆฎตใจใ ใฆใฏใ ็น้ๆญ 62- 183460ๅทใๅ 62- 183461ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใใชๆนๆณ ใชใฉใๆใใใใ ๅดๆตใ่ก็ชใใใๆๆฎตใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏใ ่ก็ชใพใง ใฎๆ้ใฏๆๅ
ๆๆใๅฆ็ๆถฒใซๅฐๅ
ฅใใใฆใใ 15็งไปฅๅ
ใซ่กใใฎ ใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใใๆผ็ฝๆถฒใธใฎใฏ ใญในใชใผใไธๆ ้ ๏ผๆๅ
ๆๆใใซใฉใผ็พๅๆถฒใใๅบใฆใ ๆผ็ฝๆถฒใซๅ
ฅใใพใงใฎ็ฉบ ไธญๆ้๏ผ ใฏใ ๆผ็ฝใซใใชใๆๅ
ๆๆ่กจ้ขใฎๆฑใไป็ใๆน่ฏใใ ็นใง 10็งไปฅๅ
ใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆผ็ฝๆถฒใใๅฎ็่ฝใๆ ใใๅฆ็ๆถฒใธใฎใฏใญในใชใผใไธๆ้ใฏใ ใทใข ใณ่ฒ็ด ใฎๅพฉ่ฒไธ่ฏ ใๆน่ฏใใ็นใใ 10็งไปฅๅ
ใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ใ ใใงใ ๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใจใใฆใฏใ ๆฎๅฝฑ็จใซ ใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆ (ไพใใฐใ ๅกๅธ้้ 4ใ12 g Zm z ) ใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏ 800 / m zไปฅไธ ใๅฅฝใพใ ใใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใจใใฆใฏใ 60 ffie Zm 2ไปฅไธใๅฅฝ
ใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 2ใฎๆ
ๆงใซใใใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎไฟๆๅคใจใใฆใ ไบ ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ้ไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใใใใฏใซใซใใใซ้ไบ็กซ้
ธไปๅ ็ฉใ ในใซ ใ ใฃ ใณ้
ธๅๅ็ฉใๆทปๅ ใใฆใใใใ ใพใใ ๅฎๅฎๆงๅไธใฎใใใซใ ใก ใใ ใใชใจใซใใณ้
ธ้กใๆๆฉใในใใณ้
ธ็ณปใญใฌใผ ใๅค ๏ผๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏใ 1 ใผ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใทใงใ ใช ใใณไธ 1 , 1 โใธใในใ ใณ้
ธๅใณ N , N , N ' , N ' ไธใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใข ใ ใณใ ใ ใฉใในใ ใณ้
ธ๏ผ ใ ่ๆใใใใจใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใฏใ ๆดใซใ ๅ็จฎใฎ่ๅ
ๅข็ฝๅคใ ๆถๆณกๅคใ ็้ขๆดปๆง ๅคใ ใ ใช ใใฅใซใใญ ใช ใ ใณใ ใก ใฟ ใ ใผใซ็ญใ่ๆใใใใ ใจๅใ' ใงใ ใใ
่ฑ้ๅทฅ็จใซใใใๅๅฆ็ๆถฒใฎๆฌๆใฏใงใใใ ใๅผทๅใใใฆใ ใใใจใใ ่ฑ้ๅฆ็ๆ้็ญ็ธฎใฎ็นใใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ๆชๆๆๆฎตใจใ ใฆใฏใ ็น้ๆญ 62- 183460ๅทใๅ 62 - 183461ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใใชๆนๆณ ใชใฉใๆใใใใ ๅดๆตใ่ก็ชใใใๆๆฎตใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏใ ่ก็ชใพใง ใฎๆ้ใฏๆๅ
ๆๆใๅฆ็ๆถฒใซ IIๅ
ฅใใใฆใใ 15็งไปฅๅ
ใซ่กใใฎ ใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใธใฎใฏ ใญในใชใผใ ไธๆ้ ๏ผๆๅ
ๆๆใใซใฉใผ็พๅๆถฒใใๅบใฆใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใซๅ
ฅใ ใพใงใฎ็ฉบไธญๆ้๏ผ ใฏใ ๆผ็ฝใซใใชใๆๅ
ๆๆ่กจ้ขใฎๆฑใไป็ใ ๆน่ฏใใ็นใง 1 0็งไปฅๅ
ใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ใ ใใงใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใจใใฆใฏใ ๆฎๅฝฑ็จใซใฉใผๆๅ
ๆ ๆ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ๅกๅธ้้ 4 ใ๏ผ 12 g Z m 2 ) ใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏ 800 _ m 2ไปฅ ไธใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใ ใซ ใฉใผๅฐ็ป็ดใฎๅ ดๅใฏใ 60 Z m 2ไปฅไธใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซ ใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฏใ ่ฑ ้ๅฆ็ๅพใ ๆฐดๆดๅใณ Zๅใฏๅฎๅฎๅทฅ็จใ็ตใใฎใไธ่ฌ็ใงใใใ ๆฐดๆดๅทฅ็จใงใฎๆฐดๆดๆฐด้ใฏใ ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎ็นๆง ๏ผไพใใฐใซใใฉใผ็ญ ไฝฟ็จ็ด ๆใซใ๏ผ ใ ็จ้ใ ๆดใซใฏๆฐดๆงๆฐดๆธฉใ ๆฐดๆดใฟ ใณใฏใฎๆฐ ๏ผๆฎต ๆฐ๏ผ ใ ๅๆตใ ้ ๆต็ญใฎ่ฃๅ
ๆนๅผใ ใใฎไป็จฎใ
ใฎๆกไปถใซใใฃใฆๅบ ็ฏๅฒใซ่จญๅฎใๅพใใ ใใฎใใกใ ๅคๆฎตๅๆตๆนๅผใซใใใๆฐดๆดใฟ ใณ ใฏๆฐใจๆฐด้ใฎ้ไฟใฏใ Journal of the Society of Motion Pic ture and Television Engineers ็ฌฌ 64ๅทปใ P. 248ใ253 (1955 ๅนด 5ๆๅท๏ผ ใซ่จ่ผใฎๆนๆณใงใ ๆฑใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๅ่จๆ็ฎใซ่จ่ผใฎๅคๆฎตๅๆตๆนๅผใซใใใฐใ ๆฐดๆดๆฐด้ใๅคงๅน
ใซ ๆธๅฐใๅพใใใ ใฟ ใณใฏๅ
ใซใใใๆฐดใฎๆป็ๆ้ใฎๅขๅ ใซใใใ ใใฏใใช ใกใ็นๆฎใใ ็ๆใใๆตฎ้็ฉใๆๅ
ๆๆใซไป็ใใ็ญ ใฎๅ้กใ็ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใซใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ใซใใใฆใ ใ ใฎใใใชๅ้กใ่งฃๆฑบ็ญใจใใฆใ ็น้ๆญ 62-288838ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎ C a ใค ใช ใณใ M g ใค ใชใณใไฝๆธใใใๆนๆณใๆฅตใใฆๆๅนใซ็จใ ใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใ ็น้ๆญ 57-8542ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใค ใฝใใขใพ ฯใณๅๅ็ฉใใตใฃ ใกใใณใใพใผใซ้กใ ๅกฉ็ด ๅใฃ ใฝใทใกใใผใซ้
ธ ใ ใ ใช ใฅใ ็ญใฎๅกฉ็ด ็ณปๆฎบ่ๅคใ ใใฎไปในใณใพ ใ ใชใขใพใผใซ็ญใ ๅ ๅฃๅ่ ใ้ฒ่้ฒ้ปดๅคใฎๅๅญฆใ ใ ่ก็ๆ่กไผ็ทจ ใๅพฎ็็ฉใฎๆธ่ใ ๆฎบ่ใ ้ฒๅพตๆ่กใ ใ ๆฅๆฌ้ฒ่้ฒๅพตๅญฆไผ็ทจ ใ้ฒ่้ฒๅพตๅคไบๅ
ธใ ใซ ่จ่ผใฎๆฎบ่ๅคใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ใซใใใๆฐดๆดๆฐดใฎ P Hใฏใ 4 ใ 9ใง ใใใ ๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 5ใ 8ใงใใใ ๆฐดๆดๆฐดๆธฉใ ๆฐดๆดๆ้ใใ ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎ็นๆงใ ็จ้็ญใง็จฎใ
่จญๅฎใๅพใใใ ไธ่ฌใซใฏใ 15ใ45ใฆ ใง 20็งใ 10ๅใ ๅฅฝใพใ ใ ใฏ 25ใ40ใฆใง 30็งใ 5ๅใฎ็ฏๅฒใ้ธๆ
ใใใใ ๆดใซใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅ
ๆๆใฏใ ไธ่จๆฐดๆดใซไปฃใใ ็ดๆฅๅฎ ๅฎๆถฒใซใใฃใฆๅฆ็ใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใฎใใใชๅฎๅฎๅๅฆ็ใซ ใใใฆใฏใ ็น้ๆญ 57 - 8543ๅทใ ๅ 58 - 14834ๅทใ ๅ 60 - 220345ๅทใซ ่จ่ผใฎๅ
ฌ็ฅใฎๆนๆณใฏใในใฆ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๅใ ๅ่จๆฐดๆดๅฆ็ใซ็ถใใฆใ ๆดใซๅฎๅฎๅๅฆ็ใใๅ ดๅใใใใ ใใฎไพใจใใฆใ ๆฎๅฝฑ็จๅใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๆ็ตๆตดใจใใฆไฝฟ็จใใ ใใ ใใซใ ใช ใณใ ใธใญใตใก ใ ใฌ ใณใ ใ ใฉ ใ ใณใ ใธใญใต ใ ใใญ ใ ใช ใขใธ ใณใ N โใก ใใญใผใซๅๅ็ฉใซไปฃ่กจใใใ่ฒ็ด ๅฎๅฎๅๅคใ ่ๆใใๅฎๅฎๆตดใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใฎๅฎๅฎๆตดใซใๅฟ
่ฆใซ ๅฟใใฆใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ ๅๅ็ฉใ B iใ A ยฃใชใฉใฎ้ๅฑๅๅ็ฉใ ่ ๅ
ๅข็ฝๅคใ ๅ็จฎใญใฌใผ ใๅคใ ่ P H่ชฟ็ฏๅคใ ็กฌ่ๅคใ ๆฎบ่ๅคใ ้ฒๅพตๅคใ ใขใซใซ ใ ใผใซใก ใ ใณใ็้ขๆดปๆงๅค ๏ผ ใท ใช ใณ ใณ็ณปใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ๏ผ ใๅ ใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฐดๆดๅทฅ็จใใใ ใฏๅฎๅฎๅๅทฅ็จ ใซ็จใใใใๆฐดใจใใฆใฏๆฐด้ๆฐดใฎใปใใค ใช ใณไบคๆๆจน่ใชใฉใซใ ใคใฆ C a ใค ใช ใณใ M g ใค ใช ใณๆฟๅบฆใ 5็ใ ยฃไปฅไธใซ่ฑใค ใช ใณๅฆ ็ใใๆฐดใใ ใญใฒใณใ ็ดซๅค็ทๆฎบ่็ฏ็ญใซใใฃใฆๆฎบ่ใใใๆฐดใ ไฝฟ็จใใใฎใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ไธ่จๆฐดๆดๅใณใๅใฏๅฎๅฎๆถฒใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใฏใ ๆๅ
ๆๆๅไฝ้ข็ฉๅฝ ใใๅๆตดใใใฎๆใก่พผใฟ้ใฎ 1ใ50ๅใ ๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 2ใ30ๅใ ใใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 2ใ15ๅใงใใ e ใใฎ่ฃๅ
ใซไผดใใชใผใใผใใญ ไธๆถฒใฏ่ฑ้ๅทฅ็จไปใฎๅทฅ็จใซใใใฆๅๅฉ็จใใใ ใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏๅฆ็ใฎ็ฐก ็ฅๅๅใณ่ฟ
้ๅใฎ็ฎ็ใง็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใๅ
่ตใใฆใ่ฏใใ ๅ
่ต ใใใใใซใฏใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใฎๅ็จฎใใฌใซใผใตไธใ็จใใใฎใ ๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ไพใใฐ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3 , 342 , 597ๅท่จ่ผใฎใฃ ใณ ใใขใฆใช
ใณ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใ ๅ 3, 342, 599ๅทใ R D ฮฮฑ14, 850ๅทๅใณๅ 15, 159ๅท ่จ่ผใฎใทใ ใๅกฉๅบๅๅๅ็ฉใ ๅ 13, 924ๅท่จ่ผใฎใขใซใใผใซๅๅ ็ฉใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 719, 492ๅท่จ่ผใฎ้ๅฑๅกฉ้ฉไฝใ ็น้ๆญ 53-135 628 ๅท่จ่ผใฎใฆใฌใฟใณ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใฏใ ๅฟ
่ฆใซๅฟ ใใฆใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅใไฟ้ฒใใ็ฎ็ใงใ ๅ็จฎใฎ 1 โใ ใจไบใซใผ 3 โ ใใฉใพใช ใใณ้กใๅ
่ตใใฆใ่ฏใใ ๅ
ธๅ็ใชๅๅ็ฉใฏ็น้ๆญ 56 - 64339ๅทใ ๅ 57-144547ๅทใ ๅใณๅ 58- 115438ๅท็ญใซ่จ่ผใใ ใฆใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใๅ็จฎๅฆ็ๆถฒใฏ 10ยท (๏ผใ 50'Cใซใใใฆไฝฟ็จใใใใ ้ๅธธใฏ 33 ใ38'Cใฎๆธฉๅบฆใๆจๆบ็ใงใใใใ ใใ้ซๆธฉใซใใฆๅฆ ็ใไฟ้ฒใๅฆ็ๆ้ใ็ญ็ธฎใใใใ ้ใซใใไฝๆธฉใซใใฆ็ป่ณชใฎ ๅไธใๅฆ็ๆถฒใฎๅฎๅฎๆงใฎๆน่ฏใ้ๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใ ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎ็ฏ้ใฎใใ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 2, 226, 770ๅทใพใใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ ็ฌฌ 3, 674, 499 ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใณใใซ ใ่ฃๅใใใ ใฏ้้
ธๅๆฐด็ด ่ฃๅ ใ็จใใๅฆ็ใ่กใฃใฆใใใใ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซ ใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใฎ 1ใคใฎไพใจใใฆ็ดๆฅใใธๅใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ใ็จใใใใฎใใใใ ใใฎๆๅ
ๆๆใ็จใใๅฆ็ใซ ใคใใฆไปฅไธ่ชฌๆใใใ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใๅๆง้ฒๅ
ใฎๅพใ ๅ
ๅใฏ้ ๆ ธๅคใซใใใใถใๅฆ็ใๆฝใใๅพๅใฏๆฝใใชใใใ ่ณ้ฆๆ็ฌฌไธ ็ดใข ใ ใณ็ณป็บ่ฒ็พๅ่ฌใ่ใ P H 11.5ไปฅไธใฎ่กจ้ข็พๅๆถฒใง็บ่ฒ ็พๅใ ๆผ็ฝ ยท ๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใใใใจใซใใ็ดๆฅใใธใซใฉใผ็ปๅใๅฝข ๆใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใใฎ็พๅๆถฒใฎ P Hใฏ 11.0ใ๏ผ 10.0ใฎ็ฏๅฒ ใงใใใฎใๆดใซๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใใใถใๅฆ็ใฏใ ใใใใ ใๅ
ใใถใๆณใ ใจๅผ ใฐใใๆๅ
ๅฑคใฎๅ
จ้ขใซ็ฌฌไบใฎ้ฒๅ
ใไธใใๆนๆณๅใณ ใๅๅญฆ็ใ ใถใๆณใ ใจๅผใฐใใ้ ๆ ธๅคใฎๅญๅจไธใซใฆ็พๅๅฆ็ใใๆนๆณใฎใ ใกใฎใฉใกใใ็จใใฆใใใใ ้ ๆ ธๅคใใใณใใถใๅ
ใฎๅญๅจไธใง ็พๅๅฆ็ใใฆใใใใ ใพใใ ้ ๆ ธๅคใ่ๆใใๆๅ
ๆๆใใใถ ใ้ฒๅ
ใใฆใใใใ
ๅ
ใใถใๆณใซ้ฌใใฆใฏใ ๅ่จใฎ็น้กๆญ 61 - 253716ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธ็ฌฌ 47้ 4่กใ 49้ 5่กใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใใ้ ๆ ธ ๅคใซ้ขใใฆใฏๅๆ็ดฐๆธ็ฌฌ 49้ 6่กใ 67้ 2่กใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ็นใซไธ่ฌๅผ ใ Nโ 1 ใ ใจ ใ Nโ 2 ใ ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใฎไฝฟ็จ ใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ใใใใฎๅ
ทไฝไพใจใใฆใฏใ ๅๆ็ดฐๆธ็ฌฌ 56ใ58้ ใซ ่จ่ผใฎ ใ Nโ I โ 1 ใ ใ ใ Nโ I ไธ 10] ใจๅๆ็ดฐๆธ็ฌฌ 63ใ66้ ใซ่จ่ผใฎ ใ Nโ ฮ โ 1 ใ ใ ใ Nโ Dโ 12] ใฎไฝฟ็จใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใ ใ้ ๆ ธไฟ้ฒๅคใซ้ขใใฆใฏใ ๅๆ็ดฐๆธ็ฌฌ 68้ 11 ่กใ ฮ ้ 3่กใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ็นใซใ ใฎๅ
ทไฝไพใจใใฆใฏใ ๅ ็ฌฌ 69้ ใ 70้ ใซ่จ่ผใฎ ๏ผ Aโ 1 ) ใ ๏ผ Aโ 13) ใฎไฝฟ็จใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใใ ไธ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใฎ็พๅๅฆ็ใซ็จใใใใใซใฉใผ็พ ๅๆถฒใซ้ขใใฆใฏใ ๅๆ็ดฐๆธ็ฌฌ 71้ ^่ก็ฎใ 72้ 9่ก็ฎใซ่จ่ผใ ใใฆใใใ ็นใซ่ณ้ฆๆ็ฌฌ 1็ดใก ใณ็ณป็บ่ฒ็พๅ่ฌใฎๅ
ทไฝไพใจใ ใฆใฏใ p โใใฑใใฌ ใณใธใข ใ ใณ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ใใฎไปฃ่กจ ไพใจใใฆใฏ 3 โใก ใใซไธ 4 ไธใข ใใ ใผ N โใงใใซไธ Nโ ( ฮฒ - ใก ใฟ ใณในใซใ ใณใข ใ ใใจใใซ๏ผ ใกใ ใช ใณใ 3 โใก ใใซใผ 4 ใผใก ใ ใ ใผ ฮ โใงใใซใผ ฮ โ ๏ผ ^ ไธ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใทใงใใใฌ ๏ผ ใกใ ใช ใณใ 3 โใก ใใซใผ 4 โใข ใ ใ ใผ ฮ โใงใใซใผ ฮ โ ใก ใ ใญ ใทใงใใซใก
ใฆใช ใณๅใณใใใใฎ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ ๅกฉ้
ธๅกฉใชใฉใฎๅกฉใใใใใใจใใง ใใใ
ๆฌกใซใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 1 ใฎๆ
ๆงใฏใใญใฒใณๅ้้ป็ฝๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆ ใซใ้ฉ็จๅฏ่ฝใงใใใ ไปฅไธใใฎๆๅ
ๆๆๅใณใใฎๅฆ็ใซใคใใฆ ่ฉณใใ่ฟฐในใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆ็จใใใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฎใใญใฒใณ็ตๆ ใซใฏ็นๅฅใชๅถ้ใฏใช ใใ ๅกฉๅ้๏ผ ๅกฉ่ญๅ้ใ ๆฒ่ญๅ้ใ ่ญๅ้ใ ๆฒ่ญๅกฉ้็ญใฎใฉใฎ็ตๆใงใใฃใฆใใใใใ ๆฒๅ้ใฎ่้ใฏ 10ใข ใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใ ็นใซ 5 ใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใใใๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคไธญใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏใ ๆฏ ่ผ็ๅบใ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบๅๅธใๆใคใ ใจใใงใใใใ ็ญใ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบๅๅธใๆใคใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ็นใซใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎ้้ใพ ใใฏๆฐใซ้ฌใใฆๅ
จไฝใฎ 90 %ใๅ ใใ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบใๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบใฎ ยฑ 40 %ไปฅๅ
ใซใใใใจใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ใณ ใณ ใ ใฉใน ใใฎ้ซใใใฌๅใฎๅฝขๆใซๅฉ็จใใๅ ดๅใซใ ็จใใ ใใใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ใฎๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใฃ ใบใฏๅพฎ็ฒๅญ ๏ผไพใใฐ 0 . 7 ไปฅ ไธ๏ผ ใฎๆนใๅฅฝใพใ ใใ ็นใซ 0. 5 ไปฅไธใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบ ๅๅธใฏๅบๆฌ็ใซใฏๅถ้ใฏใชใใใ ๅๅๆฃใงใใๆนใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใใใงใใๅๅๆฃใจใฏ้้ใใใ ใฏ.็ฒๅญๆฐใงๅฐใช ใ ใจใใใฎ 95 %ใๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบใฎ๏ผ t 40 %ไปฅๅ
ใฎๅคงใใใๆใค็ฒๅญ็พคใใๆง ๆใใใฆใใใใจใใใใ
ๅ็ไนณๅคไธญใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏ็ซๆนไฝใ ๅ
ซ้ขไฝใ ่ฑ 12้ขไฝใ 14้ขไฝใฎใใใช่ฆๅ็๏ผre gu l a r) ใช็ตๆถไฝใๆใใใใฎใงใใ ใใ ใพใ็็ถใ ๅนณๆฟ็ถใชใฉใฎใใ ใชๅคๅ็๏ผi rr e gu l ar) ใช็ตๆถ ใๆใคใใฎใ ใใใใฏใใใใฎ็ตๆถๅฝขใฎ่คๅๅฝขใๆใคใใฎใงใ
ใคใฆใใใใ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏๅ
้จใจ่กจๅฑคใๅไธใช็ธใใๆใฃใฆใใฆใใ ็ฐใชใ็ธใใๆใฃใฆใใฆใใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใซใฏใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๅฝข ๆใพใใฏ็ฉ็็ๆใฎ้็จใซใใใฆๅ ใใ ใฅใ ๅกฉใ ไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ ้ ๅกฉใ ใฟ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉใ ใญใธใฆใ ๅกฉใใ ใ ใฏใใฎ้ฏๅกฉใ ใค ใช ใธใฆใ ๅกฉ ใใ ใ ใฏใใฎ้ฏๅกฉใชใฉใๅ
ฑๅญใใใฆใใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใฏใ ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใ 10โ Bใ 10โ 5ใข ใซใฎใค ใช ใธใฆใ ๅกฉใ ่ฅใ ใ ใฏใใฎ้ฏๅกฉใๅญๅจใใใฆ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใ ใใค็ฒๅญ่กจ้ขใฎๆฒๅ้ๅซๆ็ใ็ฒๅญๅนณๅใฎๆฒๅ้ๅซๆ็ใใ ใ ๅคงใใใใญๆฒๅ้ใงใใใ ใใใใใญๆฒๅ้ใ่ใไนณๅคใ็จใ ใ ใจใใไธๅฑค้ซๆๅบฆใงใฌใณใใฎ้ซใๅ็็นๆงใๅพใใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆนๆณใง็จใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฏๅๅญฆๅขๆใใใฆใ ใช ใ ใฆใใใใใ ๅๅญฆๅขๆใใใฆใใฆใใใใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณ ๅคใฎๅๅญฆๅขๆใฎๆนๆณใจใใฆใ ็กซ้ปๅขๆใ ้ๅ
ๅขๆๅใณ่ฒด้ๅฑๅข ๆๆณใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ ใใใใฎใใใใใๅ็ฌใง็จใใฆใใ ๅ ไฝต็จใใฆๅๅญฆๅขๆใใฆใใใใ
่ฒด้ๅฑๅขๆๆณใฎใใก้ๅขๆๆณใฏใใฎไปฃ่กจ็ใชใใฎใง้ๅๅ็ฉใ ไธปใจใใฆ้้ฏๅกฉใ็จใใใ ้ไปฅๅคใฎ่ฒด้ๅฑใ ใใจใใฐ็ฝ้ใ ใใ' ใฉใธใฆใ ใ ใญใธใฆใ ็ญใฎ้ฏๅกฉใ่ๆใใฆใๅทฎๆฏใใชใใ ใใฎๅ
ท ไฝไพใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 2 , 448 , 060ๅทใ ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 618๏ผ 016ๅทใชใฉใซ่จ ่ผใใใฆใใใ ็กซ้ปๅขๆๅคใจใใฆใฏใ ใผใฉใใณไธญใซ่ใพใใ็กซ ้ปๅๅ็ฉใฎใปใใ ็จฎใ
ใฎ็กซ้ปๅๅ็ฉใ ใใจใใฐใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ ใ ใฉๅฐฟ็ด ้กใ ใใขใพใผใซ้กใ ใญใผใใใณ้ก็ญใใ็จใใใใจใใง ใใใ
ไธ่จใซใใใฆใฏใ ใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๅทฅ็จใฎ็ฉ็็ๆ็ต ไบๅใจ ใ ใซ็ฒๅญๅฝขๆๆใซใฃ ใช ใธใฅใ ๅกฉใใใ ใฏใญใธใฆใ ๅกฉใ็จ ใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใฏ็น้ๆญ 61-223734ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 62- 90646ๅทใซ้็คบใใใฆใใใใใชๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใคใบใฎ็ฐ ใชใไบ็จฎ้กใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใ่ใใใจใๆ้ซๆฟๅบฆ๏ผDmax)ไธๅผใจใ ใ็นใงๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅฐใตใค ใบๅๅๆฃ็ฒๅญใฏๅๅญฆๅขๆใใใฆใใใ ใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅๅญฆๅขๆใฎๆนๆณใฏ็กซ้ปๅขๆใๆใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ๅคง ใตใค ใบๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใฎๅๅญฆๅขๆใฏใใใฆใใช ใ ใฆใใใใใ ๅๅญฆ ๅขๆใใใฆใใฆใใใใ ๅคงใตใค ใบๅๅๆฃ็ฒๅญใฏไธ่ฌใซ้ปใใใ ็บ็ใใใใใฎใงๅๅญฆๅขๆใ่กใชใใชใใใ ๅๅญฆๅขๆใใใจใ ใฏ้ปใใใ็บ็ใใชใ็จๅบฆใซๆต
ใๆฝใใใจใ็นใซๅฅฝใพใใใ ใ ใใง ใๆต
ใๆฝใใ ใจใฏๅฐใตใคใบ็ฒๅญใฎๅๅญฆๅขๆใซ่ผในๅๅญฆๅขๆ ใๆฝใๆ้ใ็ญใใ ใใใใ ๆธฉๅบฆใไฝใ ใใใๅๅญฆๅขๆๅคใฎๆทป ๅ ้ใๆใใใ ใใฆ่กใชใ ใ ใจใงใใใ ๅคงใตใค ใบๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใจ ๅฐใตใค ใบๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใฎๆๅบฆๅทฎใซใฏ็นใซๅถ้ใฏใชใใ A logEใจ ใใฆ 0. 1ใ๏ผ 1. 0ใ ใใๅฅฝใพใ ใ ใฏ 0. 2ใ0. 7ใงใใใ ๅคงใตใค ใบ ๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใ้ซใๆนใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅฐใตใคใบๅๅๆฃ็ฒๅญใฎๅนณๅ็ฒ ๅญใตใค ใบใฏใ ๅคงใตใค ใบใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅๅๆฃ็ฒๅญใฎๅนณๅใตใคใบ ใฎ 90%ไปฅไธใงใใใ ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 80%ไปฅไธใงใใใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้ ไนณๅค็ฒๅญใฎๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบใฏใ ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 0.02๏ผ ใ 1. 0 //ใใ ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 0. 1 ๏ผ ใ 0. 5 ใงใใฎ็ฏๅฒๅ
ใซๅคงใตใคใบใจๅฐใตใคใบ ๅๅๆฃ็ฒๅญใฎๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบใ่ใพใใฆใใใใจใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซใใใฆใตใค ใบใฎ็ฐใชใฃใ 2็จฎไปฅ ไธใฎไนณๅคใ็จใใใจใใๅฐใตใค ใบๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใฎๅกๅธ้้ใจใใฆ
ใฏใ ็ธๅกๅธ้้ใซๅฏพใใฆใ ๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 40ใ90wt%ใ ใใๅฅฝใพใ ใ ใฏ 50ใ80wt%ใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซใใใฆ็ฒๅญใตใคใบใฎ็ฐใชใๅๅ ๆฃไนณๅคใๅฐๅ
ฅใใๆนๆณใจใใฆใฏใ ๅไธไนณๅคใซๅฐๅ
ฅใใฆใใ ใใ ใใใใฏๅฅใ
ใฎๅฑคใซๅฐๅ
ฅใใฆใใใพใใชใใ ๅฅใ
ใฎๅฑคใซๅฐๅ
ฅใ ใใจใใฏใ ๅคงใตใค ใบไนณๅคใไธๅฑคใซใ ๅฐใตใค ใบไนณๅคใไธๅฑคใซใใ ใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ
ใชใใ ็ทๅกๅธ้้ใจใใฆใฏใ 1 g /m2ใ 8 g /m2ใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏใ ๆๅบฆไธๅผใ็ฎ็ใจใใฆ็น ้ๆญ 55-52050ๅท็ฌฌ 45้ ใ 53้ ใซ่จ่ผใใใๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ๏ผไพใใฐใท ใกไบใณ่ฒ็ด ใ ใก ใญใทใกใใณ่ฒ็ด ใชใฉใ ๏ผ ใๆทปๅ ใใใใจใใงใ ใใ ใใใใฎๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใฏๅ็ฌใซ็จใใฆใใใใใ ใใใใฎ็ตๅ ใใ็จใใฆใใ ใใ ๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใฎ็ตๅใใฏ็นใซใ ๅผท่ฒๅขๆใฎ็ฎ็ ใงใใฐใใฐ็จใใใใใ ๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใจใจใใซใ ใใ่ช่บซๅๅ
ๅขๆ ไฝ็จใใใใชใ่ฒ็ด ใใใใฏๅฏ่ฆๅ
ใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅธๅใใชใ็ฉ่ณช ใงใใฃใฆใ ๅผท่ฒๅขๆใ็คบใ็ฉ่ณชใไนณๅคไธญใซ่ใใงใใใใ ๆ็จ ใชๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใ ๅผท่ฒๅขๆใ็คบใ่ฒ็ด ใฎ็ตๅใๅใณๅผท่ฒๅขๆใ็คบใ ็ฉ่ณชใฏใช ใตใผใ ยท ใใฃ ในใฏ ใญใผใธใฃใผ๏ผResearch Disclosure) 176ๅทป 17643 (1978ๅนด 12ๆ็บ่ก๏ผ ็ฌฌ 23้ IVใฎ J้
ใซ่จ่ผใใใฆ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏใ ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๅทฅ็จใ ไฟๅญ ไธญใใใใฏๅ็ๅฆ็ไธญใฎใซใใชใ้ฒๆญขใใใใใฏๅ็ๆง่ฝใๅฎ ๅฎๅใใใ็ฎ็ใงใ ็จฎใ
ใฎๅๅ็ฉใ่ๆใใใใ ใจใใงใใใ ใใชใใกใกใพไธใซ้กใใจใใฐใใณใพใใขใพใช ใฅใ ๅกฉใ ไบ ใ ใญใค ใณใใพใผใซ้กใ ใฏ ใญ ๅฃ ใน ใณใบใฃ ใ ใใพใผใซ้กใ ใใญ ใข ใใณใบใฃ
ใใใพไธใซ้กใ ใก ใซใซใ ใใใขใพใผใซ้กใ ใก ใซใซใ ใใใณใพใ ใกใพใผใซ้กใ ใก ใซใซใ ใใใขใธใขใพไธใซ้กใ ใก ใ ใ ใ ใช ใกใพใผ ใซ้กใ ใใณใพใใขใพใผใซ้กใ ใ ใ ใญในใณใพ ใ ใช ใขใพใผใซ้กใ ใช ใฉ ๏ผ ใก ใซใซใ ใ ใใช ใ ใธใณ้ก ๏ผ ใก ใซใซใ ใ ใ ใช ใขใธใณ้ก ๏ผ ใใจ ใใฐใฉใญใตใพใช ใณใใชใณใฎใใใชใใชใฑ ใๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ ใกใถใฃ ใณใ ใณ้กใ ใใจใใฐ ใ ใช ใขใถใค ใณใใณ้กใ ใ ใ ใฉใกใถใค ใณใใณ้ก (็นใซ 4 ใผใ ใใญใญใท็ฝฎๆ ๏ผ 1 , 3, 3a, 7 ) ใ ใ ใฉใถใค ใณใใณ ้ก๏ผ ใ ใใณใฟ ใกใถใค ใณใใณ้กใชใฉ ๏ผ ใใณใผใณใใฉในใซใใฉ ใณ้
ธใ ใใณใผ ใณในใซใ ใฃ ใณ้
ธใ ใใณใผใณในใซใ ใฉ ใณ้
ธใข ใ ใ็ญใฎใใ ใชๅใใช้ฒๆญขๅคใพใใฏๅฎๅฎๅคใจใใฆ็ฅใใใๅคใ ใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅ ใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎใใฎใฎไธญใงใ ๅฅฝใพ ใใใฎใฏในใณใพ ใ ใช ใขใพไธใซ้ก ๏ผไพใใฐใ 5 โใก ใใซใผใใณใพ ใ ใช ใกใพไธใซ๏ผ ๅใณไบ ใ ใญใค ใณใใพใผใซ้ก ๏ผไพใใฐ 5 โไบ ใ ใญใค ใณใใพใผใซ๏ผ ใงใใใ ใพใใ ใใใใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅฆ็ๆถฒใซๅซๆใใใฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใใฎไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณ ใญใค ใๅฑคใซ้ ๆ ธๅคใ่ๆใใฆใใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซ็จใใใใ้ ๆ ธๅคใจใใฆใฏใ ไพ ใใฐ RESEARCH DISCLOSURE Item 23516 (1983ๅนด 11ๆๅทใ P. 346) ใใใณใ ใใซๅผ็จใใใๆ็ฎใฎไปใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ 4, 080, 207ๅทใ ๅ 4, 269, 929ๅทใ ๅ 4, 276, 346ๅทใ ๅ 4, 278, 748ๅทใ ๅ 4, 385, 108 ๅทใ ๅ 4, 459, 347ๅทใ ๅ 4, 560, 638ๅทใ ๅ 4, 478, 928ๅทใ ่ฑๅฝ็น ่จฑ 2,011,391Bใ ็น้ๆญ 60-179734ๅทใ ๅ 62-270, 948ๅทใ ๅ 63- 29, 751ๅทใ ๅ 61-170,733ๅทใ ๅ 61-27, 744้
ใ ๅ 62-948ๅทใ E P217,310ๅทใ ใพใใฏ U S 4, 686, 167ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 62- 178, 246ๅทใ ๅ 63-32, 538ๅทใ ๅ 63-104, 047ๅทใ ๅ 63-121,838ๅทใ ๅ 63-129,
337ๅทใ ๅ 63-223, 744ๅทใ ๅ 63- 234, 244ๅทใ ๅ 63-234, 245ๅทใ ๅ 63-234,246ๅทใ ๅ 63- 294, 552ๅทใ ๅ 63-306, 438ๅทใ ็น้ๅนณ 1- 100, 530ๅทใ ๅ 1-105-941ๅทใ ๅ 105, 943ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 64- 10, 233 ๅทใ ็น้ๅนณ 1-90, 439ๅทใ ็น้กๆญ 63- 105, 682ๅทใ ๅ 63-ฮ 4,118ๅทใ ๅ 63-110, 051ๅทใ ๅ 63-114, 119ๅทใ ๅ 63- 116, 239ๅทใ ๅ 63- 147, 339ๅทใ ๅ 63-179,760ๅทใ ๅ 63-229, 163ๅทใ ็น้กงๅนณ 1-18, 377ๅทใ ๅ 1-18, 378ๅทใ ๅ 1-18, 379ๅทใ ๅ 1-15, 755ๅทใ ๅ 1-16, 814ๅทใ ๅ 1-40, 792ๅทใ ๅ 1-42,615ๅทใ ๅ 1-42, 616ๅทใ ๅ 1-123,693ๅทใ ๅ 1- 126, 284ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใใใฎใ็จใใ ใใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซ็จใใใฎใซ้ฉใใ็พๅๆ้ฒๅคใ ใใใฏ้ ๆ ธไผๆ็พๅใฎไฟ้ฒๅคใจใใฆใฏใ ็น้ๆญ 53- 77616ๅทใ ๅ 54-37732ๅทใ ๅ 53- 137133ๅทใ ๅ 60-140340ๅทใ ๅ 60- 14959ๅทใช ใฉใซ้็คบใใใฆใใๅๅ็ฉใฎไปใ ฮๅใฏ Sๅๅญใ่ใๅ็จฎใฎๅ ๅ็ฉใๆๅนใงใใใ
ใใใใฎไฟ้ฒๅคใฏใ ๅๅ็ฉใฎ็จฎ้กใซใคใฆๆ้ฉๆทปๅ ้ใ็ฐใชใ ใ 1.0 X 10โ 3ใ0.5g m2ใ ๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 5.0 X 10โ 3ใ0. lg/m2ใฎ ็ฏๅฒใง็จใใใฎใๆใพใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใใฎไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณ ใญใค ใๅฑคใซๆธๆๅคใ่ๆใใฆใใใ-ใ
ๆฌ็บๆใง็จใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซ็จใใใใๆๆฉๆธๆๅคใฏใ ใใฎใ ไธใฉใญใฐใฉใๅๆณข้ปไฝใ ๅณใกใใผใฉ ใญใฐใฉใใฃไธใงๆฑบๅฎใใใ ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใซใใ่ฆๅฎใใใ ใใผใฉๅฃ้ฝๆฅต้ปไฝใจ้ฐๆฅต้ปไฝใฎ ๅใๆญฃใซใชใใใฎใงใใใ ใใผใฉใญใฐใฉใใฎ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใฎๆธฌ ๅฎๆณใซใคใใฆใฏไพใใฐ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 501,307ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใ ใใ ๆๆฉๆธๆๅคใซใฏๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1ใคๆฐดๆบถๆงๅบ่ๆใใใใฎใๅฅฝ
ใพใ ใ ใ ๅ
ทไฝ็ใซใฏในใซใ ใณ้
ธๅบใ ใซใซใใณ้
ธๅบใ ในใซใ ใณ้
ธ ๅบใชใฉใๆใใใใ ใใใใฎๅบใฏๆๆฉๅกฉๅบ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใข ใณใขใ ใฅใกใ ใ ใช ใธ ใณใ ใ ใช ใงใใซใก ใ ใณใ ใใบ ใช ใธ ใณใ ใขใซใ ใช ใณ ใชใฉ๏ผ ใพใใฏใขใซๅใช้ๅฑ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใ ใซ ใช ใฅใ ใชใฉ๏ผ ใชใฉใจๅกฉใๅฝขๆใใฆใใฆใใใใ
ๆๆฉๆธๆๅคใจใใฆใฏใ ็น้ๆญ 63-133145ๅทๅ
ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใ ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ ฮ ฮ ) ใ ๏ผ V ) ใง่กจใใใใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใ็จใใใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใซ็จใใๆๆฉ'ๅๆๅคใฏใใญใฒใณๅ ้ไนณๅคๅฑคไธญใซ 1. 0 X 10โ 8ใ๏ผ I. 0 X 10โ 4ใขใซ/ mzใ ็นใซ 1. 0 X 10"7 ใ๏ผ I. 0 X 10โ 5 2ๅญๅจใใใใใใจใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใฎไนณๅคๅฑคๅใฏใ ใใฎไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณ ใญใค ใๅฑคใซใ ใ ใฃ ใซใฟใผๆๆใจใใฆใ ใใใใฏใฃ ใฉใธใงใผใทใง ใณ้ฒๆญขใใฎไปใ ็จฎใ
ใฎ็ฎ็ใงใ ๆฐดๆบถๆงๆๆใ่ๆใใฆใใใใ ใ ใฃ ใซใฟไธๆๆใจใใฆใฏใ ๅ็ๆๅบฆใใใใซไฝใใใใใฎๆๆใ ๅฅฝใพใ ใ ใฏใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใฎๅบๆๆๅบฆๅใซๅๅ
ๅธๅๆฅตๅคงใๆใ ใ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅคใใ ๆๅฎคๆๅ
ๆๆใจใใฆๅใๆฑใใใ้ใฎใปไธ ใ ใฉ ใค ใๅ
ใซๅฏพใใๅฎๅ
จๆงใ้ซใใใใใฎใ ไธปใจใใฆ 38ฮทฮท๏ผใ 600 nmใฎ้ ๅใซๅฎ่ณช็ใชๅ
ๅธๅใใใคๆๆใ็จใใใใใ
ใใใใฎๆๆใฏใ ็ฎ็ใซๅฟใใฆไนณๅคๅฑคใซๆทปๅ ใใใใ ใใใ ใฏใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใฎไธ้จใ ๅณใกใ ๆฏๆไฝใซ้ขใใฆใใญใฒใณ ๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคใใ้ ใ ใฎ้ๆๅ
ๆง่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณๅฃใฃ ใๅฑคใซๅชๆๅคใจใจ ใใซๆทปๅ ใใฆๅบๅฎใใฆ็จใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ
็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅคใฎใขใซๅธๅ
ไฟๆฐใซใใ็ฐใชใใใ ้ๅธธ 10โ 2 gใ mzใ l g Zm2ใฎ็ฏๅฒใงๆทปๅ ใใใใ ๅฅฝใพใใ ใฏ 50mgใ500mg/ni2 ใงใใใ
ไธ่จ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅคใฏ้ฉๅฝใชๆบถๅช ใไพใใฐๆฐดใ ใขใซใณ ใผใซ ๏ผไพ ใใฐใก ใฟใ ใผใซใ ใจใฟใ ใผใซใ ใใญใใฝ 'ใ ใผใซใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ใขใป ใ ใณใ ใกใใซใปๅฃใฝ ใซใใ ใชใฉใ ใใใใฏใใใใฎๆททๅๆบถๅชใ ใซๆบถ่งฃ ใใฆๅกๅธๆถฒไธญใซๆทปๅ ใใใใจใใงใใใ
็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅคใจใใฆใฏใ ไพใใฐใ ใกใชใผใซๅบใง็ฝฎๆใใใใน ใณใพ ใ ใช ใขใพใผใซๅๅ็ฉใ 4 โใใขใพใช ใใณๅๅ็ฉใ ใใณใพใ ใจใ ใณๅๅ็ฉใ ๆก็ฎ้
ธใจในใใซๅๅ็ฉใ ใใฟ ใธใจ ใณๅๅ็ฉใ ใ ใณใพใฉใญใตใพใผใซๅๅ็ฉใใใซ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅใใช ใใผใ็จใใใ ใจใใงใใใ
็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅคใฎๅ
ทไฝไพใฏใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ 3, 533,794ๅทใ ๅ 3, 314, 794ๅทใ ๅ 3, 352, 618ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 46- 2784ๅทใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ 3, 705, 805 ๅทใ ๅ 3, 707, 375ๅทใ ๅ 4, 045, 229ๅทใ ๅ 3, 700, 455ๅทใ ๅ 3, 499, 863 ๅทใ ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑๅบ้กๅ
ฌๅ 1,547, 863ๅทใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ
ใ ใฃ ใซใฟใผๆๆใจใใฆใฏใ ใฉใญใฝใใผใซๆๆใ ใธใใชใญใฝใ ใผใซๆๆใ ในใใช ใซๆๆใ ใก ใญ ใทใขใใณๆๆใ ใทใกใใณๆๆใ ใใณใกใพๆๆใๅ
่ใใใใ ็พๅๅฆ็ๅพใฎๆฎ่ฒใๅฐใช ใใใๆ ๅณใใใ ๆฐดๆบถๆงใใ ใ ใฏใ ใขใซใซ ใชใไบ็กซ้
ธใค ใชใณใซใใฃใฆ่ฑ ่ฒใใๆๆใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๅ
ทไฝ็ใซใฏใ ไพใใฐ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 2, 274, 782ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฉใพ ใญใณใฉใญใฝใใผใซๆๆใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 2, 956, 879ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใธใก ใชใผใซใกใพๆๆใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 423, 207ๅทใ ๅ็ฌฌ 3, 384, 487ๅท ใซ่จ่ผใฎในใใช ใซๆๆใใใฟใธใฑใใซๆๆใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 2, 527, 583ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใก ใญใทใขไบใณๆๆใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 486, 897ๅทใ ๅ็ฌฌ 3, 652, 284ๅทใ ๅ็ฌฌ 3, 718๏ผ 472ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใก ใญ ใทใขใใณๆๆ ใใฉใญใฝใ ใผใซ ยพๆใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3, 976, 661ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใงใ ใ
ใ ใธ ใ ใชใญ ใฝ ใ ใผใซๆๆๅใณ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 584, 609ๅทใ ๅ 1,177, 429ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 48-85130ๅทใ ๅ 49-99620ๅทใ ๅ 49-114420ๅทใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 2, 533, 472ๅทใ ๅ็ฌฌ 3 , 148, 187ๅทใ ๅ็ฌฌ 3, 177, 078ๅทใ ๅ็ฌฌ 3, 247, 127ๅทใ ๅ็ฌฌ 3, 540, 887ๅทใ ๅ็ฌฌ 3, 575, 704ๅทใ ๅ ็ฌฌ 3, 653, 905ๅทใ ใซ่จ่ผใฎๆๆใ็จใใใใใ
ๆๆใฏ้ฉๅฝใชๆบถๅช ใไพใใฐๆฐดใ ใขใซใณใผใซ ๏ผไพใใฐใก ใฟใใผ ใซใ ใจใฟ ใ ใผใซใ ใใญใใฝ'ใ ใผใซใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ใขใป ใ ใณใ ใก ใใซใป ๅฃ ใฝใซใใชใฉใ ใใใใฏใใใใฎๆททๅๆบถๅชใ ใซๆบถ่งฃใใฆๆฌ็บๆใฎ ้ๆๅ
ๆงใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณ ใญใค ใๅฑค็จๅกๅธๆถฒไธญใซๆทปๅ ใใใใ
ๅ
ทไฝ็ใชๆๆใฎไฝฟ็จ้ใฏใ ไธ่ฌใซ 10โ 3 gใ^ใ 1 g /m2. ็น ใซ 10โ 3 gใ ra2ใ0.5gZm2ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซๅฅฝใพใใ้ใ่ฆใๅบใใ ใจใ ใงใ ใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏใ ๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใใฎไปใฎ่ฆช ๆฐดๆงใณใญใค ใๅฑคใซ็กๆฉใพใใฏๆๆฉใฎ็กฌ่ๅคใ่ๆใใฆใใใ ไพ ใใฐใฏ ใญใ ๅกฉใ ใขใซใใ ใ้กใ ๏ผใใซใ ใขใซใใ ใใ ใฐใซใฟใผ ใซใขใซใใ ใใชใฉ๏ผ ใ Nโใก ใๅฃไธใซๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผใธใก ใใญใผใซๅฐฟ ็ด ใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ๆดปๆงใใฅใซๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ1, 3, 5 โ ใ ใช ใกใฏ ใช ใญใคใซใผ ใธใญใตใ ใใญ ใผ s โ ใ ใช ใข ใธใณใ 1 , 3 โใใใซในใซใใใซไธ 2 ไธใใญใใ ใผใซใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ๆดปๆงใใญใฒใณๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ 2 , 4 โ ใธใฏ ใญใซ ไธ 6 โ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใทไธ s โ ใ ใช ใขใธ ใณใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ใ ใณ ใใญใฒใณ้
ธ้ก ใชใฉใๅ็ฌใพใใฏ็ตใฟๅใใใฆ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใพใใฏไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณ ใญ ใค ใๅฑคใซใฏๅกๅธๅฉๅคใ ๅธฏ้ป้ฒๆญขใ ในใใชๆงๆน่ฏใ ไนณๅๅๆฃใ ๆฅ็้ฒๆญขๅใณๅ็็นๆงๆน่ฏ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ็พๅไฟ้ฒใ ็กฌ่ชฟๅใ ๅขๆ๏ผ ็ญ็จฎใ
ใฎ็ฎ็ใงใ ็จฎใ
ใฎ็้ขๆดปๆงๅคใๅซใใงใใใใ ็นใซๆฌ็บ
ๆใซใใใฆๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ็จใใใใ็้ขๆดปๆงๅคใฏ็นๅ
ฌๆญ 58 - 9412ๅท ๅ
ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใๅๅญ้ 600ไปฅไธใฎใใช ใขใซใญ ใฌใณใฉใญใตใค ใ ้กใงใใใ ใ ใใงๅธฏ้ป้ฒๆญขๅคใจ ใใฆ็จใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใ ใ ใ็ด ใ ่ๆใใ็้ขๆดปๆงๅค ๏ผ่ฉณใ ใ ใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4 , 201 , 586ๅทใ ็น้ ๆญ 60- 80849ๅทใ ๅ 59- 74554ๅท๏ผ ใ็นใซๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏใ ๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใใฎไปใฎ่ฆช ๆฐดๆงใณ ใญใค ใๅฑคใซๆฅ็้ฒๆญขใฎ็ฎ็ใงใทใช ใซใ ้
ธๅใใฐใ ใทใฆใ ใ ใใช ใก ใใซใก ใฟใฏ ใช ใผ ใ็ญใฎใ ใ ใๅคใ่ใใ ใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅ็ไนณๅคใซใฏๅฏธๅบฆๅฎๅฎๆงใฎๆน่ฏ ใชใฉใฎ็ฎ็ใงๆฐดไธๆบถใพใใฏ้ฃๆบถๆงๅๆใ ใช ใใผใฎๅๆฃ็ฉใๅซใ ใ ใจใใงใใใ ใใจใใฐใขใซใญใซ ๏ผใก ใฟ ๏ผ ใกใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใใ ใขใซ ใณใญ ใทใขใฏ ใช ใซ ๏ผใก ใฟ๏ผ ใกใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใใ ใฐใช ใทใธใซ ๏ผใก ใฟ๏ผ ใก ใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใใ ใชใฉใฎๅ็ฌใใ ใ ใฏ็ตๅใใใ ใพใใฏใใใใจใก ใฏ ใช ใซ้
ธใ ใก ใฟใขใฏ ใช ใซ้
ธใ ใชใฉใฎ็ตๅใใๅ้ไฝๆๅใจใใ ใใช ใใผใ็จใใ ใ ใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑคๅใณใใฎไปใฎๅฑค ใซใฏ้
ธๅบใๆใใๅๅ็ฉใ่ๆใใ ใ ใจใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ้
ธๅบใๆ ใใๅๅ็ฉใจ ใใฆใฏใตใช ใใซ้
ธใ ้
ข้
ธใ ใกในใณ ใซใใณ้
ธ็ญใฎๆ ๆฉ้
ธๅใณใขใฏ ใช ใซ้
ธใ ใใฌใค ใณ้
ธใ ใใฟใซ้
ธใฎๅฆใ้
ธใขใ ใใผ ใ ใ ใ่ฟใๅไฝใจ ใใฆๆใใใใช ใใผๅใฏใณใใช ใใผใๆใใ ใ ใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎๅๅ็ฉใซ้ขใใฆใฏ็น้ๆญ 61 - 223834ๅทใ ๅ 61 - 228437ๅทใ ๅ 62 - 25745ๅทใ ๅใณๅ 62- 55642ๅทๅ
ฌๅ ฑใฎ่จ่ผ ใๅ่ใซใใ ใ ใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎๅๅ็ฉใฎไธญใงใ็นใซๅฅฝใพ ใใใฎใฏใ ไฝๅๅญๅๅ็ฉใจ ใใฆใกในใณ ใซใใณ้
ธใงใใใ ้ซๅๅญ ๅๅ็ฉใจ ใใฆใฏใขใฏ ใช ใซ้
ธใฎๅฆใ้
ธใขใ ใใผใจใธใใใซใใณใผ
ใณใฎๅฆใ 2ๅไปฅไธใฎไธ้ฃฝๅๅบใๆใใๆถๆฉๆงใขใ ใใผใใใชใ ใณใใชใใผใฎๆฐดๅๆฃๆงใฉใ ใใฏในใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆใๅฃใฒใณๅ้้ป็ฝๆๅ
ๆๆใ็พๅๅฆ็ใใ้ ใฎ็พๅๆถฒใซใฏใ ้ๅธธ็จใใใใๆทปๅ ๅค ๏ผไพใใฐ็พๅไธป่ฌใ ใขใซ ๅ ใชๅคใ P H็ทฉ่กๅคใ ไฟๆๅคใ ใญใฌใผ ใๅค๏ผ ใ่ๆใใใใ ใจ ใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฆ็ใซใฏใ ๅ
ฌ็ฅใฎๆนๆณใฎใใใใใ็จใใ ใใจใใงใใ ใๅฆ็ๆถฒใซใฏๅ
ฌ็ฅใฎใใฎใ็จใใใฎใใงใใใ ๅใ ๅฆ็ๆธฉๅบฆใฏ้ๅธธใ 18ใฆใใ 50 'Cใฎ้ใซ้ธใฐใใๅ 18 ฮใใไฝ ใๆธฉๅบฆใพใใฏ 50ใฆใใใใๆธฉๅบฆใจใใฆใใใใ
้ป็ฝ็พๅๆถฒใซใฏใ ใธใ ใใญใญใทใใณใผใณ้กใ 1 โใใฑใใซใผ
3 โใใฉใพใช ใใณ้กใ ใก ใ ใ ใใฆใ ใผใซ้ก็ญใฎๅ
ฌ็ฅใฎ็พๅไธป่ฌ ใๅ็ฌใใใใฏ็ตใฟๅใใใฆ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ
ไธ่จ้ป็ฝ็พๅๆถฒใซ็จใใใ ใใญใญใทใใณใผใณ็ณป็พๅไธป่ฌใจใ ใฆใฏใ ใค ใ ใญใญใ ใณใ ใฏ ใญ ใญ ใใฝ ใฃ ใ ใญใญใ ใณใ ใใญใข ใใฝ ใฃ ใ ใญ ใญใ ใณใ ใค ใฝใใญ ใใซใใค ใใญใญใ ใณใ ใก ใใซใใค ใใญใญใ ใณใ 2 , 3 โใธใฏ ใญ ใญ ใใฝใฃ ใใญใญใ ใณใ 2 , 3 โใธใๅฃใข ใใฝใฃ ใใญใญใ ใณใ 2 , 5 โใธใก ใใซใใค ใใญใญใ ใณ็ญใ ยพใใใ ใชใใงใ็นใซ ใใค ใๅฃใญใ ใณใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
่ฃๅฉ็พๅไธป่ฌใจใใฆใฎ 1 โใใจใใซโ 3 โใใฉใพใช ใใณๅใฏ ใใฎ่ชๅฐไฝใฎไพใจใใฆใฏ 1 ไธใใจไบใซใผ 3 โใใฉใพใช ใใณใ 1 โใใจไบใซใผ 4 , 4 ใผใธใก ใใซไธ 3 โใใฉใพใช ใใณใ 1 โใใจไบ ใซใผ 4 โใก ใใซใผ 4 โใ ใใญใญใทใก ใใซไธ 3 โใใฉใพใช ใใณใ 1 โใใจไบใซใผ 4 , 4 โใธใ ใใญใญ ใทใก ใใซใผ 3 โ ใใฉใพใช ใใณใ 1 ไธใใจใใซไธ 5 โใก ใใซใผ 3 โใใฉใพใช ใใณใ 1 ไธ p โใข ใ ใ ใใจไบใซใผ 4 , 4 โใธใก ใใซใผ 3 โใใพใช ใใณใ 1 โ P โ ใ ใช
ใซไธ 4 , 4 ใผใธใก ใใซไธ 3 โ ใใฉใพใช ใใณใชใฉใใใใ
ฮก โใข ใ ใ ใ ใฑ ใ ใผใซ็ณปๆๅฉ็พๅไธป่ฌใจ ใใฆใฏ ฮ โใก ใใซไธ ฮก โใก ใ ใ ใ ใจใ ใผใซใ ฮก โใก ใ ใ ใ ใจใ ใผใซใ ฮ โ ๏ผ ใผใ ใใญใญ ใทใงใใซใผ ฮก โใก ใ ใ ใใจ ใ ใผใซใ ฮโ ( 4 โ ใ ใไธใญ ใทใ ใจ ใใซ๏ผ ใฐ ใช ใท ใณใ 2 โใก ใใซไธ ฮก โใก ใ ใ ใ ใจ ใ ใผใซใ ฮก โใใณใธใซใก ใ ใ ใใฑ ใ ใผใซ็ญใใใๅใใ ใชใใงใ ฮ โใก ใ ใซใผ ฮก โใก ใ ใ ใใจใใผใซใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ใธ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใทในใณใผใณ็ณป็พๅไธป่ฌใฏ้ๅธธ 0 . 05ใขใซ/ ยฃ ใ 8 ใขใซใ ^ ใฎ้ใง็จใใใใใฎใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ใพใใธใ ใใญใญ ใทใน ใณใผใณ้กใจ 1 โใ ใฑใใซไธ 3 โ ใใฉใพใช ใ ใณ้กๅใฏ ฮก โใก ใ ใ โใ ใฆใ ใผใซ้กใจใฎ็ตๅใใ็จใใๅ ดๅใซใฏๅ่
ใ 0 . 05ใขใซใ ยฃใ0. 5 ใขใซ / ยฃใ ๅพ่
ใ 0. 06ใขใซ/ ยฃไปฅไธใฎ้ใง็จใใใฎใ ๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉไฟๆๅคใจ ใใฆใฏไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใ ไบ็กซ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆใ ใ ไบ็กซ้
ธใช ใใฆใ ใ ้ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ใ ใก ใฟ ้ไบ็กซ้
ธๅ ใช ใฅใ ใ ใใซใ ใขใซใใ ใ้ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅ ใ ็ญใ ใใใ
้ป็ฝ็พๅๆถฒใ ็นใซใฐใฉใ ใฃ ใ ใฏใขใผใ็จ็พๅๆถฒใซใฏไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ ใฏ 0 . 3 ใขใซ ฮ ยฃไปฅไธ็จใใใใๅ ไฝใ ใซๅค้ๆทปๅ ใใ ใจ็พๅ ๆถฒไธญใงๆฒๆฎฟใใฆๆถฒๆฑๆใๅผใ่ตทใใใฎใงใ ไธ้ใฏ 1 . 2 ใขใซ ฮ ยฃ ใจใใใฎใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็พๅๆถฒใซ็จใใใขใซๅ ใชๅคใซใฏๆฐด้
ธๅใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ใ ๆฐด้
ธๅใซ ใช ใฆใ ใ ็ญ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใ ็ญ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆใ ใ ็ฌฌไธใช ใณ้
ธ ใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใ ็ฌฌไธใช ใณ้
ธใซ ใช ใฆใ ใ ใฑใฃ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใ ใฑใฃ้
ธ ใซ ใช ใฆ ใ ใฎๅฆใ ฮก ฮ่ชฟ็ฏๅคใ็ทฉ่กๅคใ่ใใ
ไธ่จๆๅไปฅๅคใซ็จใใใใๆทปๅ ๅคใจใใฆใฏใใฆ้
ธใ ใใฆ็ ใช
ใฉใฎๅๅ็ฉใ ่ญๅใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใ ่ญๅใซ ใช ใฆใ ใ ๆฒๅใซ ใช ใฆใ ใฎ
ๅฆใ็พๅๆๅถๅค ๏ผ ใจใ ใฌ ใณใฐใช ใณ ใผใซใ ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณใใช ใณ ใผใซใ
ใ ใช ใจใใฌ ใณใฐใช ใณใผใซใ ใธใก ใใซใใซใ ใข ใ ใใ ใก ใใซใป ๅฃ
ใฝใซใใ ใธใญ ใท ใฌ ใณใฐใช ใณใผใซใ ใจใฟใใผใซใ ใกใฟใใผใซใฎๅฆ
ใๆๆฉๆบถๅค ๏ผ 1 โ ใใจใใซโ 5 โใก ใซใซใ ใ ใ ใใฉใพใผใซใ 2
ไธใก ใซใซใ ใ ใใณใใค ใใใพใผใซไธ 5 โในใซใ ใณ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅใ
ๅกฉ็ญใฎใก ใซใซใ ใ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใ 5 โไบ ใใญใค ใณใใพใผใซ็ญใฎใฃ ใณ
ใใพใผใซ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใ 5 โใกใใซใใณใ ใ ใช ใขใพใผใซ็ญใฎใใณใ
ใ ใช ใขใพใผใซ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใชใฉใฎใซใใช้ฒๆญขๅคๅใฏ้ปใใ๏ผb l ack
pepper)้ฒๆญขๅค๏ผ ใ่ใใงใใ ใใ ๆดใซๅฟ
่ฆใซๅฟใใฆ่ฒ่ชฟๅคใ
็้ขๆดปๆงๅคใ ๆถๆณกๅคใ ็กฌๆฐด่ปๅๅคใ ็กฌ่ๅคใ ใชใฉใ่ใใงใใ
ใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใใใ็พๅๆถฒใซใฏใ ้ๆฑใ้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆ็น้ๆญ
56 - 24347ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎๅๅ็ฉใ ็พๅใ ใฉ้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆ็น้ๆญ 62 - 212651ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎๅๅ็ฉใ ๆบถ่งฃๅฉๅคใจใใฆ็น้ๆญ 61 - 267759ๅท
ใซ่จ่ผใฎๅๅ็ฉใ็ฉใใใใจใใงใใใ
ไธ่จ็พๅๆถฒใซใฏใ ็ทฉ่กๅคใจใใฆ็น้ๆญ 62 - 186259ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎ
ใใฆ้
ธใ ็น้ๆญ 60โ 93433ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎ็ณ้ก ๏ผไพใใฐใตใใซใญใผ
ใน๏ผ ใ ใฉใญ ใทใ ้ก ๏ผไพใใฐใ ใกใป ใ ใฉใญ ใทใ ๏ผ ใ ใใจ ใ ใผใซ้ก
(ไพใใฐใ 5 โในใซใใตใช ใใซ้
ธ๏ผ ใ ็ฌฌ 3 ใช ใณ้
ธๅกฉ ๏ผไพใใฐใ
ใ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉใ ใซ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉ๏ผ ใชใฉใ็จใใใใใ
ๅฎ็ๆถฒใฏๅฎ็ๅคใฎไปใซๅฟ
่ฆใซๅฟใใฆ็กฌ่ๅค ๏ผไพใใฐๆฐดๆบถๆงใก i ใซ ใ ใใฅ ใ ๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ ใ ้
ข้
ธๅใณไบๅกฉๅบ้
ธ ๏ผไพใใฐ้
็ณ้
ธใ ใฏใง
ใณ้
ธๅใฏใใใใฎๅกฉ๏ผ ใ่ใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใงใใใ ๅฅฝใพใ ใ ใฏใ PH
3 . 8 ไปฅไธใ ใใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 4 ยท 0 ใ7. 5ใๆใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๆตดใซใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉไปฅๅคใซๆข็ฅใฎๅฎ็ๅคใไฝต ็จใใฆใใใใ ไพใใฐใ ๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆใฏ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ใ ใใฉ ็กซ้
ธใกใณใขใใฅ ใ ใชใฉใใใใ ๅฎ็้ๅบฆใฎ็นใใใใฉ็กซ้
ธใกใณ ใขใใฅใ ใ็นใซๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ๅฎ็ๅคใฎไฝฟ็จ้ใฏ้ฉๅฎๅคใใใ ใจใ ใงใใ ไธ่ฌใซใฏ็ด 0 . 1 ใ็ด 5 ใขใซ ยฃใงใใใ ๅฎ็ๆถฒไธญใงไธปใจ ใใฆ็กฌ่ๅคใจใใฆไฝ็จใใๆฐดๆบถๆงใขใซใ ใใฆ ใ ๅกฉใฏไธ่ฌใซ้
ธๆง ็กฌ่ๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎ็กฌ่ๅคใจใใฆ็ฅใใใฆใใๅๅ็ฉใงใใใ ไพใใฐ ๅกฉๅใขใซ ใ ใใฆใ ใ ็กซ้
ธใขใซ ใ ใใฆ ใ ใ ใซ ใชๆใฐใใชใฉใใใใ ๅ่ฟฐใฎไบๅกฉๅบ้
ธใจใใฆใ ้
็ณ้
ธใใใใฏใใฎ่ชๅฐไฝใ ใฏใงใณ ้
ธใใใใฏใใฎ่ชๅฐไฝใๅ็ฌใงใ ใใใใฏไบ็จฎไปฅไธใไฝต็จใใ ใ ใจใใงใ ใใ ใใใใฎๅๅ็ฉใฏๅฎ็ๆถฒ 1 ยฃ ใซใฃใ 0. 005ใขใซ ไปฅไธ่ใใใฎใๆๅนใงใ ็นใซ 0 . 01ใขใซ ยฃใ0. 03ใขใซใ ยฃใ็น ใซๆๅนใงใใใ
ๅ
ทไฝ็ใซใฏใ ้
็ณ้
ธใ ้
็ณ้
ธใซ ใช ใฆ ใ ใ ้
็ณ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ใ ้
็ณ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆ ใ ใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใ ้
็ณ้
ธใข ใณใขใ ใฅ ใ ใ ้
็ณ้
ธใขใณ ใขใใฅ ใ ใซ ใช ใฆใ ใ ใชใฉใใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆๆๅนใชใฏ ใง ใณ้
ธใใใใฏใใฎ่ชๅฐไฝใฎไพใจใ ใฆใฏ ใง ใณ้
ธใ ใฏ ใง ใณ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใ ใฏ ใง ใณ้
ธใซ ใช ใฆใ ใ ใชใฉๅใ ใใใ
ๅฎ็ๆถฒใซใฏใ ใใซๆๆใซใใไฟๆๅค ๏ผไพใใฐใ ไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใ ้ ไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ๏ผ ใ ฮก ฮ็ทฉ่กๅค ๏ผไพใใฐใ ้
ข้
ธใ ็กผ้
ธ๏ผ ใ ฯ ฮ่ชฟๆดๅค (ไพใใฐใ ใข ใณใขใใขใ ็กซ้
ธ๏ผ ใ ็ปๅไฟๅญ่ฏๅๅค ๏ผไพใใฐใ ๆฒ ๅใซ ใช ๏ผ ใ ใญ ใฌใผ ใๅคใ่ใใ ใจใใงใ ใใ ใ ใใง ฮก ฮ้พ่กๅค ใฏใ ็พๅๆถฒใฎ ฮก ฮใ้ซใใฎใง 1 0ใ40 gใ ยฃใ ใใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ ใฏ 1 8
ใ25 g / ยฃ็จๅบฆ็จใใใ
ๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆใใใณๆ้ใฏ็พๅใฎๅ ดๅใจๅๆงใงใใใ ็ด 20ใฆใ็ด 50ใฆใง 10็งใ 1ๅใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ใ ใใงใ ๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใจใใฆใฏ 400ffi Zmzไปฅไธใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ ใพใๆฐดๆดๆฐดใชใฉใซใฏใ ใซใ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผไพใใฐๅ ๅฃ่ ใ้ฒ่้ฒใฐ ใใฎๅๅญฆใ ใ ็น้ๆญ 62-115154 ๅทๅ
ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใฎๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ ใ ๆฐดๆด ไฟ้ฒๅค ๏ผไบ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใชใฉ๏ผ ใ ใญใฌใผ ใๅคใชใฉใ่ๆใใฆใใฆใใ ใใ
ๆฐดๆดๆฐดใชใฉใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใฏใ 1200ffiยฃ/"inzไปฅไธ ๏ผ 0ใ่ใ๏ผ ใฎใงใ ใคใฆใใใใ ๆฐดๆดๆฐด ๏ผๅใฏๅฎๅฎๅๆถฒ๏ผ ใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใ 0 ใฎๅ ดๅใจใฏใ ใใใใๆบๆฐดๆฐดๆดๆนๅผใซใใๆฐดๆดๆณใๆๅณใใใ ่ฃๅ
้ใๅฐใช ใ ใใๆนๆณใจใใฆใ ๅคใ ใใๅคๆฎตๅๆตๆนๅผ ๏ผไพใใฐ 2ๆฎตใ 3ๆฎต ใชใฉ๏ผ ใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ
ๆฐดๆดๆฐดใชใฉใฎๆฐดใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใๅฐใชใๅ ดๅใซ็บ็ใใ่ชฒ้กใซใฏๆฌก ใฎๆ่กใ็ตใฟๅใใใใใจใซใใใ ่ฏๅฅฝใชๅฆ็ๆง่ฝใๅพใใ ใจ ใๅบๆฅใใ
ๆฐดๆดๆตดๅใฏๅฎๅฎๆตดใซใฏใ B. T. Kreiman ่ J. Image, Tech. Vol. 10 No.6 242 (1984)ใซ่จ่ผใใใใค ใฝใใขใพใช ใณ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใ ใช ใตใผใใใฃ ในใฏ ใญใผใธใฃใผ ๏ผ R. .X). ) ็ฌฌ 205ๅทปใ No.20526 (1981ๅนดใ 5ๆๅท๏ผ ใซ่จ่ผใใใใค ใฝใใขใพใช ใณ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใ ๅ ็ฌฌ 228ๅทปใ ฮฮฑ22845 (1983ๅนดใ 4ๆๅท๏ผ ใซ่จ่ผใใใใค ใฝใใข ใพใช ใณ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใ ็น้ๆญ 61-115, 154ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 62-209, 532ๅทใซ ่จ่ผใใใๅๅ็ฉใ ใชใฉใ้ฒ่ๅค๏ผMicrobiocide)ใจใใฆไฝต็จใ ใใใจใใงใใใ ใใฎไปใ ใ้ฒ่้ฒๅพตใฎๅๅญฆใ ๅ ๅฃๅ่ใ ไธๅ
ฑ ๅบ็ ๏ผๆญ 57) ใ ใ้ฒ่้ฒๅพตๆ่กใใณ ใใใ ใฏ ใ ๆฅๆฌ้ฒ่้ฒๅพฝๅญฆ
ไผ ' ๅๅ ฑๅ ๏ผๆญๅ 61) ใ L. E. West "Water Quallity Criteria" Photo Sci & Eng. Vol. 9 Na6 (1965) . M. W. Beach
"Microbiological Growths in Motion Picture Processing SMPTE Journal Vol. 85 (1976) . R. 0. Deegan "Photo Proces sing Wash Water Bi ocides J . Imaging Tech . Vol* 10 No.6
(1984)ใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใชๅๅ็ฉใๅซใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆนๆณใงๅฆ็ใใๅพใซๅฐ้ใฎๆฐดใงๆฐดๆดใใใจใใฏ็น้ ๆญ 63- 18, 350ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 62-287, 252ๅทใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใฎในใฏใฃ ใบใญ ใผใฉใ ใฏ ใญในใชใผใใผใฉ ใใฏๆดๆตๆงฝใ่จญใใใใจใใใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใใ
ๆดใซใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฆ็ๅพใซ็จใใๆฐดๆดๅใฏๅฎๅฎๆตดใซ้ฒๅพตๆๆฎตใ ๆฝใใๆฐดใๅฆ็ใซๅฟใใฆ่ฃๅ
ใใใใจใซใใฃใฆ็ใใๆฐดๆดๅใฏ ๅฎๅฎๆตดใใใฎใชใผใใผใใญไธๆถฒใฎไธ้จๅใฏๅ
จ้จใฏ็น้ๆญ 60- 235, 133ๅทใ ็น้ๆญ 63-129,343ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซใใฎ ๅใฎๅฆ็ๅทฅ็จใงใใๅฎ็่ฝใๆใใๅฆ็ๆถฒใซๅฉ็จใใใใจใใง ใใใ ๆดใซใ ๅฐ้ๆฐดๆดๆฐดใงๆฐดๆดใใๆใซ็บ็ใๆใๆฐดๆณกใ ใฉ้ฒ ๆญขๅใณ ๅใฏในใฏใค ใบใญใผใฉใผใซไป็ใใๅฆ็ๅคๆๅใๅฆ็ใ ใใใ ใฃ ใซใ ใซ่ปขๅใใใใจใ้ฒๆญขใใใใใซๆฐดๆบถๆง็้ขๆดปๆง ๅคใๆถๆณกๅคใๆทปๅ ใใฆใใใใ
ๅใ ๆๅ
ๆๆใใๆบถๅบใใๆๆใซใใๆฑๆ้ฒๆญขใซใ ็น้ๆญ 63
-163, 456ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎ่ฒ็ด ๅธ็ๅคใๆฐดๆดๆงฝใซ่จญ็ฝฎใใฆใใใใ
ไธ่จใฎๆนๆณใซใใใฐใ ็พๅใ ๅฎ็ใใใๅ็ๆๆใฏๆฐดๆดๅใณ ไนพ็ฅใใใใ ๆฐดๆดใฏๅฎ็ใซใใฃใฆๆบถ่งฃใใ้ๅกฉใใปใผๅฎๅ
จใซ้ค ใ 'ใใใซ่กใชใใใ ็ด 20ใฆใ็ด 50ใฆใง 10็งใ 3ๅใๅฅฝใพ ใใใ
ไนพ็ฅใฏ็ด 40ใฆใ็ด 100'Cใง่กใชใใใ ไนพ็ฅๆ้ใฏๅจๅฒใฎ็ถๆ
ใซ
ใใคใฆ้ฉๅฎๅคใใใใใใ ้ๅธธใฏ็ด 5็งใ 3ๅ 30็งใงใใใ
ฯไธใฉใผๆฌ้ๅใฎ่ชๅ็พๅๆฉใซใคใใฆใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 3025779 ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใ ๅ็ฌฌ 3545971ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ๆฌๆ ็ดฐๆธใซใใใฆใฏๅใซใญใผใฉใผๆฌ้ๅใใญใป ใใตไธใจใใฆ่จๅใ ใใ ใญใผใฉใผๆฌ้ๅใใญใป ใใตไธใฏ็พๅใ ๅฎ็ใ ๆฐดๆดๅใณไนพ็ฅ ใฎๅๅทฅ็จใใใชใฃใฆใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆนๆณใใ ไปใฎๅทฅ็จ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ๅๆญขๅทฅ็จ๏ผ ใ้คๅคใใชใใใ ใใฎๅๅทฅ็จใ่ธ่ฅฒใใใฎใๆใๅฅฝ ใพใใใ ใ ใใงใ ๆฐดๆดๅทฅ็จใฏใ 2ใ 3ๆฎตใฎๅๆตๆฐดๆดๆนๅผใ็จใ ใ ใ ใจใซใใคใฆ็ฏๆฐดๅฆ็ใใ ใ ใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใงๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆใ็พๅใใใฎใซ็จใใใใ็พๅๆถฒ ใฏ็น้ๆญ 61 - 73147ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใ้
ธ็ด ้้ๆงใฎไฝใๅ
ๆใงไฟ็ฎก ใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใพใไธ่จ็พๅๆถฒใฏ็น้ๆญ 62 - 91939ๅทใซ่จ ่ผใใใ่ฃๅ
ใทในใใ ใๅฅฝใพ ใ ใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 1 ใฎๆ
ๆงใฏๅ่จใใใใใซๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใซ ใ้ป็ฝๆๅ
ๆๆใซใ้ฉ็จใงใใ ้ป็ฝๆๅ
ๆๆใจใใฆใฏใ ้ๅธธใฎ ้ป็ฝใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆ ๏ผไพใใฐใ ๆฎๅฝฑ็จ้ป็ฝๆๆใ X ใฌใค็จ้ป็ฝๆๆใ ๅฐๅท็จ้ป็ฝๆๆ๏ผ ใ ใฌใผใถใผในใญใฃใใผ็จ่ตค ๅคๅ
็จๆๆใ ใชใฉใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ
็บๆใ่ฌๆฝใใใใใฎๆ่ฏใฎๅฝขๆ
ไปฅไธใซๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎๆฝๆ
ๆงใๅ
ทไฝ็ใซ็คบใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏใใใ ใซ้ๅฎใใใ ใใฎใงใฏใชใใ
ไปฅไธใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 1 ใฎๆ
ๆงใซ็ธๅฝใใๅฎๆฝไพใๅฎๆฝไพ 1ใ19 ใซ็คบใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 1
ไธๅกใใๆฝใใไธ้
ข้
ธใปใซๅฃไธในใ ใค ใซใ ๆฏๆไฝไธใซใ ไธ่จ
ใซ็คบใใใใช็ตๆใฎๅๅฑคใใใชใๅคๅฑคใซใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใงใใ่ฉฆ ๆ 101ใไฝๆใใใ
(ๆๅ
ๅฑคใฎ็ตๆ๏ผ
ๅกๅธ้ใฏใใญใฒใณๅ้ใใใณใณ ใญใค ใ้ใซใคใใฆใฏ้ใฎ gใ m2ๅไฝใง่กจใใ้ใใ ใพใใซใใฉใผใ ๆทปๅ ๅคใใใณใผใฉใใณใซ ใคใใฆใฏ gใ mzๅไฝใง่กจใใ้ใใ ใพใๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใซใคใใฆใฏๅ ไธๅฑคๅ
ใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ 1 ใขใซใใใใฎใขใซๆฐใง็คบใใใ
็ฌฌ 1ๅฑค ๏ผใใฌไธใทใง ใณ้ฒๆญขๅฑค๏ผ
้ป่ฒใณ ๅฃใฃ ใ้ 0.15 ใผใฉใใณ 1.5
E X - 8 0.8
U V - 1 0.03
U V - 2 0.06
S 0 1 V - 2 0.08 U V - 3 0.07
C p d - 5 6 X 10 ็ฌฌ 2ๅฑค ๏ผไธญ้ๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉใใณ 1.5
U V - 1 0.03 U V - 2 0.06
U V - 3 0.07
E F - 1 0.004
S 0 1 V โ 2 0.07
C d - 5 6 X 10' ็ฌฌ 3ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 1่ตคๆไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผ A g I 2 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ๅ
้จ้ซ
A g Iๅใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ 0.3 ๅฟใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ
ใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐ 29%ใ ๆญฃๅธธๆถใ ๅๆถๆททๅ็ฒๅญ
็ดๅพ/ๅใฟๆฏ 2.5) ๅกๅธ้้ 0.5 ใผใฉใใณ 0.8
E S - 1 1.0 X10- E X S - 2 3.0 X10- E X S - 3 1 X10-5 E C - 3 0.22 E C - 4 0.02
C p d โ 5 3 X10-4 4ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 2่ตคๆไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผ A g I 4ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ๅ
้จ้ซ
A g Iๅใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ 0.55/ffliใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ
ใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐ 20%ใ ๆญฃๅธธๆถใ ๅๆถๆททๅ็ฒๅญ
็ดๅพใๅใฟๆฏ 1 ) ๅกๅธ้้ 0.7 ใผใฉใใณ 1.26 E X S - 1 1 X10" E S - 2 3 X10' E X S - 3 1 X10-
E C - 3 0.33 E X C - 4 0.01 E X Y -16 0.01 E X C - 7 0.04 E X C - 2 0.08
S o 1 v - 1 ยท ยท 0.03
C p d - 5 ยท โฆ 5 X 10 ็ฌฌ 5ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 3่ตคๆไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผ A g I 10ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ๅ
้จ้ซ
A g Iๅใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ 0.7 ใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ
ใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐ 30%ใ ๅๆถๆททๅ็ฒๅญใ ็ดๅพ Z
ๅใฟๆฏ 2 ) ๅกๅธ้้ 0.7 ใผใฉใใณ 0.8 E S - 1 1 X 10- 4 E X S - 2 3 X 10-4
E S - 3 1 X 10"5 E X C - 5 0.05 E C - 6 0.06 S 0 1 V - 1 0.15 S o 1 V - 2 0.08
C p d - 5 3 X 10"5 ็ฌฌ 6ๅฑค ๏ผไธญ้ๅฑค๏ผ โ
ใผใฉใใณ 1.0
C p d - 5 ' 4 X 10 C p d โ 1 0.10
C p d - 4 1.23
S o 1 v โ 1 0.05
C p d - 3 0.25 ็ฌฌ 7ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 1็ทๆไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผA g I 2 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ๅ
้จ้ซ
A g I ๅใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ 0.3 ใ ็็ธๅฝๆฝ
ใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐ 28%ใ ๆญฃๅธธๆถใ ๅๆถๆททๅ็ฒๅญ
็ดๅพใๅใฟๆฏ 2.5) ๅกๅธ้้ 0.30 ใผใฉใ ใณ 0.4
E X S - 4 5 X 10- 4
E S - 6 0. 3 X 10-
E X S - 5 2 X 10-"
E M - 9 0.2
E X Y - 14 0.03 E X M - 8 0.03
S 0 1 V - 1 0.2
C p d โ 5 2 X 10ไธ4 8ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 2็ถ ๆไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผA g I 4ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ๅ
้จ้ซ
A g lๅใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ 0.55 ใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ
ใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐ 20%ใ ๆญฃๅธธๆถใ ๅๆถๆททๅ็ฒๅญ
็ดๅพ/ๅใฟๆฏ 4 ) ๅกๅธ้้ 0.6
ใผใฉใ ใณ 0.8
E X S - 4 ฮด X 10"4 E S - 5 2 X10- 4 E X S - 6 0.3 X 10 E X M - 9 0.25 E X M - 8 0.03 E M -10 0.015 E X Y -14 0.04
S o 1 v - 1 ยท 0.2
C p d - 5 ยท 3 X 10-" ็ฌฌ 9ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 3็ถ ๆไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผA g I 10ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ๅ
้จ้ซ
A g Iๅใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ 0.7 ใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ
ใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐ 30%ใ ๆญฃๅธธๆถใ ๅๆถๆททๅ็ฒๅญ
็ดๅพ Zๅใฟๆฏ 2.0) ๅกๅธ้้ 0.85 ใผใฉใใณ 1.0
E S - 4 2.0 X 10- 4 E S - 5 2.0 X 10"4 E S - 6 0.2 X 10"4 E X S - 7 3.0 X 10"4 E X M -12 0.06
E X M -13 0.02
E X M - 8 0.02
S 0 1 V - 1 0.20
S 0 1 V - 2 0.05
C p d - 5 4 X 10-" ็ฌฌ 10ๅฑค ๏ผใคใงใญใผใ ใฃ ใซใฟไธๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉใใณ 0.9 ้ป่ฒใณ ใญใค ใๅฑค 0.05
C p d - 1 0.2
S 0 1 - 1 0.15
C p d - 5 4 X 10-" ็ฌฌ 11ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 1 ้ๆไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผ A g I 4 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ๅ
้จ้ซ
A g Iๅใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ 0. 5ๅฟใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ
ใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐ 15%ใ 8้ขไฝ็ฒๅญ๏ผ
ๅธ Is้ 0.4 ใผใฉใ ใณ 1.0 E X S - 8 2 X 10 E X Y - 16 0.9 E X Y -14 0.09 S 0 1 V - 1 0.3 C p d - 5 4 X 10- ็ฌฌ 12ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 2้ๆไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผA g I 10ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ๅ
้จ้ซ
A g Iๅใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ 1.3 ๅฟใ ็็ธๅฝๅพ
ใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐ 25%ใ ๆญฃๅธธๆถใ ๅๆถๆททๅ็ฒๅญ
็ดๅพ Zๅใฟๆฏ 4.5) ๅกๅธ้้ 0.5 ใผใฉใ ใณ 0.6 E S - 8 1 X 10" E Y -16 0.12 S o 1 V - 1 0.04 C p d - 5 2 X 10ยท ็ฌฌ 13ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 1ไฟ่ญทๅฑค๏ผ
ๅพฎ็ฒๅญๆฒ่ญๅ้ ๏ผๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ 0.07 ใ
A g I 1 ใขใซ๏ผ
) 0.2 ใผใฉใ ใณ 0.8 U V - 3 0.1
ฮด ฯ V - 4 ยท ยท ' 0.1
U V - 5 ยท ยท ยท 0.2
S o 1 v โ 3 ' ' ยท 0.04
C p d - ฮด . . . 3 X 10" 4 ็ฌฌ 14ๅฑค ๏ผ็ฌฌ 2ไฟ่ญทๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉ ใ ใณ ยท ยท ยท ' 0.9 ใใช ใก ใใซใก ใฟ ใฏ ใช ใฌไธ ใ็ฒๅญ
็ดๅพ l*5 /m ' * ' ' U .2
8
9
C p d - ฮด . , . x 10 - 4 0 ฮ - 1 ยท ยท ยท ยท 0.4
ๅๅฑคใซใฏไธ่จใฎๆๅใฎไปใซใ ็้ขๆดปๆงๆใๅกๅธๅฉๅคใจ ใใฆๆทป ๅ ใใใ ไปฅไธใฎใใ ใซใใฆไฝๆใใ่ฉฆๆใ่ฉฆๆ 101ใจ ใใใ ๆฌกใซๆฌ็บๆใซ็จใใๅๅ็ฉใฎๅๅญฆๆง้ ๅผใพใใฏๅๅญฆๅใไธใซ
รท 1 ^ ฯ V - 4
CH3 CH3
+ CH2-C + โ 4- CHZ-C -
C00CH2CH20C0 C00CH
CH: CH = C
CK / 3 (้้ๆฏ๏ผ0
U V - 5 C2H ใ z C00C8H
๏ผ N-CH=CH-CH=C
C2H: ใ S02C6Hi
U V โ 1 HO (t)C4H9
(t)C4H9
U V - 2 HO
ใ.. ฮ.ใ \s
๏ผ. ฮฏ ฮ -'ใ /
U V - 3 ฮฮ (sec) H'
ยฃ ใบ
ใ " i
ใธ N
(t)C4H9
S o 1 v
ใช ใณ้
ธ ใ ใช ใฏ ใฌใธใซ
S 0 1 V - 2
ใใฟใซ้
ธใธใใใซ
S 0 1 V - 3 ๏ผ
ใใฟใซ้
ธใใน ๏ผ 2 โใงใใซใธใญ ใทใซ๏ผ
E X M - 8
C2H5
(t)H, ,C5
- :ใ )-0CH3
C2H5OS03 e
E x C - 2 ๏ผ
E x Cโ 3
OH
CONH (CH2) 30C, 2H21
ใใไธใJ
(i)C4H9OCONH
E x Y - 14 ๏ผ
C, 2HZ50C0 OOCi zHz
E x C - 4 ๏ผ
OH
ใ N'HC0C3F7 , ( t) C 5 H l l ^J
(t)C5H, .-(O oCHzCONH'' (S
ใใ๏ผ HOใ
HO CONHC3H
10 E x Y - 15 ๏ผ
E x C
s
zNใ
N coc ใ
E x - 9
000
CZH5
(t)C5H! ,โ ('O:โ 0CHC0NH
(t)C5H! , ^ CONH-0โ
ใ' ใ
N,
N 0 ใ ใช
E x M - 13
CzH:
f
ใไธ:ใ ใไธใ
(t)C5H, I ' CONH-Qโ ยท' ใ
0
E >: M - 16 ๏ผ ไธ
.COOCi ZH25 (n)
CH30-CV-C0CHC0 H-O)
,Nใ
0 = C ' ใ,C = 0
HCโ
C2H50 ' CH2 -๏ผ U๏ผ
C p d - 1
C6H i 3 (n) ,-NHCOCHCsHi 7 (n)
OH
NHC0- O
ใ ' ^NHCOCHCsH, 7 (n)
OH C6H i a (n)
C p d - 2
9
E x S - 1
C2H:
, Sใzใใ
C- CH
''Nใก ys
E x S - 4
9
6
ใใฎๆไฝๆใใ่ฉฆๆ 101ใฎๆฏๆไฝๅใณๆฏๆไฝใฎไธๅกใๅฑคใ้ค ใ ๅ
จๅกๅธๅฑคใฎไนพ็ฅ่ๅ 17.6ๅฟใงใใใ ่จๆฝค้ๅบฆ ๏ผ T '/2)ใฏ 8 ็งใงใใฃใใ
ไฝ่ฃฝใใ่ฉฆๆใฏ 35mmๅทพใซ่ฃๆญ ยท ๅ ๅทฅใใ ๅๆง้ฒๅ
ใไธใใ ไธ ่จใซ็คบใๅฆ็ๅฆๆนใง่ชๅ็พๅๆฉใ็จใใฆๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎ็ดฏ็ฉ่ฃๅ
้ๅ; ๆฏๆถฒใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ใฎ 3ๅ้ใซใชใใพใฆใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็ใๅฎๆฝใ ๅฆ ็ ๅทฅ ็จ
ใง ็จ ๅฆ็ๆ้ ๅฆ็ๆธฉๅบฆ ่ฃๅ
้ ใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ ็บ่ฒ็พๅ 3 ๅ 15็ง 38'C 15 mi 20 i ๆผ ็ฝ 4 ๅ 30็ง 38ใฆ 10 mi 40 ยฃ ๆฐด ๆด 2 ๅ 10็ง 35ใฆ 10 id 20 i ๅฎ ็ 4 ๅ 20็ง 38'C 30 ฯ& 30 ฮฏ
ๆฐดๆด ๏ผ1) 1 ๅ 05็ง 35ใฆ (2)ใใ๏ผ1)ใธใฎ 10 ยฃ ๅๆต้
็ฎกๆนๅผใ
ๆฐดๆด ๏ผ2) 1 ๅ 00็ง 35 20 mi 20 ฮฏ
1 ๅ 05็ง 38'C 10 it& 10 ยฃ 4 ๅ 20็ง 55ใฆ
่ฃๅ
้ใฏ 35mmๅทพ 1 m้ทใๅฝใใ
ๆฌกใซใ ๅฆ็ๆถฒใฎ็ตๆใ่จใ c
(็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ๏ผg) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ (g) ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณ ใ ใช ใข ใ ใณไบ้
ข้
ธ 1.0 1.1 1 ใผ ใ ใ ฯ ใญ ใทใงใ ใช ใ ใณ 3.0 3.2
- 1 : ใ ไธ ใธใในใ ใณ้
ธ
- ฮฏ o
99
ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 4.0 4.9 ็ญ้
ธๅ ใช ใฅใ 30.0 30.0 ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฅ ใ 1.4
ใจ ใฆๅๅ ใช ใฅ ใ 1. omg
ใ ใ ๅฃ ใญ ใทใก ใ ใณ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ 2.4
ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใงใใซใก ใ ใ ๏ผ
ไธ 2 โ ใก ใใซใกใ ใช ใณ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ยฃ 1.0 ยฃ
ฮก ฮ 10.05 10.10 (ๆผ็ฝๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ๏ผg) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ๏ผg)
1 , 3-ใใญ ใใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณ 144.0 206.0 ๅ้
ข้
ธ็ฌฌไบ้ใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ ไธๆฐดๅกฉ๏ผ
่ญๅใข ใณใข ใใฅ ใ 84.0 12.02 6 ็กซ้
ธใก ใณใขใใฅ ใ 30.0 41.7
(98ยพ) 28.0 40.0 ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใท ้
ธ 63.0 90.0 ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ^ 1.01 0 P H (ใข ใณใข ใใขๆฐด ฮฏ2ฮฮ 3.0 2.8
ใง่ชฟๆด๏ผ
(ๅฎ็ๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ๏ผg) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ (g) ใจใ ใฌ ใณ ใธใก ใ ใณๅ^้
ธใใ 0.5 1.0
ใ ใช ใฅ ใ ๅกฉ
ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 7.0 12.0 ้ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ 5.0 9.5 ๅฎ็ๅค
ใใฉ็กซ้
ธใข ใณใขใใฅใ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 170.0 240.0 :
(70wt%)
ๅใฏ่กจไธ 1 ใซ่จ่ผใฎๅฎ็ๅค 0.8ใขใซ 1.1ใขใซ ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ยฃ 1.0 ฮฏ.
ฮก ฮ 6.7 6.7
(ๆฐดๆดๆถฒ๏ผ ๆฏๆถฒใ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒๅ
ฑ้
ๆฐด้ๆฐดใ ฮๅๅผท้
ธๆงๅ ใใฉ ใณไบคๆๆจน่ ๏ผ'ใญใผใ ใข ใณ ใใใผใน ็คพ่ฃฝใข ใณใใผใฉ ใค ใ I R โ 120B) ใจใ ฮ ฮๅใกใใช ใณไบคๆๆจน่ (ๅใข ใณใใผใฉ ใค ใ I R โ 400)ใๅ
ๅกกใใๆททๅบๅผๅ ใฉ ใ ใซ้ๆฐด ใใฆใซใซใทใฆใ ๅใณใใฐใใทใฆใ ใค ใช ใณๆฟๅบฆใ 3 mg/ ยฃไปฅไธใซ ๅฆ็ใใ ใใฆไบๅกฉๅใฃ ใฝ ใทใกใไธใซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅ ใ 20mg/ ยฃ ใจ ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅ 0.15 g / ยฃใๆทปๅ ใใใ
ใ Oๆถฒ G p H ใฏ 6. 5 โ 7. 5 ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใฃใ c
(ๅฎๅฎๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ fใg ) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ๏ผg) ใใซใ ใช ใณ (3ฮฮ 2.0 3.0fl?i ใ ใช ใชใญ ใทใจใ ใฌ ใณไธ p โใข 0.3 0.45 ใ ใ ไบใใฌใ ใจ ใ ใฌใจใผใใใฌ
(ๅนณๅ้ๅๅบฆ 10)
ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้้
ธใใ 0.05 0.08 ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ๅกฉ
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ฮฏ. 1.0
p H 5.0-8.0 5.0โ8.0 ใฉใณใใณใฐๅฆ็็ตไบๅพใ ใฉใณใใณใฐๅฆ็็จ่ฉฆๆใจๅใ่ฉฆๆใ ็จใๅฎ็ๆ้ใ 2ๅใ 3ๅใจๅคใใฆๅฆ็ใ่กใชใฃใใ
ใใใฆใ ใใฎๅฆ็ๅพใฎ่ฉฆๆใซใคใใฆ่ขๅ
X็ทๅๆ่ฃ
็ฝฎใ็จใ ใฆๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฎๅญ้้ใๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ใใใซใฉใณใใณใฐ็ตไบๆใฎๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใ 60ยฐCZๆนฟๅบฆ 70%ใฎใต ใผใข็ถๆ
ใง 10ๆฅ้ไฟๅญใใ ใใฎใตไธใขๅๅพใงใฎใใผใณๅคใฎๆๅฐ ๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผDrain ) ใฎๅคๅใ่ชฟในใใ
ๅใ ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ 4378424 ๅท่จ่ผใฎไธ่จๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผA) ใจ็น ้ๅนณ 1 -201659 ๅท่จ่ผใฎไธ่จๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผB) ใ ( C) ็น้ๅนณ 2 -44355ๅท่จ่ผใฎไธ่จๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผD) ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใจ็ญ ใขใซใงใใๆใใๅ ดๅใซใคใใฆใๅๆงใซ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใคใใ
ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผA) ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ B )
ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ C ) ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผD)
ๆฐใใชๆณช็ด
็ตๆใ่กจ 1 ใซ็คบใใ
่กจโ 1 ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ็จใใใ ใจใซใใใ ่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงใ่ฏใใ ใใคๆนฟ็ฑใตไธใขใงใฎในใใฃ ใณใๅฐ ใชใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใใ ใจใใใใใ
่กจ 1
1 ๅฎ ็ ๅค j ๆฎๅญ้้ ใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎใใผ ๅ ่ ๏ผ
i ( ฮผ gf cm) ใณใฟๆๅฐๆฟๅบฆใฎๅคๅ
1 ๅฎ็ 2ๅ j ๅฎ็ 3ๅ (ADmin)
๏ผ ใใฉ็กซ้
ธ \ 25.0 ๏ผ 4.0 รท0.07 ๆฏ่ผไพ ๏ผ ๏ผ ใข ใณใขใใฅใ
๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ A - 1 ๏ผ 5.1 ๏ผ 0.7 รท0.03 ๆฌ็บๆ ๏ผ
1 ๅๅ็ฉ A - 2 ฮฐ ยท 8 ๏ผ 7 + 0.03
๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ Aโ 6 ! J- 1 j 0.7 ๅ 0.03 ใ ๏ผ
๏ผ ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ lo.o ๏ผ 0.8 + 0.10 ๆฏ่ผไพ ๏ผ
๏ผ ๏ผ ฮฏ ๏ผ
๏ผ ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ 9.0 ๏ผ 0.8 + 0.8
๏ผ ( B )
๏ผ ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ 0.7 + 0.08
๏ผ ( c ) ๏ผ i
๏ผ ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ 9.5 ๏ผ 0.8 ^0.09
๏ผ ( D ) ๏ผ ฮฏ ๅฎๆฝไพ 2
ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใฎๅๅ็ฉ Aโ 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ Aโ 3ใ A - 5ใ Aโ 7 ใ
Aโ 9ใ ใพใใฏ Aโ 13ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จ ใ่กใชใฃใใ
ใใฎ็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใจๅๆงๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใๅ ดๅ็ปๅ ไฟๅญๆง ๏ผๆนฟ็ฑใตไธใข๏ผ ใ ่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ'้ๆง ๏ผๅฎ็ๆง๏ผ ใซๅชใ ใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใ
ฮด 5
103
ๅฎๆฝไพ 3
็น้ๅนณ 2- 93641ใฎๅฎๆฝไพ 2 ใฎๆๆใฎๅฆ ใ ไฝๆใใๆฎๅฝฑ็จๅ ใฉ ไธใใฌใ ใฃ ใซใ ใซๆๅ
่จ ๏ผๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใ ใฃ ใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ่ฃฝ F W H ๅ๏ผ ใ็จใใฆๅๆง้ฒๅ
ใไธใใใ
ใใใฆใซ ใฉใผใใฌ็จใฎ่ชๅ็พๅๆฉใไฝฟ็จใใฆไธ่จๅฆ็ๅทฅ็จใง ๅฎ็ๆตดใฎใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน็ฉใฎ 2ๅ่ฃๅ
ใใใพใง้ฃ็ถๅฆ็ ๏ผ ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐ ใใน ใ ๏ผ ใ่กใชใฃใใ
ๅฆ ็ ใง ็จ
ใง ็จ ๅฆ็ๆ้ ๅฆ็ๆธฉๅบฆ ่ฃๅ
้" ใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ 0 ็บ่ฒ็พๅ 3 ๅ 15็ง 38.0'C 23 mi 15 ยฃ ๆผ ็ฝ 50็ง 38.0ใฆ ฮนฯ ฮฐ ฮฏ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ 50็ง 38.0'C ไธ 5 i ๅฎ ็ 50็ง 38.0'C 16 Ji& 5 ฮฏ ๆฐดๆด ๏ผ1) 30็ง 38.0'C โ 3 i ๆฐดๆด ๏ผ2) 20็ง 38.0'C 34 id 3 a ๅฎ ๅฎ 20็ง 38.0'C 20 mi 3 ฮฏ ไนพ ็ฅ 1 ๅ 55. C
* ่ฃๅ
้ใฏ 35mmๅทพ 1 mๅฝใใ ใฎ้
ๆฐดๆดๆฐดใฏ (2)ใใ ฯใธใฎๅๆตๆนๅผใงใใใ ใ! :ยทๆดๆฐดใฎใฉไธใใผใ0 ฯโๆถฒใฏๅ
จใฆๅฎ็ๆตดใธๅฐๅ
ฅใใใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใธใฎ่ฃๅ
ใฏใ ่ชๅ ็พๅๆฉใฎๆผ็ฝๆงฝใฎไธ้จใจๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆงฝไฝ้จไธฆใณใซๅฎ็ๆงฝใฎไธ้จใจ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆงฝไฝ้จใจใใใค ใใงๆฅ็ถใใ ๆผ็ฝๆงฝใ ๅฎ็ๆงฝใธใฎ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒใฎไพ็ตฆใซใใ็บ็ใใใฉ 'ไธใใพไธใ ๅฃไธๆถฒใฎๅ
จใฆใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตด ใซๆตๅ
ฅใใใใใใซใใ 1ๅฐใ ็พๅๆถฒใฎๆผ็ฝๅทฅ็จใธใฎๆใก่พผใฟ ้ใ ๆผ็ฝๆถฒ ฮฟๅฎ็ๅทฅ็จใธใฎๆใก่พผใฟ้ ใ ๅใฒ'ๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎๆฐดๆดๅทฅ็จ
ใธใฎๆใก่พผใฟ้ใฏ 35mmๅทพใฎๆๅ
ๆๆ 1 m้ทใๅฝใใใใใใ 2. 5 i ใ 2. 0 i^ 2. 0 ใงใใฃใใ ใพใใ ใฏ ใญ ในใชใผใใผ Oๆ ้ใฏใใฅใใ 5็งใงใใใ ใใฎๆ้ใฏๅๅทฅ็จใฎๅฆ็ๆ้ใซๅ
่ ใใใใ
ไปฅไธใซๅฆ็ๆถฒใฎ็ตๆใ็คบใใ
(็พๅๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ๏ผg) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณ ใ ใช ใข ใ ใณ 2.0 o ไบ^้
ธ
1 โ ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใงใ ใช ใ ใณ 3.3 3.3
ไธ 1 , 1 โ ใธใในใ ใณ้
ธ
ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 3.9 5.2 ็ญ้
ธใซ ใช ใฆ ใ 37.5 3S.0 ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 1.4 0 36.4 ใจ ใฆๅใซ ใช ใฆ ใ 1.3mg
ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใณใซใก ใ ใณ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ 2.4
ใงใใซไธ ฮ โ ( ฮฒ - ใ ใ
ๅฃ ใญ ใทใงใใซ๏ผ ใก ใ ใ ๏ผ๏ผ
ใกใใช ใณ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ยฃ 1.0 ยฃ ฮก ฮ 10.05 10.15 (ๆผ็ฝๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ๏ผg) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ (g) 1 , 3 โ ใใญ ใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณ 144.0 206.0
ๅ้
ข้
ธ็ฌฌไบ้
ใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ ไธๆฐดๅกฉ
่ญๅใก ใณใขใ ใฅ ใ 84.0 120.0 ็ก้
ธใข ใณใข ใใฅ ใ ฮ .5 25.0 ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใท้
ข้
ธ 63.0 90.0 ้
ข้
ธ 33.2 47.4
.ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 1.0 ยฃ
P H ใใข ใณใข ใใขๆฐดใง่ชฟๆดใ 3.20 2.80
(ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒๆฏๆถฒ๏ผ
ไธ่จๆผ็ฝๆถฒๆฏๆถฒใจไธ่จๅฎ็ๆถฒๆฏๆถฒใฎ 15ๅฏพ 85ใฎๆททๅๆถฒ
(ๅฎ็ๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ๏ผg) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ๏ผg) ไบ็กซ้
ธใก ใณใขใใฅใ 19.0 57.0
ใใฉ็กซ้
ธใก ใณใขใใฅ ใ 280J??ยฃ 840ฮฮยฃ
ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ๏ผ700g/ ๏ผ
ๅใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅค 1.32 ใขใซ 3, 9Tใขใซ ใฃ ใ ใใพไธใซ 28.5 85.5
ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ 12.5 37.5
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ยฃ 1.0 ฮฏ P H 7.40 ใซ 4 ci
ใใก ใณใขใใกๆฐดใ ้
ข้
ธใง่ชฟๆดใ
(ๆฐดๆดๆฐด๏ผ ๆฏๆถฒใ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒๅ
ฑ้
ๆฐด้ๆฐดใ Hๅๅผท้
ธๆงใซ ใใฉ ใณไบคๆๆจน่ ๏ผๅฃไธใ ใข ใณ ใใใผใน ็คพ่ฃฝใข ใณใใผใฉ ใค ใ I Rโ 120B) ใจใ O Hๅๅผทๅกฉๅบๆงใกใใช ใณ ไบคๆๆจน่ ๏ผๅใข ใณใใผใฉ ใค ใ I R A - 400)ใๅ
ๅกซใใๆททๅบๅผๅ
ใฉใ ใซ้ๆฐดใใฆใซใซใทใฆใ ๅใณใใฐใใทใฅใ ใฃ ใฉ ใณๆฟๅบฆใ 3 mg Zยฃไปฅไธใซๅฆ็ใใ ็ถใใฆไบๅกฉๅใฃ ใฝ ใทใกใไธใซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ 20mg// iใจ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅใ 150mg / ฮฏใๆทปๅ ใใใ ใใฎๆถฒใฎ ฯ ฮฏฮ ฮฏ6.5 -7.5 ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใฃใใ
(ๅฎๅฎๆถฒ๏ผ ๆฏๆถฒใ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒๅ
ฑ้ ๏ผๅไฝ ๏ผ ใใซใ ใช ใณ ๏ผ37%) 2.0
ใใช ใชใญ ใทใจใใฌใณไธ P โ 0.3
ใขใ ใ ไบใใฌใ ใจ ใใใฌใจ ไธ ใใพใฌ
ใๅนณๅ้ๅๅบฆ 10ใ
ใจใ ใฌใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ 0.05
ใใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉ
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ยฃ
P H 5.0-8.0 ใฉ ใณใใณใฐๅฆ็็ตไบๅพใ ใฉ ใณใใณใฐๅฆ็็จ่ฉฆๆใจๅใ่ฉฆๆใ ็จใๅฎ็ๆ้ใ 40็งใ 45็งใจๅคใใฆๅฆ็ใ่กใชใฃใใ
ใใใฆใ ใใฎๅฆ็ๅพใฎ่ฉฆๆใซใคใใฆ่ๅ
X็ทๅๆ่ฃ
็ฝฎใ็จใ ใฆๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฎๅญ้้ใๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ใใใซใฉ ใณใฆใณใฐ็ตไบๆใฎๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใ 60ใฆ ๆนฟๅบฆ 70%ใฎใต โใข็ถๆ
ใ 10ๆฅ้ไฟๅญใใ ใใฎใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎใใผใณใฟใฎๆๅฐ ๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผ Dmin)ใฎๅคๅใ่ชฟในใใ
ๅใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใง็จใใๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ A ) ใ ๏ผ B ) ใ ๏ผ C ) ใ ( D ) ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใจ็ญใขใซใงใใไปฃใใๅ ดๅใซใคใใฆใ ๅๆงใซ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใฃใใ
็ตๆใ่กจโ 2ใซ็คบใใ
่กจไธ 2 ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ๅคใจ ใใฆ็จใใใใจใซใใ
่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงใ่ฏ ใ ใ ใใคๆนฟ็ฑใตใผใขใงใฎในใใฃ ใณใๅฐ ใชใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใ ใ ใจใใใใใ
่กจโ 2
ๅฎๆฝไพ 3 ยฉๅๅ็ฉ ฮ - 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ ฮ - 3ใ Aโ 4 ใ A - 5 ใ Aโ 7ใ Aโ 8 ใ A - 9ใ Aโ 12ใ Aโ 13ใ A - 1 4ใ Aโ 1 7ใ Aโ 18ใ Aโ 20ใ Aโ 22ใ Aโ 24ใ A - 29 , Aโ 30ใ Aโ 31ใ Aโ 39ใ Aโ 43ใ Aโ 45ใ Aโ 52ใพใใฏ Aโ 54ใซใใใใไปฃใ ใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 3 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใคใใ
ใใฎ็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 3 ใจๅๆงๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใๅ ดๅ็ปๅ ไฟๅญๆง ๏ผๆนฟ็ฑใตใผใข ๏ผ ใ ่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆง ๏ผๅฎ็ๆง๏ผ ใซๅชใ ใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 5
ใใช ใฑใใฌใณใงไธก้ขใฉ ใใใผ ใ ใใ็ดๆฏๆไฝใฎไธใซไปฅไธใซ็คบ ใๅฑคๆงๆใฎๅคๅฑคๅ ใฉใผๅฐ็ป็ดใไฝ่ฃฝใใใ ๅกๅธๆถฒใฏไธ่จใฎใใ ใซใใฆ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใ
็ฌฌไธๅฑคๅกๅธๆถฒ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ใคใงใญใผใซใใฉใผ ๏ผ e X Y ) 19.1g ใใใณ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d - 1 ) 4.4gๅใณ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d โ 7 ) 0.7gใซ้
ข้
ธใงใใซ 27.2ccใใใณๆบถๅช ๏ผ s 0 1 V โ 1 ) 8.2gใๅ ใๆบถ่งฃใใ ใใฎๆบถ ๆถฒใ 10 % ใใใทใซใใณใผใณในใซใใณ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅใ 8 ccใ่ใ 10 %ใผใฉใใณๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 185ccใซไนณๅๅๆฃใใใใ ไธๆนๅกฉ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค (็ซๆนไฝใ ๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบ 0.88ๅฟใฎใใฎใจ 0.70ๅฟใฎใใฎใจใฎ 3 ๏ผ 7ๆททๅ็ฉ ๏ผ้ใขใซๆฏ๏ผ ใ ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏ 0.08ใจ 0.10ใ ๅไนณๅคใจใ่ญๅ้ 0. 2 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ็ฒๅญ่กจ้ขใซๅฑๅจ่ๆ๏ผ ใซ ไธ่จใซ็คบใ้ๆๆงๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใใๅคงใตใค ใบไนณๅคใซๅฏพ ใใฆใฏใ ใใใใ 2. 0 X 10โ 4ใขใซๅ ใใ ใพใๅฐใตใค ใบไนณๅคใซๅฏพ ใใฆใฏใ ใใใใ 2. 5 X 10โ 4ใขใซๅ ใใๅพใซ็กซ้ปๅขๆใๆฝใใ ใใฎใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใ ๅ่จใฎไนณๅๅๆฃ็ฉใจใ ยฉไนณๅคใจใๆททๅๆบถ่งฃใใ ไปฅไธใซ็คบใ็ตๆใจใชใใใใซ็ฌฌไธๅกๅธๆถฒใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใ
็ฌฌไบๅฑคใใ็ฌฌไธๅฑค็จใฎๅกๅธๆถฒใ็ฌฌ ๅฑคๅกๅธๆถฒใจๅๆงใฎๆนๆณใง ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใ ๅๅฑคใฎใผใฉใใณ็กฌๅๅคใจใใฆใฏใ 1 - ใฉใญใทไธ 3, 5 โใธใฏ ใญๅฃไธ s โ ใ ใช ใขใธใณใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ๅกฉใ็จใใใ
ๅๅฑคใฎๅๅ
ๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใจใใฆไธ่จใฎใใฎใ็จใใใ
้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค
i l ฮ CH
ใ .
ใN'
(
(ใใญใฒใณๅ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใใใ ๅคงใตใค ใบไนณๅคใซ 3 ๅฏพใใฆใฏๅใ
2. 0 X 10โ 4ใขใซใ ใพใๅฐใตใค ใบไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใฆใฏๅใ
2. 5 >: 10โ 4ใขใซ๏ผ
็ทๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค
(ใใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ 1 ใข ใซๅฝใใใ ๅคงใตใค ใบไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใฆใฏ 4 . 0 X 10โ 4ใขใซใ ๅฐใตใฃ ใบไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใฆใฏ 5. 6 X 10โ 4ใขใซ๏ผ ใใใณ
r ใ'
H S03 ฮฒ S03H ยท N (C2H5)
(ใใญใฒใณๅ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใใใ ๅคงใตใค ใบไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใฆใฏ 7. 0 X c
/ H
10โ 5ใขใซใ ใพใๅฐใตใคใใบไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใฆใฏ 1. 0 X 10โ 5ใขใซ๏ผ ่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค
H3C /S - CH:
CH CH
ในใ ยพ ' ไบบ
C2zHn I ฮฒ C5H,
(ใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใใใ ๅคงใตใค ใบไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใฆใฏ 0.9 X 10โ 4ใขใซใ ใพใๅฐใตใฃ ใบไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใฆใฏ 1. 1 X 10- 4ใขใซ๏ผ ่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใซๅฏพใใฆใฏใ ไธ่จใฎๅๅ็ฉใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ 1 ใขใซ ๅฝใใ 2. 6 X 10_3ใขใซๆทปๅ ใใใ ไธ ใ ^ ^ =
'ใฮ ใพใ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใ ็ทๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใ ่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค ๅฏพใใ 1 โ ( 5 โ ใก ใใใฌใฅ ใฌใค ใใใจ ใใซ๏ผ ไธ 5 โ ใก ใใฌใซ ใ' ใ ใ ใ ใฉ ใพ ใผใซใใใใใใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใใ 8. 5 X 10 - 5ใขใซใ
7. 7 X 10โ 4ใขใซใ 2. 5 X 10- 4ใขใซๆทปๅ ใใใ
ใพใใ ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใจ็ทๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใซๅฏพใใ 4 ใผ ใ ใใญใญ ใท โ 6 โใก ใใซใผ 1, 3, 3 a: 7 โใ ใ ใฉใถใค ใณใใณใใใใใใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใใใ 1 X 10- 4ใขใซใจ 2 X 10โ 4ใขใซใๆทปๅ ใใใ
ใฃ ใฉใธใฅใผใทใง ใณ้ฒ sๆญขใฎใใใซไนณๅคๅฑคใซไธ่จใฎๆๆใๆทปๅ ใ
o
N
s
o
ใใใณ N
a
CH2 CH; r ๏ผใ
(ๅฑคๆงๆ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใซๅๅฑคใฎ็ตๆใ็คบใใ ๆฐๅญใฏๅกๅธ้ ๏ผ g Zm2) ใ่กจใ ใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฏ้ๆ็ฎๅกๅธ้ใ่กจใใ
ๆฏๆไฝ
ใใช ใจใใฌใณใฉ ใ ใใผ ใ็ด
ใ็ฌฌไธๅฑคๅดใฎใใช ใฑใใฌใณ็ฝ่ฒ้กๆ ๏ผไธ i 02)ใจ้ๅณๆๆ (็พค้๏ผ ใๅซใใ
ll2
็ฌฌไธๅฑค ๏ผ้ๆๅฑค๏ผ
ๅ่จๅกฉ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค 0.30
ใผใฉใ ใณ 1.86
ใค ใง ใญใผใซ ใใฉใผ ๏ผ e x Y ) 0.82
่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d โ I ) 0.19
ๆบถๅช ๏ผ s 0 I V โ I ) 0.35
่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d 7 ) 0.06
็ฌฌไบๅฑค ๏ผๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉ ใ ใณ 0,99
ๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผ c p d โ 5 ) 0.08
ๆบถๅช ๏ผ s 0 I V โ I ) 0.16
" ( s 0 I V - 4 ) 0.08
็ฌฌไธๅฑค ๏ผ็ถ ๆๅฑค๏ผ
ๅกฉ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผ็ซๆนไฝใ ๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบ 0.55 ใฎใใฎใจใ
0.39ๅฟใฎใใฎ ใจใฎ I ๏ผ 3ๆททๅ็ฉ ๏ผA gใขใซๆฏ๏ผ ใ ็ฒๅญใตใฃ
ใบๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏ 0.10ใจ 0.08ใ ๅไนณๅคใจใ A g B r 0.8
ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ็ฒๅญ่กจ้ขใซๅฑๅจ่ๆใใใ๏ผ 0. 12
ใผใฉ ใ ใณ 1.24
ใใผ ใณใฟ ใซ ใ'ใฉใผ ๏ผ e X M ) 0.20
่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d โ 2 ) 0.03
่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d - 3 ) 0.15
่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d โ 4 ) 0.02
่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d โ 9 ) 0.02 โ ๆบถๅช ( s 0 1 V - 2 ) 0.40
็ฌฌๅๅฑค ๏ผ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉ ใ ใณ 1.58 ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค ๏ผ u V - 1 ) 0.47 ๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผ c p d - 5 ) 0.05 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ s 0 1 V _ 5 ) 0.24 ็ฌฌไบๅฑค ๏ผ่ตคๆๅฑค๏ผ
ๅกฉ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผ็ซๆนไฝใ ๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบ 0.58ๅฟใฎใใฎใจใ 0.45/anใฎใใฎใจใฎ 1 ๏ผ 4ๆททๅ็ฉ ๏ผ A g ใขใซๆฏ ) ใ ็ฒๅญใตใฃ ใบๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏ 0.90ใจ 0.11ใ ๅไนณๅคใจ ใ A g B r 0.6 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ็ฒๅญ่กจ้ขใฎไธ้จใซๅฑๅจใใใ๏ผ 0.23 ใผใฉ ใ ใณ 1.34 ใใทใข ใณใซใใฉใผ ๏ผ e x C ) 0.32 ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d - 6 ) 0.17 ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d โ 7 ) 0.40 ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค ๏ผ c p d - 8 ) 0.04 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ s 0 1 V - 6 ) 0.15 ็ฌฌๅ
ญๅฑค ๏ผ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉ ใ ใณ ไธ 0.53 ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค ๏ผ u Vโ 1 ) 0.16 ๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผ c p d - 5 ) ' 0.02 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ s 0 1 V โ 5 ) ' 0.08 ็ฌฌไธๅฑค ๏ผไฟ่ญทๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉ ใ ใณ 1.33 ใใช ใ"ใใซใขใซใณ ใผใซใฎใก ใฏ ใช ใซๅคๆงๅ
ฑ้ๅไฝ
(ๅคๆงๅบฆ 17% ) 0.17 ๆตๅใใฉ ใ ใฃ ใณ 0.03
( e x Y ) ใค ใงใญใผใซใใฉใผ
CH
CH3-C-CO-CH-CO H O๏ผ C5H! ! (t)
-ใใ
๏ผ ๏ผ '"ใ
CH3 R ใ NHCOCHO C5H, ! (t)
C2H:
ใฝ z 1ใใใ.
c / i
, H
R = 3
'(ใ๏ผ- CH;
CH:
ใจใฎ 1 : 1 ๆททๅ็ฉ ๏ผใขใซๆฏ๏ผ
( e x M ) ใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผ
CH3 Cf
ใNH
0CHzCH20C6H, 3
A CHCHzNHSOz
ไบ / CH: C8H1 7 (t) ใฎ 1 : 1 ๆททๅ็ฉ ๏ผใขใซๆฏ๏ผ ( e x C- ) ใทใข ใณใซใใฉใผ
1
5
OH C5H, , (t)
10 Cยฃ NHCOCHO -ใใ'ใ;'- C5H, , (t)
CH:
R = CZH5 ใจ C4H,
ใจ
( c p d โ 2 ) ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค
0
OCOd 6H33 (t)
Cf ^ไธซ' Cf
ใชใช
COOCzH:
( c p d 3 ) ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค
CH; CH:
C3H70ใฝ'
0 C3H70 ใ
ใ-- ใ0C3H'
Cn 3 C ฯ 3
( c ฯ d - 4 ) ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค
SOzNa
C5H, , (t)
"
( c p d - 6 ) ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค
ใใ
C4 H 9 (t)
ใฎ 2 : 4 : 4ๆททๅ็ฉ ๏ผ้้ๆฏ๏ผ
( c p d - 7 ) ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค
~-CH2-CH)nrโ
C0M1C4 H 9 (t)
ๅนณๅๅๅญ้ 60๏ผ 000
( c p d - 8 ) ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค
0H
ไธซ C , 6 H 3 3 (n)
'
0H
( c p d - 9 ) ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅค
CH3 CH3
OH CH OH
CH3 ^ - ^ - CH ใ CH3
ใช๏ผ
CH: CH:
( u v - 1 ) ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค
ใ ,
C5H, , (t) ใธ.
lใ ใ
OH
ใ^^ Kใ
ใฎ 4 : 2 : 4ๆททๅ็ฉ ๏ผ้้ๆฏ๏ผ
5
119
( s o 1 v - 1 ) ๆบถ ๅช ใ C00C4 H 9
ใ
( s 0 1 V - 2 ) ๆบถ ๅช c o
H
โ \ใ
CH 0 0 = ฮก โ -O v ใฎ 2 ๏ผ 1ๆททๅ็ฉ ๏ผๅฎน้ๆฏ๏ผ
( s 0 1 V - 4 ๆบถ ๅช
COOCBH I 7
I
(CHZ) 8 0 COOCeH ! 7
( s 0 1 v _ 6 ) ๆบถ ๅช z
ฮฏฮธ
COO -'ใ H ;
ไธ่จๆๅ
ๆๆใๅๆง้ฒๅ
ๅพใ ใใผใใผๅฆ็ๆฉใ็จใใฆใ ไธ่จ ๅฆ็ๅทฅ็จใซใฆๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ใฎใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ใฎ 2ๅ่ฃๅ
ใใใพใงใ ้ฃ็ถ ๅฆ็ ๏ผ ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐใใน ใ ๏ผ ใ่กใฃใใ
ilๅทฅ็จ flm ๆ ้ ่ฃๅ
้ ใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน ยซ ๅ ใฉไธ็พๅ 35ใฆ 45 ็ง 109 17 ยฃ ๆผๆณๅฎ็ 35ใฆ 45 ็ง 61 17 ยฃ ใช ใณในโ 35 30 ็ง 10 ยฃ. ใช ใณในโก 35 ฮ 30 ็ง 10 ยฃ ใช ใณ ในโก 35 30 ็ง 300
ใ 80 ฮ 60 ็ง
* ่ฃๅ
้ใฏๆๅ
ๆๆ 1 m2ๅฝใใ
* ๆผๆณๅฎ็ๆถฒใซใฏๆผๆณๅฎ็่ฃๅ
ๆถฒๅใณใช ใณในโ ๆถฒ๏ผ121 ) ่ฃๅ
ใใใใ
* (ใช ใณในโขโโ ใธใฎ 3 ใฟ ใณใฏๅๆตๆนๅผ
ๅๅฆ็ๅพใฎ็ตๆใฏไปฅไธใฎ้ใใงใใใ
2
5 ใซ ใฉใผ็พๅๆถฒ ใฟ ใณใฏๆถฒ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ ๆฐด 800mยฃ 800 ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณไธ I\- , N , N , - ใ ใ ใฉ ใก ใ ใฌ ใณใในใ ใณ้
ธ 3.0g 3.0g ใ ใช ใจ ใฟ ใ ใผใซใก ใ ใณ 5.0g 5.0g ๅกฉๅๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 3.1g
่ญๅใซ ใช ใฆ ใ 0.015g
็ญ้
ธๅ ใช ใฅ ใ 25g '
ใ ใใฉ ใธใ ใ้ฝ้
ธ 5.0g 7.0g
Nโใงใใใฌไธ Nโ ( 5 โใก ใฟ ใณใน ใซ
ใ ใณใข ใ ใใจใใซ ๏ผ ไธ 3 โ ใก ใใซ - O
โใข ใ ใ ใขไบ ใช ใณ็กซ้
ธๅกฒ D .0g 9.5g ๅธฆ *ๅข็ฝๅ (WHITEX-4 ไฝๅๅๅญฆ่ฃฝ๏ผ l.Og 2.5g ใ k ๅ ใใก 1000mยฃ lOOOiffi ฯ ฮ ( k ยงไปใซ ใช ใ ๏ผ^ๅ ฯใใฆ 10.05 10.60 ๆพคๆณๅฎ็ๆถฒ
ใฟ ใณใฏๆถฒ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ ๆฐด Al 600 150 ใใฉ ้
ธใข ใณ ใใฅ ใ (70 t%) 245 ๅ\,ใฏ vcsๆฌ็ธ JH-*ๆ Jใฎๅ 1 ๅ็ฉ 0.4ใขใใฌ 1.0ใข ใฌ ไบ ้
ธใก ใณใขใใฅ ใ 45g 105g ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก s ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ( m )
ใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ 55g 135g ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ 3.0g 8. Og ่ญๅใข ใณใข ใใฅ ใ 30g iDg
- 27g
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ . 1 H 1 ยฃ p H " 5.80 5.60 ใช ใณในๆถฒ (ใฟ ใณใฏๆถฒใจ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒใฏๅใ๏ผ
ใฃ ใฉ ใณไบคๆๆฐด ๏ผใซใซใทใฆ ใ ใ ใใฐใ ใทใฆ ใ ๅใ
3 ppm ไปฅไธ๏ผ ใฉ ใณไบใณใฐๅฆ็็ตไบๆใฎๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใ 60ใฆใๆนฟๅบฆ 70%ใฎใตไธ ใข็ถๆ
ใง 10ๆฅ้ไฟๅญใใ ใใฎใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎใใผใณใฟใฎๆๅฐๆฟ ๅบฆ ๏ผ Dmin)ใฎๅคๅใ่ชฟในใใ ใ ใใซใ ๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใซใคใใฆใ ่ ๅ
X็ทๅๅป่ฃ
็ฝฎใ็จใใฆๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฎๅญ้้ใๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ๅใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใง็จใใๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ A ) ใ ๏ผ B ) ใ ๏ผ C ) ใ ( D ) ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใจ็ญใขใซใง็ฝฎใๆใใๅ ดๅใซใคใใฆใ ๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใคใใ
็ตๆใ่กจไธ 3ใซ็คบใใ
่กจไธ 3 ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ็จใใๅ ดๅ่ฑ้ๆง ใ่ฏใใ ใใคๆนฟ็ฑใตใผใขใงใฎในใใฃ ใณใๅฐใชใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ต ๆใๅพใใใฆใใใ ใจใใใใใ
่กจไธ 3
iๅฎ ็ ๅค ใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎใใผ ๅ ่ ใณใฟๆๅฐๆฟๅบฆใฎๅคๅ
๏ผ ( ฮ D m i n )
\ ใใฉ็กซ้
ธ 0.4 -0.03 ๆฏ่ผไพ
๏ผ ใข ใณใขใใฅใ
1ๅๅ็ฉ A - 1 .4 ๆฌ็บๆ
๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ ใฌ
A - 2 0.4 ไบ 0
๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ A - 6 0.3 =
๏ผ ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ 1.4 -0.04 ๆฏ่ผไพ ๏ผ ( A )
๏ผ ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ I- รท0.05
๏ผ ( B )
๏ผ ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ 1.3 - -0.04
๏ผ ( C )
๏ผ ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ' ฯฮธ.04
๏ผ ( D )
๏ผ ๅฎๆฝไพ 6
ๅฎๆฝไพ 5 ใฎๅๅ็ฉ ฮ - 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ ฮ - 3ใ Aโ 5ใ A - 7 ใ Aโ 9 ใพใใฏ Aโ13ใซใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 5 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่ก ใค />-
ใใฎ็ตๆๅฎๆฝไพ 5 ใจๅๆงๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใๅ ดๅ่ฏๅฅฝใช ็ตๆใๅพใใใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 7
ๅฎๆฝไพ 5 ใจๅใๆๅ
ๆๆใซๅๆง้ฒๅ
ใไธใใๅพ ใ ใใผใใผๅฆ ็ๆฉใ็จใใฆใ ไธ่จๅฆ็ๅทฅ็จใซใฆๆผๆณๅฎ็ๆตดใฎใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ใฎ 2 ๅ่ฃๅ
ใใใพใง้ฃ็ถๅฆ็ ( ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐใใน ใ ๏ผ ใ่กใชใฃ ใใ ๅฆ ฮฏ!ๅทฅ็จ ๆธฉ ๅบฆ ๆ ้ ๆๅ
่ฉ ใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ ๅ ใฉใผ็พๅ 39 ใฆ 45 ็ง 70 i 20 ฮฏ ๆผๆณๅฎ็ 35 ใฆ 45 ็ง 60 id 20 ยฃ ใช ใณในโ 35 ใฆ 20 ็ง โโ 10 ฮฏ ใช ใณในโก 35 ใฆ 20 ็ง โโ 10 ฮฏ ใช ใณในโข 35 ใฆ 20 ็ง 360 i 10 ฮฏ ไนพ ็ฅ 80 ใฆ 60 ็ง
(* ๆๅ
ๆๆ 1 mzๅฝใใใฎ่ฃๅ
้๏ผ
(ใช ใณในโขโโ ใธใฎ 3 ใฟ ใณใฏๅๆตๆนๅผใจใใ๏ผ
( *ไธ่จ 60 ใซๅ ใใฆใ ใช ใณในโ ใใๆๅ
ๆๆ 1 mzๅฝใใ 120 miใๆตใ่พผใใ ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใซๅฆ็ๆถฒใฎ็ตๆใ็คบใใ
ใซ ใฉใผ็พๅๆถฒ ใฟ ใณใฏๆถฒ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ ๆฐด 700 700 ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณ ใ ใช ใข ใ ใณไบ้
ข้
ธ 0.4g 0.4g
N , N , Nโใ ใ ใฉ ใญใน
(ใก ใ ใฌ ใณใในใ ใณ้
ธ๏ผ 4.0g 4.0g 1 , 2 โ ใธ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใทใ ใณใผ ใณไธ
4, 6 โ ใธในใซใ ใณ้
ธ 2
- 1
ฮด
124
ใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ๅกฉ 0.5g 0,5g ใ ใช ใจใฟ ใ ใผใซใก ใ ใณ 12. Og 12.0g ๅกฉๅใซ ใช ใฆ ใ 6.5g
่ญๅๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 0.03g
็ญ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 27. Og 27.0g ่ๅ
ๅข็ฝๅค๏ผKHITEX 4B ไฝๅๅๅญฆ่ฃฝ๏ผ l.Og 3.0g ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ O.lg O.lg N , Nโ ใใน ๏ผในใซใใงใใซ๏ผ
ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใซใก ใ ใณ 10. Og 13. Og
10 Nโ ใงใใซใผ Nโ ๏ผ ไธใก ใฟ ใณ
ในใซใ ใณใข ใ ใใงใใซ๏ผ ไธ 3 โ
ใก ใใซใผ 4 โใข ใ ใ ใขไบ ใช ใณ
็กซ้
ธๅกฉ 5^ฮธ _ 11.5g_ ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1000 1000 P H (25ใฆ๏ผ 10.10 11.10 ๆผๆณๅฎ็'ๆถฒ ใฟ ใณใฏๆถฒ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ ๆฐด 600 mi 150 ใใฉ็กซ้
ธใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ ๏ผ700/ ฮฏ ) 100 id 250 ๅใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉ 0.47ใขใซ 1.2ใขใซ
20 ไบ็กซ้
ธใก ใณใข ใใฅ ใ 40g lOOg ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้้
ธ้
(I) ใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ 55g 135g ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ 5g 12.5g ่ญๅใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ 40g .'og
25 ็ก้
ธ๏ผ67 ) 30g 65g_
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1000ฮ?ยฃ 1000
P H (25*C) (้
ข้
ธๅใณ 5.8 5.6 ใก ใณใขใฆใขๆฐดใซใฆ๏ผ
ใช ใณในๆถฒ (ใฟ ใณใฏๆถฒใจ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒใฏๅใ๏ผ
ใค ใช ใณไบคๆๆฐด ๏ผใซใซใทใฆใ ใ ใใฐใใทใฆใ ๅใ
3 ppm ไปฅไธ๏ผ ใฉ ใณไบใณใฐๅฆ็็ตไบๆใฎๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใ 60ใฆใๆนฟๅบฆ 70%ใฎใตใผ ใข็ถๆ
ใง 10ๆฅๆไฟๅญใใ ใใฎใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎใใผใณใฟใฎๆๅฐๆฟ ๅบฆ ๏ผ Dmin)ใฎๅคๅใ่ชฟในใใ ใ ใใซใ ๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใซใคใใฆใ ่ ๅ
X็ทๅๆ่ฃ
็ฝฎใ็จใใฆๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฎๅญ้้ใๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ๅใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใง็จใใๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ A ) ใ ๏ผ B ) ใ ๏ผ C ) ใ
( D ) ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใจ็ญใขใซใง็ฝฎใๆใใๅ ดๅใซใคใใฆใ ๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใคใใ
็ตๆใ่กจไธ 4 ใซ็คบใใ
่กจไธ 4 ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ็จใใๅ ดๅ่ฑ้ๆง ใ่ฏใใ ใใคๆนฟ็ฑใตใผใขใงใฎในใใฃ ใณใๅฐใชใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ต ๆใๅพใใใฆใใ ใ ใจใใใใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 8
ๅฎๆฝไพ 7 ใฎๅๅ็ฉ Aโ 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ Aโ 3ใ Aโ 5ใ Aโ ใ ใ A - 9ใ Aโ 12ใ Aโ 14ใ A - 18ใ Aโ 22ใ Aโ29ใ Aโ 30ใ Aโ 43ใพใใฏ A - 52ใซใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ ฮ ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่ก ใชใฃใใ
ใใฎ็ตๆๅฎๆฝไพ 7 ใจๅๆงๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใๅ ดๅ่ฏๅฅฝใช ็ตๆใๅพใใใใ
ฮด 5
126
่กจไธ 4
0
ไนณๅคใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ๆฐด 1 ไธญใซใผใฉใใณ 30 gใ ่ญๅใซ ใช ใฆใ 6 gใๅ ใ 60ใฆใซไฟ ใคใๅฎนๅจไธญใซๆชๆใใชใใ็ก้
ธ้ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ ๏ผ็ก้
ธ้ใจใใฆ 5 g ) ใจๆฒๅใซ ใช ใฆใ 0.15 gใ่ใ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฅใ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 1ๅๅใใใฆ0 ใใใซใธใฅ ใ ใๆณใงๆทปๅ ใใใ ใ ใใซ็ก้
ธ้ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ ๏ผ็ก้
ธ้ใจ ใใฆ 145g) ใจๆฒๅใซ ใช 4.2gใ่ใ่ญๅๅ ใชๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใใใใซใธใง ใ ใๆณใงๆทปๅ ใใใ ใใฎๆใฎๆทปๅ ๆต้ใฏใ ๆทปๅ ็ตไบๆใฎๆต้ใ ๆทปๅ ้ๅงๆใฎ 5ๅใจใชใใใใซๆต้ๅ ้ใใใใชใฃใใ ๆทปๅ ็ต ไบๅพใ ๆฒ้ๆณใซใใ 35ใฆใซใฆๅฏๆบถๆงๅกฉ้กใ้คๅปใใใฎใก 40ใฆใซ ๆๆธฉใใฆใผใฉใใณ "75 gใ่ฟฝๆทปใใ P H6.7ใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ๅพใใ
ใไนณๅคใฏๆๅฝฑ้ข็ฉ็ดๅพใ 0. 98ๅฟใ ๅนณๅๅใฟ 0. 138ๅฟใฎๅนณๆฟ็ถ็ฒ ๅญใงใ ๆฒๅ้่้ใฏ 3 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใงใใฃใใ ใ ใฎไนณๅคใซใ ้ใ ใฃ ใฉ ใฅๅขๆใไฝต็จใใฆๅๅญฆๅขๆใใปใฉใ ใใใ
่ณ็ๆๆใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
่กจ้ขไฟ่ญทๅฑค ใจ ใใฆใ ใผใฉ ใ ใณใฎไปใซๅนณๅๅๅญ้ 8000ใฎใ ใช ใก ใฏ ใช ใใฌใข ใ ใใ ใ ใช ในใ ใฌ ใณในใซใ ใณ้
ธใฝไธใใ ใ ใช ใก ใใใฌใก ใฟ ใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใๅพฎ็ฒๅญ๏ผ ๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบ 3. 0ๅฟ๏ผ ใ ใ ใช ใจใ ใฌ ใณ ใฉใญใตใค ใใ ใใใณ็กฌ่ๅคใชใฉใ่ๆใใใผใฉ ใ ใณๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใ็จ ใใใ
ไธ่จไนณๅคใซๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใจใใฆใก ใณใ ใใญใผ 5 , 5 ' โใธใฏ ใญ ใญใผ 9 ใผๅทฅใใใฌไธ 3 , 3 ' โใธ ๏ผ 3 โ ในใซใ ใฉ ใใญ ใใใฌ๏ผ ใฉใญใตใซใซ ใใทใกใ ใณใ ใค ใ ใญใฉใญใตใค ใใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ๅกฉใ 500mg ใ 1 ใขใซ A gใฎๅฒๅใงใ ๆฒๅใซ ใชใ 200mg / 1 ใขใซ A gใฎๅฒๅใงๆทปๅ ใ ใใ ใ ใใซๅฎๅฎๅคใจ ใใฆ 4 โ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใทไธ 6 โ ใก ใใซไธ 1 , 3 , 3 a , 7 โใ ใ ใฉใถใค ใณใ ใณ ใจ 2 , 6 ใใน ๏ผ ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใก ใ ใ ๏ผ โ 4 ใผ ใธใงใใซใก ใ ใ ไธ : L 3 , 5 -- ใ ใช ใข ใธ ใณใใใณไบ ใ ใญ ใณใ ไนพ็ฅๅ ใ ใช้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆ ใ ใช ใก ใใญใผ ใใญใใณใ ๅกๅธๅฉๅคใ ็กฌ่ๅฉๅคใๆทปๅ ใใฆๅกๅธๆถฒใจใใ ใใช ใจใ ใฌ ใณใ ใฌใ ใฟ ใฌใผ ใ ๆฏๆไฝใฎไธกๅดใซๅใ
่กจ้ขไฟ่ญทๅฑคใจๅๆใซๅกๅธไนพ็ฅใใ ใ ใจใซใ ใใ ๅ็ๆๆใไฝๆใใใ ใใฎๅ็ๆๆใฎๅกๅธ้้ใฏ็้ขใใ ใ 2 g / m 2ใงใใใ ใพใๅ่จๅฎ็พฉใซๅพใ่จๆฝค็ใฏ 180 %ใงใใค ใใ
ใใฎๆๆใ 50 %ใ ใ X็ท้ฒๅ
ใใ ไปฅไธใซ็คบใ็พๅๆถฒใ ๅฎ็ๆถฒ ๅใณๆฐดๆดๆถฒๅฆๆนใงๅฆ็ใใใ
ๅฆ็ๅทฅ็จ
ๅทฅ็จ ๅฆ็ๆ้ ๅฆ็ๆธฉๅบฆ ่ฃๅ
้ ใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ ็พๅ 13.7็ง 35'C 20 (+ๅธ้ๆถฒ 15 ยฃ ๅฎ็ 12.5็ง 32'C 10 (+ๅธ้ๆถฒ 30mยฃ) 15 ยฃ ๆฐดๆด 6.2็ง 20ใฆ 500me 10ยฃ ใน ใฏ ใค ใบใญใผใฉใผๆดๆตๆงฝ 200
* ่ฃๅ
้๏ผ ๆๅ
ๆๆๅๅใตใค ใบ ๏ผ10ใค ใณใ X12ใฃ ใณใ๏ผ
1ๆๅฝใใใฎ้
(็พๅๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ๏ผg) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ๏ผg) ๆฐด้
ธๅๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 24 60 ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 40 100 ไบ็กซ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆใ 50 125 ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณ ใ ใช ใข ใ ใณ
ไบ้้
ธ 2.4 6 ใ ใฆ้
ธ 10 25 ใ ใ ๅฃ ใญ ใ ใณ 35 87.5 ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณใฐใช ใณใผใซ 11.2 28
4 ใผ ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใก ใใซ
ไธ 4 ใผ ใก ใใซใผ 1 โใ ใจไบใซ
โ 3 โ ใใฉ ใพ ใช ใ ใณ 0 6.25
5 โ ใก ใใซใใณใพ ใ ใช ใขใพใผใซ 0.06 0.15
P H 10.05 11.00
(ๅฎ็ๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ๏ผg) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ๏ผg) ใใฉ็กซ้
ธใกใณใข ใใฅใ 140 560 ๅใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉ 1 ใขใซ 4 ใขใซ ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 15 60 ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ
ใใ ใ ใช ใฆใ . ไบๆฐดๅกฉ 0.025 0.1 ๆฐด้
ธๅใ ใ ใช ใฆใ 6 24 P H 5.0 5.10 (ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ)
ๆฏๆถฒ๏ผg) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ๏ผg) ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ 0.5 0.5 ใใ ใ ใช ใฆใ * ไบๆฐดๅกฉ
ไธๆฅใซๅๅใตใคใบ 50ๆ ๏ผ 1 ๆใฎใใฃใซใ ใฎ็พๅ็ 40%) ใฎใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็ใๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎ็ดฏ็ฉ่ฃๅ
้ใๆฏๆถฒใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ใฎ 3ๅ้ ใซใชใ ใพใง็ถ็ถใใใ
ๆๆใใ ็พๅๅฆ็ใใใใจใใฏใ ็พๅๆถฒใฎๅพช็ฐๆชๆๆถฒ้ใ 20 ใถ /ๅใซใ ็พๅๅฆ็ใใใฆใใชใๅพ
ๆฉๆใฏ 6 ใๅใซ่จญๅฎใใ, ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็็ตไบๅพใ ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็็จ่ฉฆๆใจๅใ่ฉฆๆใ ็จใๅฎ็ๆ้ใ 10.5็งใ 11.5ใจ็ญใ ใใฆๅฆ็ใ่กใชใฃใใ
ใใใฆใ ใ ใฎๅฆ็ๅพใฎ่ฉฆๆใซใคใใฆ่ๅ
X็ทๅๆ่ฃ
็ฝฎใ็จใ ใฆๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฎๅญ้้ใๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ใ ใใซๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใ 60ใฆใ70%ๆนฟๅบฆใฎใตใผใข็ถๆ
ใง 10ๆฅ้ไฟ ๅญใใ ใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎๆๅฐๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผ Dmin)ใฎๅคๅใ่ชฟในใใ
ๅใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใง็จใใๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ A ) ใ ๏ผ B ) ใ ๏ผ C ) ใ
( D ) ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใจ็ญใขใซใงใใใใใๅ ดๅใๅๆงใซ่ฉฆ ้จใ่กใชใฃใใ
ใ ใใซๆๅ
ๆๆ Bใซใคใใฆใๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใฃใใ
็ตๆใ่กจไธ 5 ใซ็คบใใ
่กจไธ 5 ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใใจๆนฟ็ฑใตใผใขใงใฎในใใฃ ใณใๅฐใช ใ ใใค่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงใๅชใใฆใใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช ็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใใใจใใใใใ
่กทใผ 5
ๅฎๆฝไพ 10
ๅฎๆฝไพ 9 ใฎๅๅ็ฉ A - 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ A - 3 ใ A 5 ใ Aโ 7 ใ A - 9ใ ใพใใฏ Aโ 14ใซใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 9 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ
่กใช
็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 9 ใจๅใ ใ ใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใๅ ดๅใตใผ ใข ในใใฃ ใณใ ่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงๅ
ฑใซ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 11
( 1 ) ๅนณๆฟ็ถ็ฒๅญใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ไนณๅคใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ๆฐด 1 ฮฏไธญใซ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฆใ 5 gใ ๆฒๅใซ ใช ใฅใ 0.05g ใ ใผใฉใ ใณ 30g ใ ใใฉใงไธใใซ H0(CH2) 2S(CH2) 2S(CH2) 20Hใฎ 5 %ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 2.5cc ใๆทปๅ ใ 73'Cใซไฟใฃใๆบถๆถฒไธญใธใ ๆชๆใใชใใ็ก้
ธ้ 8.33g ใฎๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใจใ ่ญๅใซ ใช ใฆ ใ 5.94g ใ ๆฒๅใซ ใช ใฆ ใ 0.726g ใ่ใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใจใใใใซใธใง ใ ใๆณใซใใ 45็ง้ใงๆทปๅ ใใใ ็ถใใฆ่ญๅใซ ใช ใฆ ใ 2.5gใๆทปๅ ใใใฎใกใ ็ก้
ธ้ 8.33g ใๅซใ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใ 26ๅใใใฆใ ๆทปๅ ็ตไบๆใฎๆต้ใๆทปๅ ้ๅงๆใฎ 2ๅใจ ใชใใใ ใซๆทปๅ ใใใ
ใ ใฎใใจ 25%ใฎใข ใณใขใใขๆบถๆถฒ 20ccใ 50% N H 4 N 0 a lOcc. ใๆทปๅ ใใฆ 20ๅ้็ฉ็็ๆใใใฎใก 1 Nใฎ็กซ้
ธ 240ccใๆทปๅ ใ ใฆไธญๅใใใ ๅผใ็ถใใฆ็ก้
ธ้ 153.34 g ใฎๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใจ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฅ ๅถใฎๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใใ ้ปไฝใ P A g 8. 2 ใซไฟใกใชใใใณ ใณ ใ ใญใผใซ ใ - ใใใซใธ ใ ใๆณใง 40ๅ้ใงๆทปๅ ใใใ ใใฎๆใฎๆต้ใฏๆทปๅ ็ตไบๆใฎๆต้ใใคใ ๆทปๅ ้ๅงๆใฎๆต้ใฎ 9ๅใจใชใใ ใ ใซๅ ้ ใใใ ๆทปๅ ็ตไบๅพ 2 Nใฎใใช ใทใข ใณ้
ธใซ ใช ใฆ ใ ๆบถๆถฒ 15ccใๆทปๅ ใ ใ ใใซ 1 %ใฎๆฒๅใซ ใช ใฅใ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 25ccใ 30็งใใใฆๆทปๅ ใใใ ใ ใฎใใจๆธฉๅบฆใ 35ใฆใซไธใใ ๆฒ้ๆณใซใใๅฏๆบถๆงๅกฉ้กใ้คใพใ ใใฎใกใ 40ใฆใซๆๆธฉใใฆใผใฉใใณ 30 g ใจใใจใ ใผใซ 2 g ใๆทปๅ ใใ ่ๆงใฝใผใใจ่ญๅใซ ใช ใฆใ ใซใใ P H 6,40ใ P A g 8.10
ใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ
ๆธฉๅบฆใ 56ใฆใซๆๆธฉใใใฎใกใ ไธ่จๆง้ ใฎๅขๆ่ฒ็ด 600mgใจๅฎ ๅฎๅๅค I50mgใจใๆทปๅ ใใใ 10ๅๅพใซใใฉ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅใ ๆฐดๅ ็ฉ 2.4mg ใ ใใฉ ใทใข ใณ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆใ 140mg ใ ๅกฉๅ้้
ธ 2.1mg ใๅ ใ
ใฎไนณๅคใซๆทปๅ ใใ 80ๅๅพใซๆฅๅทใใฆๅบๅใใใฆไนณๅคใจใใใ ๅพใใใไนณๅคใฏๅ
จ็ฒๅญใฎๆๅฝฑ้ข็ฉใฎ็ทๅใฎ 98%ใใกในใบใฏ ใๆฏ 3ไปฅไธใฎ็ฒๅญใใใชใใ ใกในใบใฏ ใๆฏ 2ไปฅไธใฎใในใฆใฎ็ฒๅญใซ ใคใใฆใฎๅนณๅๆๅฝฑ้ข็ฉ็ดๅพ 1.4 ใ ๆจๆบๅๅทฎ 22%ใ ๅใฟใฎๅนณๅ ใฏ 0.187 ใงใกในใบใฏ ใๆฏใฏ "7.5ใฆใใฃใใ
ๅขๆ่ฒ็ด
ๅฎๅฎๅๅค
,N ใฝ ไธซ CH3 ไธ
ยท๏ผฮ
OH "
l.ๅๅกๅธๆถฒใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ไนณๅคใซใใญใฒใณๅ้ 1 ใขใซใใใใ ไธ่จใฎ่ฌๅใๆทปๅ ใใฆๅก ๅธๆถฒใจใใใ
' ใผใฉใใณ A gใ ๏ผใผใฉใใณๅใใช ใใผ๏ผ ๆฏ ๏ผ้้๏ผ
1.10ใซใชใใใๆทปๅ ้ใ่ชฟๆด
' ๆฐดๆบถๆงใ ใช ใจในใใซ 20% ( w t %ๅฏพใผใฉ ใ ใณ๏ผ
- ใ ใชใไธใฉ ใ ใ ใฏ ใน
(ใ ใช ๏ผใงใใซใก ใฏ ใช ใฌ
ใผ ใ /ใก ใฟ ใฏ ใช ใซ้
ธ๏ผ
=97/ 3 ) 25. Og
โข ็กฌ่ๆ
1 , 2 โ ใใน ๏ผ ใใฅใซ 8 ใ ใช ใขใซใ่กจ้ขไฟ่ญทๅฑคใฎไนณๅคๅฑค ในใซใไบใซใกใป ใ ใก ใฎใผใฉ ใ ใณ 100gๅฝใ ใ
ใ ใ๏ผ ใงใฟ ใณ
' ใ ใฑ ใ ใญ ใทใจใฟ ใ ใผใซ 2g
โข 2, 6 โ ใใน ๏ผ ใ ใ ใญ
ใญ ใทใก ใ ใ ๏ผ ไธ 4 ไธ
ใธใงใใซใข ใ ใ ใผ 1๏ผ 3 ,
ไธ 5 โ ใ ใช ใข ใธ ใณ 80mg
โฆ ใ " ใก ใฏ ใช ใซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅ
ๅนณๅๅๅญ้ 4.1 ไธ๏ผ 4.0g
โข ในใ ใฌ ใณในใซใ ใณ้
ธ
ใซ ใช ใฆ ใ ๏ผๅนณๅๅๅญ้
60ไธ๏ผ l.Og
ๆๅ
ๆๆ Aใฎไฝ่ฃฝ
ๅ่จๅกๅธๆถฒใ่กจ้ขไฟ่ญทๅฑคๅกๅธๆถฒใจๅๆใซๅใฟ ฮ 5/ฯฮทใฎ้ๆ P E Tๆฏๆไฝไธใซๅกๅธใใใ
ๅกๅธ้้ใฏไธก้ขๅ่จใง 3.2g/m2ใจ ใใ.
่กจ้ขไฟ่ญทๅฑคใฏๅๆๅใใ ไธ่จใฎๅกๅธ Bใจใชใใใ ใซ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใ ่กจ้ขไฟ่ญทๅฑคใฎๅ
ๅฎน ่ฆ ๅธ ๆ
' ใผใฉใ ใณ 1.15g m:
. ใ ใช ใข ใฏ ใช ใซใข ใ ใ ๏ผๅนณๅๅๅญ้ 4.5 ไธ๏ผ 0.25g/m; - ใใช ใขใฏ ใชใซ้
ธใฝไธใ ๏ผๅนณๅๅๅญ้ 40ไธ๏ผ 0.02g/ra: . p โ t โใฉ ใฏ ใใซใ ใจใ ใญ ใทใธใฐใช ใป ใช ใซ
ใใใซในใซใ ใณๅ็ฉใฎใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ๅกฉ 0.02g/m2
* ใ ใช ๏ผ้ๅๅบฆ 10) ใฉใญ ใทใจใ ใฌ ใณใปใใซ
ใจใผใใพใฌ 0.035g/m2
โข ใ ใช ๏ผ้ๅๅบฆ 10) ใฉใญ ใทใจใ ใฌ ใณไธใ ใช
(้ๅๅบฆ 3 ) ใฉใญ ใทใฐ ใช ใป ใช ใซ p โใฉใฏ
ใใซใ ใจใ ใญ ใทใจใผในใซ 0.01g/m2
ฯ
3 H 7
I
โข C BF I 7S03 -{CHz-CHz0 ( CH2+4S03Na 0.001g/m2
C3H7
โข C8F, 7S0 ZN-(CH2CH20 5H 0.003g/m; โข ใใญ ใญใปใซO. OOlg V - ใ ใช ใก ใใซใก ใฟ ใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใ
(ๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ 3.5 im) 0.025g/m: ยท ใ ใช ๏ผใก ใใซใก ใฟ ใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใ
/ใก ใฟ ใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใ ๏ผ
(ใขใซๆฏ 7 ๏ผ 3ใ ๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ 2.5 im) 0.020g/m2 ( 2 ) ใใใ่็ถ็ฒๅญใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ไนณๅคใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ๆฐด 900ccไธญใซใผใฉใ ใณ 20 gใ ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฆใ 30 gใ ๆฒๅใซ ใช ใฅ
3.9i gใๅ ใใ 48ใฆใซไฟใฃใๅฎนๅจไธญใซๆชๆใใชใใ็ก้
ธ้ใๆฐดๆบถ ๆถฒใฎๅฝขใง 4ๅ้ใใใฆ 35 gๆทปๅ ใใใ
ใใใซใกใณใขใใกๆง็ก้
ธ้ ๏ผ็ก้
ธ้ใจใใฆ 165g) ใ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฅใ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใจๅๆใซ 5ๅ้ใใใฆใใใซใธใฅ ใ ใๆณใซใใๅๆ ใซๆทปๅ ใใใ ๆทปๅ ็ตไบๅพใ ๆฒ้ๆณใซใใ 35'Cใซใฆๅฏๆบถๆงๅกฉ้กใ ้คใพใใใฎใกใ 40ใฆใซๆๆธฉใใฆใผใฉใ ใณ 100gใ่ฟฝๆทปใ P Hใ 6. 7 ใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ๅพใใใไนณๅคใฏใ ใใใ่็ถใฎๅฝข็ถใงใใใ ๅใ
ใฎ็ฒๅญใจๅไธไฝ็ฉใๆใใ็ใฎๅนณๅ็ดๅพใฏ 0.82ๅฟใงๆฒๅ้ ่้ใฏ 2 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใงใใฃใใ ใ Oไนณๅคใ้ใ ใฃใฉใฅๅขๆใไฝต็จใ ใฆใ ๅๅญฆๅขๆใๆฝใใใ
ๆๅ
ๆๆ Bใฎไฝ่ฃฝ
่กจ้ขไฟ่ญทๅฑคใจใใฆใ ใผใฉใใณใฎไปใซๅนณๅๅๅญ้ 8000ใใช ใกใฏ ใช ใซใข ใ ใใ ใใช ในใ ใฌ ใณในใซใ ใณ้
ธใฝไธใใ ใใช ใก ใใซใก ใฟ ใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใๅพฎ็ฒๅญ ๏ผๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบ 3. 0 ๏ผ ใ ใ ใช ใจใ ใฌ ใณใฉ ใญใตใค ใใใใณ็กฌ่ๅคใชใฉใ่ๆใใใผใฉใ ใณๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใ็จใใใ ไธ่จไนณๅคใซใใใใๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใจใใฆใข ใณ ใ ใใญใผ 5, 5 ' โใธ ใฏ ใญใญใผ 9 โใงใใซใผ 3, 3 ' โใธ ๏ผในใซใ ใฉใใญใใซ๏ผ ใฉใญใต ใซ ใซใใทใกใ ใณใใค ใใญใฉใญใตใค ใใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ๅกฉใ 500mg / 1 ใขใซ A g ใฎๅฒๅใงใ ๆฒๅใซ ใช ใฆ ใ ใ 200mg ใ 1 ใขใซ A g ใฎๅฒๅ ใงๆทปๅ ใใใ
ใ ใใซๅฎๅฎๅๅคใจใใฆ 4 ใผ ใ ใใญใญใทไธ 6 โใก ใใซใผ 1, 3 , 3a, 7 โใ ใ ใฉใถใค ใณใ ใณ ใจ 2, 6 โ ใใน ๏ผ ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใก ใ ใ ๏ผ โ 4 โ ใธใงใใซใก ใ ใ โ 1 , 3 , 5 โ ใ ใช ใข ใธ ใณใใใณไบ ใ ใญ ใณ.ใ ไนพ็ฅๅ ใใช้ฒๆญขๅคใจ ใใฆ ใ ใช ใก ใใญใผใซใใญใใณใ ๅกๅธๅฉๅคใ ็กฌ่ๅคใๆทปๅ ใใฆๅกๅธๆถฒใจใใ ใ ใช ใจใ ใฌ ใณใ ใฌใใฟ ใฌใผ ใๆฏ
ๆไฝใฎไธกๅดใซๅใ
่กจ้ขไฟ่ญทๅฑคใจๅๆใซๅกๅธไนพ็ฅใใใใจใซใใ ๆๅ
ๆๆ Bใไฝ่ฃฝใใใ ใ ใฎๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅกๅธ้้ใฏไธก้ขๅ่จใง 6 . 4gใ m zใงใใคใใ
็พๅๅฆ็
ๆฟ็ธฎๆถฒใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ใ็พๅๆถฒ >
P a r t A
ๆฐด้
ธๅๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 3 3 0 g
ไบ็กซ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 6 3 0 g
ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 2 4 0 g
็ญ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆใ 9 0 g
ใใฆ้
ธ 4 ฮด g
ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณใฐใช ใณใผใซ 1 8 0 g
ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณ ใ ใช ใข ใ ใณไบ้
ข้
ธ 3 0 g
1 +ใธใงใใซใข ใ ใ ใจใใซ^"
5 โใก ใซใซใ ใ ใ ใ ใฉ ใพไธใใฌ 0. 7 5 g
ใใใฃ ใ ใญ ใญ ใ ใณ . 4 5 0 g
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ . 4 1 2 ฮด
P a r t B ''
ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณใฐ ใช ใณ ใผใซ 5 2 5 g
ๆฐท้
ข้
ธ 1 0 2. 6 g
5 โไบ ใ ใญ ใค ใณใใพใผใซ 3. 7 ฮด g
1 ไธ ใ ใจ ใใซไธ 3 โ ใใฉ ใพ ใช ใ ใณ 3 4. ฮด g
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 7 ฮด 0 mยฃ
P a r t C
ใฐใซใฟใผใซใก ใใฌใใ ใ
(50wt/wt% ) 1 ฮด 0 ใก ใฟ้ไบ็กซ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆใ 1 5 0 ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฅใ 1 5 g ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 7 5 0
<ๅฎ็ๆถฒ >
ใใฉ็กซ้
ธใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ
ๅใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉ 0. 9 5 ใขใซ ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ ' ใใ
ใ ใช ใฆใ . ไบๆฐดๅกฉ 0. 0 3 g ใใฉ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ' ไบๆฐดๅกฉ 1 0 g ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ 2 0 g ใ ใฆ้
ธ 4 g 1 ไธ ๏ผ N , Nโใธใก ใใซใก ใ ใ ๏ผ
ใผ ใงใใใฌไธ 5 โ ใก ใใฌใซใ ' ใ ใ ใ
ใฉ ใพไธใซ 1 g ้
็ณ้
ธ 3. 2 g ๆฐท้
ข้
ธ 4 5 g ๆฐด้
ธๅใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 1 5 g ็กซ้
ธ (36 ) 3. 9 g ็กซ้
ธใขใซ ใ ใใฅ ใ 1 0 g ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 4 0 0 P H 4. 6 8 ๅฆ็ๆถฒใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ไธ่จ็พๅๆถฒๆฟ็ธฎๆถฒใใใชใจใใฌใณใฎๅฎนๅจใซๅใใผ ใๆฏใซๅ
ๅกก ใใใ ใใฎๅฎนๅจใฏใใผ ใ Aใ Bใ Cใฎๅๅฎนๅจใไธใคใซ้ฃ็ตใใ ใฆใใ ใใฎใงใใใ
ใพใใ ไธ่จๅฎ็ๆถฒๆฟ็ธฎๆถฒใใใชใฑใใฌใณใฎๅฎนๅจใซๅ
ๅกกใใใ ไธ่จใฎ็พๅๆถฒๆฟ็ธฎๆถฒใฏ่ชฟ่ฃฝๅพใ ๅฎนๅจใซๅ
ฅใใใพใพใง 50ใฆใฎๆก ไปถไธใง 3ใถๆ้ไฟๅญใใ ใใฎๅพ็พๅๆถฒใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝใซไพใใใ
ใใใใฎ็พๅๆถฒใ ๅฎ็ๆถฒใๆฌกใฎใใใชๅฒๅใง่ช็พๆฉใฎ็พๅใฟ ใณใฏใ ๅฎ็ใฟ ใณใฏใซใ ใใใใ่ช็พๆฉใซ่จญ็ฝฎใใใฆใใๅฎ้ใ ใณใใไฝฟใฃใฆๆบใใใใ
็พๅๆถฒ I
Aๅค 0 5
Bๅค 1 0 ฮทฮญ
Cๅค 1 0 id
๏ผ ๆฐด 1 2 5 id
'ใ-ใ p H 1 0. ฮด 0
ๅฎ็ๆถฒ
ฮ ๆฟ็ธฎๆถฒ 8 0
i ๆฐด 1 2 Q ฮ
P H 4๏ผ 6 4
ๆฐดๆดใฟ ใณใฏใซใฏๆฐด้ๆฐดใๆบใใใ ใฟ ใณใฏใฎๅบใซ N a 20 B 205 / S i 02 ( 10/65/25wt%ๆฏ๏ผ ใใใชใๆบถ่งฃๆงใฌใฉใน ใซ Ag20ใ 1.7wt %่ใ้ๅพๆพๅค 50 gใไธ็นๅธใซๅ
ใใ ่ข 4ใฑ ใๆฒใใใ
่ช็พๆฉใฎๆงๆ
ไธ่จใฎๆงๆใฎ่ช็พๆฉใไฝฟ็จใใใ
ใณใฏ ๅฆ็ ๅฆ ็ 7ฮ
ๅฆ็ โ ๅฆ็
ยพLใๅ ใใน้ท ๅทฅ็จๆ้ ๅทฅ็จๆ้ ๅฆ็โ ใฎใจใ
ๆถฒใฟ
็พ ๅ 15 35 613mm 13.3็ง 24.5็ง ๅฆ็โกใฎใจใ
32
(ๆถฒ้ข้ข็ฉใจใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ๆฏ = 35cm / SL )
ๅฎ ็ 15 i 32 ฮ 5 1mm 11.7็ง 21.6็ง ๅฎ ็ 13 ฮฏ 17 305mm 5.7็ง 10.5็ง ๆตๆฐด
ใน ใฏ ใค ใบ 6.6็ง 12.2็ง ไนพ ็ฅ 58 368mm 8.0็ง 14.7็ง ใ ใผใฟใซ 1827mm 45.3็ง 83.6็ง ๅฆ ็ฒ
ๅ่จๆๅ
ๆๆ Aใซ 50% X็ท้ฒๅ
ใไธใใ ไธ่จใฎ่ช็พๆฉใใใณ ไธ่จใฎๅฒๅใซๆททๅใใๅๅฆ็ๆถฒใ็จใใ ๅฆ็โ ๅใฏโกใฎๅทฅ็จๆ ้ใฆใ ๅๅใตใค ใบ ๏ผ10X 12ใค ใณใ๏ผ 1 ๆๅฝใใ็พๅๆถฒใฏ 45 ใ ๅฎยพๆถฒใฏ 30 ่ฃๅ
ใใชใใ็พๅๅฆ็ใใใ
ๆฐดๆดๆฐดใฏๅฆ็โกใฎใจใใฏๆฏๅๆต้ 5 ยฃใงใ ๅฆ็โ ใฎใจใใฏๆฏ ๅๆต้ 10 ยฃใงใ ๆๅ
ๆๆใๅฆ็ใใใฆใใๆ้ใซๅๆใใฆ้ป็ฃ ๅผใ้ใใฆไพ็ตฆใใ ๏ผ็ด 1 ๅๅใตใค ใบ 1 ๆ๏ผ ใ ไธๆฅใฎไฝๆฅญ ็ตไบๆใซใฏ่ชๅ็ใซ้ป็ฃๅผใ้ใใฆใฟ ใณใฏใฎๆฐดใๅ
จ้จๆใ ใใ ใซใใใ ใพใใ ็พๅไธๅฎ็้ใ ๅฎ็ไธๆฐดๆด้ใฎใฏ ใญ ในใชใผ ใไธ ใญใผใฉใผใซใฏใ ่ชๅ็ใซๆดๆตๆฐดใใใใฆๆดๆตใใใใใช่ฃ
็ฝฎใ ่ฃ
็ฝฎใใ ๏ผ็น้กๆญ 61- 131338ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎๆนๆณ๏ผ ใ
ใใใฆๅๅใตใค ใบใง 2000ๆๅไธไฝ็ฝฎใงๅฆ็ '๏ผใฉ ใณใฆใณใฐใใน ใ๏ผ ใ่กใฃใๅพใ ๅฆ็ๅพ่ฉฆๆใ 60'C /70%ๆนฟๅบฆใฎใตใผใข็ถๆ
ใง 10ๆฅ้ไฟๅญใใ ใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎๆๅฐๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผ Dmin)ใฎๅคๅใ่ชฟใน ใใ ใ ใใซๅฎ็ๆ้ใๅฐใ็ญใ ใใฆๅฆ็ใ่กใชใๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฎ ๅญ้้ใๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ๅใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใง็จใใๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ A ) ใ ๏ผ B ) ใ ๏ผ C ) ใ ( D ) ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใจ็ญใขใซใงใใใใใๅ ดๅใๅๆงใซ่ฉฆ ้จใ่กใชใค - ใ ใใซๆๅ
ๆๆ Bใซใคใใฆใๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใฃใใ
็ตๆใ่กจโ 6 ใซ็คบใใ
่กจไธ 6 ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใใจๆนฟ็ฑใตใผใขใงใฎในใใฃ ใณใๅฐใช ใ ใใค่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงใๅชใใฆใใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช ็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใใใจใใใใใ
่กจ- 6 (ๆๅ
ๆๆ Aใ ๅฆ็โ ๏ผ
่กจไธ 6 (ๆๅ
ๆๆ Aใ ๅฆ็โก๏ผ
ๅฎ ็ ๅค ๆฎ ๅญ ้ ้ ใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎใใผ ๏ผ ๅ ่ ๏ผ ๏ผ ( g /cm2) ๏ผ ใณใฟๆๅฐๆฟๅบฆใฎๅคๅ ๏ผ
๏ผ 20.8็ง I 21.6็ง ' ๏ผ ADmin) ๏ผ
ใใฉ็กซ้
ธ ๏ผ 5.5 ๏ผ 0.8 ๏ผ ๅ 0.20 ๏ผ ๆฏ่ผไพ ๏ผ ใข ใณใขใใฅใ 1 ๏ผ ใซ ๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ A - 1 ๏ผ 0.8 0.6 " +0.06 jๆฌ็ฉถๆ ๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ A - 2 ๏ผ 0.9 ๏ผ 0.6 ๏ผ +0.07 " ๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ A - 6 ๏ผ 0.8 ๏ผ 0.6 ๏ผ +0.07 j " ๏ผ ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ 3.1 ๏ผ 0.7 ๏ผ +0.25 ๆฏ่ผไพ ๏ผ
(A ) ๏ผ ๏ผ , ๏ผ
ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ 3.0 ๏ผ 0.8 ๏ผ ๏ผ0.21 j " ๏ผ
( B ) ๏ผ ๏ผ 1 I
ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ 2.9 ๏ผ 0.7 ๏ผ รท0.19 j " ๏ผ
( C๏ผ) ๏ผ ๏ผ , 1 .
่กจไธ 6 (ๆๅ
ๆๆ Bใ ^็โ ๏ผ
ๅฎ ็ ๅค ๆฎ ๅญ ้ ้ ใต ใง ใฎ ' ๅ ่ ๏ผ
ใ / C ffl ) ไบฆ IV '
็ ^ ๅฎ็
1 n Q ยพ 11 ฮฏๅฐ
i ฮฏ
ใใฉ็กซ้
ธ 5.8 ' 0.8 0.24
โ f ๆฏ่ผไพ ๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ ฮ - 1 0.7 ๏ผ 0.6 + 0.07 ๆฌ็บๆ ๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ A 2 0ยทฮด ' 0.6 รท0.07 1
711ใ' Aๅฃ ยซ ยทฮฏยพ71 ฮ โ ฯ
n u . p 0 f j ฮ U . R 0 rO.08 ฮฏ
ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ 0 Q O 1 .7 40.30 ๆฏ่ผๅถ ๏ผ ฯ 1 i
2
ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ 0.7 + 0.26 ฮฏ
( ฮ ) ใ 1 i
1
ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ 3.0 0.7 ๅ 0.22 j
( C ) i
I ฮฏ ่กจโ 6 (ๆๅ
ๆๆ ฮใ ๅฆ็โก๏ผ
ๅฎ ็ ๅค ๆฎ ๅญ ใต ใผ ใข ๅ ๅพ ใง ใฎ 1ๅ ่ ๏ผ
( g / ๆ ๅฐ ๆฟ ๅบฆ ใฎ ๅค ๅ 1
ๅฎ็ ๅฎ็ ( ฮ DminJ
20.8็ง 21.6็ง
ใใฉ็กซ้ต 0.7 ฯฮธ.21 ๆฏ่ผไพ ๏ผ ใก ใณใขใใฅ ใ
โ
ๅๅ็ฉ ฮ - 1 0.7 0.6 ๅ 0.06 I ๆฌ็บๆ ๏ผ
[
ๅๅ็ฉ A - 2 0.7 0.6 -0.06 1
ๅๅ็ฉ A - 6 0.9 0.5 + G.07
ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ 3.1 0.6 0.25 ๆฏ่ผไพ ๏ผ ( A )
ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ 3.1 0.7 + 0.23 ฮฏ
( B )
, ๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ 2.9 0.6 ,0.20 1
๏ผ ( C ) i
ๅฎๆฝไพ 12
ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 1ใฎๅๅ็ฉ Aโ 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ Aโ 3ใ A โ 4ใ Aโ 5ใ Aโ 7ใ Aโ 8ใ Aโ 9ใ A - 13ใ A - 17ใ Aโ 20ใ Aโ 24ใ Aโ 31ใพใใฏ Aโ 52ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 1 1ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ ่กใชใฃใใ
็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 1ใจๅใ ใ ใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใๅ ดๅใตใผ ใขในใใฃ ใณใ ่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงๅ
ฑใซ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 13
(ๆๅ
ไนณๅคๅฑคใฎ่ชฟ่ฃฝ๏ผ
50 'Cใซไฟใฃใใผใฉ ใ ใณๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใซ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใ 4 X 1 0โ 7ใขใซใฎ
6ๅกฉๅใค ใช ใธใฆใ ( ฮ ฮ ) ใซ ใช ใใใณใข ใณใขใใขใฎๅญๅจไธใงใ ็ก ้
ธ้ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใจๆฒๅใซ ใช ใฅใ ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฅใ ใฎๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใๅๆใซ 60ๅ ้ใงๅ ใใใฎ้ใฎ P A gใ 7 . 8 ใซไฟใคใ ใจใซใใใ ๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใต ใฃ ใบ 0. 28 ใงใ ๅนณๅใจใฆๅ้ๅซๆ้ 0 . 3 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใฎ็ซๆนไฝๅๅๆฃ ไนณๅคใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใ ใใฎไนณๅคใใ ใญใญใฆ ใฌไธใทใจ ใณๆณใซใใใ ่ฑ ๅกฉใ่กใใใฎๅพใซใ ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใ 40 g ใฎไธๆดปๆงใผใฉ ใ ใณใๅ ใ ใๅพ 50ใฆใซไฟใกๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใจ ใใฆ 5 , 5 ' ใใธใฏ ใญ ๅฃ โ 9 ไธใงใใซ ไธ 3๏ผ 3 ' โ ใใน ๏ผ 3 โ ในใซใ ใก ใใญ.ใใซ๏ผ ใฉใญใตใซใซใใทใกใ ใณ ใจใ ้ 1 ใขใซๅฝใ 10 ใขใซใฎ K I ๅฎนๆถฒใซๅ ใใ 15ๅ้็ตๆใ ใใๅพ้ๆธฉใใใ
(ๆๅ
ไนณๅคๅฑคใฎๅกๅธ๏ผ
ใ ใฎไนณๅคใๅๆบถ่งฃใใ 40ใฆใซใฆใ ๆฌกใฎใ ใใฉ ใธ ใณ่ชๅฐไฝใ ๆทปๅ ใใ
144
,^โ(0 ]- 0-CH-C0NH-; O }- H HCHO
C 2 H 5
7.1 X 10โ 5ใขใซ/ A gใขใซ
ๆดใซ 5 โใก ใใซใใณใบ ใ ใช ใกใพไธใซใ 4 โ ใ ใใญใญใทไธ 1 , 3 : 3a, 7 โใ ใ ใฉใถใค ใณใใณใ ไธ่จๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผใฃ ๏ผ ใ ๏ผๅฃ๏ผ ๅใณใป ใฉ ใใณใซๅฏพใใฆ 30 w t %ใฎใ ใช ใงใใซใกใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใๅใณใผใฉใ ใณ็กฌๅๅคใจใใฆไธ่จๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผใ๏ผ ใๆทปๅ ใใ ๅกฉๅใใใชใใณๅ
ฑ ้ๅไฝใใใชใไธๅกๅฑค ๏ผ0.5 ฮผ ) ใๆใใใใช ไบใ ใฌใณใใฌใ
10 ใฟ ใฌใผ ใ ใ ใฃ ใซใ (150 ) ไธใซ้้ S gZm2ใจใชใใใใซๅกๅธ ใใใ
(ใฃ ๏ผ
HC0CII3
ใ Oไธใฎไฟ่ญทๅฑคใจใใฆใ ใผใฉใ ใณ l,5gZmzใ ใใช ใก ใใซใก ใฟ ใฏ ใช ใฌใผ ใ็ฒๅญ ๏ผๅนณๅ็ฒๅญ 2, 5 )0.3 g /m2, ไธ่จใฎๆนๆณใงไฝ ๆใใ A g C ยฃๅพฎ็ฒๅญ ๏ผ0.08 / ) ใ A g้ใง 0,3g/m2ใซใชใใ ใใซใ ๆฌกใฎ็้ขๆดปๆงๅคใ็จใใฆๅกๅธใใใ
็้ขๆดปๆงๅค -
C, 2H25 -: Qใ๏ผ- S03Na
ฯ /mg/ m
CH2C00C6H, 3
CHC00C6H, a
ใใใใฎ่ฉฆๆใๅคงๅ
จใตใค ใบ ๏ผ50.8cmZ61.0cm) ใซๅใใ 3200 ใ K ใฟ ใณใฐในใใณๅ
ใง 50%้ปๅ้ฒๅ
ๅพใ ไธ่จใฎๅฆ็ๅฆๆนใง 200 ๆๅฆ็ใ่กใชใค ใง ็จ ๅฆ็ๆ้ ๅฆ็ๆธฉๅบฆ ่ฃๅ
้ ็พ ๅ 30็ง 34 *C 240 ๅฎ ็ 30็ง 34 t 390 ๆฐด ๆด 30็ง 20ใฆ 2 ฮฏ
ใฎ่ฃๅ
้ใฏๆๅ
ๆๆ l m2ๅฝใใใฎ้ใจใใฆ็คบใใ
(็พๅๆถฒ๏ผ ๆฏๆถฒ-่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ
ใใค ใ ใญใญ ใ ใณ 50. Og
Nโ ใก ใใซใผ p โ ใก ใ ใ ใ ใจ ใ ใผใซ 0.3g ๆฐด้
ธๅใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 18. Og ใ ใฆ้
ธ 20. Og ไบ็กซ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 110. Og ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธใใ ใ ใช ใฅ ใ l.Og ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 10. Og
5 โใก ใใซใใณใพ ใ ใช ใกใพใผใซ 0.4g
5 โ ใก ใซใซใ ใใ ใณใ ใค ใใใพไธใซใผ 0.3g
ฮด โในใซใ ใณ้
ธ
3 โ ๏ผ 5 โใก ใซใซ ใ' ใ ใ ใ ใฉใพไธใซ๏ผ 0.2g ใใณใผ ใณในใซใ ใณ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ
6 ใผ ใธใก ใใซใก ใ ใ ไธ 1 โใธใญใตใ ใผใซ 4.0g
ฮก ไธ ใ ใซใจ ใณในใซใ ใณ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅ ใ 15. Og
5 โในใซใใต ใช ใใซ้
ธ 30. Og ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1 ใ ๆฐด้
ธๅใซ ใช ใฆใ ใๅ ใใฆ p Hll.7ใซๅใใ ใ
(ๅฎ็ๆถฒ๏ผ ๆฏๆถฒ-่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ
ใใฉ็กซ้
ธใก ใณใขใใฅใ 190.0g ๅใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉ 1 ใขใซ ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ 22.0g ใจใใฌใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธใใ ใ ใช ใฅใ 0. lg ้
็ณ้
ธ 3.0g ใข ใณใขใใขๆฐด ๏ผ27%) 10.0g ้
ข้
ธ ๏ผ90%) 30. Og
1
4
็กซ้
ธใขใซใใใฅใ (27%) 7 35.0g ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1 ใ ๆฐด้
ธๅใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใๅ ใใฆ P H4.8 ใซๅใ ใใ '
ไธ้ฃใฎ้ฃ็ถๅฆ็ๅพใ ๅฆ็็ตไบ็ดๅใฎๅฆ็่ฉฆๆใซใคใใฆ 60'C Z ๆนฟๅบฆ 70%ใฎใตไธใข็ถๆ
ใง 10ๆฅ้ไฟๅญใใ ใใฎใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎๆ ๅฐๆฟๅบฆ ( Dniin)ใฎๅคๅใ่ชฟในใใ
ใใใซๅฎ็ๆ้ใ 25็งใ 30็งใจๅคใใฆๅฆ็ใ่กใชใๆช้ฒๅ
้จ ใฎๆฎๅญ้้ใๆธฌๅฎใใ
ๅใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใง็จใใๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ A ) ใ ๏ผ B ) ใ ๏ผ C ) ใ ( D ) ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใจ็ญใขใซใงใใใใใๅ ดๅใๅๆงใซ่ฉฆ ้จใ่กใชใคใใ
็ตๆใ่กจไธ 7 ใซ็คบใใ
่กจไธ 7 ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใใจๆนฟ็ฑใตใผใขใใฎในใใฃ ใณใๅฐใช ใ ใใค่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงใๅชใใฆใใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช ็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใใใจใใใใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 14
ๅฎๆฝไพ 13ใฎๅๅ็ฉ Aโ 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ Aโ 3 Aโ 4 Aโ 5 A - 7 Aโ 9 Aโ 14 Aโ 18 Aโ 22 Aโ 24 A - 30 Aโ31 Aโ 39 Aโ43ใพใใฏ A 52ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝ ไพ 13ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใคใใ
็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 13ใจๅใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใๅ ดๅใต ใขในใใฃ ใณใ ่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงๅ
ฑใซ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 15
ใใใซใธใง ใฝ ใๆณใซใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใๆฒๆฎบใใใ ็ฉ็ ็ๆใ ่ฑ้ๅฆ็ๅพๆดใซๅๅญฆ็ๆใใใฆๅกฉๆฒ่ญๅ้ ๏ผ่ญ็ด ่ๆ 30 ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ใงใผ ใๅซๆ้ 0 . 1 ใขใซ๏ผ
) ไนณๅคใๅพใใ ใใฎไนณๅคใซ่
ใพใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๅนณๅ็ดๅพใฏ 0. 3 ใ ใฏ ใญ ใณใงใใฃ ใใ ใ ใฎไนณๅค 1 kgไธญใซ 0. 6 ใขใซใฎใ ใณใฒใณๅ้ใ่ๆใใใใ
ใ ใฎไนณๅคใ 1 kgใใค็งคๅใใ 40ใฆใงๅ ๆธฉๆบถ่งฃๅพใ ๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใฎ ใก ใฟใ ใผใซๆบถๆถฒใๆทปๅ ใใ ๆดใซ่ญๅใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ใฎๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใใใ ใใๆๅฎ้ๆทปๅ ใใใ ๆฌกใซ 4๏ผ 4 ' - ใใน ใ4 , 6 ใธ ๏ผใใณใพใ ใกใพ ใช ใใฌไธ 2 โใใฉ ๏ผ ใ ใช ใ ใธ ใณไธ 2 โ ใค ใใฌใข ใ ใ ใ ในใใซใ ใณโ 2 : 2 ' ไธ ใธในใซใ ใณ้
ธใธใ ใ ใช ใฅ ใ ๅกฉใฎ 1 . 0้้๏ผ
ใก ใฟ ใ ไธใซๆบถๆถฒใ ๅ ใใ ๆดใซ 1 โ ใ ใใญใญใทโ 3 ' 5 โใธใฏ ใญๅฃ ใ ใช ใขใธ ใณใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ๅกฉ 1 . 0 ้้๏ผ
ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใ 30 ๅ ใใ ใ ใใซ ใ ใใทใซใ ใณใผใณในใซใ ใณ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅใ ๅกฉ 1 . 0้้๏ผ
ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใ 40 ๅ ใใฆๆชๆใใใ ใ ใฎๅฎๆไนณๅคใใปใซใญใผใบ ใ ใช ใขใปใใผ ใ , ใ ใฃใซใ ใใผในไธใซไนพ็ฅ่ๅใ 5 ใ ใฏ ใญ ใณใซใชใใใใซๅกๅธ ไนพ็ฅใใ ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎ่ฉฆๆใๅพใใ ใ ใฎใ ใฃ ใซใ ่ฉฆๆใ่ฒๆธฉๅบฆ 26 66 ยฐ ใฎๅ
ๆบใใใคๆๅ
่จใ็จใใฆๅ
ๆบใซๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใ ใฃ ใซใ ็คพ ่ฃฝใฎๆ่ตค่ฒใ ใฃ ใซใฟใผ ๏ผ S Cโ 66) ใใคใใฆๅ
ๆฅ้ฒๅ
ใ่กใฃใ c ้ฒๅ
ๅพไธ่จใฎๅฆ็ๅทฅ็จใง็พๅๆถฒใฎใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ใฎ 3ๅใซ่ฃๅ
้ใ ใชใใพใง้ฃ็ถๅฆ็ใ่กใฃใใ
ๅฆ็ฒ.ๅทฅ็จ
ๅทฅ็จ ๅฆ็ๆ้ ๅฆ็ๆธฉ ่ฃๅ
้ ใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ ็พๅ 20็ง 38 'C 320 18 i ๅฎ็ 20็ง 38ใฆ โ 320 18 ฮฏ ๆฐดๆด 20็ง 20ใฆ 2 ยฃ 18 ยฃ
*่ฃๅ
้ ๏ผ ๆๅ
ๆๆ 1 m 2ๅฝใใใฎ้
(็พๅๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏๆถฒ =่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ ใก ใ ใผใซ 0.31g ็กๆฐดไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 39.6 g
ใใฝ ใฃ ใ ใญ ใญใ ใณ 6.0 g ็กๆฐด็ญ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 18.7 g ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 0.86g ใฏ ใง ใณ้
ธ 0.68g ๏ผ ใก ใฟ้ไบ็กซ้
ธๅ ใช ใฆใ 1.5 H
ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1 ยฃ
(ๅฎ็ๆถฒ๏ผ
I ๆฏๆถฒ =่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ ๏ผ ใใฉ็กซ้
ธใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ 1 200 id \ ๅใฏๆฌ็ฉถๆใฎๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ 1 ใขใซ ไบ็กซ้
ธๆฐด็ด ใ ใ ใช ใฆใ 12.0 g ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธใใ ใ ใช ใฅใ - 0.1 g ้
็ณ้
ธ . i 3.0 g ใข ใณใขใใขๆฐด ๏ผ27%) .' \ 7.0 g ้
ข้
ธ ๏ผ90% ) 1 20.0 g ็กซ้
ธใขใซ ใ ใใฅ ใ ๏ผ27%) I 35. Og ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1 ยฃใ ๆฐด้
ธๅใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใๅ ใใฆ P H 4.2 ใซใ ๅ ใใใใ
ไธ้ฃใฎ้ฃ็ถๅฆ็ๅพใ ๅฆ็็ตไบ็ดๅใฎๅฆ็่ฉฆๆใซใคใใฆ 60 'C /
ๆนฟๅบฆ 70 %ใฎใตใผใข็ถๆ
ใง 10ๆฅ้ไฟๅญใใ ใใฎใตใผใขๅๅพใงใฎๆ ๅฐๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผ D m i n )ใฎๅคๅใๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใฃ ใซใ ็คพ่ฃฝใฎ Pๅๆฟๅบฆ่จใ ็จใใฆ่ชฟในใใ
ใใใซๅฎ็ๆ้ใ 16็งใ 20็งใจๅคใใฆๅฆ็ใ่กใชใๆช้ฒๅ
้จ ใฎๆฎๅญ้้ใๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ใพใใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใง็จใใๆฏ่ผๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผ A ) ใ ๏ผ B ) ใ ๏ผ C ) ใ
( D ) ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใจ็ญใขใซใงใใใใใๅ ดๅใๅๆงใซ่ฉฆ ้จใ่กใชใฃใใ
็ตๆใ่กจโ 8 ใซ็คบใใ
่กจไธ 8 ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใใจๆนฟ็ฑใตใผใขใง Oในใใฃ ใณใๅฐใช ใ ใใค่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงใๅชใใฆใใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช ็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใใใจใใใใใ
่กจไธ 8
ๅฎๆฝไพ 15ใฎๅๅ็ฉ ฮ - 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ A _ 3ใ Aโ 4ใ A - 5 .ใ A - " 7 ใ Aโ 8ใ A - 9ใ Aโ 14ใ Aโ 20ใ A - 22ใ A - 30ใ Aโ 39ใ Aโ 43ใ Aโ 45ใพใใฏ Aโ 52ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 15ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใฃใใ
็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 5ใจๅใใ ใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใๅ ดๅใตใผ ใข ในใใฃ ใณใ ่ฟ
้ๅฆ็ใงใฎ่ฑ้ๆงๅ
ฑใซ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 1 7
็น้ๅนณ 2 - S54ๅทๅ
ฌๅ ฑใฎๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใฎ่ฉฆๆ 1 01 ยฉๅฆใไฝๆใใๆๆ (ๅ ใฉใผๅ่ปขใ ใฃใซใ ๏ผ ใ็จใใฆใ ๅๅ
ฌๅ ฑใฎๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใฎๅฎ็ๆถฒ ใฎใใฉ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฅใ ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใซ็ฝฎใๆใใฆใๅๆงใฎ ็ตๆใๅพใใใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 18
็น้ๅนณ 2 - 90145ๅทใฎๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใฎใต ใณใใซ 1 ใฎๅฆใไฝๆใใๆ ๆ ๏ผ็ดๆฅใใธใซใฉใผๆๆ๏ผ ใ็จใใฆๅ็น่จฑใฎๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ ็ๆถฒใฎใใฉ็กซ้
ธใข ใณใขใใฅใ ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใซ็ฝฎใๆใใฆใ ๅๆงใฎ็ตๆใๅพใใใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 19
็น้ๅนณ 1 - 158431ใฎๅฎๆฝไพ 2ใฎๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆใไฝๆ ใใๆๆ ๏ผใซ ใฉไธๅ่ปขใใผใใผ๏ผ ใ็จใใฆๅ็น่จฑใฎๅฎๆฝไพ 2 ใฎ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎใใฉ็กซ้
ธใกใณใขใใฅใ ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใซ็ฝฎใๆ ใใฆใๅๆงใฎ็ตๆใๅพใใใใ
ไปฅไธใซใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฌฌ 2ใฎๆ
ๆงใซ็ธๅฝใใๅฎๆฝไพใ็คบใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 20
ๅฎๆฝไพ 5 ใจๅ
จใๅๆงใซใใฆๅคๅฑคใซ ใฉใผๅฐ็ป็ดใไฝๆใใ ๅๆง
้ฒๅ
ๅพใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใซ็จใใ่กจ 3 ใซ็คบใๅๅ็ฉ ๏ผๅฎ็ๅค๏ผ ใฎไปฃ ใใใซ่กจ 9 ใซ็คบใใๅๅ็ฉใ็จใใไปฅๅคใฏๅฎๆฝไพ 5 ใจๅๆงใซๅฆ ็ใใใ
ใฉ ใณใ ใณ ใฐๅฆ็็ตไบๅพใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใ ใช ใณในโ ๆตดไธญใฎๆฒๆพฑ็ฉ ใฎๆ็กใ็ฎ่ฆใง่ชฟในใใ
ๅใ ๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎใใผ ใณใฟใฎๅๅฐๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผ Dtnin)ใ Xโ riteๆฟๅบฆ ่จใซใใคใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ใใใซๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒไธญใฎใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผm) ใข ใณ ใขใใฅใ ใ็ญใขใซใฎ 1 , 3 โ ใใญ ใ ใฌ ใณ ใธใ ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮฮ ) ใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ ใซไปฃใใฆๅๆงใฎใฉ ใณใฆ ใณใฐๅฆ็ใ่กใชใๆฒๆฎฟใฎๆ ็กใ ๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎใใผใณใฟ ใฎๅๅฐๆฟๅบฆใๆฑใใใ ็ตๆใ่กจโ 9 ใซ ็คบใใ ่กจ- 9 ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใซไปฃใใๅฎ็ๅค ใจใใฆ็จใใๅ ดๅใ ใฉ ใณใใณใฐๅฆ็ๆใซใๆฒๆฎฟ็ๆใใใ ใใ ๆถฒๅฎๅฎๆงใๅชใใฆใใใ ใใคๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผ Dmin ใ ๆผ็ฝๅ ใใช๏ผ ใฎๅฐใชใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใใใจใใใใใ ใ ใ ใซ ใใฎ็ตๆใฏใ ๆผ็ฝๅคใจ ใใฆ้ซใ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใใใคๆผ็ฝๅคใ ็จใใๅ ดๅใ ็นใซ้ก่ใงใใใ
154
่กจไธ 9
ใๆฒๆฎฟใฎๆ็กใฎ่ฉไพก >
C ๏ผ ็ฎ่ฆใงๆฒๆฎฟใชใ
ฮ ๏ผ ๅฐ้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
X ๏ผ ๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
X X ๏ผ ๆฅตใใฆๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
ๆณจ๏ผ ๆผ็ฝๅค โ ใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ IE ) ใข ใณใข ใใฅ ใ โก 1 , 3 -ใใญ ใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ EI ) ใข ใณ ใขใใฅ ใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 1
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 0 ใฎๅๅ็ฉ B - 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ Bโ 5 ใ B - 23. B - 41 ใพใใฏ Bโ 67ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 2 0 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใช ใคใ
155
็ๆใใใ ใใคๆผ็ฝใซใใช ใๅฐใชใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใ *๏ผ
ๅใ ใใฎ็ตๆใฏๆผ็ฝๅคใซ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใฎ้ซใใใฎใ็จใใๅ ด ๅใ ็นใซ้ก่ใซใฟใใใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 2
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 0 ใงๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดไธญใฎๅฎ็ๅค ๏ผๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ ใฎๆฟ ๅบฆใ 0. 02ใ 0. 08 s 0. 2 ใ 0. 5 ใขใซใ ยฃใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 1 ใจๅๆงใช่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใฃใใ ๅๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฎๅญ้้ใใฑใฃๅ
X ็ทๅๆ่ฃ
็ฝฎใ็จใใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใ
10 ไฝใใ ๆผ็ฝๅคใจใใฆใฏใจใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮ ฮ ) ใข ใณ ใขใใฅใ ใไฝฟ็จใใๅ ดๅใฎใฟ่ชฟในใใ
็ตๆใ่กจไธ 10ใซ็คบใใ
่กจไธ 10ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใฏ 0. 2 ใขใซ Z ยฃไปฅไธใฎๆฟๅบฆใงไฝฟ็จ ใใๅ ดๅใ ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใใจใใใใใ
20
ฮ
25
่กจไบไธ. QL ๅฎ็ๅคๆฟๅบฆ ๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎ ๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ ใชใณในโ
ๅฎ็ๅค ) ๆฎๅญ้้บ ใใผใณใฟๆฟ ๆตดไธญใฎๆฒ ๆตดไธญใฎๆฒ
}ๅ ใ ฯ
ฯฯ ฮ ใ ฮฒ ใ Sit ใฎใ ttt
1 O
ใ TIILIยพยพ ฮท ฮ :
DO A ใ Aใฝ i-LT l/'J
ใกใณใขไบใฅใ 0.08 58 K70 ฮ ฮ ใ
0.20 1.8 0.30 ฮ X ใ
U ยท K) U ยท 0 n 1 ฯ //
1ใ ฮ ฮ ไธ 11 1 //
0.08 59 1.75 ใ ใ //
0.20 1ยท4 0.11 ใ ใ ๆจ็บๆ
ฮ U ยท ou n ใ
ใใ
ใๆฒๆฎฟใฎ =fi็กใฎ่ฉไพกใ ใใฌ ฮยพฯฮ ฮ 1
10 DO 1 ยท OA
ใใ ไธใ ไน iyใช C
0.08 61 1.77 ใ o ใ ใ๏ผ ็ฎ่ฆใงๆฒๆฎฟใชใ
0.20 1.2 0.11 ใ ใ ๆฌ็บๆ
0.50 0.3 0.11 ใ ใ ใ A๏ผๅฐ้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ ๅ^็ฉ ฮ -30 0.02 65 1.85 ใ ใ ๆฏ่ผไพ X ๏ผๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
0.08 60 1.70 ใ ใ
0.20 1.5 0.11 ใ ใ ๆจ็บๆ X X ๏ผๆฅตใใฆๅค็ฝฑใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
0.50 0.3 0.10 ใ ใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 3
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 2ใฎๅๅ็ฉ B 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ B - 5ใ B -23. B -41 ใพใใฏ Bโ 67ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 2 2 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใช ใค
ใใฎ็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 2 ใจๅใ ใ ใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใฏ 0.2ใขใซ ใ ยฃไปฅไธใฎๆฟๅบฆใงไฝฟ็จใใ ใ ใจใซใ ใใ ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใ, ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 4
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 2 ใฎๆๅ
ๆๆใๅๆง้ฒๅ
ๅพใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใซ็จใใๅฎ ็ๅคใ่กจโ 11ใซ็คบใใๅๅ็ฉใซไปฃใใไปฅๅคใฏๅฎๆฝไพ ใจๅๆงใซ ๅฆ็ใใใ
ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็็ตไบๅพใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใ ใช ใณในโ ๆตดไธญใฎๆฒๆฎฟ็ฉ ใฎๆ็กใ็ฎ่ฆใง่ชฟในใใ
ๅใ ๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎใใผใณใฟใฎๅๅฐๆฟๅบฆ๏ผDmiri)ใ Xโ riteๆฟๅบฆ่จ ใซใใคใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ใ ใใซๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒไธญใฎใงใใฌ ใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮฮ ) ใข ใณ ใขใ ใฅใ ใ็ญใขใซใฎ 1,3-ใใญ ใใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮ ฮ ) ใก ใณใข ใใฅ ใ ใซไปฃใใฆๅๆงใฎใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็ใ่กใชใใ ๆฒๆฎฟใฎๆ ็กใ ๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎใใผใณใฟใฎๅๅฐๆฟๅบฆใๆฑใใใ ็ตๆใ่กจไธ 11ใซ ็คบใใ ่กจ - 11ใ ใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใซไปฃใใๅฎ็ๅค ใจ ใใฆ็จใใๅ ดๅใ ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็ๆใซใๆฒๆฎฟ็ๆใใใ ใใ ๆถฒๅฎๅฎๆงใๅชใใฆใใใ ใใคๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผDmiiu ๆผ็ฝใซใ ใช ๏ผ ใฎๅฐใชใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใ ใ ใจใใใใใ ใ ใใซ ใใฎ็ตๆใฏใ ๆผ็ฝๅคใจ ใใฆ้ซใ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใใใคๆผ็ฝๅคใ็จ ใใๅ ดๅใ ็นใซ้ก่ใงใใใ
่กจไธ 1 1
ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ ๆช้ฒๅ
้จ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ ใช ใณในโ 1
ๅฎ็ๅค ๆถฒไธญใฎๆผ รธ ๆตดไธญใฎๆฒ ๆตดไธญใฎๆฒ
็ฝๅค ๅบฆ (Dmin) ๆฎฟใฎๆ็ก ๆฎฟใฎๆ็ก 1
็กซ้
ธ โ 0.17 ฮ X ๏ผ ๆฏ่ผไพ ๏ผ ฮใใฅ i โก 0.20 X X X 1 i ๅๅ็ฉ โ 0.12 c o ๏ผ ๆฌ็บๆ 1
Bไธ 1 โก 0.11 C ใ ๏ผ
๏ผ ,
ๅๅ็ฉ โ 0.12 ใ 1 " ๏ผ B -15 โก 0.12 ใ ๏ผ ๏ผ ๅๅ็ฉ โ 0.12 ฮฟ o ๏ผ ๏ผ
B - 30 โก 0.12 ๅ ๅๅ็ฉ โ 0.13 c
B -40 โก 0.12 C ยฐ ๏ผ 1 ๅๅ็ฉ โ 0.12 ฮฟ n ๏ผ // ๏ผ B -64 โก 0.11 ใ ยฐ ฮฏ 1 ใๆฒๆฎฟใฎๆ็กใฎ่ฉไพก >
C ๏ผ ็ฎ่ฆใงๆฒๆฎฟใชใ
ฮ ๏ผ ๅฐ้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
X ๏ผ ๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
X X ๏ผ ๆฅตใใฆๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
ๆณจ๏ผ ๆผ็ฝๅค โ ใจใใฌใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮฮ ) ใข ใณใขใใฅใ
โก 1, 3-ใใญใใฌใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮ ฮ ) ใข ใณ ใขใใฅใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 5
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 4 ใฎๅๅ็ฉ ฮโ 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ ฮโ 5 ฮโ 23 ฮ - 41ใพใใฏ ฮ 67ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 2 4 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่ก ใชใฃใใ
ใใฎ็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 4 ใจๅใ ใใ ใฉ ใณใใณใฐๅฆ็ๆใซใๆฒๆฎฟ
ใ็ๆใใใ ใใคๆผ็ฝใซใใช ใๅฐใชใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใ ใใใ
ๅใใฎ็ตๆใฏๆผ็ฝๅคใซ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใฎ้ซใใใฎใ็จใใๅ ดๅ ็นใซ้ก่ใซใฟใใใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 6
ใใชใจใใฌใณใงไธก้ขใฉ ใใใผ ใ ใใ ่กจ้ขใใณ ๅฃใๆพ้ปๅฆ็ใ ใ็ดๆฏๆไฝใฎไธใซไปฅไธใซ็คบใๅฑคๆงๆใฎๅคๅฑคใซ ใฉใผๅฐ็ป็ดใไฝ่ฃฝ ใใใ ๅกๅธๆถฒใฏไธ่จใฎใใใซใใฆ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใ
็ฌฌไธๅฑคๅกๅธๆถฒ่ชฟ่ฃฝ
ใค ใง ใญใผใซใใฉใผ ๏ผExY)60.0 gใใใณ่คช่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผCpd- 1) 28. O g ใซ้
ข้
ธใงใใซ 150ccใใใณๆบถๅช ๏ผSolv- 3) 1.0cใใใจๆบถๅช (Solv-4)3.0ccใๅ ใๆบถ่งฃใใ ใใฎๆบถๆถฒใ ใใใทใซใใณใผใณใน ใซใ ใณ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ ใๅซใ 10 %ใผใฉใใณๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 450 ccใซๆทปๅ ใ ใๅพใ ่ถ
้ณๆณขใใขใธใใคใถใผใซใฆๅๆฃใใ ๅพใใใๅๆฃๆถฒใใ ไธ่จ้ๆๆงๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใ่ๆใใๅกฉ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผ่ญๅ้ 0.7ใขใซ %) 420 g ใซๆททๅๆบถ่งฃใใฆ็ฌฌไธๅฑคๅกๅธๆถฒใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใ
็ฌฌไบๅฑคใใ็ฌฌไธๅฑค็จใฎๅกๅธๆถฒใ็ฌฌไธๅฑคๅกๅธๆถฒใจๅๆงใฎๆนๆณใฆ ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใ ๅๅฑคใฎใผใฉใใณ็กฌๅๅคใจใใฆใฏ 1,2-ใใน ๏ผใใใซใน ใซใใใซ๏ผ ใจใฟใณใ็จใใใ
ใพใๅๅฑคใฎๅๅ
ๅขๆ
ผ่ฒ็ด ใจใใฆใฏไธ่จใฎใใฎใ็จใใใ
้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค ๏ผ ใข ใณใ ใใญใผ 5, 5' โ ใธใฏ ใญ ๅฃโ 3,3' โ ใธในใซ ใใงใใซใใขใทใกใใณใ ใใญใฉใญใท ใ
็ถ ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค ๏ผ ใข ใณใ ใใญใผ 9 ใผใงใใซใผ 5, 5' โ ใธใใฑใใซ
โ 3,3' โใธในใซใใงใใซใฉใญใตใซใซใใทใกใ ใณใ ใใญใฉใญ ใท ใ
่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค ๏ผ 3,3' โ ใธใงใใซใผ 5 โ ใก ใ ใญ ใทใผ 9, 11ไธใใช ใใณใใซใใข ใธใซใซใใธใกใ ใณใง ใผใธ ใ ใพใๅไนณๅคๅฑคใฎๅฎๅฎๅคใจใใฆไธ่จใฎ็ฉใ็จใใใ
1 โ ( 2 โ ใกใป ใ ใข ใ ใ ใผ ใ ใจใใซ๏ผ ใ๏ผ
โ 5 โใก ใซใซใ ใ ใ ใ ใฉ ใพใผใซ 7
1 โใ ใจไบใซใผ 5 โใก ใซใซ ใ ใ ใ ใ ใฉ ยทยท ๆททๅ็ฉ
ใพใผใซ 2 I ( ใข ใซๆฏ๏ผ
1 โ ( P โ ใก ใ ใญ ใทใใจใใซ๏ผ ไธ 5 โ
ใก ใใฌใซ ใ ใ ใ ใ ใฉ ใพใผใซ
ใพใใฃ ใฉใธใงใผใทใง ใณ้ฒๆญขๆๆใจใใฆไธ่จ G)็ฉใ็จใใใ ใ 3 โใซใซใใญ ใทไธ 5 โ ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใผ 4 โ ( 3 โ ๏ผ 3 โ ใซ ใซใ ใญ ใทไธ 5 โใฉใญใฝ ใผ 1 โ (2, 5โใในใซใใ ใ ใ ใงใใซ๏ผ ไธ 2 โ ใใฉ ใพใช ใณไธ 4 โใค ใช ใใณ๏ผ ไธ 1 โใใญใบใใซ๏ผ ไธ 1 โ ใใฉ ใพใช ใซใ ใใณใผใณไธ 2, 5-ใธในใซใใใผ ใ ใผ ใธใ ใ ใช ใฅใ ๅกฉ
N' โ๏ผ4, 8โ ใธใ ใใญใญ ใทไธ 9, 10โ ใธใฉใญใฝ ไธ 3, 7-ใธในใซใใ ใ ใข ใณใน ใฉใป ใณใผ 1 , 5-ใธใฃ ใซ๏ผ ใใน ๏ผใก ใ ใ ใก ใฟ ใณในใซใ ใใผ ใ ๏ผ ไธใ ใ ใฉ ใ ใ ใช ใฆใ 'ๅกฉ
ใ 3 โ ใทใก ใ _ 5 โ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใท "๏ผ 4 ไธ ๏ผ 3 โ ( 3 โ ใทใกใ ไธ 5 โใฉใญ ใฝ ไธ 1 โ ( 4 โในใซใใไธ ใ ใ ใจใใซ๏ผ ไธ 2 โ ใใฉ ใพใช ใณใผ 4 ไธ ใค ใช ใใณ๏ผ ไธ 1 โใ ใณใฟ ใใซ๏ผ ไธ 1 ไธ ใใฉ ใพ ใช ใซใ ใใณใผใณไธ 4 โในใซใใไธ ใ ใผ ใธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ ๅกฉ (ๅฑคๆงๆ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใซๅๅฑคใฎ็ตๆใ็คบใใ ๆฐๅญใฏๅกๅธ้ ๏ผ g Zrf ) ใ่กจใใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฏ้ๆ็ฎๅกๅธ้ใ่กจใใ
ๆฏๆไฝ
ใใช ใจใ ใฌ ใณใงไธก้ขใฉ ใใใผ ใ ใใ ่กจ้ขใใณ ใญใๆพ้ปๅฆ็ใ ใ็ดๆฏๆไฝ
็ฌฌไธๅฑค ๏ผ้ๆๅฑค๏ผ
ๅ่ฟฐใฎๅกฉ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผ Br 7ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ็ซๆนไฝใ
ๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบ 0.29 ใผใฉ ใ ใณ 1.80 ใค ใง ใญใผใซ ใใฉใผ ๏ผ E x Y ) 0.60 ่คช่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผ C p d - 1 ) 0.28 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V โ 3 ) 0.01 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V โ 4 ) 0.03 ็ฌฌไบๅฑค ๏ผๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉใ ใณ 0.80 ๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผ C p d โ 2 ) 0.055 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V โ 1 ) 0.03 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V - 2 ) 0.15 ็ฌฌไธๅฑค ๏ผ็ทๆๅฑค๏ผ
ๅ่ฟฐใฎๅกฉ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผAgBr 0.7ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ็ซๆนไฝใ
ๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใฃ ใบ 0,45ๅฟ๏ผ 0.18 ใผใฉ ใ ใณ 1.86 ใใผ ใณใฟ ใซ ใใฉ ใผ ๏ผ E x M ) 0.27 ่คช่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผ C p d โ 3 ) 0.17 ่คช่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผ C p d โ 4 ) 0.10 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V - 1 ) 0.2 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V - 2 ) 0.03
- 1
5
162
็ฌฌๅๅฑค ๏ผๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉ ใ ใณ 1.70 ๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผ C p d โ 2 ) 0.065 ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค ๏ผ U V - 1 ) 0.45 ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค ๏ผ U Vโ 2 ) 0.23 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V - 1 ) 0.05 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V โ 2 ) 0.05 ็ฌฌไบๅฑค ๏ผ่ตคๆๅฑค๏ผ
ๅ่ฟฐใฎๅกฉ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค ๏ผAgBr 4ใขใซ๏ผ
ใ ็ซๆนไฝ
10 ๅนณๅ็ฒๅญใตใค ใบ 0.5 ๏ผ 0.21 ใผใฉใ ใณ 1.80 ใทใข ใณใซใใฉใผ ๏ผ E x Cโ 1 ) 0.26 ใทใข ใณใซ ใใฉใผ ๏ผ E x Cโ 2 ) 0.12 ่คช่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค ๏ผ C p d - 1 ) 0.20 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V _ 1 ) 0.16 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V - 2 ) 0.09 ็บ่ฒไฟ้ฒๅค ๏ผ C p d โ 5 ) 0.15 ็ฌฌๅ
ญๅฑค ๏ผ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅฑค๏ผ
ใผใฉใ ใณ 0.70
20 ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค ๏ผ U V - 1 ) 0.26 ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค ๏ผ U V - 2 ) 0.07 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V โ 1 ) 0.30 ๆบถๅช ๏ผ S 0 1 V โ 2 ) 0.09 ็ฌฌไธๅฑค ๏ผไฟ่ญทๅฑค๏ผ
25 ใผใฉ ใ ใณ 1.0'
( E x Y ) ใค ใง ใญใผใซ ใใฉใผ
o โ ใใ ใช ใใฌ ไธ o โ ( 3 ^ใณใธใซ ใผ 1 โ ใใ ใณ ใ ใค ไบ ใใฌ ๏ผ
โ 2 โใฏ ใญ ๅฃ ไธ 5 โ ( ฮฒ - ( ใใใทใซในใซใใใซ๏ผ ใใ ใซใข ใ ใใ ใกใป ใ ใกใ ใช ใ
( ฮ ฯ ฮ ) ใใผใณใฟ ใซ ใใฉใผ
7 โใฏ ใญ ใญ ใผ 6 โใค ใฝ ใใญ ใใซไธ 3 โ { 3 โ ใ ๏ผ 2 โใ ใ ใญ ใทไธ 5 โ ter tโใฉ ใฏ ใใซ๏ผ ใใณใผใณในใซใใใซใ ใใญ ใใซ } ไธ 1 Hโใใฉ ใพๅฃ ใ5.1 โ Cใ ไธ 1 , 2 , 4- ใ ใช ใก ใพ ไธใซ
( E x Cโ 1 ) ใทใข ใณใซ ใใฉใผ
2 ฮชใณใฟ ใใซใฉ ๅฃในใณใบใข ใ ใใผ 4 โใฏ ใญ ๅฃ ไธ 5 ใ 2 โ
(2๏ผ 4โใธไธ ter tโใก ใ ใซใใจใ ใญ ใท๏ผ ไธ 3 โ ใก ใใซใใ ใซใข ใ ใใ ใฑ ใ ใผใซ
( E x Cโ 2 ) ใทใข ใณใซใใฉใผ
2, 4 -ใธใฏ ใญ ใญ ใผ 3 โใก ใใซไธ 6 โ ใ -- (2,4โ ใธใผ tertโ ใข ใ ใซใ ใจ ใ ใญ ใท๏ผ ใใใซใข ใ ใใ ใ ใจ ใ ใผใซ
( C p d - 1 ) ่คช่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค
CO HC4H9 (n) ๅนณๅๅๅญ้ 80, 000 ( C p d - 2 ) ๆทท่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค
2 , 5 -ใธใผ ter tโใฉ ใฏ ใใใฌใใฝใฃ ใ ใญ ใญ ใ ใณ
( C p d - 3 ) ่คช่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค
7,7 ' ใผ ใธ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใทไธ 4 , 4 , 4' , 4'โใ ใ ใฉ ใก ใใซใผ 2 , 2' โ'ใน ใใญ ใฏ ใญใ ใณ
( C p d - 4 ) ่คช่ฒ้ฒๆญขๅค
Nโ ๏ผ 4 ใผ ใใใทใซใฉใญ ใทใใจ ใใซ๏ผ ไธใขใซใ ใช ใณ
( C p d - 5 ) ็บ่ฒไฟ้ฒๅค
P - ( p โ ใ ใซใจ ใณในใซใ ใณใข ใ ใ๏ผ ใ ใจ ไบใซใผ ใใใซ ใณ ( S 0 1 V - 1 ) ๆบถๅช
ใธ ๏ผ 2โใงใใซใธใญ ใทใซ๏ผ ใใฟ ใฌใผ ใ
C S 0 1 V - 2 ) ๆบถๅช
ใธใใใซใใฟ ใฌใผ ใ
( S 0 1 V - 3 ) ๆบถๅช
ใธ ๏ผ i โ ใ ใใซ๏ผ ใใฟ ใฌใผ ใ
( S 0 1 V - 4 ) ๆบถๅช
N , N -ใธใงใใซใซใซใใณใข ใ ใไธใก ใ ใญ ใทใผ 2 , 4-ใธไธ t โ ใก ใ ใพใฌใใณใผใณ
( U V - 1 ) ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค
2 โ ( 2 โ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใทไธ 3 , 5-ใธไธ ter tโใก ใ ใซใ ใจใใซ๏ผ ใ ใณใพ ใ ใช ใขใพไธใซ
( U V - 2 ) ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค
2 โ ( 2 โ ใ ใ ใญใญ ใทไธ 3 , 5-ใธไธ er tโ ใใใซใ ใจใใซ๏ผ ใใณใพ ใ ใช ใขใพไธใซ .
ใใใใฎ่ฉฆๆใซๆๅ
่จ ๏ผๅฏๅฃซ ็ใ ใฃ ใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ่ฃฝ F W H ๅ๏ผ ใ็จใใฆใ ้ป็ฝ้ฒๅ
ใไธใใใ
ใใใฆในไธใใผๅฆ็ๆฉใไฝฟ็จใใฆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 0 ใจๅๆงใช่ฉฆ้จ ใ่กใชใฃใใ
็ตๆใ่กจไธ 12ใซ็คบใใ
่กจไธ 12ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใซไปฃใใๅฎ็ๅคใจ ใใฆ็จใใๅ ดๅใ ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็ๆใซใๆฒๆฎฟ็ๆใใใ ใใๆถฒ
ฮด ฮด
165
ๅฎๅฎๆงใๅชใใฆใใใ ใใคๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผDm i nใ ๆผ็ฝใซใใช ๏ผ ใฎๅฐใชใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใใใจใใใใใ ใ ใใซใใฎ ็ตๆใฏใ ๆผ็ฝๅคใจใใฆ้ซ้ปไฝใฎ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใฎๆผ็ฝๅคใ็จใใ ๅ ดๅใ ็นใซ้ก่ใงใใใ
่กจไบไธ 2โ
0
ใๆฒๆฎฟใฎๆ็กใฎ่ฉไพก >
ใ ๏ผ ็ฎ่ฆใงๆฒๆฎฟใชใ
ฮ ๏ผ ๅฐ้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
0 X ๏ผ ๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
X X ๏ผ ๆฅตใใฆๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
ๆณจ๏ผ ๆผ็ฝๅค โ ใจ ใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ m ) ใข ใณใข ใใฅ ใ
โก 1 3 -ใใญ ใ ใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผ ฮฮ ) ใกใณ ใข ใ ใฅ ใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 7
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 6ใฎๅๅ็ฉ B - 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ B - 5ใ B โ23ใ B ไธ 26ใ ใพใใฏ B โ49ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 2 6 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใช ใคใใ
ใใฎ็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 6 ใจๅใ ใใ ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็ๆใซ ใๆฒๆฎฟ ใ็ๆใใใ ใใคๆผ็ฝใซใใช ใๅฐใชใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใ ใใใ
ๅใใฎ็ตๆใฏๆผ็ฝๅคใซ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใฎ้ซใใใฎใ็จใใๅ ดๅใ ็นใซ้ก่ใซใฟใใใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 8
็น้ๅนณ 2-90151 ใฎๅฎๆฝไพ 2 ใฎ่ฉฆๆ 2 0 1 ใฎๅฆใไฝๆใใๆฎๅฝฑ ็จๅใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใๅๆง้ฒๅ
ๅพใ ไธ่จๅฆ็ๅทฅ็จใซใฆๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ใฎ ใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ใฎ 2ๅ่ฃๅ
ใใใพใงใ ้ฃ็ถๅฆ็ ๏ผ ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐใใน ใ ๏ผ ใ่กใฃใใ
ๅฆ ็ ๅทฅ ็จ
ๅทฅ็จ ๅฆ็ๆ้ ๅฆ็ๆธฉๅบฆ ่ฃๅ
้" ใฟ ใณใฏๅฎน้ ็บ่ฒ็พๅ 3ๅ 15็ง 38.0 23JBยฃ 15 i ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ 2ๅ 30็ง 38.0ใฆ 20fl?i 5 ๆฐด ๆด (1) 30็ง 38.0- 3 ยฃ ๆฐด ๆด (2) 20็ง 38.0'C 34 3 ฯ ๅฎ ๅฎ 20็ง 38.0ใฆ 20 3 ยฃ ไนพ ็ฅ 1ๅ 5ฮด
* ่ฃๅ
้ใฏ 35mmๅทพ 1 mๅฝใใใฎ้
ๆฐดๆดๆฐดใฏ (2)ใใ๏ผ1)ใธใฎๅๆตๆนๅผ
ๅฐใ ็พๅๆถฒใฎๆผ็ฝๅทฅ็จใธใฎๆใก่พผใฟ้ใ ๆผ็ฝๆถฒใฎๅฎ็ๅทฅ็จใธ ใฎๆใก่พผใฟ้ใ ๅใณๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎๆฐดๆดๅทฅ็จใธใฎๆใก่พผใฟ้ใฏ 35่
ฟๅทพ
ใฎๆๅ
ๆๆ 1 m้ทใๅฝใใใใใใ 2.5mยฃใ 2.0 ใ 2.0 ใง ใใฃใใ ใพใใ ใฏ ใญในใชใผใไธใฎๆ้ใฏใใฅใใ 5็งใงใใใ ใใฎๆ้ใฏๅๅทฅ็จใฎๅฆ็ๆ้ใซๅ
ๅซใใใใ
ไปฅไธใซๅฆ็ๆถฒใฎ็ตๆใ็คบใใ
(็พๅๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏ ๆถฒ^ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ (g) ใธใจใ ใฌ ใณ ใ ใช ใข ใ ใณไบ้
ข้
ธ 2.0 2.2 1 โ ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใงใ ใช ใใณใผ
1 , 1 -ใธใในใ ใณ้
ธ 3.3 3.3 ไบ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 3.9 5.2 ็ญ้
ธๅ ใช ใฅ ใ 37.5 39.0 ่ญๅๅ ใช ใฆ ใ 1.4 0.4 ใจ ใฆๅใซ ใช ใฆใ 1.3mg
ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใซใข ใ ใณ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ 2.4 3.3
2 ใก ใใซใผ 4 ไธ ใ Nโใงใใฏใฌใผ
Nโ ๏ผ /5 โ ใ ใ ใญ ใญ ใทใงใใซ๏ผ
ใก ใ ใ ใ ใกใ ใช ใณ็กซ้
ธๅกฉ 4.5 6.1 ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ยฃ 1.0 ยฃ
PH 10.05 10.15 ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒ๏ผ
ๆฏ ๆถฒ (g) ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒ (g) ใใฉ็กซ้
ธใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ ๏ผ700g/ ยฃ ) 280 ฮญ 560 id ๅใฏๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉ 2.64ฮฏ)1 ไบ็กซ้
ธใก ใณใขใใฅ ใ 40.0 80.0 1 , 3-ใใญ ใใฌ ใณใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ
็ฌฌไบ้ใข ใณใขใใฅ ใ ไธๆฐดๅกฉ 144.0 288.0 ่ญๅใกใณใขใใฅ ใ 40.0 80.0 ็ก้
ธใก ใณใขใใฅ ใ 20.0 40.0 ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ยฃ 1.0 ยฃ pH ( 25 ) 5.8 5.6
(้
ข้
ธๅใณใข ใณใขใใขๆฐดใซใฆ่ชฟๆด๏ผ
(ๆฐดๆดๆฐด๏ผ ๆฏๆถฒใ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒๅ
ฑ้
ๆฐด้ๆฐดใ Hๅๅผท้
ธๆงใซ ใใฉ ใณไบคๆๆจน่ ๏ผใญใผใ ใข ใณ ใใใผใน ็คพ่ฃฝใข ใณใใผใฉ ใค ใ IR-120B) ใจใ 0 Hๅๅผทๅกฉๅบๆงใกใใช ใณไบคๆ ๆจน่ ๏ผๅใข ใณใใผใฉใค ใ IRA- 400)ใๅ
ๅกกใใๆททๅบๅผใซ ใฉ ใ ใซ้ ๆฐดใใฆใซใซใทใฅใ ๅใณใใฐใใทใฅ ใ ใฃ ใฉ ใณๆฟๅบฆใ 3 mg/ ยฃไปฅไธ ใซๅฆ็ใใ ็ถใใฆไบๅกฉๅใค ใฝ ใทใกใใผใซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆ ใ 201ยพใ ฮฏ ใจ็กซ้
ธใ ใ ใช ใฆใ 150mg/ ยฃใๆทปๅ ใใใ
ใใฎๆถฒใฎ pHใฏ 6.5โ 7.5ใฎ็ฏๅฒใซใใคใใ
(ๅฎๅฎๆถฒ๏ผ ๆฏๆถฒใ ่ฃๅ
ๆถฒๅ
ฑ้ (ๅไฝ g ) ใใซใ ใช ใณ ๏ผ 37% ) 2.0 roi ใ ใช ใชใญ ใทใจใ ใฌ ใณไธ P โใขใ ใ ใใซ
ใ ใฑ ใใซใจใผใใซ ๏ผๅนณๅ้ๅๅบฆ 1 0 ) 0.3 ใจใ ใฌ ใณ ใธใก ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธใใ ใ ใช ใฅ ใ ๅกฉ 0.05 ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ 1.0 ยฃ PH 5.8 - 8.0
ใฉ ใณไบใณใฐๅฆ็็ตไบๅพใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใ ๆฐดๆด (1)ๆตดไธญใฎๆฒๆฎฟ็ฉใฎ ๆ็กใ็ฎ่ฆใง่ชฟในใใ
ๅใ ๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎใใผ ใณใฟใฎ้้ๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผDmin) ใ X _ ri teๆฟๅบฆ ่จใ็จใใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใ ็ตๆใ่กจไธ 13ใซ็คบใ c
่กจไธ 13ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใซไปฃใใๅฎ็ๅคใจใ ใฆ็จใใๅ ดๅใ ้ซใ้
ธๅ้ๅ
้ปไฝใฎๆผ็ฝๅคใจใฎๅ
ฑๅญใซใใใฆใ ใฉ ใณใ ใณใฐๅฆ็ๆใซใๆฒๆฎฟ็ๆใใใ ใใๆถฒๅฎๅฎๆงใๅชใใฆใ ใใ ใใคๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฟๅบฆ ๏ผDm i nใ ๆผ็ฝใซใใช ๏ผ ใฎๅฐใชใ่ฏๅฅฝใช ็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใใใจใใใใใ
่กจไธ 1 3
ใๆฒๆฎฟใฎๆ็กใฎ่ฉไพก >
ใ ๏ผ ็ฎ่ฆใงๆฒๆฎฟใชใ
ฮ ๏ผ ๅฐ้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
X ๏ผ ๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
X X ๏ผ ๆฅตใใฆๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ "
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 9
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 8 ใฎๅๅ็ฉ ฮ โ 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ ฮ โ 5ใ ฮ - 23. ฮ - 4 1 ใพใใฏ ฮ โ 67ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 2 8 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใช ใคใใ
ใใฎ็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 8 ใจๅๆงๆฌ็บๆใฎๅฎ็ๅคใ็จใใๅ ดๅ่ฏ ๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใใจใใใใฃใใ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 3 0
ๅฎๆฝไพ 2 8ใงๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดไธญใฎๅฎ็ๅค ๏ผๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ ใฎๆฟ ๅบฆใ 0.02ใ 0.08ใ 0.5 ใ 1.2 ใ 1.5 ใขใซ Zยฃใซใใใใไปฃใใฆ ๅฎๆฝไพ 9 ใจๅๆงใช่ฉฆ้จใ่กใชใฃใใ ๅๆช้ฒๅ
้จใฎๆฎๅญ้้ใใฑ ใฃๅ
X็ทๅๅป่ฃ
็ฝฎใ็จใใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใ
ไฝใใ ๆผ็ฝๅคใจใใฆใฏใจใใฌใณใธใข ใ ใณๅ้
ข้
ธ้ ๏ผm) ใข ใณ ใขใใฅใ ใไฝฟ็จใใๅ ดๅใฎใฟ่ชฟในใใ ็ตๆใ่กจโ14ใซ็คบใใ ่กจไธ 14ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๆฌ็บๆใฎไฝฟ็จๆฟๅบฆใง็จใใๅ ดๅใ ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใใจใใใใใ
่กจ ZJLA-
โ ใๆฒๆฎฟใฎๆ็กใฎ่ฉไพก > ใ๏ผ ็ฎ่ฆใงๆฒๆฎฟใชใ ฮ๏ผๅฐ้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
X ๏ผๅค้ใฎๆฒๆฎฟ
ๅฎๆฝไพ 3 1
ๅฎๆฝไพ 3 0 ใฎๅๅ็ฉ Bโ 1 ใๅๅ็ฉ Bโ 5ใ B - 23. B - 41 ใพใใฏ Bโ67ใซใใใใไปฃใใฆๅฎๆฝไพ 3 0 ใจๅๆงใฎ่ฉฆ้จใ่กใช ใคใใ
5 ใใฎ็ตๆใ ๅฎๆฝไพ 3 0 ใจๅใ ใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅ็ฉใๆฌ็บๆใฎ
ไฝฟ็จๆฟๅบฆใง็จใใใใจใซใใใ ่ฏๅฅฝใช็ตๆใๅพใใใใ
็ฃๆฅญไธใฎๅฉ็จๅฏ่ฝๆง
ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใ ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใพใใฏ ๏ผ ฮ ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ ็ฉๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆๅใณ้ป 0ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใๅฆ็ใใๅฎ็ๅค 10 ใจใใฆ็จใใใใจใซใใๆนฟ็ฑ็ตๆๆกไปถไธใงใในใใฃ ใณใฎๅฐใชใ
ใใค่ฑ้ๆง ๏ผๅฎ็ๆง๏ผ ใฎ่ฏๅฅฝใชๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ้ๆใงใใใ
ใพใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ m ) ใพใใฏ ๏ผ IV ) ใง่กจใใใใ ๅๅ็ฉใๅ ใฉใผๅฐ็ป็ดใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใจๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ 0. 1ใขใซ/ ยฃไปฅไธใฎๆฟๅบฆใง็จใใใจใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใฎๅฎๅฎๆง ๏ผ็นใซ็กซๅใซใ 15 ใๆฒๆฎฟใ็ใใชใ๏ผ ใๆน่ฏใๅพใใจๅ
ฑใซๆผ็ฝใซใใช ใฎๅฐใชใ่ฏ
ๅฅฝใชๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ้ๆใใใใจใใงใใใ
Claims
173
่ซ ๆฑ ใฎ ็ฏ
1) ๆฏๆไฝไธใซๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1ๅฑคใฎๆๅ
ๆงใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑค ใๆใใใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใ้ฒๅ
ๅพใ ็พๅๅฆ็ใใๅฆ ็ๆนๆณใซใใใฆๅฎ็่ฝใๆใใๆตดใไธ่จไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใฎๅๅ็ฉ ใๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1็จฎใๅซๆใใ ใ ใจใ็นๅพดใจใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ
Z U
็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนไธ - ยฉๆณใ
ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) Y
A &
10
(ๅผไธญใ Xใฏ Nใพใใฏ Cไธ R,ใ่กจใใใ Yใใใณ Zใฏ 0ใ Sใ
Nใ Nโ R2ใพใใฏ Cไธ R3ใ่กจใใใ Uใฏ 0ใ Sใพใใฏ Nโ ใ
ฮ
่กจใใใ ฮ ใ ใฏไธ 0 ใ ใ โS S ใพใใฏไธ N Rใ่กจใใใ R,ใ R2
R3ใใใณ R4ใฏๅใใงใใฃใฆใ็ฐใคใฆใใฆใใ ใ ~f T"^r R' ใ
nใฏ ๅๅญใ ใใซๅบ ใ ใณ้
ธ ๏ผ
ๅผ ๏ผ ฮ )
ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใงใใ่ซๆฑ้
1 ใซ่จ่ผใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็
ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
(ๅผไธญใ X ' ใฏ Nใพใใฏ Cโ Rsใ่กจใใใ Y ' ใฏ 0ใ Sใ N - ใ
R 6ใพใใฏ Nโ N ใ ใ่กจ: ฮ R5ใ R, 8ใฝ k 9ใใ ใ R
ใฝ 1 ใฏๅไธใงใ็ฐใชใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใๅใ
็ฝฎๆใใ ใ ใฏ็ก็ฝฎๆใฎ็ญ็ด
ๆฐ 1 ใ 6 ใฎใขใซใญใซๅบใ่กจใใใ ใ ใใง R5ใ R6. R7ใ RBใ ใใ
ใณ ใฏๆฐด็ด ๅๅญใงใใคใฆใใ ใใ ใใ ใใ B5ใ R6ใ R๏ผใ R8ใ 9
ใใใณ R,ใ ใฎใ ใกใฎๅฐใ ใจใไธใคใฎใขใซใญใซๅบใฏๅฐใ ใจใ 1 ใค
ใฎใซใซใใณ้
ธๅบใพใใฏในใซใใณ้
ธๅบใง็ฝฎๆใใใฆใใใใฎใจใ
ใใ
3) ๅ่จไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใพใใฏ ๏ผ E ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใฎๅฎ
็่ฝใๆใใๆตดใธใฎๆทปๅ ้ใ 1 X 10โ 5ใ 10ใขใซ/ ยฃใงใใ่ซๆฑ
้
1 ใพใใฏ 2 ใซ่จ่ผใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
4) ๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆไธญใฎใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฎใใญใฒใณ็ตๆ ใ . ใ AgBr I ( I โฅ 2ใขใซ๏ผ
) ใงใใๅ ดๅใ ๅ่จไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใพใ
ใฏ ๏ผ H ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใฎๅฎ็่ฝใๆใใๆตดใใฎๆทปๅ ้ใ
0.5 ใ 2 ใขใซ Z ใงใใ่ซๆฑ้
1 ใพใใฏ 2ใซ่จ่ผใฎใใญใฒใณๅ
้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
5) ๅฆ็ใใๆๅ
ๆๆไธญใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใฎใใญใฒใณ็ตๆ
ๅ AgBr, AgBrCi. ใพใใฏ้ซๅกฉๅ้ ๏ผAgCf โฅ80ใขใซ๏ผ
) ใฎๅ ดๅใ
ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใพใใฏ ๏ผ ฮ ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใฎๅฎ็่ฝใๆใ ใๆตดใใฎๆทปๅ ้ใ 0. 1ใ 1 ใขใซใ ใงใใ่ซๆฑ้
1 ใพใใฏ 2 ใซ ่จ่ผใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
6) ๅ่จๅฎ็่ฝใๆใใๆตดใใใฉ็กซ้
ธๅกฉใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅซๆใใช ใ่ซๆฑ้
1 ใพใใฏ 2 ใซ่จ่ผใฎใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ ๆนๆณใ
7) ๅ่จๅฎ็่ฝใๆใใๆตดใๅฎ็ๆตดใพใใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใงใใ ่ซๆฑ้
1 ใพใใฏ 2ใซ่จ่ผใฎใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆน ๆณใ
8) ใ ฯใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใๅฆ็ใใ็ตๆ็ฉใงใใคใฆใ ่ซๆฑ้
1 ใซ่จ่ผใฎไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใๅฐใ ใจใ 1็จฎ่ๆใใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใๅฎ็่ฝใๆใใๅฆ็็ตๆ็ฉใ
9) ๆฏๆไฝไธใซๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1ๅฑคใฎๆๅ
ๆงใๅฃใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅฑค ใๆใใใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ใซ ใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใ้ฒๅ
ๅพใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅใ ๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใใๅฆ็ๆนๆณใซใใใฆใ ่ฉฒๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆตดใใ ๅฐใช ใ ใจใ 1็จฎใฎใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ 0. 1ใขใซ/ ไปฅไธ ่ใฟใ ใใคไปใฎๅฎ็ๅคใๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ใพใชใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใใ ใญใฒใณๅ้ๅใฉใผๅ็ๆ
ผๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
10) ๅ่จใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใไธ่จไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ m ) ใง่กจใใใใ ่ซๆฑ้
9 ใซ่จ่ผใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ I )
M ฮ ) Af ใ ๅผไธญ Mใฏใ ็ญ็ด ๅๅญใ ็ช็ด ๅๅญใ ้
ธ็ด ๅๅญใ ็กซ้ปๅๅญใพใใฏ
176
ใป ใฌ ใณๅๅญใซใใๆงๆใใใ 5 ใพใใฏ 6 ๅก็ฐใ่กจใใใ A , ใฏ ใผ0 ใ ใ โ S ใ ใพใใฏไธ NRHใ่กจใใใ ใฏใขใซใญใซๅบใ ใทใฏ ใญใขใใฌใญใใฌๅบใ ใกใใฌใฑใใใฌๅบใ ใกใใฌใญใใใฌๅบใ ใก ใฉใใฌใญใซ- ๅบใ ใกใชใผใซๅบใพใใฏใธใใญ็ฐๅบใ่กจใใใ
11) ๅ่จไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ EI ) ใง่กจใใใใใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใไธ่จ ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ IV) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใงใใ่ซๆฑ้
10ใซ่จ่ผใฎใใญ ใฒใณๅ้ๅ ใฉไธๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
ไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ IV)
-Xโ ,
ไธใฝ\
(
10 ใใฮ s ยฉ ๅผไธญใ X ,ใฏ ฮใพใใฏ C ไธ ฮฒ , 3 ใ่กจใใใ Y ,ใฏ 0ใ Sใ Nใพใ ใฏ N โ Rl 4 ใ่กจใใใ Zใฏ N , N -Rl 5 ใพใใฏ Cไธ Rl 6 ใ่กจใ ใใ
ฮด
177
ๅ้ๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
13) ๅ่จใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใใฎๆทปๅ ้ใ 1 X 10ไธ' ใขใซ / ยฃไปฅไธใงใใ่ซๆฑ้
9ใ 11ใฎใใใใใฎ้
ใซ่จ่ผ ฮใใญ ใฒใณๅ้ๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
14) ๅ่จใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใใฎๆทปๅ ้ใ 2 X 1 0โ ' ใขใซ/ใถไปฅไธใงใใ่ซๆฑ้
9ใ11ใฎใใใใใฎ้
ใซ่จ่ผใฎใใญ ใฒใณๅ้ๅใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
15) ๅ่จใก ใฝ ใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใใฎๆทปๅ ้ใ 2 X 10โ 1 ใ 3 ใขใซ / ใงใใ่ซๆฑ้
9 ใ๏ผ 11ใซ่จ่ผใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผ 0 ๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ
16) ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ ใฉใผๆๅ
ๆๆใๅฆ็ใใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็็ตๆ็ฉ ใซใใใฆใ ๅฐใ ใจใ 1็จฎใฎใก ใฝใค ใช ใณๅๅ็ฉใๅฎ็ๅคใจใใฆ 0. 1ใขใซ/ ไปฅไธ่ใฟใ ไปใฎๅฎ็ๅคใๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ใพใชใใใจใ ็นๅพดใจใใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็็ตๆ็ฉใ
5 17) ๅ่จใก ใฝ ใฃ ใฉ ใณๅๅ็ฉใ่ซๆฑ้
10ใซ่จ่ผใฎไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ IE ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใงใใ่ซๆฑ้
16ใซ่จ่ผใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็็ตๆ็ฉใ
18) ๅ่จใก ใฝ ใฃ ใฉ ใณๅๅ็ฉใ่ซๆฑ้
11ใซ่จ่ผใฎไธ่ฌๅผ ๏ผ IV ) ใง่กจใใใใๅๅ็ฉใงใใ่ซๆฑ้
16ใซ่จ่ผใฎๆผ็ฝๅฎ็็ตๆ็ฉใ 0
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69032164T DE69032164T2 (de) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-12-04 | Verfahren und zusammensetzung zum behandeln von photographischem silberhalogenidmaterial |
US07/741,426 US5401621A (en) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-12-04 | Method of fixing and bleach-fixing a silver halide photographic material using mesoionic compounds |
EP90917532A EP0496887B1 (en) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-12-04 | Process for treating silver halide photographic meterial and composition therefor |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP1/314974 | 1989-12-04 | ||
JP31497489 | 1989-12-04 | ||
JP20443090A JP2618743B2 (ja) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-08-01 | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
JP2/204430 | 1990-08-01 | ||
JP2/206070 | 1990-08-03 | ||
JP2206070A JP2775518B2 (ja) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-08-03 | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
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WO1991008517A1 true WO1991008517A1 (en) | 1991-06-13 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1990/001574 WO1991008517A1 (en) | 1989-12-04 | 1990-12-04 | Process for treating silver halide photographic meterial and composition therefor |
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US (1) | US5401621A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0496887B1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69032164T2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1991008517A1 (ja) |
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US5401621A (en) * | 1989-12-04 | 1995-03-28 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method of fixing and bleach-fixing a silver halide photographic material using mesoionic compounds |
US5427896A (en) * | 1992-02-14 | 1995-06-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method for processing color photographic material |
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JP3773278B2 (ja) | 1994-11-10 | 2006-05-10 | ๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใคใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
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JP3379863B2 (ja) * | 1995-07-14 | 2003-02-24 | ๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใคใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆๅใณ็ปๅๅฝขๆๆนๆณ |
JP3506296B2 (ja) * | 1995-12-11 | 2004-03-15 | ๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใคใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
US6207360B1 (en) * | 1997-05-12 | 2001-03-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method for image formation and apparatus for development processing |
JP3816234B2 (ja) * | 1998-04-01 | 2006-08-30 | ๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใคใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ๅฆ็้จๆใใใณใใใ็จใใ็ปๅๅฝขๆๆนๆณ |
US6001545A (en) * | 1998-12-30 | 1999-12-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Photographic fixing composition and method of rapid photographic processing |
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US6790600B2 (en) * | 2003-02-07 | 2004-09-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method of color photographic processing for color photographic papers |
US20070037005A1 (en) * | 2003-04-11 | 2007-02-15 | Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc | Tin-silver electrolyte |
US7135275B2 (en) * | 2003-08-28 | 2006-11-14 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Solid bleach-fixing composition for silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material, and method for processing silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material |
JP5718867B2 (ja) * | 2012-09-14 | 2015-05-13 | ๅฝ็ซๅคงๅญฆๆณไบบ ๅๅคๅฑๅทฅๆฅญๅคงๅญฆ | ใชใใฆใ ้ปๆฑ ็จ้ป่งฃๆถฒๅใณใใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๆนๆณใไธฆใณใซๅฝ่ฉฒใชใใฆใ ้ปๆฑ ็จ้ป่งฃๆถฒใๅใใใชใใฆใ ้ปๆฑ |
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JPS62253161A (ja) * | 1986-01-29 | 1987-11-04 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใซใฉโ็ปๅๅฝขๆๆณ |
JPH01201659A (ja) * | 1987-12-23 | 1989-08-14 | Agfa Gevaert Ag | ใใชใผใใณใฐไฟ้ฒๅคใๅซใใใชใผใใณใฐๆตด |
JPH0244355A (ja) * | 1988-08-05 | 1990-02-14 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
JPH02139547A (ja) * | 1988-02-22 | 1990-05-29 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
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CH511456A (de) * | 1969-07-30 | 1971-08-15 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Verfahren zum Entfernen von metallischem Silber aus photographischem Material |
US4003910A (en) * | 1975-08-18 | 1977-01-18 | Polaroid Corporation | Meso-ionic se- and s-containing tetrazoles |
EP0054415B1 (en) * | 1980-12-12 | 1985-03-20 | EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY (a New Jersey corporation) | Photographic material containing a mesoionic 1,2,4-triazolium-3-thiolate silver halide stabilizing and fixing agent |
US4378424A (en) * | 1980-12-12 | 1983-03-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Mesoionic 1,2,4-triazolium-3-thiolates as silver halide stabilizers and fixing agents |
JPS60122936A (ja) * | 1983-12-07 | 1985-07-01 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
JPS60163042A (ja) * | 1984-02-03 | 1985-08-24 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
JPH0677130B2 (ja) * | 1984-02-09 | 1994-09-28 | ๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใคใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
JP2684444B2 (ja) * | 1989-08-11 | 1997-12-03 | ๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใคใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
JP2775518B2 (ja) * | 1989-12-04 | 1998-07-16 | ๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใคใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
EP0496887B1 (en) * | 1989-12-04 | 1998-03-18 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Process for treating silver halide photographic meterial and composition therefor |
JP2775517B2 (ja) * | 1989-12-04 | 1998-07-16 | ๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใคใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
JPH04229860A (ja) * | 1990-12-06 | 1992-08-19 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
JPH04365035A (ja) * | 1991-06-11 | 1992-12-17 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
JPH0534872A (ja) * | 1991-08-02 | 1993-02-12 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
-
1990
- 1990-12-04 EP EP90917532A patent/EP0496887B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-04 DE DE69032164T patent/DE69032164T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-12-04 WO PCT/JP1990/001574 patent/WO1991008517A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 1990-12-04 US US07/741,426 patent/US5401621A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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JPS62253161A (ja) * | 1986-01-29 | 1987-11-04 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใซใฉโ็ปๅๅฝขๆๆณ |
JPH01201659A (ja) * | 1987-12-23 | 1989-08-14 | Agfa Gevaert Ag | ใใชใผใใณใฐไฟ้ฒๅคใๅซใใใชใผใใณใฐๆตด |
JPH02139547A (ja) * | 1988-02-22 | 1990-05-29 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
JPH0244355A (ja) * | 1988-08-05 | 1990-02-14 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP0496887A4 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5401621A (en) * | 1989-12-04 | 1995-03-28 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method of fixing and bleach-fixing a silver halide photographic material using mesoionic compounds |
US5427896A (en) * | 1992-02-14 | 1995-06-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Method for processing color photographic material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0496887A4 (en) | 1992-01-17 |
US5401621A (en) | 1995-03-28 |
DE69032164T2 (de) | 1998-07-02 |
DE69032164D1 (de) | 1998-04-23 |
EP0496887B1 (en) | 1998-03-18 |
EP0496887A1 (en) | 1992-08-05 |
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