US20210137826A1 - Use of chenopodium formosanum (djulis) extract for antioxidation and improving skin appearance - Google Patents

Use of chenopodium formosanum (djulis) extract for antioxidation and improving skin appearance Download PDF

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US20210137826A1
US20210137826A1 US17/095,763 US202017095763A US2021137826A1 US 20210137826 A1 US20210137826 A1 US 20210137826A1 US 202017095763 A US202017095763 A US 202017095763A US 2021137826 A1 US2021137826 A1 US 2021137826A1
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extract
skin
djulis
red quinoa
chenopodium formosanum
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Yung-Hsiang Lin
Zih-Yi LI
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TCI Co Ltd
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TCI Co Ltd
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Assigned to TCI CO., LTD. reassignment TCI CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LI, ZIH-YI, LIN, YUNG-HSIANG
Publication of US20210137826A1 publication Critical patent/US20210137826A1/en
Priority to US18/063,694 priority patent/US20230240974A1/en
Priority to US18/185,409 priority patent/US20230263722A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/74—Rubiaceae (Madder family)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/21—Amaranthaceae (Amaranth family), e.g. pigweed, rockwort or globe amaranth
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
    • A61K8/97—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
    • A61K8/9783—Angiosperms [Magnoliophyta]
    • A61K8/9789—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/16—Emollients or protectives, e.g. against radiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/18—Antioxidants, e.g. antiradicals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/007—Preparations for dry skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/02—Preparations for care of the skin for chemically bleaching or whitening the skin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/52—Stabilizers
    • A61K2800/522—Antioxidants; Radical scavengers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/74—Biological properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/78—Enzyme modulators, e.g. Enzyme agonists
    • A61K2800/782—Enzyme inhibitors; Enzyme antagonists

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a use of Chenopodium formosanum ( Djulis ) extract, particularly to the use of Chenopodium formosanum ( Djulis ) extract for the use of antioxidation and improving skin appearance, including skin moisturizing, skin whitening, and skin wrinkle smoothing.
  • Chenopodium formosanum also known as Taiwan quinoa, red quinoa, purple quinoa, and rainbow rice, is an annual herb and an endemic species found in Taiwan. It is a close relative of quinoa and belongs to the Chenopodiaceae family and the genus Chenopodium . Distributed in the middle and low altitude mountain areas of central and southern Taiwan, it has more than a hundred years in aboriginal farming history. At present, the aboriginal tribe of Paiwan in Eastern Taiwan has the most abundant seed resources. Red quinoa is edible, and its seedlings, tender stems, and flower spikes can be added to cooking or boiling soup. Red quinoa seeds can also be ground into a powder to serve as raw materials for glutinous rice balls.
  • red quinoa The protein content of red quinoa is twice that of rice.
  • the fruit of red quinoa is often dried, hulled, and mixed with other grains to serve as general edible rice.
  • different processing methods steaming, microwave, roasting, frying, and puffing
  • Red quinoa can serve as a garnish for plating and provide rich nutritional value, and is gradually being loved by more and more consumers.
  • the present invention discloses a red quinoa extract for improving skin conditions.
  • the composition can be used as an antioxidant or for skin whitening and skin moisturizing purposes.
  • the red quinoa extract scavenges free radicals in cells, wherein the red quinoa extract is extracted with an aqueous solvent.
  • the cell is a skin cell.
  • the red quinoa extract achieves the antioxidant effect by enhancing the expression level of antioxidant-related genes.
  • the antioxidant-related genes include at least one of the SOD1 gene, the SOD2 gene, or the CAT gene.
  • the red quinoa extract achieves the antioxidant effect by increasing the abundance of antioxidant enzymes in a body.
  • the Degrees Brix value of the red quinoa extract is 7.0 ⁇ 5.
  • the red quinoa extract is used to prepare a composition for improving skin condition, wherein the red quinoa extract is extracted with an aqueous solvent.
  • the red quinoa extract is used to prepare a skin whitening composition, wherein the red quinoa extract is extracted with an aqueous solvent.
  • the red quinoa extract achieves the skin whitening effect by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and/or reducing the amount of melanin production.
  • the red quinoa extract is used to prepare a skin moisturizing composition, and the red quinoa extract is extracted with an aqueous solvent.
  • the red quinoa extract achieves the skin's moisturizing effect by enhancing the expression of skin moisturizing-related genes.
  • skin moisturizing-related genes include at least one of the TGM1 gene, the KRT1 gene, the KRT10 gene, and the KRT14 gene.
  • the aqueous solvent is water or a solvent containing organic acids. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organic acid is 0.05%-1.00%.
  • the red quinoa extract is formed by first extracting red quinoa with an aqueous solvent and then undergoing glycolysis using a saccharification enzyme.
  • the red quinoa extract of any embodiment can be used to prepare an antioxidant composition.
  • the red quinoa extract of any embodiment can be used to prepare a composition that improves the expression of antioxidant-related genes (such as the SOD1 gene, the SOD2 gene, or the CAT gene) in cells.
  • the red quinoa extract of any embodiment can be used to prepare a composition for enhancing antioxidant enzymes in the body.
  • the red quinoa extract of any embodiment can be used to prepare a skin moisturizing composition.
  • the red quinoa extract of any embodiment can be used to prepare a composition that improves the expression of moisturizing-related genes (such as the TGM1 gene, the KRT1 gene, the KRT10 gene, the KRT14 gene) in cells.
  • the red quinoa extract of any embodiment can be used to prepare a skin whitening composition.
  • the red quinoa extract of any embodiment can be used to prepare a composition that inhibits tyrosine expression.
  • the red quinoa extract of any embodiment can be used to prepare a composition that inhibits melanin formation.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a method for preparing red quinoa extract.
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a method for preparing red quinoa extract.
  • FIG. 3 shows the tyrosine inhibition ratios of the experimental and control groups in EXAMPLE 4.
  • FIG. 4 shows the melanin production ratios of the experimental and control groups in EXAMPLE 5.
  • FIG. 5 shows the gene expression ratios of the antioxidant-related genes in the experimental and control groups in EXAMPLE 6.
  • FIG. 6 shows the gene expression ratios of the moisturizing-related genes in the experimental and control groups in EXAMPLE 7.
  • FIG. 7 shows skin moisture retention ratios of the experimental and placebo groups in EXAMPLE 8 after intake of health drinks with and without the red quinoa extract, respectively, for 4 weeks and 8 weeks.
  • FIG. 8 shows skin whiteness ratios of the experimental and placebo groups in EXAMPLE 8 after intake of health drinks with and without the red quinoa extract, respectively, for 4 weeks and 8 weeks.
  • FIG. 9 shows skin texture ratios of the experimental and placebo groups in EXAMPLE 8 after intake of health drinks with and without the red quinoa extract, respectively, for 4 weeks and 8 weeks.
  • FIG. 10 shows crow's feet proportions of the experimental and placebo groups in EXAMPLE 8 after intake of health drinks with and without the red quinoa extract, respectively, for 4 weeks and 8 weeks.
  • FIG. 11 shows the amount of antioxidant enzyme present in the bodies of the experimental and placebo groups in EXAMPLE 8 after intake of health drinks with and without the red quinoa extract, respectively, for 4 weeks and 8 weeks.
  • Microsoft's Excel software is used for statistical analysis in the present invention.
  • the data are expressed as mean ⁇ standard deviation (SD), and the differences between groups are analyzed by student's t-test.
  • SD standard deviation
  • “*” represents a p-value smaller than 0.05
  • “**” represents a p-value smaller than 0.01
  • “***” represents a p-value smaller than 0.001. The more “*”'s are present, the more significant is the statistical difference.
  • the numerical values used in this article are approximate, and all experimental data all include a margin of error of 10%. In some embodiments, the margin of error is 5%.
  • wt % refers to percentage by weight
  • vol % refers to percentage by volume
  • extract refers to a product prepared through extraction.
  • the extract can be presented in the form of a liquid solution or a form of a concentrate or essence containing no or little solvent.
  • raw red quinoa material generally refers to the plant's seeds, wherein the seeds may include fresh red quinoa, dried red quinoa, or red quinoa processed by other physical methods.
  • the physical methods may include chopping, dicing, or crushing. Any physical process that renders the seed different from its original physical property is considered a physical method.
  • the red quinoa extract is extracted from raw red quinoa material with an aqueous solvent.
  • the red quinoa ( Chenopodium formosanum ( Djulis )) extract is obtained by sequentially performing the crushing procedure S 01 , heating procedure S 02 , filtering procedure S 04 , and concentrating procedure S 06 .
  • the raw red quinoa material is hulled red quinoa seeds.
  • the red quinoa raw material may be fresh or dried red quinoa seeds.
  • the crushing procedure S 01 refers to grinding or crushing the raw red quinoa material until it becomes powdered raw red quinoa material.
  • a juicer, a blender, or a homogenizer can be used to perform the crushing procedure 01 .
  • the heating procedure S 02 refers to mixing powdered raw red quinoa material with an aqueous solvent and heating it for a fixed period.
  • heating refers to increasing the raw red quinoa material's temperature and its aqueous solvent to 50° C. to 100° C.
  • a fixed period of time refers to 0.5 hours to 3 hours.
  • An example of an embodiment is mixing the powdered raw red quinoa material with an aqueous solvent and increasing the temperature of the solution to 85° C. and maintaining such temperature for 1 hour.
  • the weight ratio of the aqueous solvent to the raw red quinoa material ranges from is 5:1-20:1.
  • the weight ratio of the aqueous solvent to the raw red quinoa material can be 10:1.
  • the aqueous solvent is water or a water solvent containing organic acids.
  • the concentration of the organic acid is 0.05% to 1.00%.
  • the organic acid and its concentration are at an edible state.
  • the organic acid may be citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, acetic acid, but is not limited thereto.
  • An example of an embodiment is mixing 90 kg of raw red quinoa material with 900 kg of water and 0.63 kg of citric acid, heating them to 100° C. and maintaining them at 100° C. for 0.5 hours.
  • Another example is mixing 90 kg of raw red quinoa material with 900 kg of water and 0.7 kg of citric acid and then heating them to 85° C. and maintaining 85° C. for 1 hour.
  • the filtering procedure S 04 refers to passing the heated (or cooled) raw red quinoa material and the aqueous solvent through a filter to filter out the solids or large particles in the solvent to form a filtrate.
  • the filter is a 400-mesh filter.
  • the cooling process S 03 refers to cooling the processed raw red quinoa materials and its aqueous solvent to room temperature.
  • the concentrating procedure S 06 refers to obtaining a first filtrate by concentrating the filtrate obtained from the filtering procedure S 04 under reduced pressure (brand/model: BUCHI-Rotavapor R-100).
  • the first extract is the red quinoa extract.
  • the concentrating procedure S 06 provides an environment of 40° C. ⁇ 70° C. with reduced atmospheric pressure for concentrating.
  • An example of an embodiment of the red quinoa extract is obtained by first crushing raw red quinoa material into powder through the crushing procedure S 01 , then undergoing the heating procedure S 02 , the filtering procedure, and the concentrating procedures S 06 .
  • a glycolysis procedure S 05 between the filtering procedure S 04 and the concentrating procedure S 06 is a glycolyzing procedure S 05 .
  • a glycolysis enzyme is added to, stirred with, and mixed with the filtrate obtained from the filtering procedure S 04 and then allowed to stand for at least 1 hour to give a glycolyzed solution.
  • Glycolysis enzymes further enhance the effect of bioactive ingredients in the red quinoa extract.
  • the glycolysis enzymes may be ⁇ -amylase, [beta]-amylase, glucoamylase, isoamylase, or a mixture of at least one.
  • the glycolysis enzymes may be glucose amylase (glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase).
  • the filtrate obtained from the filtering procedure S 04 is added with a 0.06% amount of starch saccharification enzymes.
  • the S 05 glycolyzing procedure includes adding a 0.06% amount of a starch saccharification enzyme to the filtrate obtained from the filtering procedure 04 and then heated to and maintained at 55° C. maintained for more than 1 hour to obtain a glycolyzed solution.
  • the S 06 concentrating procedure concentrates the glycolyzed solution obtained from the glycolyzed solution S 05 with reduced atmospheric pressure.
  • the second filtering procedure S 07 refers to passing the glycolyzed solution obtained by the glycolyzing procedure S 06 through a 400-mesh filter to obtain the red quinoa extract.
  • An example of an embodiment of red quinoa extract is obtained by sequentially going through the crushing procedure S 01 , the heating procedure S 02 , the filtering procedure S 04 , the glycolyzing procedure S 05 , the concentrating procedure S 07 , and the second filtering procedure S 07 .
  • the red quinoa extract is used to prepare an antioxidant composition, wherein the red quinoa extract achieves the antioxidating effect by promoting the expression of genes related to antioxidation, and wherein the red quinoa extract is extracted with an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the red quinoa extract achieves the antioxidating effect by increasing antioxidant enzymes in a body.
  • antioxidation refers to the slowing down of or the prevention of oxidation.
  • Oxidation refers to a chemical reaction in which one or more elections are transferred from one matter to another. This chemical reaction may generate a radical species and consequently start a chain reaction. When a chain reaction occurs in a cell, the cell will be susceptible to damage or apoptosis.
  • the red quinoa extract removes free radicals, terminate the chain reaction, or inhibits other oxidation reactions.
  • the radical species in a cell are generated due to light, chemicals, or the natural process of aging.
  • the antioxidant-related genes include at least one of the SOD1 gene (GeneID: 6647), the SOD2 gene (GeneID: 6648), or the CAT gene (GeneID: 847).
  • the red quinoa extract effectively enhances cellular antioxidation capacity, improves cellular resistance to free radicals, thus protecting skin cells and improving skin condition.
  • a concentration of 2 mg/mL of red quinoa extract promotes expression levels of antioxidation-related genes, removes free radicals, and increases cellular antioxidation capacity.
  • a red quinoa extract having a Degrees Brix of 7.0 or more improves the expression levels of antioxidation-related genes, removes free radicals, and increases cellular antioxidation capacity.
  • a red quinoa extract is used to prepare a skin whitening or brightening composition, wherein the red quinoa extract is achieved the skin whitening or brightening by inhibiting melanin production or inhibiting tyrosine production, wherein the red quinoa extract obtained from an aqueous solvent.
  • Tyrosinase is a rate determine enzyme that regulates melanogenesis. Specifically, tyrosinase is involved in two reactions during melanin synthesis: (1) the conversion of a phenolic hydroxyl group into a single diphenol, (2) the oxidation of diphenols to quinones. The enzyme tyrosinase is present in skin melanocytes and is encoded in the TYR gene.
  • the red quinoa extract suppresses tyrosinase formation to inhibit, prevent, or slow down melanin production in the skin, which in turn whitens or brightens the skin.
  • a concentration of 1 mg/mL of red quinoa extract is used to whiten and brighten skin.
  • red quinoa extract with a Degrees Brix of 7.0 or more is used to whiten and brighten skin.
  • the red quinoa extract is used to prepare a skin moisturizing composition, wherein the red quinoa extract is extracted with an aqueous solvent, and wherein the red quinoa extract s extracted quinoa through ascension the amount of moisture associated gene expression to achieve the effect of moisturizing the skin.
  • moisture-related genes include the gene TGM1 (GeneID: 7051), the KRT1 gene (GeneID: 3848), the KRT10 gene (GeneID: 3858) and the gene KRT14 (GeneID: 3861).
  • the KRT1 gene (GeneID: 3848), the KRT10 gene (GeneID: 3858), and the KRT14 gene (GeneID: 3861) encodes the protein keratin, which helps maintain the skin's protective ability.
  • the KRT1 gene, the KRT10 gene, and the KRT14 gene encode the proteins keratin 1, keratin 10, and keratin 14.
  • Keratin is a fibrous protein that forms the main structure of keratinocytes. Keratin 1, Keratin 10, and Keratin 14 link together to form intermediate filaments that act as strong fiber networks and provide strength and elasticity to the skin. They protect the skin from friction and other physical damages and pack skin cells more closely together, resulting in the reduction of water loss via gaps between skin cells and, consequently, the skin's moisturization.
  • red quinoa extract promotes the expression levels of the aforementioned genes and thereby improves skin conditions.
  • a concentration of 2 mg/mL or more of red quinoa extract enhances the skin's ability to retain moisture.
  • a Degrees Brix of 7.0 or more of red quinoa extract enhances the skin's ability to retain moisture.
  • the red quinoa extract is used to prepare a wrinkle soothing and/or skin texture improving composition.
  • a concentration of more than 10 wt % of red quinoa extract smoothes out wrinkles and/or improves skin texture.
  • a Degrees Brix of 7.0 or more of red quinoa extract enhances the skin's ability to retain moisture.
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
  • this pharmaceutical composition comprises an effective amount of red quinoa extract.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be manufactured into a medicament or formula suitable for non-parenteral or oral administration by using ordinary skills in the art.
  • medicaments or formulas may include, but are not limited to: tablets, troches, lozenges, pills, capsules, dispersible powders, granules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, slurries, or other medicaments or formulas having similar functions.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be manufactured into a medicament or formula suitable for non-parenteral or topical administration by using ordinary skills in the art. These medicaments or formulas include but are not limited to: injections, sterile powders, external preparations (external preparation), or other medicaments or formulas having similar functions.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered through one of the following non-parenteral routes: subcutaneous injection, intraepidermal injection, intradermal injection, or intralesional injection.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may further contain a widely used pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier contains one or more of the following reagents: solvents, buffers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, decomposers, disintegrating agents, dispersing agents, binding agents, excipients, stabilizers, chelating agents, diluents, gelling agents, preservatives, wetting agents, lubricants, absorption delaying agents, liposomes or other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers of similar functions.
  • solvents solvents, buffers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, decomposers, disintegrating agents, dispersing agents, binding agents, excipients, stabilizers, chelating agents, diluents, gelling agents, preservatives, wetting agents, lubricants, absorption delaying agents, liposomes or other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers of similar functions.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises one or more of the following solvents: water, normal saline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), an aqueous solution containing alcohol.
  • solvents water, normal saline, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), an aqueous solution containing alcohol.
  • the composition may be a food composition.
  • the food composition may be a food product or a food additive.
  • the food additive refers to a matter that is added to manufacture a food product with conventional methods or is added during the production process of a food product. This food product can be formulated with edible materials, and the food product can be consumed by humans or animals.
  • the food product may be but are not limited to: drinks (beverages), fermented foods, bakery products, health foods, and dietary supplements.
  • Dried red quinoa fruits (husk included) are crushed during the crushing procedure with an Osterizer 10 speed blender.
  • the crushed dried quinoa fruits undergo the heating procedure in which water serves as the aqueous solvent.
  • the weight ratio of the crushed dried quinoa fruits to the aqueous solvent is 1:10 and the heating procedure is maintained at 85 ⁇ 5° C. for 60 minutes during which the extraction takes place.
  • the solution obtained from the heating procedure is cooled to room temperature (25° C.) and is passed through a 400-mesh filter to form a filtrate.
  • the filtrate is concentrated under sub-atmospheric pressure at 60° C. until the filtrate reaches a Degrees Brix value of 7.0 ⁇ 5 to give the disclosed red quinoa extract.
  • a glycolyzing procedure is added between the filtering procedure and the concentrating procedure. That is, the filtrate is added with a 0.06% starch saccharification enzyme and undergoes a glycolyzing process at 55° C. for 1 hour to obtain a glycolyzed solution.
  • a commercially available AMG 300L enzyme is used as the starch saccharification enzyme.
  • the aqueous solvent further includes an organic acid, wherein the organic acid is citric acid.
  • the amount of citric acid is 0.05 wt % of the overall solvent.
  • rutin ChromaDex, Product No. ASB-00018440
  • rutin ChromaDex, Product No. ASB-00018440
  • a concentration of 200 ⁇ g/mL of rutin methanol solution is used as the standard solution.
  • Amounts of 0 ⁇ L, 200 ⁇ L, 400 ⁇ L, 600 ⁇ L, 800 ⁇ L, and 1000 ⁇ L of the standard solution were added to different tubes. Water is then added to the test tubes, such that the total volume of each tube is 1200 ⁇ L.
  • the calibration curve of absorbance can be used to convert absorbance value into total flavonoid content. Thereto, an estimation of total flavonoids of the red quinoa extract obtained from EXAMPLE 1 is 1000 ppm.
  • Flavonoids are not known to have the uses of improving skin condition or having antioxidative or skin whitening properties. But since it is known that flavonoids may have other uses such as the prevention of cardiovascular disease, the high total flavonoid content in the present disclosure indicates that the red quinoa extract can also have a variety of complex applications. Further, in some embodiments, the total flavonoid content can be used as an endpoint criterion for the concentrating procedure.
  • gallic acid equivalents are used to express the relative content of total polyphenols.
  • concentrations of 0 ⁇ L/mL, 20 ⁇ L/mL, 40 ⁇ L/mL, 60 ⁇ L/mL, 80 ⁇ L/mL, and 100 ⁇ L/mL of gallic acid (Sigma, product No. G7384) standard solution were made, where 100 ⁇ L of each solution were taken to a new test tube, respectively.
  • 500 ⁇ L of Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent is added, mixed well, and left to stand for 3 minutes.
  • test tube solution is mixed well and allowed to react for 30 minutes. After oscillation (Vortex) and ensuring that no air bubbles are present, take 200 ⁇ L of the solution and record its absorbance value at a wavelength of 750 nm. Plot the absorbance values of the six different concentrations of gallic acid solution to give a calibration curve.
  • the calibration curve of absorbance can be used to convert absorbance value into total polyphenol content. Thereto, an estimation of total polyphenols of the red quinoa extract obtained from EXAMPLE 1 is 400 ppm.
  • Polyphenols are not known to have the uses of improving skin condition, or having antioxidative or skin whitening properties. But since it is known that polyphenols may have other uses such as the prevention of cardiovascular disease, the high total polyphenol content in the present disclosure indicates that the red quinoa extract can also have a variety of complex applications. Further, in some embodiments, the total polyphenol content can be used as an endpoint criterion for the concentrating procedure.
  • Tyrosinase has a key role in the synthesis of melanin. Tyrosinase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to L-Dopa, which is further produced into Dopaquinone and then to melanin. Thus, by detecting the activity of tyrosinase, melanocytes' ability to produce melanin can be inferred. When the activity of tyrosinase is low, the melanin production capacity of melanocytes is relatively reduced.
  • This experiment is divided into three groups: the control group, experimental group A, and experimental group B.
  • the control group is added with 2 mL of fresh medium and incubated for 48 hours;
  • experimental group A is added with 2 mL of 1 mg/mL red quinoa extract and incubated for 48 hours;
  • experimental group B is added with 2 mL of 0.5 mg/mL red quinoa extract, and incubated for 48 hours.
  • the red quinoa extract samples in experimental groups A and B were obtained by mixing 2 mL of medium with 14.3 ⁇ L and 28.6 ⁇ L of the red quinoa extract prepared from EXAMPLE 1.
  • the medium is removed and washed with 1 ⁇ PBS (Gibco) twice. Trypsin-EDTA was added to the wells and to react for 3 minutes. The cells were then retrieved from the suspension and taken into 15 mL centrifuge tubes, where they were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 400 ⁇ g to pellet the cells.
  • the precipitated cells were washed twice with 1 ⁇ PBS, suspended with 200 ⁇ L cell lysate, vortexed, and centrifuged for 20 min at 12,000 ⁇ g.
  • Bio-rad dye is mixed with deionized water (volume ratio 1:4) and distributed into 7 microcentrifuge tubes, each having 500 ⁇ L of the solution. Then, the microcentrifuge tubes were added with 10 ⁇ L, 8 ⁇ L, 6 ⁇ L, 4 ⁇ L, 2 ⁇ L, 1 ⁇ L, and 0 ⁇ L of 2 mg/mL BSA, respectively to prepare the standard protein concentration sample. Next, 2 ⁇ L of supernatant is added to each microcentrifuge tube for testing. The microcentrifuge tubes were then added to the wells of a 96 well plate where each well is added with 200 ⁇ L of protein assay reagent. Then, the absorbance value was measured at 595 nm using the ELISA reader (BioTek).
  • Tyrosinase inhibition is calculated with the following formula:
  • Tyrosinase Inhibition (%) (OD sample/OD control) ⁇ 100%.
  • the tyrosinase inhibition is improved in the group containing the red quinoa extract and increases with the red quinoa extract concentration.
  • experimental group B 0.5 mg/mL of red quinoa extract
  • experimental group A 1 mg/mL of red quinoa extract
  • the red quinoa extract disclosed herein reduces tyrosinase activity, which, in turn, reduces the formation of melanin. This shows that the red quinoa extract disclosed here can be used to reduce skin spots, improve skin condition, whiten the skin.
  • This example demonstrates the melanin content reducing capability of the red quinoa extract disclosed herein by quantifying the difference in melanin content after treating B16F10 melanoma cells with the red quinoa extract disclosed herein with ELISA reader (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader).
  • control group is added with 2 mL of fresh medium and incubated for 48 hours.
  • the control group is moved to a dark room and allowed to stand at room temperature for 3 hours.
  • the melanin content of the experiment group is 29.7% lower than the control group, indicating that the red quinoa extract disclosed herein has can effectively reduce the production of melanin in melanocytes.
  • This example uses an RNA extraction kit, reverse transcriptase, a KAPA SYBR® FAST qPCR reagent kit, and quantitative PCR to determine the expression of antioxidation-related genes in human skin fibroblasts (CCD-966sk) after being treated by the red quinoa extract disclosed herein.
  • the cell culture experiment process is as follows:
  • control group is added with 2 mL of fresh medium and incubated for 6 hours
  • the polymerase chain reaction experiment process is as follows:
  • FIG. 5 shows the relative expression levels of the antioxidation-related genes of the experiment and control group.
  • the relative expression level of the SOD2 gene in the experimental group is 2725%.
  • the expression level of the antioxidation-related SOD2 gene in the experimental group increased 2625%, reaching statistical significance.
  • the red quinoa extract disclosed herein has free radical scavenging properties and can function as an antioxidant.
  • This example uses an RNA extraction kit, reverse transcriptase, a KAPA SYBR® FAST qPCR reagent kit, and quantitative PCR to determine the expression of moisture-related genes in human epidermal keratinocytes (HPEK-50) after treatment of the red quinoa extract disclosed herein.
  • HPEK-50 human epidermal keratinocytes
  • the cell culture experiment process is as follows:
  • control group is added with 2 mL of fresh medium and incubated for 6 hours
  • the TGM1 gene's corresponding primer pair is TGM1-F and TGM1-R
  • the KRT1 gene's corresponding primer pair is KRT1-F and KRT1-R
  • the KRT10 gene's corresponding primer pair is KRT10-F and KRT10-R
  • the TBP gene's corresponding primer pair is TBP-F and TBP-R.
  • FIG. 6 shows the relative expression levels of the moisture-related genes of the experiment and control group.
  • the relative expression levels of the TGM1 gene, the KRT1 gene, and the KRT10 gene are 234%, 432% and 435%, respectively.
  • the expression level of the TGM1 gene, the KRT1 gene, and the KRT10 gene in the experimental group increased 134%, 332%, and 335%, respectively, all reaching statistical significance.
  • the red quinoa extract disclosed herein can prevent skin water loss, moisturize the skin and improve skin function.
  • This example demonstrates the antioxidation and skin condition, improving properties of the red quinoa extract disclosed herein by administering drinks containing the red quinoa extract disclosed in the present invention to human subjects.
  • red quinoa extract 50 g/bottle which comprises: red quinoa extracted 10 wt %, apple juice concentrate 6 wt %, fructose 6 wt %, 0.4 wt % citrus pectin, citric acid 0.2 wt %, apple liquid spices 0.24 wt %, water 77.16 wt %.
  • the intake of red quinoa extract can be up to 10 g/day.
  • the red quinoa extract herein is produced with the method detailed in EXAMPLE 1.
  • the concentrated apple juice 6 wt %, fructose 6 wt %, citrus pectin 0.4 wt %, citric acid 0.2 wt %, apple liquid spices 0.24 wt % are meant to flavor and to enhance the shelf life of the beverage.
  • Number of subjects 30 subjects, 30-55 years of age.
  • the skin hydration probe Corneometer® CM825 (C+K M ⁇ Lti Probe Adapter System, Germany) is used to detect facial skin hydration in both groups.
  • the values of the detection probe are based on capacitive measurement. Since the capacitance value of the skin changes with the skin's hydration, the detection probe can analyze skin hydration by measuring skin capacitance values.
  • the 3D analytical lens of Antera 3D is used to detect facial skin color in both groups.
  • the instrument first emits lights using its LED (light-emitting diodes) at different wavelengths and angles and then collects the reflected lights that bounce off of the skin to analyze the skin color.
  • Antera uses colorimeter to analyze color, which depends on the parameters L*a*b* in which L* refers to brightness: the a* axis represents the green-red component, with green in the negative direction and red in the positive direction; the b* axis represents the blue-yellow component, with blue in the negative direction and yellow in the positive direction.
  • color 1 (L* 1 , a* 1 , b* 1 ) and color 2 (L* 2 , a* 2 , b* 2 ) can be calculated by the following formula:
  • ⁇ E* ab ⁇ square root over (( L* 2 ⁇ L* 1 ) 2 +( a* 2 ⁇ a* 1 ) 2 +( b* 2 ⁇ b* 1 ) 2 ) ⁇
  • Skin texture is measured using the VISIA Digital Skin Detector (Canfield, US).
  • the instrument uses visible light to capture high-resolution images of the skin and uses its built-in software to analyze skin roughness. The higher the measured value is, the rougher the skin is.
  • the Soft Plus Skin Detector (Callegari 1930) is used to measure the end of the subjects' eyes to evaluate crow's feet.
  • the instrument detects the area of shades against standard light to quantify the depth of crow's feet.
  • the collected blood samples were transferred into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 700-1000 ⁇ g, 4° C. for 10 minutes. After centrifugation, the upper plasma layer is removed, and 2 mL of the blood cell layer (i.e., buffy coat) is placed in another centrifuge tube where 2 mL of PBS is added and mixed to provide a diluted buffy coat.
  • the blood cell layer i.e., buffy coat
  • the standard formaldehyde group takes up seven wells, wherein each well contains 100 ⁇ L of buffer solution, 30 L of methanol, and 20 ⁇ L of the standard solution (tube A to G);
  • the positive control group takes up two wells, wherein each well contains 100 ⁇ L of buffer solution, 30 L of methanol, and 20 ⁇ L of the diluted antioxidant enzymes; while the experimental group wells contain 100 ⁇ L of buffer solution, 30 ⁇ L of methanol and 20 ⁇ L of the experimental samples (i.e., the processed blood samples).
  • Catalase Content is calculated as follows:
  • Formaldehyde concentration ( ⁇ M) ((absorbance value of experimental group ⁇ y-intercept of the drawing made)/slope of the drawing made)*(0.17 mL/0.02 mL)
  • the catalase content is set at 100% at week 0 for both the placebo and control group to better present the relative catalase content of the groups.
  • FIG. 7 shows the average skin hydration percentage at week 0, week 4, and week 8 of the placebo group and the experiment group.
  • week 4 93% of the subjects had an increase in skin hydration
  • week 8 100% of the subjects had an increase in skin hydration.
  • the test subjects' average skin hydration percentage before beverage consumption is 100%
  • the average skin hydration percentage after 4 weeks of consumption is 109.3%
  • the average skin hydration percentage after 8 weeks of consumption is 113.9%.
  • the subjects in the experimental group had an average increase of 9.3% and 13.9% in skin hydration, respectively, both reaching statistical significance.
  • the average skin hydration percentages of the experiment group in week 4 and week 8 were also higher than those of the placebo group in week 4 and week 8 by 5.1% and 6.6%, respectively.
  • the present disclosed red quinoa extract can be used to moisturize the skin and maintain skin moisture retention.
  • FIG. 8 shows the average skin color percentage at week 0, week 4, and week 8 of the placebo group and the experiment group.
  • week 4 93% of the subjects had an increase in skin color
  • week 8 100% of the subjects had an increase in skin color.
  • the test subjects' average skin color percentages before beverage consumption are 100%
  • the average skin color percentage after 4 weeks of consumption is 103.0%
  • the average skin color percentage after 8 weeks of consumption is 103.8%.
  • the subjects in the experimental group had an average increase of 3.0% and 3.8% in skin color, respectively, both reaching statistical significance.
  • the average skin color percentages of the experiment group in week 4 and week 8 were also higher than those of the placebo group in week 4 and week 8 by 3.6% and 4.1%, respectively.
  • the present disclosed red quinoa extract can be used to brighten and whiten skin color.
  • FIG. 9 shows the average skin texture percentage at week 0, week 4, and week 8 of the placebo group and the experiment group.
  • week 4 73% of the subjects had an increase in skin texture
  • week 8, 83% of the subjects had an increase in skin texture.
  • the test subjects' average skin texture percentage before beverage consumption is 100%
  • the average skin texture percentage after 4 weeks of consumption is 91.1%
  • the average skin texture percentage after 8 weeks of consumption is 90.2%.
  • the subjects in the experimental group had an average decrease of 8.9% and 9.8% in skin texture, respectively.
  • the average skin texture percentages of the experiment group in week 4 and week 8 were also lower than those of the placebo group in week 4 and week 8 by 10.6% and 18.1%, respectively.
  • the present disclosed red quinoa extract can be used to improve skin texture and reduce the roughness of the skin
  • FIG. 10 shows the average crow's feet percentage at week 0, week 4, and week 8 of the placebo group and the experiment group.
  • 100% of the subjects had a decrease in crow's feet percentage.
  • the average crow's feet percentage after 4 weeks of consumption is 81.5%
  • the average crow's feet percentage after 8 weeks of consumption is 78.5%.
  • the subjects in the experimental group had an average decrease of 18.5% and 21.5% in crow's feet, respectively, both reaching statistical significance.
  • the average crow's feet percentages of the experiment group in week 4 and week 8 were also lower than those of the placebo group in week 4 and week 8 by 9.9% and 8.9%, respectively.
  • the present disclosed red quinoa extract can be used to soothe wrinkles
  • FIG. 11 shows the average in vivo antioxidant enzyme (catalase) percentage at week 0, week 4, and week 8 of the placebo group and the experiment group.
  • Catalase antioxidant enzyme

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