US20140242664A1 - Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation - Google Patents

Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20140242664A1
US20140242664A1 US14/104,990 US201314104990A US2014242664A1 US 20140242664 A1 US20140242664 A1 US 20140242664A1 US 201314104990 A US201314104990 A US 201314104990A US 2014242664 A1 US2014242664 A1 US 2014242664A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
sequence
crispr
tracr
crispr enzyme
enzyme
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US14/104,990
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Feng Zhang
Le Cong
Patrick Hsu
Fei RAN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Harvard College
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Broad Institute Inc
Original Assignee
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Broad Institute Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=49920627&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20140242664(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority to US14/104,990 priority Critical patent/US20140242664A1/en
Application filed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Broad Institute Inc filed Critical Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Assigned to THE BROAD INSTITUTE, INC., MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY reassignment THE BROAD INSTITUTE, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ZHANG, FENG
Priority to US14/290,575 priority patent/US8906616B2/en
Assigned to PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE reassignment PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CONG, LE
Assigned to PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE reassignment PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CONG, LE
Assigned to PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE reassignment PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HSU, PATRICK
Publication of US20140242664A1 publication Critical patent/US20140242664A1/en
Assigned to NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT reassignment NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT CONFIRMATORY LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BROAD INSTITUTE, INC.
Assigned to PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE reassignment PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RAN, Fei
Priority to US15/230,025 priority patent/US20160340662A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/01—Preparation of mutants without inserting foreign genetic material therein; Screening processes therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/102—Mutagenizing nucleic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/1034—Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries
    • C12N15/1082—Preparation or screening gene libraries by chromosomal integration of polynucleotide sequences, HR-, site-specific-recombination, transposons, viral vectors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/52—Genes encoding for enzymes or proenzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
    • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
    • C12N15/90—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome
    • C12N15/902—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
    • C12N15/90—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome
    • C12N15/902—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination
    • C12N15/907—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination in mammalian cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
    • C12N9/22—Ribonucleases RNAses, DNAses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6806—Preparing nucleic acids for analysis, e.g. for polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y301/00—Hydrolases acting on ester bonds (3.1)
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
    • G16B20/20—Allele or variant detection, e.g. single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] detection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
    • G16B20/30—Detection of binding sites or motifs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
    • G16B20/50—Mutagenesis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B30/00—ICT specially adapted for sequence analysis involving nucleotides or amino acids
    • G16B30/10—Sequence alignment; Homology search
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
    • A61K48/005—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'active' part of the composition delivered, i.e. the nucleic acid delivered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/20—Type of nucleic acid involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPRs]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2320/00—Applications; Uses
    • C12N2320/10—Applications; Uses in screening processes
    • C12N2320/11—Applications; Uses in screening processes for the determination of target sites, i.e. of active nucleic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2320/00—Applications; Uses
    • C12N2320/30—Special therapeutic applications
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2750/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssDNA viruses
    • C12N2750/00011—Details
    • C12N2750/14011—Parvoviridae
    • C12N2750/14111—Dependovirus, e.g. adenoassociated viruses
    • C12N2750/14141—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
    • C12N2750/14143—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2800/00—Nucleic acids vectors
    • C12N2800/10—Plasmid DNA
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2810/00—Vectors comprising a targeting moiety
    • C12N2810/50—Vectors comprising as targeting moiety peptide derived from defined protein
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B30/00—ICT specially adapted for sequence analysis involving nucleotides or amino acids

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to systems, methods and compositions used for the control of gene expression involving sequence targeting, such as genome perturbation or gene-editing, that may use vector systems related to Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and components thereof.
  • sequence targeting such as genome perturbation or gene-editing
  • CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • the CRISPR/Cas or the CRISPR-Cas system does not require the generation of customized proteins to target specific sequences but rather a single Cas enzyme can be programmed by a short RNA molecule to recognize a specific DNA target, in other words the Cas enzyme can be recruited to a specific DNA target using said short RNA molecule.
  • Adding the CRISPR-Cas system to the repertoire of genome sequencing techniques and analysis methods may significantly simplify the methodology and accelerate the ability to catalog and map genetic factors associated with a diverse range of biological functions and diseases.
  • the invention provides a vector system comprising one or more vectors.
  • the system comprises: (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a tracr mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting one or more guide sequences upstream of the tracr mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a cell, e.g., eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence; and (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence; wherein components (a) and (b) are located on the same or different vectors of the system.
  • component (a) further comprises the tracr sequence downstream of the tracr mate sequence under the control of the first regulatory element.
  • component (a) further comprises two or more guide sequences operably linked to the first regulatory element, wherein when expressed, each of the two or more guide sequences direct sequence specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a different target sequence in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the system comprises the tracr sequence under the control of a third regulatory element, such as a polymerase III promoter.
  • the tracr sequence exhibits at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of sequence complementarity along the length of the tracr mate sequence when optimally aligned.
  • the CRISPR complex comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR complex in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
  • a nuclear localization sequence is not necessary for CRISPR complex activity in eukaryotes, but that including such sequences enhances activity of the system, especially as to targeting nucleic acid molecules in the nucleus.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme.
  • the Cas9 enzyme is S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes , or S.
  • thermophilus Cas9 and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the enzyme may be a Cas9 homolog or ortholog.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme lacks DNA strand cleavage activity.
  • the first regulatory element is a polymerase III promoter.
  • the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter.
  • the guide sequence is at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 nucleotides, or between 10-30, or between 15-25, or between 15-20 nucleotides in length.
  • aspects of the invention comprehend one or more of the guide, tracr and tracr mate sequences are modified to improve stability in the CRISPR-Cas system chiRNA or CRISPR enzyme system.
  • the modification may comprise sequence optimization.
  • the modification may comprise reduction in polyT sequences in the tracr and/or tracr mate sequence.
  • the invention provides that one or more Ts present in a poly-T sequence of the relevant wild type sequence have been substituted with a non-T nucleotide.
  • the modified sequence may not comprise any polyT sequence having more than 4 contiguous Ts.
  • the modification may comprise altering loops and/or hairpins.
  • Embodiments of the invention encompass providing a minimum of two hairpins in the guide sequence or providing a hairpin formed by complementation between the tracr and tracr mate sequence or providing one or more further hairpin(s) at the 3′ end of the tracrRNA sequence. Further embodiments of the invention encompass providing one or more additional hairpin(s) added to the 3′ of the guide sequence or extending the 5′ end of the guide sequence or providing one or more hairpins in the 5′ end of the guide sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the modification comprises two hairpins or three hairpins or at most five hairpins.
  • vector refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
  • Vectors include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules that are single-stranded, double-stranded, or partially double-stranded; nucleic acid molecules that comprise one or more free ends, no free ends (e.g. circular); nucleic acid molecules that comprise DNA, RNA, or both; and other varieties of polynucleotides known in the art.
  • plasmid refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be inserted, such as by standard molecular cloning techniques.
  • viral vector Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein virally-derived DNA or RNA sequences are present in the vector for packaging into a virus (e.g. retroviruses, replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses, replication defective adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses).
  • Viral vectors also include polynucleotides carried by a virus for transfection into a host cell.
  • Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g. bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
  • vectors e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors
  • Other vectors are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome.
  • certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively-linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors.”
  • Common expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids.
  • Recombinant expression vectors can comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory elements, which may be selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, that is operatively-linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed.
  • “operably linked” is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory element(s) in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g. in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell).
  • regulatory element is intended to include promoters, enhancers, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES), and other expression control elements (e.g. transcription termination signals, such as polyadenylation signals and poly-U sequences).
  • promoters e.g. promoters, enhancers, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES), and other expression control elements (e.g. transcription termination signals, such as polyadenylation signals and poly-U sequences).
  • IRES internal ribosomal entry sites
  • regulatory elements e.g. transcription termination signals, such as polyadenylation signals and poly-U sequences.
  • Regulatory elements include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those that direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences).
  • a tissue-specific promoter may direct expression primarily in a desired tissue of interest, such as muscle, neuron, bone, skin, blood, specific organs (e.g. liver, pancreas), or particular cell types (e.g. lymphocytes). Regulatory elements may also direct expression in a temporal-dependent manner, such as in a cell-cycle dependent or developmental stage-dependent manner, which may or may not also be tissue or cell-type specific.
  • a vector comprises one or more pol III promoter (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pol III promoters), one or more pol II promoters (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pol II promoters), one or more pol I promoters (e.g.
  • pol III promoters include, but are not limited to, U6 and H1 promoters.
  • pol II promoters include, but are not limited to, the retroviral Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR promoter (optionally with the RSV enhancer), the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (optionally with the CMV enhancer) [see, e.g., Boshart et al, Cell, 41:521-530 (1985)], the SV40 promoter, the dihydrofolate reductase promoter, the ⁇ -actin promoter, the phosphoglycerol kinase (PGK) promoter, and the EF 1 ⁇ promoter.
  • RSV Rous sarcoma virus
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • PGK phosphoglycerol kinase
  • enhancer elements such as WPRE; CMV enhancers; the R-U5′ segment in LTR of HTLV-I (Mol. Cell. Biol., Vol. 8(1), p. 466-472, 1988); SV40 enhancer; and the intron sequence between exons 2 and 3 of rabbit ⁇ -globin (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., Vol. 78(3), p. 1527-31, 1981).
  • WPRE WPRE
  • CMV enhancers the R-U5′ segment in LTR of HTLV-I
  • SV40 enhancer SV40 enhancer
  • the intron sequence between exons 2 and 3 of rabbit ⁇ -globin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., Vol. 78(3), p. 1527-31, 1981.
  • a vector can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce transcripts, proteins, or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) transcripts, proteins, enzymes, mutant forms thereof, fusion proteins thereof, etc.).
  • CRISPR clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats
  • Advantageous vectors include lentiviruses and adeno-associated viruses, and types of such vectors can also be selected for targeting particular types of cells.
  • the invention provides a vector comprising a regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme comprising one or more nuclear localization sequences.
  • said regulatory element drives transcription of the CRISPR enzyme in a eukaryotic cell such that said CRISPR enzyme accumulates in a detectable amount in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell.
  • the regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme.
  • the Cas9 enzyme is S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes or S.
  • thermophilus Cas9 and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme lacks DNA strand cleavage activity.
  • the invention provides a CRISPR enzyme comprising one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme.
  • the Cas9 enzyme is S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes or S. thermophilus Cas9, and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the enzyme may be a Cas9 homolog or ortholog.
  • the CRISPR enzyme lacks the ability to cleave one or more strands of a target sequence to which it binds.
  • the invention provides a eukaryotic host cell comprising (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a tracr mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting one or more guide sequences upstream of the tracr mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence; and/or (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence.
  • the host cell comprises components (a) and (b).
  • component (a), component (b), or components (a) and (b) are stably integrated into a genome of the host eukaryotic cell.
  • component (a) further comprises the tracr sequence downstream of the tracr mate sequence under the control of the first regulatory element.
  • component (a) further comprises two or more guide sequences operably linked to the first regulatory element, wherein when expressed, each of the two or more guide sequences direct sequence specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a different target sequence in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the eukaryotic host cell further comprises a third regulatory element, such as a polymerase III promoter, operably linked to said tracr sequence.
  • the tracr sequence exhibits at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of sequence complementarity along the length of the tracr mate sequence when optimally aligned.
  • the CRISPR enzyme comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme.
  • the Cas9 enzyme is S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes or S. thermophilus Cas9, and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the enzyme may be a Cas9 homolog or ortholog.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme lacks DNA strand cleavage activity.
  • the first regulatory element is a polymerase III promoter.
  • the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter.
  • the guide sequence is at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 nucleotides, or between 10-30, or between 15-25, or between 15-20 nucleotides in length.
  • the invention provides a non-human eukaryotic organism; preferably a multicellular eukaryotic organism, comprising a eukaryotic host cell according to any of the described embodiments.
  • the invention provides a eukaryotic organism; preferably a multicellular eukaryotic organism, comprising a eukaryotic host cell according to any of the described embodiments.
  • the organism in some embodiments of these aspects may be an animal; for example a mammal. Also, the organism may be an arthropod such as an insect. The organism also may be a plant. Further, the organism may be a fungus.
  • the invention provides a kit comprising one or more of the components described herein.
  • the kit comprises a vector system and instructions for using the kit.
  • the vector system comprises (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a tracr mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting one or more guide sequences upstream of the tracr mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence; and/or (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence.
  • the kit comprises components (a) and (b) located on the same or different vectors of the system.
  • component (a) further comprises the tracr sequence downstream of the tracr mate sequence under the control of the first regulatory element.
  • component (a) further comprises two or more guide sequences operably linked to the first regulatory element, wherein when expressed, each of the two or more guide sequences direct sequence specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a different target sequence in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the system further comprises a third regulatory element, such as a polymerase III promoter, operably linked to said tracr sequence.
  • the tracr sequence exhibits at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of sequence complementarity along the length of the tracr mate sequence when optimally aligned.
  • the CRISPR enzyme comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme.
  • the Cas9 enzyme is S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes or S.
  • thermophilus Cas9 and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the enzyme may be a Cas9 homolog or ortholog.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme lacks DNA strand cleavage activity.
  • the first regulatory element is a polymerase III promoter.
  • the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter.
  • the guide sequence is at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 nucleotides, or between 10-30, or between 15-25, or between 15-20 nucleotides in length.
  • the invention provides a method of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of said target polynucleotide thereby modifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said target polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • said cleavage comprises cleaving one or two strands at the location of the target sequence by said CRISPR enzyme. In some embodiments, said cleavage results in decreased transcription of a target gene. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repairing said cleaved target polynucleotide by homologous recombination with an exogenous template polynucleotide, wherein said repair results in a mutation comprising an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides of said target polynucleotide. In some embodiments, said mutation results in one or more amino acid changes in a protein expressed from a gene comprising the target sequence.
  • the method further comprises delivering one or more vectors to said eukaryotic cell, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: the CRISPR enzyme, the guide sequence linked to the tracr mate sequence, and the tracr sequence.
  • said vectors are delivered to the eukaryotic cell in a subject.
  • said modifying takes place in said eukaryotic cell in a cell culture.
  • the method further comprises isolating said eukaryotic cell from a subject prior to said modifying.
  • the method further comprises returning said eukaryotic cell and/or cells derived therefrom to said subject.
  • the invention provides a method of modifying expression of a polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the polynucleotide such that said binding results in increased or decreased expression of said polynucleotide; wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • the method further comprises delivering one or more vectors to said eukaryotic cells, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: the CRISPR enzyme, the guide sequence linked to the tracr mate sequence, and the tracr sequence.
  • the invention provides a method of generating a model eukaryotic cell comprising a mutated disease gene.
  • a disease gene is any gene associated with an increase in the risk of having or developing a disease.
  • the method comprises (a) introducing one or more vectors into a eukaryotic cell, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: a CRISPR enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr mate sequence, and a tracr sequence; and (b) allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to a target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of the target polynucleotide within said disease gene, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence within the target polynucleotide, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence, thereby generating a model eukaryotic cell comprising
  • said cleavage comprises cleaving one or two strands at the location of the target sequence by said CRISPR enzyme. In some embodiments, said cleavage results in decreased transcription of a target gene. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repairing said cleaved target polynucleotide by homologous recombination with an exogenous template polynucleotide, wherein said repair results in a mutation comprising an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides of said target polynucleotide. In some embodiments, said mutation results in one or more amino acid changes in a protein expression from a gene comprising the target sequence.
  • the invention provides a method for developing a biologically active agent that modulates a cell signaling event associated with a disease gene.
  • a disease gene is any gene associated with an increase in the risk of having or developing a disease.
  • the method comprises (a) contacting a test compound with a model cell of any one of the described embodiments; and (b) detecting a change in a readout that is indicative of a reduction or an augmentation of a cell signaling event associated with said mutation in said disease gene, thereby developing said biologically active agent that modulates said cell signaling event associated with said disease gene.
  • the invention provides a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a guide sequence upstream of a tracr mate sequence, wherein the guide sequence when expressed directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a corresponding target sequence present in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the target sequence is a viral sequence present in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the target sequence is a proto-oncogene or an oncogene.
  • the invention provides for a method of selecting one or more prokaryotic cell(s) by introducing one or more mutations in a gene in the one or more prokaryotic cell (s), the method comprising: introducing one or more vectors into the prokaryotic cell (s), wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: a CRISPR enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr mate sequence, a tracr sequence, and a editing template; wherein the editing template comprises the one or more mutations that abolish CRISPR enzyme cleavage; allowing homologous recombination of the editing template with the target polynuceltide in the cell(s) to be selected; allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to a target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of the target polynucleotide within said gene, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence within the target polynucle
  • the CRISPR enzyme is Cas9.
  • the cell to be selected may be a eukaryotic cell. Aspects of the invention allow for selection of specific cells without requiring a selection marker or a two-step process that may include a counter-selection system.
  • the invention provides a non-naturally occurring or engineered composition
  • the polynucleotide sequence comprises (a) a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, (b) a tracr mate sequence, and (c) a tracr sequence wherein (a), (b) and (c) are arranged in a 5′ to 3′ orientation, wherein when transcribed, the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence,
  • a CRISPR enzyme system wherein the system is encoded by a vector system comprising one or more vectors comprising I. a first regulatory element operably linked to a CRISPR-Cas system chimeric RNA (chiRNA) polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence comprises (a) one or more guide sequences capable of hybridizing to one or more target sequences in a eukaryotic cell, (b) a tracr mate sequence, and (c) one or more tracr sequences, and II.
  • chiRNA chimeric RNA
  • a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme comprising at least one or more nuclear localization sequences, wherein (a), (b) and (c) are arranged in a 5′ to 3′-orientation, wherein components I and II are located on the same or different vectors of the system, wherein when transcribed, the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence, or a multiplexed CRISPR enzyme system, wherein the system is encoded by a vector system comprising one or more vectors comprising I.
  • a first regulatory element operably linked to (a) one or more guide sequences capable of hybridizing to a target sequence in a cell, and (b) at least one or more tracr mate sequences, II. a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme, and III.
  • a third regulatory element operably linked to a tracr sequence wherein components I, II and III are located on the same or different vectors of the system, wherein when transcribed, the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence, and wherein in the multiplexed system multiple guide sequences and a single tracr sequence is used; and wherein one or more of the guide, tracr and tracr mate sequences are modified to improve stability.
  • the modification comprises an engineered secondary structure.
  • the modification can comprise a reduction in a region of hybridization between the tracr mate sequence and the tracr sequence.
  • the modification also may comprise fusing the tracr mate sequence and the tracr sequence through an artificial loop.
  • the modification may comprise the tracr sequence having a length between 40 and 120 bp.
  • the tracr sequence is between 40 bp and full length of the tracr.
  • the length of tracRNA includes at least nucleotides 1-67 and in some embodiments at least nucleotides 1-85 of the wild type tracRNA.
  • nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1-67 or 1-85 of wild type S. pyogenes Cas9 tracRNA may be used. Where the CRISPR system uses enzymes other than Cas9, or other than SpCas9, then corresponding nucleotides in the relevant wild type tracRNA may be present. In some embodiments, the length of tracRNA includes no more than nucleotides 1-67 or 1-85 of the wild type tracRNA.
  • the modification may comprise sequence optimization. In certain aspects, sequence optimization may comprise reducing the incidence of polyT sequences in the tracr and/or tracr mate sequence. Sequence optimization may be combined with reduction in the region of hybridization between the tracr mate sequence and the tracr sequence; for example, a reduced length tracr sequence.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises reduction in polyT sequences in the tracr and/or tracr mate sequence.
  • one or more Ts present in a poly-T sequence of the relevant wild type sequence may be substituted with a non-T nucleotide, e.g., an A, so that the string is broken down into smaller stretches of Ts with each stretch having 4, or fewer than 4 (for example, 3 or 2) contiguous Ts.
  • Bases other than A may be used for substitution, for example C or G, or non-naturally occurring nucleotides or modified nucleotides.
  • the string of Ts is involved in the formation of a hairpin (or stem loop)
  • the complementary base for the non-T base be changed to complement the non-T nucleotide.
  • the non-T base is an A
  • its complement may be changed to a T, e.g., to preserve or assist in the preservation of secondary structure.
  • 5′-TTTTT can be altered to become 5′-TTTAT and the complementary 5′-AAAAA can be changed into 5′-ATAAA.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises adding a polyT terminator sequence. In an aspect the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises adding a polyT terminator sequence in tracr and/or tracr mate sequences. In an aspect the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises adding a polyT terminator sequence in the guide sequence.
  • the polyT terminator sequence may comprise 5 contiguous T bases, or more than 5.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises altering loops and/or hairpins. In an aspect the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises providing a minimum of two hairpins in the guide sequence. In an aspect the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises providing a hairpin formed by complementation between the tracr and tracr mate (direct repeat) sequence. In an aspect the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises providing one or more further hairpin(s) at or towards the 3′ end of the tracrRNA sequence.
  • a hairpin may be formed by providing self complementary sequences within the tracRNA sequence joined by a loop such that a hairpin is formed on self folding.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises providing additional hairpins added to the 3′ of the guide sequence.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises extending the 5′ end of the guide sequence.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises providing one or more hairpins in the 5′ end of the guide sequence.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises appending the sequence (5′-AGGACGAAGTCCTAA) (SEQ ID NO: 1) to the 5′ end of the guide sequence.
  • Other sequences suitable for forming hairpins will be known to the skilled person, and may be used in certain aspects of the invention. In some aspects of the invention, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or more additional hairpins are provided. In some aspects of the invention, no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 additional hairpins are provided.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises two hairpins.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises three hairpins. In an aspect the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises at most five hairpins.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises providing cross linking, or providing one or more modified nucleotides in the polynucleotide sequence.
  • Modified nucleotides and/or cross linking may be provided in any or all of the tracr, tracr mate, and/or guide sequences, and/or in the enzyme coding sequence, and/or in vector sequences. Modifications may include inclusion of at least one non naturally occurring nucleotide, or a modified nucleotide, or analogs thereof. Modified nucleotides may be modified at the ribose, phosphate, and/or base moiety.
  • Modified nucleotides may include 2′-O-methyl analogs, 2′-deoxy analogs, or 2′-fluoro analogs.
  • the nucleic acid backbone may be modified, for example, a phosphorothioate backbone may be used.
  • LNA locked nucleic acids
  • BNA bridged nucleic acids
  • Further examples of modified bases include, but are not limited to, 2-aminopurine, 5-bromo-uridine, pseudouridine, inosine, 7-methylguanosine.
  • any or all of the above modifications may be provided in isolation or in combination in a given CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system. Such a system may include one, two, three, four, five, or more of said modifications.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme, e.g., a Cas9 enzyme.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the CRISPR enzyme is comprised of less than one thousand amino acids, or less than four thousand amino acids.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the Cas9 enzyme is StCas9 or StlCas9, or the Cas9 enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme from an organism selected from the group consisting of genus Streptococcus, Campylobacter, Nitratifractor, Staphylococcus, Parvibaculum, Roseburia, Neisseria, Gluconacetobacter, Azospirillum, Sphaerochaeta, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium or Corynebacter .
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the CRISPR enzyme is a nuclease directing cleavage of both strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the first regulatory element is a polymerase III promoter. In an aspect the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the guide sequence comprises at least fifteen nucleotides.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the modification comprises optimized tracr sequence and/or optimized guide sequence RNA and/or co-fold structure of tracr sequence and/or tracr mate sequence(s) and/or stabilizing secondary structures of tracr sequence and/or tracr sequence with a reduced region of base-pairing and/or tracr sequence fused RNA elements; and/or, in the multiplexed system there are two RNAs comprising a tracer and comprising a plurality of guides or one RNA comprising a plurality of chimerics.
  • the chimeric RNA architecture is further optimized according to the results of mutagenesis studies.
  • mutations in the proximal direct repeat to stabilize the hairpin may result in ablation of CRISPR complex activity.
  • Mutations in the distal direct repeat to shorten or stabilize the hairpin may have no effect on CRISPR complex activity.
  • Sequence randomization in the bulge region between the proximal and distal repeats may significantly reduce CRISPR complex activity.
  • Single base pair changes or sequence randomization in the linker region between hairpins may result in complete loss of CRISPR complex activity.
  • Hairpin stabilization of the distal hairpins that follow the first hairpin after the guide sequence may result in maintenance or improvement of CRISPR complex activity.
  • the chimeric RNA architecture may be further optimized by generating a smaller chimeric RNA which may be beneficial for therapeutic delivery options and other uses and this may be achieved by altering the distal direct repeat so as to shorten or stabilize the hairpin.
  • the chimeric RNA architecture may be further optimized by stabilizing one or more of the distal hairpins. Stabilization of hairpins may include modifying sequences suitable for forming hairpins. In some aspects of the invention, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or more additional hairpins are provided. In some aspects of the invention, no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 additional hairpins are provided. In some aspects of the invention stabilization may be cross linking and other modifications.
  • Modifications may include inclusion of at least one non naturally occurring nucleotide, or a modified nucleotide, or analogs thereof.
  • Modified nucleotides may be modified at the ribose, phosphate, and/or base moiety. Modified nucleotides may include 2′-O-methyl analogs, T-deoxy analogs, or 2′-fluoro analogs.
  • the nucleic acid backbone may be modified, for example, a phosphorothioate backbone may be used.
  • LNA locked nucleic acids
  • BNA bridged nucleic acids
  • Further examples of modified bases include, but are not limited to, 2-aminopurine, 5-bromo-uridine, pseudouridine, inosine, 7-methyl guano sine.
  • the invention provides the CRISPR-Cas system or CRISPR enzyme system wherein the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the length of tracRNA required in a construct of the invention need not necessarily be fixed, and in some aspects of the invention it can be between 40 and 120 bp, and in some aspects of the invention up to the full length of the tracr, e.g., in some aspects of the invention, until the 3′ end of tracr as punctuated by the transcription termination signal in the bacterial genome.
  • the length of tracRNA includes at least nucleotides 1-67 and in some embodiments at least nucleotides 1-85 of the wild type tracRNA. In some embodiments, at least nucleotides corresponding to nucleotides 1-67 or 1-85 of wild type S.
  • the length of tracRNA includes no more than nucleotides 1-67 or 1-85 of the wild type tracRNA
  • sequence optimization e.g., reduction in polyT sequences
  • one or more Ts present in a poly-T sequence of the relevant wild type sequence that is, a stretch of more than 3, 4, 5, 6, or more contiguous T bases; in some embodiments, a stretch of no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 contiguous T bases
  • a non-T nucleotide e.g., an A
  • the complementary base for the non-T base be changed to complement the non-T nucleotide.
  • the non-T base is an A
  • its complement may be changed to a T, e.g., to preserve or assist in the preservation of secondary structure.
  • 5′-TTTTT can be altered to become 5′-TTTAT and the complementary 5′-AAAAA can be changed into 5′-ATAAA.
  • polyT terminator sequences in tracr+tracr mate transcript e.g., a polyT terminator (TTTTT or more)
  • TTTTTT polyT terminator
  • a first hairpin can be the hairpin formed by complementation between the tracr and tracr mate (direct repeat) sequence.
  • a second hairpin can be at the 3′ end of the tracrRNA sequence, and this can provide secondary structure for interaction with Cas9. Additional hairpins may be added to the 3′ of the guide RNA, e.g., in some aspects of the invention to increase the stability of the guide RNA. Additionally, the 5′ end of the guide RNA, in some aspects of the invention, may be extended. In some aspects of the invention, one may consider 20 bp in the 5′ end as a guide sequence. The 5′ portion may be extended. One or more hairpins can be provided in the 5′ portion, e.g., in some aspects of the invention, this may also improve the stability of the guide RNA.
  • the specific hairpin can be provided by appending the sequence (5′-AGGACGAAGTCCTAA) (SEQ ID NO: 1) to the 5′ end of the guide sequence, and, in some aspects of the invention, this may help improve stability.
  • Other sequences suitable for forming hairpins will be known to the skilled person, and may be used in certain aspects of the invention.
  • at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or more additional hairpins are provided.
  • no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 additional hairpins are provided.
  • the foregoing also provides aspects of the invention involving secondary structure in guide sequences. In some aspects of the invention there may be cross linking and other modifications, e.g., to improve stability.
  • Modifications may include inclusion of at least one non naturally occurring nucleotide, or a modified nucleotide, or analogs thereof.
  • Modified nucleotides may be modified at the ribose, phosphate, and/or base moiety. Modified nucleotides may include 2′-O-methyl analogs, 2′-deoxy analogs, or 2′-fluoro analogs.
  • the nucleic acid backbone may be modified, for example, a phosphorothioate backbone may be used.
  • LNA locked nucleic acids
  • BNA bridged nucleic acids
  • modified bases include, but are not limited to, 2-aminopurine, 5-bromo-uridine, pseudouridine, inosine, 7-methylguanosine. Such modifications or cross linking may be present in the guide sequence or other sequences adjacent the guide sequence.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic model of the CRISPR system.
  • the Cas9 nuclease from Streptococcus pyogenes (yellow) is targeted to genomic DNA by a synthetic guide RNA (sgRNA) consisting of a 20-nt guide sequence (blue) and a scaffold (red).
  • the guide sequence base-pairs with the DNA target (blue), directly upstream of a requisite 5′-NGG protospacer adjacent motif (PAM; magenta), and Cas9 mediates a double-stranded break (DSB) ⁇ 3 bp upstream of the PAM (red triangle).
  • PAM magenta
  • FIG. 2A-F illustrates an exemplary CRISPR system, a possible mechanism of action, an example adaptation for expression in eukaryotic cells, and results of tests assessing nuclear localization and CRISPR activity.
  • FIG. 2C discloses SEQ ID NOS 103-104, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 2E discloses SEQ ID NOS 105-107, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 2F discloses SEQ ID NOS 108-112, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 3A-C illustrates an exemplary expression cassette for expression of CRISPR system elements in eukaryotic cells, predicted structures of example guide sequences, and CRISPR system activity as measured in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
  • FIG. 3A discloses SEQ ID NO: 113.
  • FIG. 3B discloses SEQ ID NOS 114-122, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 4A-D illustrates results of an evaluation of SpCas9 specificity for an example target.
  • FIG. 4A discloses SEQ ID NOS 123, 106 and 124-134, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 4C discloses SEQ ID NO: 123.
  • FIG. 5A-G illustrates an exemplary vector system and results for its use in directing homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells.
  • FIG. 5E discloses SEQ ID NO: 135.
  • FIG. 5F discloses SEQ ID NOS 136 and 137, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 5G discloses SEQ ID NOS 138-142, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 6A-C illustrates a comparison of different tracrRNA transcripts for Cas9-mediated gene targeting.
  • FIG. 6A discloses SEQ ID NOS 143 and 144, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 7A-D illustrates an exemplary CRISPR system, an example adaptation for expression in eukaryotic cells, and results of tests assessing CRISPR activity.
  • FIG. 7B discloses SEQ ID NOS 145 and 146, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 7C discloses SEQ ID NO: 147.
  • FIG. 8A-C illustrates exemplary manipulations of a CRISPR system for targeting of genomic loci in mammalian cells.
  • FIG. 8A discloses SEQ ID NO: 148.
  • FIG. 8B discloses SEQ ID NOS 149-151, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 9A-B illustrates the results of a Northern blot analysis of crRNA processing in mammalian cells.
  • FIG. 9A discloses SEQ ID NO: 152.
  • FIG. 10A-C illustrates a schematic representation of chimeric RNAs and results of SURVEYOR assays for CRISPR system activity in eukaryotic cells.
  • FIG. 10A discloses SEQ ID NO: 153
  • FIG. 11A-B illustrates a graphical representation of the results of SURVEYOR assays for CRISPR system activity in eukaryotic cells.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates predicted secondary structures for exemplary chimeric RNAs comprising a guide sequence, tracr mate sequence, and tracr sequence.
  • FIG. 12 discloses SEQ ID NOS 83-102, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 13A-D is a phylogenetic tree of Cas genes
  • FIG. 14A-F shows the phylogenetic analysis revealing five families of Cas9s, including three groups of large Cas9s ( ⁇ 1400 amino acids) and two of small Cas9s (1100 amino acids).
  • FIG. 15 shows a graph depicting the function of different optimized guide RNAs.
  • FIG. 16 shows the sequence and structure of different guide chimeric RNAs.
  • FIG. 16 discloses SEQ ID NOS 154-165, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 17 shows the co-fold structure of the tracrRNA and direct repeat.
  • FIG. 17 discloses SEQ ID NO: 166.
  • FIGS. 18 A and B shows data from the St1Cas9 chimeric guide RNA optimization in vitro.
  • FIG. 18A discloses SEQ ID NOS 167-172, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 18B discloses SEQ ID NOS 173-178, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 19A-B shows cleavage of either unmethylated or methylated targets by SpCas9 cell lysate.
  • FIG. 19A discloses SEQ ID NOS 179, 179, 180 and 180, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 20A-G shows the optimization of guide RNA architecture for SpCas9-mediated mammalian genome editing.
  • PX330 Schematic of bicistronic expression vector (PX330) for U6 promoter-driven single guide RNA (sgRNA) and CBh promoter-driven human codon-optimized Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (hSpCas9) used for all subsequent experiments.
  • the sgRNA consists of a 20-nt guide sequence (blue) and scaffold (red), truncated at various positions as indicated.
  • sgRNAs and PAMs are indicated by colored bars above sequence; methylcytosine (Me) are highlighted (pink) and numbered relative to the transcriptional start site (TSS, +1).
  • Modification efficiency by three sgRNAs targeting the methylated region of SERPINB5, assayed by deep sequencing (n 2). Error bars indicate Wilson intervals (Online Methods).
  • FIG. 20A discloses SEQ ID NO: 153.
  • FIG. 20E discloses SEQ ID NO: 181.
  • FIG. 21A-B shows the further optimization of CRISPR-Cas sgRNA architecture.
  • sgRNA architectures II and IV Each consists of a 20-nt guide sequence (blue) joined to the direct repeat (DR, grey), which hybridizes to the tracrRNA. (red).
  • the DR-tracrRNA hybrid is truncated at +12 or +22, as indicated, with an artificial GAAA stem loop.
  • tracrRNA truncation positions are numbered according to the previously reported transcription start site for tracrRNA.
  • sgRNA architectures II and IV carry mutations within their poly-U tracts, which could serve as premature transcriptional terminators.
  • FIG. 21A discloses SEQ ID NOS 153 and 182-184, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 22 illustrates visualization of some target sites in the human genome.
  • FIG. 22 discloses SEQ ID NOS 185-263, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • FIG. 23A-B shows (A) a schematic of the sgRNA and (B) the SURVEYOR analysis of five sgRNA variants for SaCas9 for an optimal truncated architecture with highest cleavage efficiency.
  • FIG. 23A discloses SEQ ID NO: 264.
  • polynucleotide refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, or analogs thereof.
  • Polynucleotides may have any three dimensional structure, and may perform any function, known or unknown.
  • polynucleotides coding or non-coding regions of a gene or gene fragment, loci (locus) defined from linkage analysis, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), short-hairpin RNA (shRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acid probes, and primers.
  • loci locus defined from linkage analysis, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), short-hairpin RNA (shRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched poly
  • a polynucleotide may comprise one or more modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. If present, modifications to the nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of the polymer. The sequence of nucleotides may be interrupted by non nucleotide components. A polynucleotide may be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component.
  • chimeric RNA refers to the polynucleotide sequence comprising the guide sequence, the tracr sequence and the tracr mate sequence.
  • guide sequence refers to the about 20 bp sequence within the guide RNA that specifies the target site and may be used interchangeably with the terms “guide” or “spacer”.
  • tracr mate sequence may also be used interchangeably with the term “direct repeat(s)”.
  • wild type is a term of the art understood by skilled persons and means the typical form of an organism, strain, gene or characteristic as it occurs in nature as distinguished from mutant or variant forms.
  • variable should be taken to mean the exhibition of qualities that have a pattern that deviates from what occurs in nature.
  • nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides mean that the nucleic acid molecule or the polypeptide is at least substantially free from at least one other component with which they are naturally associated in nature and as found in nature.
  • “Complementarity” refers to the ability of a nucleic acid to form hydrogen bond(s) with another nucleic acid sequence by either traditional Watson-Crick base-pairing or other non-traditional types.
  • a percent complementarity indicates the percentage of residues in a nucleic acid molecule which can form hydrogen bonds (e.g., Watson-Crick base pairing) with a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 out of 10 being 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% complementary).
  • Perfectly complementary means that all the contiguous residues of a nucleic acid sequence will hydrogen bond with the same number of contiguous residues in a second nucleic acid sequence.
  • “Substantially complementary” as used herein refers to a degree of complementarity that is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more nucleotides, or refers to two nucleic acids that hybridize under stringent conditions.
  • stringent conditions for hybridization refer to conditions under which a nucleic acid having complementarity to a target sequence predominantly hybridizes with the target sequence, and substantially does not hybridize to non-target sequences. Stringent conditions are generally sequence-dependent, and vary depending on a number of factors. In general, the longer the sequence, the higher the temperature at which the sequence specifically hybridizes to its target sequence. Non-limiting examples of stringent conditions are described in detail in Tijssen (1993), Laboratory Techniques In Biochemistry And Molecular Biology-Hybridization With Nucleic Acid Probes Part I, Second Chapter “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assay”, Elsevier, N.Y.
  • Hybridization refers to a reaction in which one or more polynucleotides react to form a complex that is stabilized via hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues.
  • the hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson Crick base pairing, Hoogstein binding, or in any other sequence specific manner.
  • the complex may comprise two strands forming a duplex structure, three or more strands forming a multi stranded complex, a single self hybridizing strand, or any combination of these.
  • a hybridization reaction may constitute a step in a more extensive process, such as the initiation of PCR, or the cleavage of a polynucleotide by an enzyme.
  • a sequence capable of hybridizing with a given sequence is referred to as the “complement” of the given sequence.
  • stabilization or “increasing stability” with respect to components of the CRISPR system relate to securing or steadying the structure of the molecule. This may be accomplished by introduction of one or mutations, including single or multiple base pair changes, increasing the number of hair pins, cross linking, breaking up particular stretches of nucleotides and other modifications. Modifications may include inclusion of at least one non naturally occurring nucleotide, or a modified nucleotide, or analogs thereof. Modified nucleotides may be modified at the ribose, phosphate, and/or base moiety. Modified nucleotides may include 2′-O-methyl analogs, 2′-deoxy analogs, or 2′-fluoro analogs.
  • the nucleic acid backbone may be modified, for example, a phosphorothioate backbone may be used.
  • LNA locked nucleic acids
  • BNA bridged nucleic acids
  • Further examples of modified bases include, but are not limited to, 2-aminopurine, 5-bromo-uridine, pseudouridine, inosine, 7-methylguanosine. These modifications may apply to any component of the CRSIPR system. In a preferred embodiment these modifications are made to the RNA components, e.g. the guide RNA or chimeric polynucleotide sequence.
  • expression refers to the process by which a polynucleotide is transcribed from a DNA template (such as into and mRNA or other RNA transcript) and/or the process by which a transcribed mRNA is subsequently translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins.
  • Transcripts and encoded polypeptides may be collectively referred to as “gene product.” If the polynucleotide is derived from genomic DNA, expression may include splicing of the mRNA in a eukaryotic cell.
  • polypeptide refers to polymers of amino acids of any length.
  • the polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non amino acids.
  • the terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation, such as conjugation with a labeling component.
  • amino acid includes natural and/or unnatural or synthetic amino acids, including glycine and both the D or L optical isomers, and amino acid analogs and peptidomimetics.
  • a subject preferably a mammal, more preferably a human.
  • Mammals include, but are not limited to, murines, simians, humans, farm animals, sport animals, and pets. Tissues, cells and their progeny of a biological entity obtained in vivo or cultured in vitro are also encompassed.
  • a subject may be an invertebrate animal, for example, an insect or a nematode; while in others, a subject may be a plant or a fungus.
  • therapeutic agent refers to a molecule or compound that confers some beneficial effect upon administration to a subject.
  • the beneficial effect includes enablement of diagnostic determinations; amelioration of a disease, symptom, disorder, or pathological condition; reducing or preventing the onset of a disease, symptom, disorder or condition; and generally counteracting a disease, symptom, disorder or pathological condition.
  • treatment or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” are used interchangeably. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
  • therapeutic benefit is meant any therapeutically relevant improvement in or effect on one or more diseases, conditions, or symptoms under treatment.
  • the compositions may be administered to a subject at risk of developing a particular disease, condition, or symptom, or to a subject reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though the disease, condition, or symptom may not have yet been manifested.
  • an effective amount refers to the amount of an agent that is sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results.
  • the therapeutically effective amount may vary depending upon one or more of: the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term also applies to a dose that will provide an image for detection by any one of the imaging methods described herein.
  • the specific dose may vary depending on one or more of: the particular agent chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether it is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, the tissue to be imaged, and the physical delivery system in which it is carried.
  • Vectors can be designed for expression of CRISPR transcripts (e.g. nucleic acid transcripts, proteins, or enzymes) in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
  • CRISPR transcripts e.g. nucleic acid transcripts, proteins, or enzymes
  • CRISPR transcripts can be expressed in bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli , insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast cells, or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990).
  • the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.
  • Vectors may be introduced and propagated in a prokaryote.
  • a prokaryote is used to amplify copies of a vector to be introduced into a eukaryotic cell or as an intermediate vector in the production of a vector to be introduced into a eukaryotic cell (e.g. amplifying a plasmid as part of a viral vector packaging system).
  • a prokaryote is used to amplify copies of a vector and express one or more nucleic acids, such as to provide a source of one or more proteins for delivery to a host cell or host organism.
  • Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, such as to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein.
  • Such fusion vectors may serve one or more purposes, such as: (i) to increase expression of recombinant protein; (ii) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and (iii) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification.
  • a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein.
  • enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase.
  • Example fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith and Johnson, 1988 .
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc (Amrann et al., (1988) Gene 69:301-315) and pET 11d (Studier et al., GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 60-89).
  • a vector is a yeast expression vector.
  • yeast Saccharomyces cerivisae examples include pYepSec1 (Baldari, et al., 1987 . EMBO J. 6: 229-234), pMFa (Kuijan and Herskowitz, 1982 . Cell 30: 933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., 1987 . Gene 54: 113-123), pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), and picZ (InVitrogen Corp, San Diego, Calif.).
  • a vector drives protein expression in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors.
  • Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells include the pAc series (Smith, et al., 1983 . Mol. Cell. Biol . 3: 2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers, 1989. Virology 170: 31-39).
  • a vector is capable of driving expression of one or more sequences in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector.
  • mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, 1987 . Nature 329: 840) and pMT2PC (Kaufman, et al., 1987 . EMBO J. 6: 187-195).
  • the expression vector's control functions are typically provided by one or more regulatory elements.
  • commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus, simian virus 40, and others disclosed herein and known in the art.
  • the recombinant mammalian expression vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid).
  • tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art.
  • suitable tissue-specific promoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert, et al., 1987. Genes Dev. 1: 268-277), lymphoid-specific promoters (Calame and Eaton, 1988 . Adv. Immunol. 43: 235-275), in particular promoters of T cell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore, 1989. EMBO J.
  • promoters are also encompassed, e.g., the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss, 1990. Science 249: 374-379) and the ⁇ -fetoprotein promoter (Camper and Tilghman, 1989. Genes Dev. 3: 537-546).
  • a regulatory element is operably linked to one or more elements of a CRISPR system so as to drive expression of the one or more elements of the CRISPR system.
  • CRISPRs Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • SPIDRs Sacer Interspersed Direct Repeats
  • the CRISPR locus comprises a distinct class of interspersed short sequence repeats (SSRs) that were recognized in E. coli (Ishino et al., J. Bacteriol., 169:5429-5433 [1987]; and Nakata et al., J.
  • the CRISPR loci typically differ from other SSRs by the structure of the repeats, which have been termed short regularly spaced repeats (SRSRs) (Janssen et al., OMICS J. Integ. Biol., 6:23-33 [2002]; and Mojica et al., Mol. Microbiol., 36:244-246 [2000]).
  • SRSRs short regularly spaced repeats
  • the repeats are short elements that occur in clusters that are regularly spaced by unique intervening sequences with a substantially constant length (Mojica et al., [2000], supra).
  • the repeat sequences are highly conserved between strains, the number of interspersed repeats and the sequences of the spacer regions typically differ from strain to strain (van Embden et al., J.
  • CRISPR loci have been identified in more than 40 prokaryotes (See e.g., Jansen et al., Mol. Microbiol., 43:1565-1575 [2002]; and Mojica et al., [2005]) including, but not limited to Aeropyrum, Pyrobaculum, Sulfolobus, Archaeoglobus, Halocarcula, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanosarcina, Methanopyrus, Pyrococcus, Picrophilus, Thermoplasma, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Aquifex, Porphyromonas, Chlorobium, Thermus, Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Thermoanaerobacter, Mycoplasma, Fusobacterium, Azarcus, Chromobacterium, Neisseria, Nitrosomon
  • CRISPR system refers collectively to transcripts and other elements involved in the expression of or directing the activity of CRISPR-associated (“Cas”) genes, including sequences encoding a Cas gene, a tracr (trans-activating CRISPR) sequence (e.g. tracrRNA or an active partial tracrRNA), a tracr-mate sequence (encompassing a “direct repeat” and a tracrRNA-processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), a guide sequence (also referred to as a “spacer” in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), or other sequences and transcripts from a CRISPR locus.
  • a tracr trans-activating CRISPR
  • tracr-mate sequence encompassing a “direct repeat” and a tracrRNA-processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system
  • guide sequence also referred to as a “spacer” in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system
  • one or more elements of a CRISPR system is derived from a type I, type II, or type III CRISPR system. In some embodiments, one or more elements of a CRISPR system is derived from a particular organism comprising an endogenous CRISPR system, such as Streptococcus pyogenes . In general, a CRISPR system is characterized by elements that promote the formation of a CRISPR complex at the site of a target sequence (also referred to as a protospacer in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system).
  • target sequence refers to a sequence to which a guide sequence is designed to have complementarity, where hybridization between a target sequence and a guide sequence promotes the formation of a CRISPR complex. Full complementarity is not necessarily required, provided there is sufficient complementarity to cause hybridisation and promote formation of a CRISPR complex.
  • a target sequence may comprise any polynucleotide, such as DNA or RNA polynucleotides.
  • a target sequence is located in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell.
  • the target sequence may be within an organelle of a eukaryotic cell, for example, mitochondrion or chloroplast.
  • a sequence or template that may be used for recombination into the targeted locus comprising the target sequences is referred to as an “editing template” or “editing polynucleotide” or “editing sequence”.
  • an exogenous template polynucleotide may be referred to as an editing template.
  • the recombination is homologous recombination.
  • a CRISPR complex comprising a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence and complexed with one or more Cas proteins
  • formation of a CRISPR complex results in cleavage of one or both strands in or near (e.g. within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, or more base pairs from) the target sequence.
  • the tracr sequence which may comprise or consist of all or a portion of a wild-type tracr sequence (e.g.
  • a wild-type tracr sequence may also form part of a CRISPR complex, such as by hybridization along at least a portion of the tracr sequence to all or a portion of a tracr mate sequence that is operably linked to the guide sequence.
  • the tracr sequence has sufficient complementarity to a tracr mate sequence to hybridise and participate in formation of a CRISPR complex. As with the target sequence, it is believed that complete complementarity is not needed, provided there is sufficient to be functional.
  • the tracr sequence has at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of sequence complementarity along the length of the tracr mate sequence when optimally aligned.
  • one or more vectors driving expression of one or more elements of a CRISPR system are introduced into a host cell such that expression of the elements of the CRISPR system direct formation of a CRISPR complex at one or more target sites.
  • a Cas enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr-mate sequence, and a tracr sequence could each be operably linked to separate regulatory elements on separate vectors.
  • two or more of the elements expressed from the same or different regulatory elements may be combined in a single vector, with one or more additional vectors providing any components of the CRISPR system not included in the first vector.
  • CRISPR system elements that are combined in a single vector may be arranged in any suitable orientation, such as one element located 5′ with respect to (“upstream” of) or 3′ with respect to (“downstream” of) a second element.
  • the coding sequence of one element may be located on the same or opposite strand of the coding sequence of a second element, and oriented in the same or opposite direction.
  • a single promoter drives expression of a transcript encoding a CRISPR enzyme and one or more of the guide sequence, tracr mate sequence (optionally operably linked to the guide sequence), and a tracr sequence embedded within one or more intron sequences (e.g. each in a different intron, two or more in at least one intron, or all in a single intron).
  • the CRISPR enzyme, guide sequence, tracr mate sequence, and tracr sequence are operably linked to and expressed from the same promoter.
  • a vector comprises one or more insertion sites, such as a restriction endonuclease recognition sequence (also referred to as a “cloning site”).
  • one or more insertion sites e.g. about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more insertion sites are located upstream and/or downstream of one or more sequence elements of one or more vectors.
  • a vector comprises an insertion site upstream of a tracr mate sequence, and optionally downstream of a regulatory element operably linked to the tracr mate sequence, such that following insertion of a guide sequence into the insertion site and upon expression the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell.
  • a vector comprises two or more insertion sites, each insertion site being located between two tracr mate sequences so as to allow insertion of a guide sequence at each site.
  • the two or more guide sequences may comprise two or more copies of a single guide sequence, two or more different guide sequences, or combinations of these.
  • a single expression construct may be used to target CRISPR activity to multiple different, corresponding target sequences within a cell.
  • a single vector may comprise about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or more guide sequences. In some embodiments, about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more such guide-sequence-containing vectors may be provided, and optionally delivered to a cell.
  • a vector comprises a regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme, such as a Cas protein.
  • Cas proteins include Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, CsmS, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, homologs thereof, or modified versions thereof.
  • the amino acid sequence of S. pyogenes Cas9 protein may be found in the SwissProt database under accession number Q99ZW2.
  • the unmodified CRISPR enzyme has DNA cleavage activity, such as Cas9.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is Cas9, and may be Cas9 from S. pyogenes or S. pneumoniae .
  • the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or both strands at the location of a target sequence, such as within the target sequence and/or within the complement of the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or both strands within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, or more base pairs from the first or last nucleotide of a target sequence.
  • a vector encodes a CRISPR enzyme that is mutated to with respect to a corresponding wild-type enzyme such that the mutated CRISPR enzyme lacks the ability to cleave one or both strands of a target polynucleotide containing a target sequence.
  • D10A aspartate-to-alanine substitution
  • pyogenes converts Cas9 from a nuclease that cleaves both strands to a nickase (cleaves a single strand).
  • Other examples of mutations that render Cas9 a nickase include, without limitation, H840A, N854A, and N863A.
  • a Cas9 nickase may be used in combination with guide sequenc(es), e.g., two guide sequences, which target respectively sense and antisense strands of the DNA target. This combination allows both strands to be nicked and used to induce NHEJ.
  • Applicants have demonstrated (data not shown) the efficacy of two nickase targets (i.e., sgRNAs targeted at the same location but to different strands of DNA) in inducing mutagenic NHEJ.
  • a single nickase (Cas9-D10A with a single sgRNA) is unable to induce NHEJ and create indels but Applicants have shown that double nickase (Cas9-D10A and two sgRNAs targeted to different strands at the same location) can do so in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs).
  • the efficiency is about 50% of nuclease (i.e., regular Cas9 without D10 mutation) in hESCs.
  • two or more catalytic domains of Cas9 may be mutated to produce a mutated Cas9 substantially lacking all DNA cleavage activity.
  • a D10A mutation is combined with one or more of H840A, N854A, or N863A mutations to produce a Cas9 enzyme substantially lacking all DNA cleavage activity.
  • a CRISPR enzyme is considered to substantially lack all DNA cleavage activity when the DNA cleavage activity of the mutated enzyme is less than about 25%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, or lower with respect to its non-mutated form.
  • Other mutations may be useful; where the Cas9 or other CRISPR enzyme is from a species other than S. pyogenes , mutations in corresponding amino acids may be made to achieve similar effects.
  • an enzyme coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme is codon optimized for expression in particular cells, such as eukaryotic cells.
  • the eukaryotic cells may be those of or derived from a particular organism, such as a mammal, including but not limited to human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, or non-human primate.
  • codon optimization refers to a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the host cells of interest by replacing at least one codon (e.g. about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more codons) of the native sequence with codons that are more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of that host cell while maintaining the native amino acid sequence.
  • Codon bias differs in codon usage between organisms
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • tRNA transfer RNA
  • the predominance of selected tRNAs in a cell is generally a reflection of the codons used most frequently in peptide synthesis. Accordingly, genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given organism based on codon optimization. Codon usage tables are readily available, for example, at the “Codon Usage Database”, and these tables can be adapted in a number of ways.
  • codon optimizing a particular sequence for expression in a particular host cell are also available, such as Gene Forge (Aptagen; Jacobus, Pa.), are also available.
  • one or more codons e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more, or all codons
  • one or more codons in a sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme correspond to the most frequently used codon for a particular amino acid.
  • a vector encodes a CRISPR enzyme comprising one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLSs), such as about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs.
  • the CRISPR enzyme comprises about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs at or near the amino-terminus, about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs at or near the carboxy-terminus, or a combination of these (e.g. one or more NLS at the amino-terminus and one or more NLS at the carboxy terminus).
  • the CRISPR enzyme comprises at most 6 NLSs.
  • an NLS is considered near the N- or C-terminus when the nearest amino acid of the NLS is within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or more amino acids along the polypeptide chain from the N- or C-terminus.
  • an NLS consists of one or more short sequences of positively charged lysines or arginines exposed on the protein surface, but other types of NLS are known.
  • Non-limiting examples of NLSs include an NLS sequence derived from: the NLS of the SV40 virus large T-antigen, having the amino acid sequence PKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 2); the NLS from nucleoplasmin (e.g.
  • the nucleoplasmin bipartite NLS with the sequence KRPAATKKAGQAKKKK (SEQ ID NO: 3)); the c-myc NLS having the amino acid sequence PAAKRVKLD (SEQ ID NO: 4) or RQRRNELKRSP (SEQ ID NO: 5); the hRNPA1 M9 NLS having the sequence NQSSNFGPMKGGNFGGRSSGPYGGGGQYFAKPRNQGGY (SEQ ID NO: 6); the sequence RMRIZFKNKGKDTAELRRRRVEVSVELRKAKKDEQILKRRNV (SEQ ID NO: 7) of the IBB domain from importin-alpha; the sequences VSRKRPRP (SEQ ID NO: 8) and PPKKARED (SEQ ID NO: 9) of the myoma T protein; the sequence PQPKKKPL (SEQ ID NO: 10) of human p53; the sequence SALIKKKKKMAP (SEQ ID NO: 11) of mouse c-abl IV; the sequences
  • the one or more NLSs are of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of the CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
  • strength of nuclear localization activity may derive from the number of NLSs in the CRISPR enzyme, the particular NLS(s) used, or a combination of these factors.
  • Detection of accumulation in the nucleus may be performed by any suitable technique.
  • a detectable marker may be fused to the CRISPR enzyme, such that location within a cell may be visualized, such as in combination with a means for detecting the location of the nucleus (e.g. a stain specific for the nucleus such as DAPI).
  • detectable markers include fluorescent proteins (such as Green fluorescent proteins, or GFP; RFP; CFP), and epitope tags (HA tag, flag tag, SNAP tag).
  • Cell nuclei may also be isolated from cells, the contents of which may then be analyzed by any suitable process for detecting protein, such as immunohistochemistry, Western blot, or enzyme activity assay. Accumulation in the nucleus may also be determined indirectly, such as by an assay for the effect of CRISPR complex formation (e.g.
  • a guide sequence is any polynucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity with a target polynucleotide sequence to hybridize with the target sequence and direct sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence.
  • the degree of complementarity between a guide sequence and its corresponding target sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm is about or more than about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or more.
  • Optimal alignment may be determined with the use of any suitable algorithm for aligning sequences, non-limiting example of which include the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, algorithms based on the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (e.g. the Burrows Wheeler Aligner), ClustalW, Clustal X, BLAT, Novoalign (Novocraft Technologies, ELAND (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.), SOAP (available at soap.genomics.org.cn), and Maq (available at maq.sourceforge.net).
  • any suitable algorithm for aligning sequences include the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, algorithms based on the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (e.g. the Burrows Wheeler Aligner), ClustalW, Clustal X, BLAT, Novoalign (Novocraft Technologies, ELAND (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.), SOAP (available at soap.genomics.org.cn), and
  • a guide sequence is about or more than about 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a guide sequence is less than about 75, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 12, or fewer nucleotides in length. The ability of a guide sequence to direct sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence may be assessed by any suitable assay.
  • the components of a CRISPR system sufficient to form a CRISPR complex may be provided to a host cell having the corresponding target sequence, such as by transfection with vectors encoding the components of the CRISPR sequence, followed by an assessment of preferential cleavage within the target sequence, such as by Surveyor assay as described herein.
  • cleavage of a target polynucleotide sequence may be evaluated in a test tube by providing the target sequence, components of a CRISPR complex, including the guide sequence to be tested and a control guide sequence different from the test guide sequence, and comparing binding or rate of cleavage at the target sequence between the test and control guide sequence reactions.
  • Other assays are possible, and will occur to those skilled in the art.
  • a guide sequence may be selected to target any target sequence.
  • the target sequence is a sequence within a genome of a cell.
  • Exemplary target sequences include those that are unique in the target genome.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXGG where NNNNNNNNNNXGG (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include an S.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 18) where NNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 19) (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything; and W is A or T) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. thermophilus CRISPR1 Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 20) where NNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 21) (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything; and W is A or T) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • S. thermophilus CRISPR1 Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 20) where NNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 21) (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything; and W is A or T) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • S. thermophilus CRISPR1 Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 20) where NNNNNNNNN
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG where NNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. pyogenes Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG where NNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • “M” may be A, G, T, or C, and need not be considered in identifying a sequence as unique.
  • a guide sequence is selected to reduce the degree of secondary structure within the guide sequence.
  • Secondary structure may be determined by any suitable polynucleotide folding algorithm. Some programs are based on calculating the minimal Gibbs free energy. An example of one such algorithm is mFold, as described by Zuker and Stiegler (Nucleic Acids Res. 9 (1981), 133-148). Another example folding algorithm is the online webserver RNAfold, developed at Institute for Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Vienna, using the centroid structure prediction algorithm (see e.g. A.R. Gruber et aL, 2008 , Cell 106(1): 23-24; and PA Can and GM Church, 2009 , Nature Biotechnology 27(12): 1151-62). Further algorithms may be found in U.S. application Ser. No. TBA (Broad Reference BI-2012/084 44790.11.2022); incorporated herein by reference.
  • a tracr mate sequence includes any sequence that has sufficient complementarity with a tracr sequence to promote one or more of: (1) excision of a guide sequence flanked by tracr mate sequences in a cell containing the corresponding tracr sequence; and (2) formation of a CRISPR complex at a target sequence, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the tracr mate sequence hybridized to the tracr sequence.
  • degree of complementarity is with reference to the optimal alignment of the tracr mate sequence and tracr sequence, along the length of the shorter of the two sequences.
  • Optimal alignment may be determined by any suitable alignment algorithm, and may further account for secondary structures, such as self-complementarity within either the tracr sequence or tracr mate sequence.
  • the degree of complementarity between the tracr sequence and tracr mate sequence along the length of the shorter of the two when optimally aligned is about or more than about 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or higher.
  • Example illustrations of optimal alignment between a tracr sequence and a tracr mate sequence are provided in FIGS. 12B and 13B .
  • the tracr sequence is about or more than about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or more nucleotides in length.
  • the tracr sequence and tracr mate sequence are contained within a single transcript, such that hybridization between the two produces a transcript having a secondary structure, such as a hairpin.
  • Preferred loop forming sequences for use in hairpin structures are four nucleotides in length, and most preferably have the sequence GAAA. However, longer or shorter loop sequences may be used, as may alternative sequences.
  • the sequences preferably include a nucleotide triplet (for example, AAA), and an additional nucleotide (for example C or G). Examples of loop forming sequences include CAAA and AAAG.
  • the transcript or transcribed polynucleotide sequence has at least two or more hairpins.
  • the transcript has two, three, four or five hairpins. In a further embodiment of the invention, the transcript has at most five hairpins.
  • the single transcript further includes a transcription termination sequence; preferably this is a polyT sequence, for example six T nucleotides. An example illustration of such a hairpin structure is provided in the lower portion of FIG. 13B , where the portion of the sequence 5′ of the final “N” and upstream of the loop corresponds to the tracr mate sequence, and the portion of the sequence 3′ of the loop corresponds to the tracr sequence.
  • single polynucleotides comprising a guide sequence, a tracr mate sequence, and a tracr sequence are as follows (listed 5′ to 3′), where “N” represents a base of a guide sequence, the first block of lower case letters represent the tracr mate sequence, and the second block of lower case letters represent the tracr sequence, and the final poly-T sequence represents the transcription terminator: (1) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNgttttgtactctcaagatttaGAAAtaaatcttgcagaagctacaaagataggctt catgccgaaatcaacaccctgtcattttatggcagggtgttttcgttatttaaTTTTTTTTTTTT (SEQ ID NO: 22); (2) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
  • sequences (1) to (3) are used in combination with Cas9 from S. thermophilus CRISPR1.
  • sequences (4) to (6) are used in combination with Cas9 from S. pyogenes .
  • the tracr sequence is a separate transcript from a transcript comprising the tracr mate sequence (such as illustrated in the top portion of FIG. 13B ).
  • a recombination template is also provided.
  • a recombination template may be a component of another vector as described herein, contained in a separate vector, or provided as a separate polynucleotide.
  • a recombination template is designed to serve as a template in homologous recombination, such as within or near a target sequence nicked or cleaved by a CRISPR enzyme as a part of a CRISPR complex.
  • a template polynucleotide may be of any suitable length, such as about or more than about 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 500, 1000, or more nucleotides in length.
  • the template polynucleotide is complementary to a portion of a polynucleotide comprising the target sequence.
  • a template polynucleotide might overlap with one or more nucleotides of a target sequences (e.g. about or more than about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more nucleotides).
  • the nearest nucleotide of the template polynucleotide is within about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, or more nucleotides from the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is part of a fusion protein comprising one or more heterologous protein domains (e.g. about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more domains in addition to the CRISPR enzyme).
  • a CRISPR enzyme fusion protein may comprise any additional protein sequence, and optionally a linker sequence between any two domains.
  • protein domains that may be fused to a CRISPR enzyme include, without limitation, epitope tags, reporter gene sequences, and protein domains having one or more of the following activities: methylase activity, demethylase activity, transcription activation activity, transcription repression activity, transcription release factor activity, histone modification activity, RNA cleavage activity and nucleic acid binding activity.
  • epitope tags include histidine (His) tags, V5 tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags.
  • reporter genes include, but are not limited to, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), HcRed, DsRed, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and autofluorescent proteins including blue fluorescent protein (BFP).
  • GST glutathione-S-transferase
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • CAT chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
  • beta-galactosidase beta-galactosidase
  • beta-glucuronidase beta-galactosidase
  • luciferase green fluorescent protein
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • HcRed HcRed
  • DsRed cyan fluorescent protein
  • a CRISPR enzyme may be fused to a gene sequence encoding a protein or a fragment of a protein that bind DNA molecules or bind other cellular molecules, including but not limited to maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex A DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) BP16 protein fusions. Additional domains that may form part of a fusion protein comprising a CRISPR enzyme are described in US20110059502, incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a tagged CRISPR enzyme is used to identify the location of a target sequence.
  • MBP maltose binding protein
  • DBD Lex A DNA binding domain
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • the invention provides methods comprising delivering one or more polynucleotides, such as or one or more vectors as described herein, one or more transcripts thereof, and/or one or proteins transcribed therefrom, to a host cell.
  • the invention further provides cells produced by such methods, and organisms (such as animals, plants, or fungi) comprising or produced from such cells.
  • a CRISPR enzyme in combination with (and optionally complexed with) a guide sequence is delivered to a cell.
  • Conventional viral and non-viral based gene transfer methods can be used to introduce nucleic acids in mammalian cells or target tissues.
  • Non-viral vector delivery systems include DNA plasmids, RNA (e.g. a transcript of a vector described herein), naked nucleic acid, and nucleic acid complexed with a delivery vehicle, such as a liposome.
  • Viral vector delivery systems include DNA and RNA viruses, which have either episomal or integrated genomes after delivery to the cell.
  • Methods of non-viral delivery of nucleic acids include lipofection, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DNA.
  • Lipofection is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,049,386, 4,946,787; and 4,897,355) and lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., TransfectamTM and LipofectinTM).
  • Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognition lipofection of polynucleotides include those of Felgner, WO 91/17424; WO 91/16024. Delivery can be to cells (e.g. in vitro or ex vivo administration) or target tissues (e.g. in vivo administration).
  • lipid:nucleic acid complexes including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes
  • the preparation of lipid:nucleic acid complexes, including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes is well known to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Crystal, Science 270:404-410 (1995); Blaese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291-297 (1995); Behr et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722 (1995); Ahmad et al., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, and 4,946,787).
  • RNA or DNA viral based systems for the delivery of nucleic acids takes advantage of highly evolved processes for targeting a virus to specific cells in the body and trafficking the viral payload to the nucleus.
  • Viral vectors can be administered directly to patients (in vivo) or they can be used to treat cells in vitro, and the modified cells may optionally be administered to patients (ex vivo).
  • Conventional viral based systems could include retroviral, lentivirus, adenoviral, adeno-associated and herpes simplex virus vectors for gene transfer. Integration in the host genome is possible with the retrovirus, lentivirus, and adeno-associated virus gene transfer methods, often resulting in long term expression of the inserted transgene. Additionally, high transduction efficiencies have been observed in many different cell types and target tissues.
  • Lentiviral vectors are retroviral vectors that are able to transduce or infect non-dividing cells and typically produce high viral titers. Selection of a retroviral gene transfer system would therefore depend on the target tissue. Retroviral vectors are comprised of cis-acting long terminal repeats with packaging capacity for up to 6-10 kb of foreign sequence. The minimum cis-acting LTRs are sufficient for replication and packaging of the vectors, which are then used to integrate the therapeutic gene into the target cell to provide permanent transgene expression.
  • Widely used retroviral vectors include those based upon murine leukemia virus (MuLV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), Simian Immuno deficiency virus (SIV), human immuno deficiency virus (HIV), and combinations thereof (see, e.g., Buchscher et al., J. Virol. 66:2731-2739 (1992); Johann et al., J. Virol. 66:1635-1640 (1992); Sommnerfelt et al., Virol. 176:58-59 (1990); Wilson et al., J. Virol. 63:2374-2378 (1989); Miller et al., J. Virol. 65:2220-2224 (1991); PCT/US94/05700).
  • MiLV murine leukemia virus
  • GaLV gibbon ape leukemia virus
  • SIV Simian Immuno deficiency virus
  • HAV human immuno deficiency virus
  • Adenoviral based systems may be used.
  • Adenoviral based vectors are capable of very high transduction efficiency in many cell types and do not require cell division. With such vectors, high titer and levels of expression have been obtained. This vector can be produced in large quantities in a relatively simple system.
  • Adeno-associated virus (“AAV”) vectors may also be used to transduce cells with target nucleic acids, e.g., in the in vitro production of nucleic acids and peptides, and for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy procedures (see, e.g., West et al., Virology 160:38-47 (1987); U.S. Pat. No.
  • Packaging cells are typically used to form virus particles that are capable of infecting a host cell. Such cells include 293 cells, which package adenovirus, and ⁇ 2 cells or PA317 cells, which package retrovirus.
  • Viral vectors used in gene therapy are usually generated by producing a cell line that packages a nucleic acid vector into a viral particle. The vectors typically contain the minimal viral sequences required for packaging and subsequent integration into a host, other viral sequences being replaced by an expression cassette for the polynucleotide(s) to be expressed. The missing viral functions are typically supplied in trans by the packaging cell line. For example, AAV vectors used in gene therapy typically only possess ITR sequences from the AAV genome which are required for packaging and integration into the host genome.
  • Viral DNA is packaged in a cell line, which contains a helper plasmid encoding the other AAV genes, namely rep and cap, but lacking ITR sequences.
  • the cell line may also also infected with adenovirus as a helper.
  • the helper virus promotes replication of the AAV vector and expression of AAV genes from the helper plasmid.
  • the helper plasmid is not packaged in significant amounts due to a lack of ITR sequences. Contamination with adenovirus can be reduced by, e.g., heat treatment to which adenovirus is more sensitive than AAV. Additional methods for the delivery of nucleic acids to cells are known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, US20030087817, incorporated herein by reference.
  • a host cell is transiently or non-transiently transfected with one or more vectors described herein.
  • a cell is transfected as it naturally occurs in a subject.
  • a cell that is transfected is taken from a subject.
  • the cell is derived from cells taken from a subject, such as a cell line. A wide variety of cell lines for tissue culture are known in the art.
  • cell lines include, but are not limited to, C8161, CCRF-CEM, MOLT, mIMCD-3, NHDF, HeLa-S3, Huh1, Huh4, Huh7, HUVEC, HASMC, HEKn, HEKa, MiaPaCell, Panc1, PC-3, TF1, CTLL-2, C1R, Rat6, CV1, RPTE, A10, T24, J82, A375, ARH-77, Calu1, SW480, SW620, SKOV3, SK-UT, CaCo2, P388D1, SEM-K2, WEHI-231, HB56, TIB55, Jurkat, J45.01, LRMB, Bc1-1, BC-3, IC21, DLD2, Raw264.7, NRK, NRK-52E, MRCS, MEF, Hep G2, HeLa B, HeLa T4, COS, COS-1, COS-6, COS-M6A, BS-C-1 monkey kidney epithelial, BA
  • a cell transfected with one or more vectors described herein is used to establish a new cell line comprising one or more vector-derived sequences.
  • a cell transiently transfected with the components of a CRISPR system as described herein (such as by transient transfection of one or more vectors, or transfection with RNA), and modified through the activity of a CRISPR complex, is used to establish a new cell line comprising cells containing the modification but lacking any other exogenous sequence.
  • cells transiently or non-transiently transfected with one or more vectors described herein, or cell lines derived from such cells are used in assessing one or more test compounds.
  • one or more vectors described herein are used to produce a non-human transgenic animal or transgenic plant.
  • the transgenic animal is a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, or rabbit.
  • the organism or subject is a plant.
  • the organism or subject or plant is algae.
  • Methods for producing transgenic plants and animals are known in the art, and generally begin with a method of cell transfection, such as described herein.
  • Transgenic animals are also provided, as are transgenic plants, especially crops and algae. The transgenic animal or plant may be useful in applications outside of providing a disease model.
  • transgenic plants especially pulses and tubers, and animals, especially mammals such as livestock (cows, sheep, goats and pigs), but also poultry and edible insects, are preferred.
  • Transgenic algae or other plants such as rape may be particularly useful in the production of vegetable oils or biofuels such as alcohols (especially methanol and ethanol), for instance. These may be engineered to express or overexpress high levels of oil or alcohols for use in the oil or biofuel industries.
  • alcohols especially methanol and ethanol
  • the invention provides for methods of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of said target polynucleotide thereby modifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said target polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • the invention provides a method of modifying expression of a polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the polynucleotide such that said binding results in increased or decreased expression of said polynucleotide; wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • the invention provides for methods of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell, which may be in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro.
  • the method comprises sampling a cell or population of cells from a human or non-human animal or plant (including micro-algae), and modifying the cell or cells. Culturing may occur at any stage ex vivo. The cell or cells may even be re-introduced into the non-human animal or plant (including micro-algae).
  • the invention provides kits containing any one or more of the elements disclosed in the above methods and compositions.
  • the kit comprises a vector system and instructions for using the kit.
  • the vector system comprises (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a tracr mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the tracr mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence; and/or (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence.
  • Elements may provide individually or in combinations, and may provided in any suitable container, such as a vial, a bottle, or a tube
  • a kit comprises one or more reagents for use in a process utilizing one or more of the elements described herein.
  • Reagents may be provided in any suitable container.
  • a kit may provide one or more reaction or storage buffers.
  • Reagents may be provided in a form that is usable in a particular assay, or in a form that requires addition of one or more other components before use (e.g. in concentrate or lyophilized form).
  • a buffer can be any buffer, including but not limited to a sodium carbonate buffer, a sodium bicarbonate buffer, a borate buffer, a Tris buffer, a MOPS buffer, a HEPES buffer, and combinations thereof.
  • the buffer is alkaline.
  • the buffer has a pH from about 7 to about 10.
  • the kit comprises one or more oligonucleotides corresponding to a guide sequence for insertion into a vector so as to operably link the guide sequence and a regulatory element.
  • the kit comprises a homologous recombination template polynucleotide.
  • the invention provides methods for using one or more elements of a CRISPR system.
  • the CRISPR complex of the invention provides an effective means for modifying a target polynucleotide.
  • the CRISPR complex of the invention has a wide variety of utility including modifying (e.g., deleting, inserting, translocating, inactivating, activating) a target polynucleotide in a multiplicity of cell types.
  • the CRISPR complex of the invention has a broad spectrum of applications in, e.g., gene therapy, drug screening, disease diagnosis, and prognosis.
  • An exemplary CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within the target polynucleotide.
  • the guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence, which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • the target polynucleotide of a CRISPR complex can be any polynucleotide endogenous or exogenous to the eukaryotic cell.
  • the target polynucleotide can be a polynucleotide residing in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell.
  • the target polynucleotide can be a sequence coding a gene product (e.g., a protein) or a non-coding sequence (e.g., a regulatory polynucleotide or a junk DNA).
  • a gene product e.g., a protein
  • a non-coding sequence e.g., a regulatory polynucleotide or a junk DNA.
  • PAM protospacer adjacent motif
  • PAMs are typically 2-5 base pair sequences adjacent the protospacer (that is, the target sequence) Examples of PAM sequences are given in the examples section below, and the skilled person will be able to identify further PAM sequences for use with a given CRISPR enzyme.
  • the target polynucleotide of a CRISPR complex may include a number of disease-associated genes and polynucleotides as well as signaling biochemical pathway-associated genes and polynucleotides as listed in U.S. provisional patent applications 61/736,527 and 61/748,427 having Broad reference BI-2011/008/WSGR Docket No. 44063-701.101 and BI-2011/008/WSGR Docket No. 44063-701.102 respectively, both entitled SYSTEMS METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR SEQUENCE MANIPULATION filed on Dec. 12, 2012 and Jan. 2, 2013, respectively, the contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • target polynucleotides include a sequence associated with a signaling biochemical pathway, e.g., a signaling biochemical pathway-associated gene or polynucleotide.
  • target polynucleotides include a disease associated gene or polynucleotide.
  • a “disease-associated” gene or polynucleotide refers to any gene or polynucleotide which is yielding transcription or translation products at an abnormal level or in an abnormal form in cells derived from a disease-affected tissues compared with tissues or cells of a non disease control.
  • a disease-associated gene also refers to a gene possessing mutation(s) or genetic variation that is directly responsible or is in linkage disequilibrium with a gene(s) that is responsible for the etiology of a disease.
  • the transcribed or translated products may be known or unknown, and may be at a normal or abnormal level.
  • disease-associated genes and polynucleotides are available from McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md.) and National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md.), available on the World Wide Web.
  • Examples of disease-associated genes and polynucleotides are listed in Tables A and B. Disease specific information is available from McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md.) and National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md.), available on the World Wide Web. Examples of signaling biochemical pathway-associated genes and polynucleotides are listed in Table C.
  • genes, diseases and proteins can result in production of improper proteins or proteins in improper amounts which affect function.
  • genes, diseases and proteins are hereby incorporated by reference from US Provisional applications 61/736,527 and 61/748,427.
  • Such genes, proteins and pathways may be the target polynucleotide of a CRISPR complex.
  • Neoplasia PTEN ATM; ATR; EGFR; ERBB2; ERBB3; ERBB4; Notch1; Notch2; Notch3; Notch4; AKT; AKT2; AKT3; HIF; HIF1a; HIF3a; Met; HRG; Bcl2; PPAR alpha; PPAR gamma; WT1 (Wilms Tumor); FGF Receptor Family members (5 members: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); CDKN2a; APC; RB (retinoblastoma); MEN1; VHL; BRCA1; BRCA2; AR (Androgen Receptor); TSG101; IGF; IGF Receptor; Igf1 (4 variants); Igf2 (3 variants); Igf 1 Receptor; Igf 2 Receptor; Bax; Bcl2; caspases family (9 members: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12); Kras;
  • BCL7A BCL7
  • Leukemia TAL1 and oncology TCL5, SCL, TAL2, FLT3, NBS1, NBS, ZNFN1A1, IK1, LYF1, diseases and disorders HOXD4, HOX4B, BCR, CML, PHL, ALL, ARNT, KRAS2, RASK2, GMPS, AF10, ARHGEF12, LARG, KIAA0382, CALM, CLTH, CEBPA, CEBP, CHIC2, BTL, FLT3, KIT, PBT, LPP, NPM1, NUP214, D9S46E, CAN, CAIN, RUNX1, CBFA2, AML1, WHSC1L1, NSD3, FLT3, AF1Q, NPM1, NUMA1, ZNF145, PLZF, PML, MYL, STAT5B, AF10, CALM, CLTH, ARL11, ARLTS1, P2RX7,
  • Inflammation and AIDS Keratinization and AIDS (KIR3DL1, NKAT3, NKB1, AMB11, KIR3DS1, IFNG, CXCL12, immune related SDF1); Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (TNFRSF6, APT1, diseases and disorders FAS, CD95, ALPS1A); Combined immunodeficiency, (IL2RG, SCIDX1, SCIDX, IMD4); HIV-1 (CCL5, SCYA5, D17S136E, TCP228), HIV susceptibility or infection (IL10, CSIF, CMKBR2, CCR2, CMKBR5, CCCKR5 (CCR5)); Immunodeficiencies (CD3E, CD3G, AICDA, AID, HIGM2, TNFRSF5, CD40, UNG, DGU, HIGM4, TNFSF5, CD40LG, HIGM1, IGM, FOXP3, IPEX, AIID, XPID, PIDX, TNFRSF14B, TACI
  • Muscular/Skeletal Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD, BMD, MYF6), Duchenne Muscular diseases and disorders Dystrophy (DMD, BMD); Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (LMNA, LMN1, EMD2, FPLD, CMD1A, HGPS, LGMD1B, LMNA, LMN1, EMD2, FPLD, CMD1A); Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHMD1A, FSHD1A); Muscular dystrophy (FKRP, MDC1C, LGMD2I, LAMA2, LAMM, LARGE, KIAA0609, MDC1D, FCMD, TTID, MYOT, CAPN3, CANP3, DYSF, LGMD2B, SGCG, LGMD2C, DMDA1, SCG3, SGCA, ADL, DAG2, LGMD2D, DMDA2, SGCB, LGMD2E, SGCD, SGD, LGMD2F, C
  • Neurological and ALS SOD1, ALS2, STEX, FUS, TARDBP, VEGF (VEGF-a, VEGF-b, neuronal diseases VEGF-c); Alzheimer disease (APP, AAA, CVAP, AD1, APOE, AD2, and disorders PSEN2, AD4, STM2, APBB2, FE65L1, NOS3, PLAU, URK, ACE, DCP1, ACE1, MPO, PACIP1, PAXIP1L, PTIP, A2M, BLMH, BMH, PSEN1, AD3); Autism (Mecp2, BZRAP1, MDGA2, Sema5A, Neurexin 1, GLO1, MECP2, RTT, PPMX, MRX16, MRX79, NLGN3, NLGN4, KIAA1260, AUTSX2); Fragile X Syndrome (FMR2, FXR1, FXR2, mGLUR5); Huntington's disease and disease like disorders (HD, IT15, PRNP, PRIP, JPH3,
  • Occular diseases Age-related macular degeneration (Abcr, Ccl2, Cc2, cp (ceruloplasmin), and disorders Timp3, cathepsinD, Vldlr, Ccr2); Cataract (CRYAA, CRYA1, CRYBB2, CRYB2, PITX3, BFSP2, CP49, CP47, CRYAA, CRYA1, PAX6, AN2, MGDA, CRYBA1, CRYB1, CRYGC, CRYG3, CCL, LIM2, MP19, CRYGD, CRYG4, BFSP2, CP49, CP47, HSF4, CTM, HSF4, CTM, MIP, AQP0, CRYAB, CRYA2, CTPP2, CRYBB1, CRYGD, CRYG4, CRYBB2, CRYB2, CRYGC, CRYG3, CCL, CRYAA, CRYA1, GJA8, CX50, CAE1, GJA3, CX46, CZP3, CAE3, CCM1, CAM
  • Embodiments of the invention also relate to methods and compositions related to knocking out genes, amplifying genes and repairing particular mutations associated with DNA repeat instability and neurological disorders (Robert D. Wells, Tetsuo Ashizawa, Genetic Instabilities and Neurological Diseases, Second Edition, Academic Press, Oct. 13, 2011—Medical). Specific aspects of tandem repeat sequences have been found to be responsible for more than twenty human diseases (New insights into repeat instability: role of RNA ⁇ DNA hybrids. McIvor E I, Polak U, Napierala M. RNA Biol. 2010 Sep.-Oct.; 7(5):551-8). The CRISPR-Cas system may be harnessed to correct these defects of genomic instability.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to utilizing the CRISPR-Cas system for correcting defects in the EMP2A and EMP2B genes that have been identified to be associated with Lafora disease.
  • Lafora disease is an autosomal recessive condition which is characterized by progressive myoclonus epilepsy which may start as epileptic seizures in adolescence.
  • a few cases of the disease may be caused by mutations in genes yet to be identified.
  • the disease causes seizures, muscle spasms, difficulty walking, dementia, and eventually death. There is currently no therapy that has proven effective against disease progression.
  • the CRISPR-Cas system may beC1 used to correct ocular defects that arise from several genetic mutations further described in Genetic Diseases of the Eye, Second Edition, edited by Elias I. Traboulsi, Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • the genetic brain diseases may include but are not limited to Adrenoleukodystrophy, Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum, Aicardi Syndrome, Alpers' Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Barth Syndrome, Batten Disease, CADASIL, Cerebellar Degeneration, Fabry's Disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease, Huntington's Disease and other Triplet Repeat Disorders, Leigh's Disease, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Menkes Disease, Mitochondrial Myopathies and NINDS Colpocephaly. These diseases are further described on the website of the National Institutes of Health under the subsection Genetic Brain Disorders.
  • the condition may be neoplasia. In some embodiments, where the condition is neoplasia, the genes to be targeted are any of those listed in Table A (in this case PTEN asn so forth). In some embodiments, the condition may be Age-related Macular Degeneration. In some embodiments, the condition may be a Schizophrenic Disorder. In some embodiments, the condition may be a Trinucleotide Repeat Disorder. In some embodiments, the condition may be Fragile X Syndrome. In some embodiments, the condition may be a Secretase Related Disorder. In some embodiments, the condition may be a Prion-related disorder. In some embodiments, the condition may be ALS. In some embodiments, the condition may be a drug addiction. In some embodiments, the condition may be Autism. In some embodiments, the condition may be Alzheimer's Disease. In some embodiments, the condition may be inflammation. In some embodiments, the condition may be Parkinson's Disease.
  • proteins associated with Parkinson's disease include but are not limited to ⁇ -synuclein, DJ-1, LRRK2, PINK1, Parkin, UCHL1, Synphilin-1, and NURR1.
  • addiction-related proteins may include ABAT for example.
  • inflammation-related proteins may include the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) encoded by the Ccr2 gene, the C—C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) encoded by the Ccr5 gene, the IgG receptor JIB (FCGR2b, also termed CD32) encoded by the Fcgr2b gene, or the Fc epsilon R1g (FCER1g) protein encoded by the Fcer1g gene, for example.
  • MCP1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
  • CCR5 C—C chemokine receptor type 5
  • FCGR2b also termed CD32
  • FCER1g Fc epsilon R1g
  • cardiovascular diseases associated proteins may include IL1B (interleukin 1, beta), XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase), TP53 (tumor protein p53), PTGIS (prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase), MB (myoglobin), IL4 (interleukin 4), ANGPT1 (angiopoietin 1), ABCG8 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 8), or CTSK (cathepsin K), for example.
  • IL1B interleukin 1, beta
  • XDH xanthine dehydrogenase
  • TP53 tumor protein p53
  • PTGIS prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase)
  • MB myoglobin
  • IL4 interleukin 4
  • ANGPT1 angiopoietin 1
  • ABCG8 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 8
  • Examples of Alzheimer's disease associated proteins may include the very low density lipoprotein receptor protein (VLDLR) encoded by the VLDLR gene, the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) encoded by the UBA1 gene, or the NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 catalytic subunit protein (UBE1C) encoded by the UBA3 gene, for example.
  • VLDLR very low density lipoprotein receptor protein
  • UBA1 ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1
  • UBE1C NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 catalytic subunit protein
  • proteins associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder may include the benzodiazapine receptor (peripheral) associated protein 1 (BZRAP 1) encoded by the BZRAP 1 gene, the AF4/FMR2 family member 2 protein (AFF2) encoded by the AFF2 gene (also termed MFR2), the fragile X mental retardation autosomal homolog 1 protein (FXR1) encoded by the FXR1 gene, or the fragile X mental retardation autosomal homolog 2 protein (FXR2) encoded by the FXR2 gene, for example.
  • BZRAP 1 benzodiazapine receptor (peripheral) associated protein 1
  • AFF2 AF4/FMR2 family member 2 protein
  • FXR1 fragile X mental retardation autosomal homolog 1 protein
  • FXR2 fragile X mental retardation autosomal homolog 2 protein
  • proteins associated with Macular Degeneration may include the ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1) member 4 protein (ABCA4) encoded by the ABCR gene, the apolipoprotein E protein (APOE) encoded by the APOE gene, or the chemokine (C—C motif) Ligand 2 protein (CCL2) encoded by the CCL2 gene, for example.
  • ABC1 sub-family A
  • APOE apolipoprotein E protein
  • CCL2 Ligand 2 protein
  • proteins associated with Schizophrenia may include NRG1, ErbB4, CPLX1, TPH1, TPH2, NRXN1, GSK3A, BDNF, DISC1, GSK3B, and combinations thereof.
  • proteins involved in tumor suppression may include ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), ERBB2 (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2), ERBB3 (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3), ERBB4 (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4), Notch 1, Notch2, Notch 3, or Notch 4, for example.
  • ATM ataxia telangiectasia mutated
  • ATR ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related
  • EGFR epidermatitise
  • ERBB2 v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2
  • ERBB3 v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral on
  • proteins associated with a secretase disorder may include PSENEN (presenilin enhancer 2 homolog ( C. elegans )), CTSB (cathepsin B), PSEN1 (presenilin 1), APP (amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein), APH1B (anterior pharynx defective 1 homolog B ( C. elegans )), PSEN2 (presenilin 2 (Alzheimer disease 4)), or BACE1 (beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1), for example.
  • proteins associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis may include SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1), ALS2 (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2), FUS (fused in sarcoma), TARDBP (TAR DNA binding protein), VAGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A), VAGFB (vascular endothelial growth factor B), and VAGFC (vascular endothelial growth factor C), and any combination thereof.
  • SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1
  • ALS2 amotrophic lateral sclerosis 2
  • FUS fused in sarcoma
  • TARDBP TAR DNA binding protein
  • VAGFA vascular endothelial growth factor A
  • VAGFB vascular endothelial growth factor B
  • VAGFC vascular endothelial growth factor C
  • proteins associated with prion diseases may include SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1), ALS2 (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2), FUS (fused in sarcoma), TARDBP (TAR DNA binding protein), VAGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A), VAGFB (vascular endothelial growth factor B), and VAGFC (vascular endothelial growth factor C), and any combination thereof.
  • proteins related to neurodegenerative conditions in prion disorders may include A2M (Alpha-2-Macroglobulin), AATF (Apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor), ACPP (Acid phosphatase prostate), ACTA2 (Actin alpha 2 smooth muscle aorta), ADAM22 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain), ADORA3 (Adenosine A3 receptor), or ADRA1D (Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor for Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor), for example.
  • A2M Alpha-2-Macroglobulin
  • AATF Apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor
  • ACPP Acid phosphatase prostate
  • ACTA2 Actin alpha 2 smooth muscle aorta
  • ADAM22 ADAM metallopeptidase domain
  • ADORA3 Adosine A3 receptor
  • ADRA1D Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor for Alpha-1D adrenoreceptor
  • proteins associated with Immunodeficiency may include A2M [alpha-2-macroglobulin]; AANAT [arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase]; ABCA1 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC 1), member 1]; ABCA2 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC 1), member 2]; or ABCA3 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 3]; for example.
  • proteins associated with Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders include AR (androgen receptor), FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1), HTT (huntingtin), or DMPK (dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase), FXN (frataxin), ATXN2 (ataxin 2), for example.
  • proteins associated with Neurotransmission Disorders include SST (somatostatin), NOS 1 (nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal)), ADRA2A (adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor), ADRA2C (adrenergic, alpha-2C—, receptor), TACR1 (tachykinin receptor 1), or HTR2c (5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2C), for example.
  • neurodevelopmental-associated sequences include A2BP1 [ataxin 2-binding protein 1], AADAT [aminoadipate aminotransferase], AANAT [arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase], ABAT [4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase], ABCA1 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1], or ABCA13 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 13], for example.
  • A2BP1 ataxin 2-binding protein 1
  • AADAT aminoadipate aminotransferase
  • AANAT arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase
  • ABAT 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase
  • ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1
  • ABCA13 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 13
  • preferred conditions treatable with the present system include may be selected from: Aicardi-Goutines Syndrome; Alexander Disease; Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome; POLG-Related Disorders; Alpha-Mannosidosis (Type II and III); Alström Syndrome; Angelman; Syndrome; Ataxia-Telangiectasia; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses; Beta-Thalassemia; Bilateral Optic Atrophy and (Infantile) Optic Atrophy Type 1; Retinoblastoma (bilateral); Canavan Disease; Cerebrooculofacioskeletal Syndrome 1 [COFS1]; Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis; Cornelia de Lange Syndrome; MAPT-Related Disorders; Genetic Prion Diseases; Dravet Syndrome; Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer Disease; Friedreich Ataxia [FRDA]; Fryns Syndrome; Fucosidosis; Fukuyama Congenital Muscular Dystrophy; Galactosialidosis; Gau
  • the immunogenicity of protein drugs can be ascribed to a few immunodominant helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes. Reducing the MHC binding affinity of these HTL epitopes contained within these proteins can generate drugs with lower immunogenicity (Tangri S, et al. (“Rationally engineered therapeutic proteins with reduced immunogenicity” J Immunol. 2005 Mar. 15; 174(6):3187-96.)
  • the immunogenicity of the CRISPR enzyme in particular may be reduced following the approach first set out in Tangri et al with respect to erythropoietin and subsequently developed. Accordingly, directed evolution or rational design may be used to reduce the immunogenicity of the CRISPR enzyme (for instance a Cas9) in the host species (human or other species).
  • pathogens are often host-specific.
  • Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causes tomato wilt but attacks only tomato
  • Plants have existing and induced defenses to resist most pathogens. Mutations and recombination events across plant generations lead to genetic variability that gives rise to susceptibility, especially as pathogens reproduce with more frequency than plants. In plants there can be non-host resistance, e.g., the host and pathogen are incompatible.
  • Horizontal Resistance e.g., partial resistance against all races of a pathogen, typically controlled by many genes
  • Vertical Resistance e.g., complete resistance to some races of a pathogen but not to other races, typically controlled by a few genes.
  • Plant and pathogens evolve together, and the genetic changes in one balance changes in other. Accordingly, using Natural Variability, breeders combine most useful genes for Yield, Quality, Uniformity, Hardiness, Resistance.
  • the sources of resistance genes include native or foreign Varieties, Heirloom Varieties, Wild Plant Relatives, and Induced Mutations, e.g., treating plant material with mutagenic agents.
  • plant breeders are provided with a new tool to induce mutations. Accordingly, one skilled in the art can analyze the genome of sources of resistance genes, and in Varieties having desired characteristics or traits employ the present invention to induce the rise of resistance genes, with more precision than previous mutagenic agents and hence accelerate and improve plant breeding programs.
  • the present system can be used to target any polynucleotide sequence of interest.
  • Some examples of conditions or diseases that might be usefully treated using the present system are included in the Tables above and examples of genes currently associated with those conditions are also provided there. However, the genes exemplified are not exhaustive.
  • An example type II CRISPR system is the type II CRISPR locus from Streptococcus pyogenes SF370, which contains a cluster of four genes Cas9, Cas1, Cas2, and Csn1, as well as two non-coding RNA elements, tracrRNA and a characteristic array of repetitive sequences (direct repeats) interspaced by short stretches of non-repetitive sequences (spacers, about 30 bp each).
  • DSB targeted DNA double-strand break
  • tracrRNA hybridizes to the direct repeats of pre-crRNA, which is then processed into mature crRNAs containing individual spacer sequences.
  • the mature crRNA:tracrRNA complex directs Cas9 to the DNA target consisting of the protospacer and the corresponding PAM via heteroduplex formation between the spacer region of the crRNA and the protospacer DNA.
  • Cas9 mediates cleavage of target DNA upstream of PAM to create a DSB within the protospacer ( FIG. 2A ).
  • This example describes an example process for adapting this RNA-programmable nuclease system to direct CRISPR complex activity in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
  • a nuclear localization signal was included at the amino (N)- or carboxyl (C)-termini of both SpCas9 and SpRNase III ( FIG. 2B ).
  • a fluorescent protein marker was also included at the N- or C-termini of both proteins ( FIG. 2B ).
  • a version of SpCas9 with an NLS attached to both N- and C-termini (2xNLS-SpCas9) was also generated.
  • Constructs containing NLS-fused SpCas9 and SpRNase III were transfected into 293FT human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, and the relative positioning of the NLS to SpCas9 and SpRNase III was found to affect their nuclear localization efficiency. Whereas the C-terminal NLS was sufficient to target SpRNase III to the nucleus, attachment of a single copy of these particular NLS's to either the N- or C-terminus of SpCas9 was unable to achieve adequate nuclear localization in this system.
  • the C-terminal NLS was that of nucleoplasmin (KRPAATKKAGQAKKKK) (SEQ ID NO: 3), and the C-terminal NLS was that of the SV40 large T-antigen (PKKKRKV) (SEQ ID NO: 2).
  • KRPAATKKAGQAKKKK nucleoplasmin
  • PKKRKV SV40 large T-antigen
  • the tracrRNA from the CRISPR locus of S. pyogenes SF370 has two transcriptional start sites, giving rise to two transcripts of 89-nucleotides (nt) and 171 nt that are subsequently processed into identical 75 nt mature tracrRNAs.
  • the shorter 89 nt tracrRNA was selected for expression in mammalian cells (expression constructs illustrated in FIG. 6 , with functionality as determined by results of Surveryor assay shown in FIG. 6B ). Transcription start sites are marked as +1, and transcription terminator and the sequence probed by northern blot are also indicated. Expression of processed tracrRNA was also confirmed by Northern blot.
  • FIG. 6 The shorter 89 nt tracrRNA was selected for expression in mammalian cells (expression constructs illustrated in FIG. 6 , with functionality as determined by results of Surveryor assay shown in FIG. 6B ). Transcription start sites are marked as +1, and transcription terminator and the sequence probed by northern
  • FIG. 7C shows results of a Northern blot analysis of total RNA extracted from 293FT cells transfected with U6 expression constructs carrying long or short tracrRNA, as well as SpCas9 and DR-EMX1(1)-DR.
  • Left and right panels are from 293FT cells transfected without or with SpRNase III, respectively.
  • U6 indicate loading control blotted with a probe targeting human U6 snRNA.
  • Transfection of the short tracrRNA expression construct led to abundant levels of the processed form of tracrRNA ( ⁇ 75 bp). Very low amounts of long tracrRNA are detected on the Northern blot.
  • RNA polymerase III-based U6 promoter was selected to drive the expression of tracrRNA ( FIG. 2C ).
  • a U6 promoter-based construct was developed to express a pre-crRNA array consisting of a single spacer flanked by two direct repeats (DRs, also encompassed by the term “tracr-mate sequences”; FIG. 2C ).
  • the initial spacer was designed to target a 33-base-pair (bp) target site (30-bp protospacer plus a 3-bp CRISPR motif (PAM) sequence satisfying the NGG recognition motif of Cas9) in the human EMX1 locus ( FIG. 2C ), a key gene in the development of the cerebral cortex.
  • bp 33-base-pair
  • PAM 3-bp CRISPR motif
  • HEK 293FT cells were transfected with combinations of CRISPR components. Since DSBs in mammalian nuclei are partially repaired by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, which leads to the formation of indels, the Surveyor assay was used to detect potential cleavage activity at the target EMX1 locus (see e.g. Guschin et al., 2010, Methods Mol Biol 649: 247).
  • NHEJ non-homologous end joining
  • FIG. 9 provides an additional Northern blot analysis of crRNA processing in mammalian cells.
  • FIG. 9A illustrates a schematic showing the expression vector for a single spacer flanked by two direct repeats (DR-EMX1(1)-DR). The 30 bp spacer targeting the human EMX1 locus protospacer 1 and the direct repeat sequences are shown in the sequence beneath FIG. 9A .
  • FIG. 9B shows a Northern blot analysis of total RNA extracted from 293FT cells transfected with U6 expression constructs carrying DR-EMX1(1)-DR. Left and right panels are from 293FT cells transfected without or with SpRNase III respectively. DR-EMX1(1)-DR was processed into mature crRNAs only in the presence of SpCas9 and short tracrRNA and was not dependent on the presence of SpRNase III. The mature crRNA detected from transfected 293FT total RNA is ⁇ 33 bp and is shorter than the 39-42 bp mature crRNA from S. pyogenes . These results demonstrate that a CRISPR system can be transplanted into eukaryotic cells and reprogrammed to facilitate cleavage of endogenous mammalian target polynucleotides.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the bacterial CRISPR system described in this example.
  • FIG. 2A illustrates a schematic showing the CRISPR locus 1 from Streptococcus pyogenes SF370 and a proposed mechanism of CRISPR-mediated DNA cleavage by this system.
  • Mature crRNA processed from the direct repeat-spacer array directs Cas9 to genomic targets consisting of complimentary protospacers and a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM).
  • PAM protospacer-adjacent motif
  • FIG. 2B illustrates engineering of S.
  • FIG. 2C illustrates mammalian expression of SpCas9 and SpRNase III driven by the constitutive EF1 a promoter and tracrRNA and pre-crRNA array (DR-Spacer-DR) driven by the RNA Po13 promoter U6 to promote precise transcription initiation and termination.
  • DR-Spacer-DR pre-crRNA array
  • FIG. 2D illustrates surveyor nuclease assay for SpCas9-mediated minor insertions and deletions.
  • FIG. 2E illustrates a schematic representation of base pairing between target locus and EMX1-targeting crRNA, as well as an example chromatogram showing a micro deletion adjacent to the SpCas9 cleavage site.
  • a chimeric crRNA-tracrRNA hybrid design was adapted, where a mature crRNA (comprising a guide sequence) is fused to a partial tracrRNA via a stem-loop to mimic the natural crRNA:tracrRNA duplex ( FIG. 3A ).
  • Guide sequences can be inserted between BbsI sites using annealed oligonucleotides. Protospacers on the sense and anti-sense strands are indicated above and below the DNA sequences, respectively. A modification rate of 6.3% and 0.75% was achieved for the human PVALB and mouse Th loci respectively, demonstrating the broad applicability of the CRISPR system in modifying different loci across multiple organisms While cleavage was only detected with one out of three spacers for each locus using the chimeric constructs, all target sequences were cleaved with efficiency of indel production reaching 27% when using the co-expressed pre-crRNA arrangement ( FIGS. 4 and 5 ).
  • FIG. 5 provides a further illustration that SpCas9 can be reprogrammed to target multiple genomic loci in mammalian cells.
  • FIG. 5A provides a schematic of the human EMX1 locus showing the location of five protospacers, indicated by the underlined sequences.
  • FIG. 5B provides a schematic of the pre-crRNA/trcrRNA complex showing hybridization between the direct repeat region of the pre-crRNA and tracrRNA (top), and a schematic of a chimeric RNA design comprising a 20 bp guide sequence, and tracr mate and tracr sequences consisting of partial direct repeat and tracrRNA sequences hybridized in a hairpin structure (bottom).
  • Results of a Surveyor assay comparing the efficacy of Cas9-mediated cleavage at five protospacers in the human EMX1 locus is illustrated in FIG. 5C .
  • Each protospacer is targeted using either processed pre-crRNA/tracrRNA complex (crRNA) or chimeric RNA (chiRNA).
  • crRNA pre-crRNA/tracrRNA complex
  • chiRNA chimeric RNA
  • RNA Since the secondary structure of RNA can be crucial for intermolecular interactions, a structure prediction algorithm based on minimum free energy and Boltzmann-weighted structure ensemble was used to compare the putative secondary structure of all guide sequences used in our genome targeting experiment ( FIG. 3B ) (see e.g. Gruber et al., 2008, Nucleic Acids Research, 36: W70). Analysis revealed that in most cases, the effective guide sequences in the chimeric crRNA context were substantially free of secondary structure motifs, whereas the ineffective guide sequences were more likely to form internal secondary structures that could prevent base pairing with the target protospacer DNA. It is thus possible that variability in the spacer secondary structure might impact the efficiency of CRISPR-mediated interference when using a chimeric crRNA.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates example expression vectors.
  • FIG. 3A provides a schematic of a bi-cistronic vector for driving the expression of a synthetic crRNA-tracrRNA chimera (chimeric RNA) as well as SpCas9.
  • the chimeric guide RNA contains a 20-bp guide sequence corresponding to the protospacer in the genomic target site.
  • the folding algorithm produced an output with each base colored according to its probability of assuming the predicted secondary structure, as indicated by a rainbow scale that is reproduced in FIG. 3B in gray scale.
  • Further vector designs for SpCas9 are shown in FIG. 3A , including single expression vectors incorporating a U6 promoter linked to an insertion site for a guide oligo, and a Cbh promoter linked to SpCas9 coding sequence.
  • FIG. 4A illustrates results of a Surveyor nuclease assay comparing the cleavage efficiency of Cas9 when paired with different mutant chimeric RNAs.
  • Single-base mismatch up to 12-bp 5′ of the PAM substantially abrogated genomic cleavage by SpCas9, whereas spacers with mutations at farther upstream positions retained activity against the original protospacer target ( FIG. 4B ).
  • FIG. 4C provides a schematic showing the design of TALENs targeting EMX1
  • FIG. 5C provides a schematic illustration of the HR strategy, with relative locations of recombination points and primer annealing sequences (arrows). SpCas9 and SpCas9n indeed catalyzed integration of the HR template into the EMX1 locus.
  • FIG. 2A Expression constructs mimicking the natural architecture of CRISPR loci with arrayed spacers ( FIG. 2A ) were constructed to test the possibility of multiplexed sequence targeting.
  • FIG. 4F showing both a schematic design of the crRNA array and a Surveyor blot showing efficient mediation of cleavage.
  • FIG. 5G shows a 1.6% deletion efficacy (3 out of 182 amplicons; FIG. 5G ) was detected. This demonstrates that the CRISPR system can mediate multiplexed editing within a single genome.
  • RNA to program sequence-specific DNA cleavage defines a new class of genome engineering tools for a variety of research and industrial applications.
  • CRISPR system can be further improved to increase the efficiency and versatility of CRISPR targeting.
  • Optimal Cas9 activity may depend on the availability of free Mg 2+ at levels higher than that present in the mammalian nucleus (see e.g. Jinek et al., 2012, Science, 337:816), and the preference for an NGG motif immediately downstream of the protospacer restricts the ability to target on average every 12-bp in the human genome.
  • RNA secondary structures The algorithm generating the structures colors each base according to its probability of assuming the predicted secondary structure.
  • RNA guide spacers 1 and 2 induced 14% and 6.4%, respectively.
  • Statistical analysis of cleavage activity across biological replica at these two protospacer sites is also provided in FIG. 7 .
  • a software program is designed to identify candidate CRISPR target sequences on both strands of an input DNA sequence based on desired guide sequence length and a CRISPR motif sequence (PAM) for a specified CRISPR enzyme.
  • PAM CRISPR motif sequence
  • target sites for Cas9 from S. pyogenes with PAM sequences NGG, may be identified by searching for 5′-N x -NGG-3′ both on the input sequence and on the reverse-complement of the input.
  • target sites for Cas9 of S. thermophilus CRISPR1, with PAM sequence NNAGAAW may be identified by searching for 5′-N x -NNAGAAW-3′ both on the input sequence and on the reverse-complement of the input.
  • thermophilus CRISPR3, with PAM sequence NGGNG may be identified by searching for 5′-N x -NGGNG-3′ both on the input sequence and on the reverse-complement of the input.
  • the value “x” in N x may be fixed by the program or specified by the user, such as 20.
  • the program filters out sequences based on the number of times they appear in the relevant reference genome.
  • the filtering step may be based on the seed sequence.
  • results are filtered based on the number of occurrences of the seed:PAM sequence in the relevant genome.
  • the user may be allowed to choose the length of the seed sequence.
  • the user may also be allowed to specify the number of occurrences of the seed:PAM sequence in a genome for purposes of passing the filter.
  • the default is to screen for unique sequences. Filtration level is altered by changing both the length of the seed sequence and the number of occurrences of the sequence in the genome.
  • the program may in addition or alternatively provide the sequence of a guide sequence complementary to the reported target sequence(s) by providing the reverse complement of the identified target sequence(s).
  • FIG. 18 a illustrates a schematic of a bicistronic expression vector for chimeric RNA and Cas9. Cas9 is driven by the CBh promoter and the chimeric RNA is driven by a U6 promoter.
  • the chimeric guide RNA consists of a 20 bp guide sequence (Ns) joined to the tracr sequence (running from the first “U” of the lower strand to the end of the transcript), which is truncated at various positions as indicated.
  • the guide and tracr sequences are separated by the tracr-mate sequence GUUUUAGAGCUA (SEQ ID NO: 28) followed by the loop sequence GAAA.
  • Results of SURVEYOR assays for Cas9-mediated indels at the human EMX1 and PVALB loci are illustrated in FIGS. 18 b and 18 c , respectively. Arrows indicate the expected SURVEYOR fragments.
  • ChiRNAs are indicated by their “+n” designation, and crRNA refers to a hybrid RNA where guide and tracr sequences are expressed as separate transcripts. Quantification of these results, performed in triplicate, are illustrated by histogram in FIGS. 11 a and 11 b , corresponding to FIGS.
  • Protospacer IDs and their corresponding genomic target, protospacer sequence, PAM sequence, and strand location are provided in Table D. Guide sequences were designed to be complementary to the entire protospacer sequence in the case of separate transcripts in the hybrid system, or only to the underlined portion in the case of chimeric RNAs.
  • HEK cell line 293FT Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell line 293FT (Life Technologies) was maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone), 2 mM GlutaMAX (Life Technologies), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 incubation. 293FT cells were seeded onto 24-well plates (Corning) 24 hours prior to transfection at a density of 150,000 cells per well. Cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies) following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. For each well of a 24-well plate, a total of 500 ng plasmid was used.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium
  • HyClone fetal bovine serum
  • 2 mM GlutaMAX 100 U/mL penicillin
  • streptomycin 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin
  • 293FT cells were transfected with plasmid DNA as described above. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 72 hours post-transfection prior to genomic DNA extraction. Genomic DNA was extracted using the QuickExtract DNA Extraction Solution (Epicentre) following the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, pelleted cells were resuspended in QuickExtract solution and incubated at 65° C. for 15 minutes and 98° C. for 10 minutes. The genomic region flanking the CRISPR target site for each gene was PCR amplified (primers listed in Table E), and products were purified using QiaQuick Spin Column (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's protocol.
  • QuickExtract DNA Extraction Solution Epicentre
  • 400 ng total of the purified PCR products were mixed with 2 ⁇ l 10 ⁇ Taq DNA Polymerase PCR buffer (Enzymatics) and ultrapure water to a final volume of 20 ⁇ l, and subjected to a re-annealing process to enable heteroduplex formation: 95° C. for 10 min, 95° C. to 85° C. ramping at ⁇ 2° C./s, 85° C. to 25° C. at ⁇ 0.25° C./s, and 25° C. hold for 1 minute.
  • each SpCas9 target site was operationally defined as a 20 bp sequence followed by an NGG protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence, and we identified all sequences satisfying this 5′-N 20 -NGG-3′ definition on all chromosomes.
  • PAM NGG protospacer adjacent motif
  • a seed sequence which can be, for example, approximately 11-12 bp sequence 5′ from the PAM sequence
  • 5′-NNNNNNNNNN-NGG-3′ sequences were selected to be unique in the relevant genome. All genomic sequences were downloaded from the UCSC Genome Browser (Human genome hg19, Mouse genome mm9, Rat genome m5, Zebrafish genome danRer7, D. melanogaster genome dm4 and C. elegans genome ce10). The full search results are available to browse using UCSC Genome Browser information. An example visualization of some target sites in the human genome is provided in FIG. 22 .
  • chiRNA(+n) indicate that up to the +n nucleotide of wild-type tracrRNA is included in the chimeric RNA construct, with values of 48, 54, 67, and 85 used for n.
  • Chimeric RNAs containing longer fragments of wild-type tracrRNA (chiRNA(+67) and chiRNA(+85)) mediated DNA cleavage at all three EMX1 target sites, with chiRNA(+85) in particular demonstrating significantly higher levels of DNA cleavage than the corresponding crRNA/tracrRNA hybrids that expressed guide and tracr sequences in separate transcripts ( FIGS. 10 b and 10 a ).
  • Two sites in the PVALB locus that yielded no detectable cleavage using the hybrid system (guide sequence and tracr sequence expressed as separate transcripts) were also targeted using chiRNAs.
  • chiRNA(+67) and chiRNA(+85) were able to mediate significant cleavage at the two PVALB protospacers ( FIGS. 10 c and 10 b ).
  • the secondary structure formed by the 3′ end of the tracrRNA may play a role in enhancing the rate of CRISPR complex formation.
  • An illustration of predicted secondary structures for each of the chimeric RNAs used in this example is provided in FIG. 21 .
  • the secondary structure was predicted using RNAfold (http://ma.tbi.univie.ac.at/cgi-bin/RNAfold.cgi) using minimum free energy and partition function algorithm. Pseudocolor for each based (reproduced in grayscale) indicates the probability of pairing.
  • chimeric RNA may be loaded onto Cas9 more efficiently than its native hybrid counterpart.
  • all predicted unique target sites for the S. pyogenes Cas9 were computationally identified in the human, mouse, rat, zebra fish, C. elegans , and D. melanogaster genomes.
  • Chimeric RNAs can be designed for Cas9 enzymes from other microbes to expand the target space of CRISPR RNA-programmable nucleases.
  • FIGS. 11 and 21 illustrate exemplary bicistronic expression vectors for expression of chimeric RNA including up to the +85 nucleotide of wild-type tracr RNA sequence, and SpCas9 with nuclear localization sequences.
  • SpCas9 is expressed from a CBh promoter and terminated with the bGH polyA signal (bGH pA).
  • the expanded sequence illustrated immediately below the schematic corresponds to the region surrounding the guide sequence insertion site, and includes, from 5′ to 3′, 3′-portion of the U6 promoter (first shaded region), BbsI cleavage sites (arrows), partial direct repeat (tracr mate sequence GTTTTAGAGCTA (SEQ ID NO: 38), underlined), loop sequence GAAA, and +85 tracr sequence (underlined sequence following loop sequence).
  • An exemplary guide sequence insert is illustrated below the guide sequence insertion site, with nucleotides of the guide sequence for a selected target represented by an “N”.
  • Applicants mutated the tracrRNA and direct repeat sequences, or mutated the chimeric guide RNA to enhance the RNAs in cells.
  • Optimized tracrRNA and corresponding optimized direct repeat are presented in pairs.
  • Optimized tracrRNA 1 (mutation underlined): (SEQ ID NO: 70) GGAACCATTCA t AACAGCATAGCAAGTTA t AATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATC AACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTT Optimized direct repeat 1 (mutation underlined): (SEQ ID NO: 71) GTT a TAGAGCTATGCTGTT a TGAATGGTCCCAAAAC
  • Optimized tracrRNA 2 (mutation underlined): (SEQ ID NO: 72) GGAACCATTCAA t ACAGCATAGCAAGTTAA t ATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATC AACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTT Optimized direct repeat 2 (mutation underlined): (SEQ ID NO: 73) GT a TTAGAGCTATGCTGT a TTGAATGGTCCCAAAAC
  • Applicants also optimized the chimeric guideRNA for optimal activity in eukaryotic cells.
  • the experiment was conducted by co-transfecting 293FT cells with Cas9 and a U6-guide RNA DNA cassette to express one of the four RNA forms shown above.
  • the target of the guide RNA is the same target site in the human Emx1 locus: “GTCACCTCCAATGACTAGGG” (SEQ ID NO: 78)
  • the St1Cas9 guide RNAs can under go the same type of optimization as for SpCas9 guide RNAs, by breaking the stretches of poly thymines (Ts).
  • Most Cas9 homologs are fairly large.
  • the SpCas9 is around 1368 aa long, which is too large to be easily packaged into viral vectors for delivery.
  • Some of the sequences may have been mis-annotated and therefore the exact frequency for each length may not necessarily be accurate. Nevertheless it provides a glimpse at distribution of Cas9 proteins and suggest that there are shorter Cas9 homologs.
  • CjCas9 can be easily packaged into AAV, lentiviruses, Adenoviruses, and other viral vectors for robust delivery into primary cells and in vivo in animal models.
  • the putative tracrRNA element for this CjCas9 is:
  • the Direct Repeat sequence is:
  • the co-fold structure of the tracrRNA and direct repeat is provided in FIG. 6 .
  • chimeric guideRNA for CjCas9 is:
  • FIG. 18 shows data from the St1Cas9 chimeric guide RNA optimization in vitro.
  • the native direct repeat:tracr duplex system was tested alongside sgRNAs. Guides with indicated lengths were co-transfected with SaCas9 and tested in HEK 293FT cells for activity.
  • a total of 100 ng sgRNA U6-PCR amplicon (or 50 ng of direct repeat and 50 ng of tracrRNA) and 400 ng of SaCas9 plasmid were co-transfected into 200,000 Hepa1-6 mouse hepatocytes, and DNA was harvested 72-hours post-transfection for SURVEYOR analysis. The results are shown in FIG. 23 .
US14/104,990 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation Abandoned US20140242664A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/104,990 US20140242664A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US14/290,575 US8906616B2 (en) 2012-12-12 2014-05-29 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US15/230,025 US20160340662A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2016-08-05 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation

Applications Claiming Priority (13)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201261736527P 2012-12-12 2012-12-12
US201361748427P 2013-01-02 2013-01-02
US201361758468P 2013-01-30 2013-01-30
US201361769046P 2013-02-25 2013-02-25
US201361802174P 2013-03-15 2013-03-15
US201361791409P 2013-03-15 2013-03-15
US201361806375P 2013-03-28 2013-03-28
US201361814263P 2013-04-20 2013-04-20
US201361819803P 2013-05-06 2013-05-06
US201361828130P 2013-05-28 2013-05-28
US201361835931P 2013-06-17 2013-06-17
US201361836127P 2013-06-17 2013-06-17
US14/104,990 US20140242664A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation

Related Child Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/290,575 Continuation US8906616B2 (en) 2012-12-12 2014-05-29 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US15/230,025 Continuation US20160340662A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2016-08-05 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20140242664A1 true US20140242664A1 (en) 2014-08-28

Family

ID=49920627

Family Applications (5)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/104,990 Abandoned US20140242664A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US14/290,575 Active US8906616B2 (en) 2012-12-12 2014-05-29 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US14/703,511 Pending US20150232882A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2015-05-04 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US14/704,551 Pending US20150247150A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2015-05-05 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US15/230,025 Pending US20160340662A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2016-08-05 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation

Family Applications After (4)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/290,575 Active US8906616B2 (en) 2012-12-12 2014-05-29 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US14/703,511 Pending US20150232882A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2015-05-04 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US14/704,551 Pending US20150247150A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2015-05-05 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
US15/230,025 Pending US20160340662A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2016-08-05 Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation

Country Status (16)

Country Link
US (5) US20140242664A1 (ru)
EP (2) EP4279588A3 (ru)
JP (10) JP2016504026A (ru)
KR (1) KR20150105633A (ru)
CN (2) CN105121648B (ru)
AU (4) AU2013359123B2 (ru)
CA (1) CA2894701A1 (ru)
DK (1) DK2771468T3 (ru)
ES (4) ES2553782T3 (ru)
HK (5) HK1202586A1 (ru)
IL (2) IL307735A (ru)
MX (1) MX2015007549A (ru)
PL (2) PL2921557T3 (ru)
PT (4) PT2784162E (ru)
RU (1) RU2701850C2 (ru)
WO (1) WO2014093712A1 (ru)

Cited By (242)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150050699A1 (en) * 2012-03-20 2015-02-19 Vilnius University RNA-DIRECTED DNA CLEAVAGE BY THE Cas9-crRNA COMPLEX
WO2015065964A1 (en) 2013-10-28 2015-05-07 The Broad Institute Inc. Functional genomics using crispr-cas systems, compositions, methods, screens and applications thereof
WO2015089364A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Crystal structure of a crispr-cas system, and uses thereof
WO2015089351A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods of use of crispr-cas systems in nucleotide repeat disorders
WO2015089486A2 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation with optimized functional crispr-cas systems
WO2015089465A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for hbv and viral diseases and disorders
WO2015089419A2 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for targeting disorders and diseases using particle delivery components
US9234213B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2016-01-12 System Biosciences, Llc Compositions and methods directed to CRISPR/Cas genomic engineering systems
US9260752B1 (en) 2013-03-14 2016-02-16 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compositions and methods of nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
WO2016049251A1 (en) 2014-09-24 2016-03-31 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for modeling mutations in leukocytes
WO2016049163A2 (en) 2014-09-24 2016-03-31 The Broad Institute Inc. Use and production of chd8+/- transgenic animals with behavioral phenotypes characteristic of autism spectrum disorder
WO2016069591A2 (en) 2014-10-27 2016-05-06 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions, methods and use of synthetic lethal screening
WO2016077123A1 (en) * 2014-11-10 2016-05-19 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Multiparametric nucleic acid optimization
WO2016086227A2 (en) 2014-11-26 2016-06-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Therapeutic compositions comprising transcription factors and methods of making and using the same
WO2016086197A1 (en) 2014-11-25 2016-06-02 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Method of identifying and treating a person having a predisposition to or afflicted with a cardiometabolic disease
WO2016089866A1 (en) * 2014-12-01 2016-06-09 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Rna-guided systems for in vivo gene editing
WO2016094872A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 The Broad Institute Inc. Dead guides for crispr transcription factors
WO2016094867A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 The Broad Institute Inc. Protected guide rnas (pgrnas)
WO2016094874A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 The Broad Institute Inc. Escorted and functionalized guides for crispr-cas systems
WO2016094880A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of crispr systems and compositions for genome editing as to hematopoietic stem cells (hscs)
WO2016100974A1 (en) 2014-12-19 2016-06-23 The Broad Institute Inc. Unbiased identification of double-strand breaks and genomic rearrangement by genome-wide insert capture sequencing
WO2016106244A1 (en) 2014-12-24 2016-06-30 The Broad Institute Inc. Crispr having or associated with destabilization domains
WO2016106236A1 (en) 2014-12-23 2016-06-30 The Broad Institute Inc. Rna-targeting system
WO2016108926A1 (en) 2014-12-30 2016-07-07 The Broad Institute Inc. Crispr mediated in vivo modeling and genetic screening of tumor growth and metastasis
WO2016114972A1 (en) 2015-01-12 2016-07-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Heterodimeric cas9 and methods of use thereof
WO2016057835A3 (en) * 2013-07-09 2016-08-25 President And Fellows Of Harvard College THERAPEUTIC USES OF GENOME EDITING WITH CRISPR/Cas SYSTEMS
WO2016138488A2 (en) 2015-02-26 2016-09-01 The Broad Institute Inc. T cell balance gene expression, compositions of matters and methods of use thereof
WO2016141224A1 (en) 2015-03-03 2016-09-09 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered crispr-cas9 nucleases with altered pam specificity
WO2016138574A1 (en) 2015-03-02 2016-09-09 Sinai Health System Homologous recombination factors
US20160289675A1 (en) * 2014-12-03 2016-10-06 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Guide RNA with chemical modifications
WO2016182893A1 (en) 2015-05-08 2016-11-17 Teh Broad Institute Inc. Functional genomics using crispr-cas systems for saturating mutagenesis of non-coding elements, compositions, methods, libraries and applications thereof
US9512446B1 (en) 2015-08-28 2016-12-06 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases
WO2016196655A1 (en) 2015-06-03 2016-12-08 The Regents Of The University Of California Cas9 variants and methods of use thereof
WO2016205745A2 (en) 2015-06-18 2016-12-22 The Broad Institute Inc. Cell sorting
WO2016205764A1 (en) 2015-06-18 2016-12-22 The Broad Institute Inc. Novel crispr enzymes and systems
WO2016205728A1 (en) 2015-06-17 2016-12-22 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Crispr mediated recording of cellular events
US9567603B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-02-14 The General Hospital Corporation Using RNA-guided FokI nucleases (RFNs) to increase specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US9580701B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2017-02-28 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. CRISPR hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides and methods of use
WO2017040348A1 (en) 2015-08-28 2017-03-09 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered crispr-cas9 nucleases
WO2017070605A1 (en) 2015-10-22 2017-04-27 The Broad Institute Inc. Type vi-b crispr enzymes and systems
WO2017069958A2 (en) 2015-10-09 2017-04-27 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Modulation of novel immune checkpoint targets
WO2017075478A2 (en) 2015-10-28 2017-05-04 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses by use of immune cell gene signatures
WO2017075465A1 (en) 2015-10-28 2017-05-04 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses by detecting and targeting gata3
WO2017074788A1 (en) 2015-10-27 2017-05-04 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for targeting cancer-specific sequence variations
WO2017075451A1 (en) 2015-10-28 2017-05-04 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses by detecting and targeting pou2af1
WO2017075294A1 (en) 2015-10-28 2017-05-04 The Board Institute Inc. Assays for massively combinatorial perturbation profiling and cellular circuit reconstruction
WO2017083852A1 (en) 2015-11-13 2017-05-18 MOORE, Tara Methods for the treatment of corneal dystrophies
US20170145476A1 (en) * 2015-11-19 2017-05-25 10X Genomics, Inc. Transformable tagging compositions, methods, and processes incorporating same
WO2017087708A1 (en) 2015-11-19 2017-05-26 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Lymphocyte antigen cd5-like (cd5l)-interleukin 12b (p40) heterodimers in immunity
WO2017114497A1 (en) 2015-12-30 2017-07-06 Novartis Ag Immune effector cell therapies with enhanced efficacy
WO2017143071A1 (en) 2016-02-18 2017-08-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for gene editing in stem cells
WO2017147196A1 (en) 2016-02-22 2017-08-31 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods for identifying and modulating immune phenotypes
WO2017161043A1 (en) 2016-03-16 2017-09-21 The J. David Gladstone Institutes Methods and compositions for treating obesity and/or diabetes and for identifying candidate treatment agents
WO2017161325A1 (en) 2016-03-17 2017-09-21 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods for identifying and modulating co-occurant cellular phenotypes
US9822370B2 (en) 2013-04-04 2017-11-21 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Method of making a deletion in a target sequence in isolated primary cells using Cas9 and two guide RNAs
WO2017219027A1 (en) 2016-06-17 2017-12-21 The Broad Institute Inc. Type vi crispr orthologs and systems
WO2018005445A1 (en) 2016-06-27 2018-01-04 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for detecting and treating diabetes
WO2018013840A1 (en) 2016-07-13 2018-01-18 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Methods, compositions and kits for increasing genome editing efficiency
WO2018035250A1 (en) 2016-08-17 2018-02-22 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for identifying class 2 crispr-cas systems
WO2018035364A1 (en) 2016-08-17 2018-02-22 The Broad Institute Inc. Product and methods useful for modulating and evaluating immune responses
WO2018039145A1 (en) 2016-08-20 2018-03-01 Avellino Lab Usa, Inc. Single guide rna, crispr/cas9 systems, and methods of use thereof
WO2018049025A2 (en) 2016-09-07 2018-03-15 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses
US9926546B2 (en) 2015-08-28 2018-03-27 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases
WO2018064371A1 (en) 2016-09-30 2018-04-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Rna-guided nucleic acid modifying enzymes and methods of use thereof
WO2018067991A1 (en) 2016-10-07 2018-04-12 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Modulation of novel immune checkpoint targets
WO2018083606A1 (en) 2016-11-01 2018-05-11 Novartis Ag Methods and compositions for enhancing gene editing
US9970030B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2018-05-15 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Methods for increasing CAS9-mediated engineering efficiency
US10000772B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2018-06-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
WO2018112278A1 (en) 2016-12-14 2018-06-21 Ligandal, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid and protein payload delivery
US10011850B2 (en) 2013-06-21 2018-07-03 The General Hospital Corporation Using RNA-guided FokI Nucleases (RFNs) to increase specificity for RNA-Guided Genome Editing
US20180187186A1 (en) * 2015-06-29 2018-07-05 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Compositions comprising nucleic acids and methods of using the same
WO2018170515A1 (en) 2017-03-17 2018-09-20 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for identifying and modulating co-occurant cellular phenotypes
WO2018170333A1 (en) 2017-03-15 2018-09-20 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel cas13b orthologues crispr enzymes and systems
WO2018191750A2 (en) 2017-04-14 2018-10-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Novel delivery of large payloads
WO2018191553A1 (en) 2017-04-12 2018-10-18 Massachusetts Eye And Ear Infirmary Tumor signature for metastasis, compositions of matter methods of use thereof
WO2018191388A1 (en) 2017-04-12 2018-10-18 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel type vi crispr orthologs and systems
WO2018191520A1 (en) 2017-04-12 2018-10-18 The Broad Institute, Inc. Respiratory and sweat gland ionocytes
WO2018195486A1 (en) 2017-04-21 2018-10-25 The Broad Institute, Inc. Targeted delivery to beta cells
WO2018195019A1 (en) 2017-04-18 2018-10-25 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions for detecting secretion and methods of use
WO2018195545A2 (en) 2017-04-21 2018-10-25 The General Hospital Corporation Variants of cpf1 (cas12a) with altered pam specificity
WO2018218206A1 (en) 2017-05-25 2018-11-29 The General Hospital Corporation Bipartite base editor (bbe) architectures and type-ii-c-cas9 zinc finger editing
WO2019005884A1 (en) 2017-06-26 2019-01-03 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR / CAS-ADENINE DEAMINASE COMPOSITIONS, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TARGETED NUCLEIC ACID EDITION
WO2019003193A1 (en) 2017-06-30 2019-01-03 Novartis Ag METHODS FOR TREATING DISEASES USING GENE EDITING SYSTEMS
US10190137B2 (en) 2013-11-07 2019-01-29 Editas Medicine, Inc. CRISPR-related methods and compositions with governing gRNAS
US10227648B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2019-03-12 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
WO2019060746A1 (en) 2017-09-21 2019-03-28 The Broad Institute, Inc. SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TARGETED EDITING OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
WO2019071054A1 (en) 2017-10-04 2019-04-11 The Broad Institute, Inc. METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR MODIFYING THE FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF BUCKLES AND / OR CHROMATIN DOMAINS
US10273541B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2019-04-30 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
WO2019087113A1 (en) 2017-11-01 2019-05-09 Novartis Ag Synthetic rnas and methods of use
US10286084B2 (en) 2014-02-18 2019-05-14 Duke University Compositions for the inactivation of virus replication and methods of making and using the same
WO2019094983A1 (en) 2017-11-13 2019-05-16 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for treating cancer by targeting the clec2d-klrb1 pathway
US10323279B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2019-06-18 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10337061B2 (en) 2014-06-26 2019-07-02 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10343166B2 (en) 2014-04-10 2019-07-09 10X Genomics, Inc. Fluidic devices, systems, and methods for encapsulating and partitioning reagents, and applications of same
EP3514246A1 (en) 2014-02-27 2019-07-24 The Broad Institute Inc. T cell balance gene expression and methods of use thereof
WO2019143678A1 (en) 2018-01-17 2019-07-25 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Dna-pk inhibitors
WO2019143675A1 (en) 2018-01-17 2019-07-25 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Dna-pk inhibitors
WO2019143677A1 (en) 2018-01-17 2019-07-25 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Quinoxalinone compounds, compositions, methods, and kits for increasing genome editing efficiency
US10400235B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2019-09-03 10X Genomics, Inc. Single cell analysis of transposase accessible chromatin
US10400280B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2019-09-03 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10428319B2 (en) 2017-06-09 2019-10-01 Editas Medicine, Inc. Engineered Cas9 nucleases
US10428326B2 (en) 2017-01-30 2019-10-01 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for droplet-based single cell barcoding
WO2019195738A1 (en) 2018-04-06 2019-10-10 Children's Medical Center Corporation Compositions and methods for somatic cell reprogramming and modulating imprinting
US10450576B2 (en) 2015-03-27 2019-10-22 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Soybean U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoters and their use in constitutive expression of small RNA genes in plants
WO2019204585A1 (en) 2018-04-19 2019-10-24 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Single-stranded break detection in double-stranded dna
EP3560330A1 (en) 2018-04-24 2019-10-30 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Plants with improved digestibility and marker haplotypes
WO2019210268A2 (en) 2018-04-27 2019-10-31 The Broad Institute, Inc. Sequencing-based proteomics
WO2019213660A2 (en) 2018-05-04 2019-11-07 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for modulating cgrp signaling to regulate innate lymphoid cell inflammatory responses
WO2019232542A2 (en) 2018-06-01 2019-12-05 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods and compositions for detecting and modulating microenvironment gene signatures from the csf of metastasis patients
US10501794B2 (en) 2014-06-23 2019-12-10 The General Hospital Corporation Genomewide unbiased identification of DSBs evaluated by sequencing (GUIDE-seq)
US10519457B2 (en) 2013-08-22 2019-12-31 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Soybean U6 polymerase III promoter and methods of use
WO2020006049A1 (en) 2018-06-26 2020-01-02 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr/cas and transposase based amplification compositions, systems and methods
WO2020006036A1 (en) 2018-06-26 2020-01-02 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Crispr effector system based amplification methods, systems, and diagnostics
US10526589B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-01-07 The General Hospital Corporation Multiplex guide RNAs
US10526590B2 (en) * 2015-08-31 2020-01-07 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Compounds and methods for CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing by homologous recombination
US10533221B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2020-01-14 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
WO2020014528A1 (en) 2018-07-13 2020-01-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Retrotransposon-based delivery vehicle and methods of use thereof
US10550429B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2020-02-04 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
WO2020028555A2 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-06 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel crispr enzymes and systems
US10557158B2 (en) 2015-01-12 2020-02-11 10X Genomics, Inc. Processes and systems for preparation of nucleic acid sequencing libraries and libraries prepared using same
WO2020033601A1 (en) 2018-08-07 2020-02-13 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel cas12b enzymes and systems
WO2020041387A1 (en) 2018-08-20 2020-02-27 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Degradation domain modifications for spatio-temporal control of rna-guided nucleases
WO2020041380A1 (en) 2018-08-20 2020-02-27 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for optochemical control of crispr-cas9
WO2020051507A1 (en) 2018-09-06 2020-03-12 The Broad Institute, Inc. Nucleic acid assemblies for use in targeted delivery
EP3633047A1 (en) 2014-08-19 2020-04-08 Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. Compositions and methods for enrichment of nucleic acids
WO2020077236A1 (en) 2018-10-12 2020-04-16 The Broad Institute, Inc. Method for extracting nuclei or whole cells from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues
WO2020081730A2 (en) 2018-10-16 2020-04-23 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods and compositions for modulating microenvironment
EP3653229A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2020-05-20 The Broad Institute, Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for genome editing
US10669539B2 (en) 2016-10-06 2020-06-02 Pioneer Biolabs, Llc Methods and compositions for generating CRISPR guide RNA libraries
US10676789B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2020-06-09 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
WO2020131862A1 (en) 2018-12-17 2020-06-25 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr-associated transposase systems and methods of use thereof
WO2020131586A2 (en) 2018-12-17 2020-06-25 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for identifying neoantigens
US10697000B2 (en) 2015-02-24 2020-06-30 10X Genomics, Inc. Partition processing methods and systems
US10725027B2 (en) 2018-02-12 2020-07-28 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for analysis of chromatin
EP3686279A1 (en) 2014-08-17 2020-07-29 The Broad Institute, Inc. Genome editing using cas9 nickases
US10731181B2 (en) 2012-12-06 2020-08-04 Sigma, Aldrich Co. LLC CRISPR-based genome modification and regulation
US10738303B2 (en) 2015-09-30 2020-08-11 The General Hospital Corporation Comprehensive in vitro reporting of cleavage events by sequencing (CIRCLE-seq)
WO2020163396A1 (en) 2019-02-04 2020-08-13 The General Hospital Corporation Adenine dna base editor variants with reduced off-target rna editing
WO2020163856A1 (en) 2019-02-10 2020-08-13 The J. David Gladstone Institutes, A Testamentary Trust Established Under The Will Of J. David Gladstone Modified mitochondrion and methods of use thereof
US10745742B2 (en) 2017-11-15 2020-08-18 10X Genomics, Inc. Functionalized gel beads
US10752949B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2020-08-25 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10774370B2 (en) 2015-12-04 2020-09-15 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid analysis
WO2020206036A1 (en) 2019-04-01 2020-10-08 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel nucleic acid modifier
US10815525B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2020-10-27 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10829815B2 (en) 2017-11-17 2020-11-10 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for associating physical and genetic properties of biological particles
WO2020225754A1 (en) 2019-05-06 2020-11-12 Mcmullen Tara Crispr gene editing for autosomal dominant diseases
WO2020229533A1 (en) 2019-05-13 2020-11-19 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Drought tolerance in corn
WO2020236972A2 (en) 2019-05-20 2020-11-26 The Broad Institute, Inc. Non-class i multi-component nucleic acid targeting systems
WO2020236967A1 (en) 2019-05-20 2020-11-26 The Broad Institute, Inc. Random crispr-cas deletion mutant
US10851380B2 (en) 2012-10-23 2020-12-01 Toolgen Incorporated Methods for cleaving a target DNA using a guide RNA specific for the target DNA and Cas protein-encoding nucleic acid or Cas protein
WO2020239680A2 (en) 2019-05-25 2020-12-03 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Haploid induction enhancer
WO2020243661A1 (en) 2019-05-31 2020-12-03 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for treating metabolic disorders by targeting adcy5
EP3772542A1 (en) 2019-08-07 2021-02-10 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Modifying genetic variation in crops by modulating the pachytene checkpoint protein 2
US10934536B2 (en) 2018-12-14 2021-03-02 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. CRISPR-CAS systems for genome editing
WO2021041922A1 (en) 2019-08-30 2021-03-04 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr-associated mu transposase systems
WO2021055874A1 (en) 2019-09-20 2021-03-25 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel type vi crispr enzymes and systems
WO2021074367A1 (en) 2019-10-17 2021-04-22 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Enhanced disease resistance of crops by downregulation of repressor genes
US10995333B2 (en) 2017-02-06 2021-05-04 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for nucleic acid preparation
US11001829B2 (en) 2014-09-25 2021-05-11 The Broad Institute, Inc. Functional screening with optimized functional CRISPR-Cas systems
US11028429B2 (en) 2015-09-11 2021-06-08 The General Hospital Corporation Full interrogation of nuclease DSBs and sequencing (FIND-seq)
WO2021150919A1 (en) 2020-01-23 2021-07-29 The Children's Medical Center Corporation Stroma-free t cell differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells
US11078522B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2021-08-03 10X Genomics, Inc. Capsule array devices and methods of use
US11078483B1 (en) 2016-09-02 2021-08-03 KSQ Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for measuring and improving CRISPR reagent function
US11078481B1 (en) 2016-08-03 2021-08-03 KSQ Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for screening for cancer targets
US11084036B2 (en) 2016-05-13 2021-08-10 10X Genomics, Inc. Microfluidic systems and methods of use
US11092607B2 (en) 2015-10-28 2021-08-17 The Board Institute, Inc. Multiplex analysis of single cell constituents
US11135584B2 (en) 2014-11-05 2021-10-05 10X Genomics, Inc. Instrument systems for integrated sample processing
US11155881B2 (en) 2018-04-06 2021-10-26 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for quality control in single cell processing
WO2021216623A1 (en) 2020-04-21 2021-10-28 Aspen Neuroscience, Inc. Gene editing of lrrk2 in stem cells and method of use of cells differentiated therefrom
WO2021216622A1 (en) 2020-04-21 2021-10-28 Aspen Neuroscience, Inc. Gene editing of gba1 in stem cells and method of use of cells differentiated therefrom
WO2021224633A1 (en) 2020-05-06 2021-11-11 Orchard Therapeutics (Europe) Limited Treatment for neurodegenerative diseases
US11180751B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2021-11-23 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR enzymes and systems
US11180792B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2021-11-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for labeling a single-stranded target nucleic acid
US11186843B2 (en) 2014-02-27 2021-11-30 Monsanto Technology Llc Compositions and methods for site directed genomic modification
WO2021239986A1 (en) 2020-05-29 2021-12-02 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Plant haploid induction
US11193121B2 (en) 2013-02-08 2021-12-07 10X Genomics, Inc. Partitioning and processing of analytes and other species
WO2021248052A1 (en) 2020-06-05 2021-12-09 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating neoplasia
US11214800B2 (en) 2015-08-18 2022-01-04 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for altering function and structure of chromatin loops and/or domains
DE212020000516U1 (de) 2019-03-07 2022-01-17 The Regents of the University of California CRISPR-CAS-Effektorpolypeptide
US11236313B2 (en) 2016-04-13 2022-02-01 Editas Medicine, Inc. Cas9 fusion molecules, gene editing systems, and methods of use thereof
CN114231527A (zh) * 2015-04-06 2022-03-25 里兰斯坦福初级大学理事会 用于crispr/cas介导的基因调控的化学修饰的引导rna
US11286468B2 (en) 2017-08-23 2022-03-29 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
US11332736B2 (en) 2017-12-07 2022-05-17 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for multiplexing single cell and single nuclei sequencing
US11352647B2 (en) 2016-08-17 2022-06-07 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr enzymes and systems
US11371094B2 (en) 2015-11-19 2022-06-28 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for nucleic acid processing using degenerate nucleotides
US11390884B2 (en) 2015-05-11 2022-07-19 Editas Medicine, Inc. Optimized CRISPR/cas9 systems and methods for gene editing in stem cells
US11407995B1 (en) 2018-10-26 2022-08-09 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. RNA-guided nucleases and DNA binding proteins
US11414657B2 (en) 2015-06-29 2022-08-16 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modified CRISPR RNA and modified single CRISPR RNA and uses thereof
US11434477B1 (en) 2018-11-02 2022-09-06 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. RNA-guided nucleases and DNA binding proteins
US11447527B2 (en) 2018-09-18 2022-09-20 Vnv Newco Inc. Endogenous Gag-based capsids and uses thereof
US11459607B1 (en) 2018-12-10 2022-10-04 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for processing-nucleic acid molecules from a single cell using sequential co-partitioning and composite barcodes
US11466271B2 (en) 2017-02-06 2022-10-11 Novartis Ag Compositions and methods for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies
US11499151B2 (en) 2017-04-28 2022-11-15 Editas Medicine, Inc. Methods and systems for analyzing guide RNA molecules
WO2022243286A1 (en) 2021-05-18 2022-11-24 The University Of York Method of glycoslyated protein production in a cell
WO2022256448A2 (en) 2021-06-01 2022-12-08 Artisan Development Labs, Inc. Compositions and methods for targeting, editing, or modifying genes
WO2022266538A2 (en) 2021-06-18 2022-12-22 Artisan Development Labs, Inc. Compositions and methods for targeting, editing or modifying human genes
US11547614B2 (en) 2017-10-31 2023-01-10 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for studying cell evolution
US11549126B2 (en) 2015-06-03 2023-01-10 Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska Treatment methods using DNA editing with single-stranded DNA
US11560568B2 (en) 2014-09-12 2023-01-24 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Generation of site-specific-integration sites for complex trait loci in corn and soybean, and methods of use
WO2023006933A1 (en) 2021-07-30 2023-02-02 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Plants with improved digestibility and marker haplotypes
US11572574B2 (en) 2017-09-28 2023-02-07 Toolgen Incorporated Artificial genome manipulation for gene expression regulation
US11591637B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2023-02-28 10X Genomics, Inc. Compositions and methods for sample processing
US11591601B2 (en) 2017-05-05 2023-02-28 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for identification and modification of lncRNA associated with target genotypes and phenotypes
US11597924B2 (en) 2016-03-25 2023-03-07 Editas Medicine, Inc. Genome editing systems comprising repair-modulating enzyme molecules and methods of their use
US11629344B2 (en) 2014-06-26 2023-04-18 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
WO2023081756A1 (en) 2021-11-03 2023-05-11 The J. David Gladstone Institutes, A Testamentary Trust Established Under The Will Of J. David Gladstone Precise genome editing using retrons
WO2023093862A1 (en) 2021-11-26 2023-06-01 Epigenic Therapeutics Inc. Method of modulating pcsk9 and uses thereof
US11667911B2 (en) 2015-09-24 2023-06-06 Editas Medicine, Inc. Use of exonucleases to improve CRISPR/CAS-mediated genome editing
US11680296B2 (en) 2017-10-16 2023-06-20 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Mycobacterium tuberculosis host-pathogen interaction
US11680268B2 (en) 2014-11-07 2023-06-20 Editas Medicine, Inc. Methods for improving CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome-editing
EP4198124A1 (en) 2021-12-15 2023-06-21 Versitech Limited Engineered cas9-nucleases and method of use thereof
WO2023115041A1 (en) 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Modified paramyxoviridae attachment glycoproteins
WO2023115039A2 (en) 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Modified paramyxoviridae fusion glycoproteins
WO2023133595A2 (en) 2022-01-10 2023-07-13 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Methods of ex vivo dosing and administration of lipid particles or viral vectors and related systems and uses
WO2023141602A2 (en) 2022-01-21 2023-07-27 Renagade Therapeutics Management Inc. Engineered retrons and methods of use
EP4219699A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2023-08-02 The Broad Institute, Inc. Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions with new architectures for sequence manipulation
WO2023150647A1 (en) 2022-02-02 2023-08-10 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Methods of repeat dosing and administration of lipid particles or viral vectors and related systems and uses
WO2023150518A1 (en) 2022-02-01 2023-08-10 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Cd3-targeted lentiviral vectors and uses thereof
US11725228B2 (en) 2017-10-11 2023-08-15 The General Hospital Corporation Methods for detecting site-specific and spurious genomic deamination induced by base editing technologies
US11739156B2 (en) 2019-01-06 2023-08-29 The Broad Institute, Inc. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Methods and compositions for overcoming immunosuppression
WO2023167882A1 (en) 2022-03-01 2023-09-07 Artisan Development Labs, Inc. Composition and methods for transgene insertion
US11773389B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2023-10-03 10X Genomics, Inc. Single cell analysis of transposase accessible chromatin
WO2023225410A2 (en) 2022-05-20 2023-11-23 Artisan Development Labs, Inc. Systems and methods for assessing risk of genome editing events
US11845983B1 (en) 2019-01-09 2023-12-19 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for multiplexing of droplet based assays
US11845987B2 (en) 2018-04-17 2023-12-19 The General Hospital Corporation Highly sensitive in vitro assays to define substrate preferences and sites of nucleic acid cleaving agents
US11851683B1 (en) 2019-02-12 2023-12-26 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for selective analysis of cellular samples
US11866697B2 (en) 2017-05-18 2024-01-09 The Broad Institute, Inc. Systems, methods, and compositions for targeted nucleic acid editing
US11866726B2 (en) 2017-07-14 2024-01-09 Editas Medicine, Inc. Systems and methods for targeted integration and genome editing and detection thereof using integrated priming sites
US11873530B1 (en) 2018-07-27 2024-01-16 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for metabolome analysis
WO2024020346A2 (en) 2022-07-18 2024-01-25 Renagade Therapeutics Management Inc. Gene editing components, systems, and methods of use
US11884915B2 (en) 2021-09-10 2024-01-30 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Guide RNAs with chemical modification for prime editing
US11897953B2 (en) 2017-06-14 2024-02-13 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods targeting complement component 3 for inhibiting tumor growth
US11911415B2 (en) 2015-06-09 2024-02-27 Editas Medicine, Inc. CRISPR/Cas-related methods and compositions for improving transplantation
US11913075B2 (en) 2017-04-01 2024-02-27 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for detecting and modulating an immunotherapy resistance gene signature in cancer
WO2024044655A1 (en) 2022-08-24 2024-02-29 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Delivery of heterologous proteins
WO2024044723A1 (en) 2022-08-25 2024-02-29 Renagade Therapeutics Management Inc. Engineered retrons and methods of use
WO2024042199A1 (en) 2022-08-26 2024-02-29 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Use of paired genes in hybrid breeding
WO2024064838A1 (en) 2022-09-21 2024-03-28 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Lipid particles comprising variant paramyxovirus attachment glycoproteins and uses thereof
US11957695B2 (en) 2018-04-26 2024-04-16 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions targeting glucocorticoid signaling for modulating immune responses
WO2024081820A1 (en) 2022-10-13 2024-04-18 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Viral particles targeting hematopoietic stem cells
US11963966B2 (en) 2017-03-31 2024-04-23 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating ovarian tumors
US11981922B2 (en) 2020-10-05 2024-05-14 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for the modulation of cell interactions and signaling in the tumor microenvironment

Families Citing this family (304)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10323236B2 (en) 2011-07-22 2019-06-18 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Evaluation and improvement of nuclease cleavage specificity
US11021737B2 (en) 2011-12-22 2021-06-01 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Compositions and methods for analyte detection
GB201122458D0 (en) 2011-12-30 2012-02-08 Univ Wageningen Modified cascade ribonucleoproteins and uses thereof
CA2869016C (en) 2012-04-25 2020-05-05 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Nuclease-mediated targeting with large targeting vectors
EP2841572B1 (en) 2012-04-27 2019-06-19 Duke University Genetic correction of mutated genes
BR112014031891A2 (pt) 2012-06-19 2017-08-01 Univ Minnesota direcionamento genético nas plantas utilizando vírus de dna
US10648001B2 (en) 2012-07-11 2020-05-12 Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. Method of treating mucopolysaccharidosis type I or II
AU2013289206B2 (en) 2012-07-11 2018-08-09 Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. Methods and compositions for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases
EP2877213B1 (en) * 2012-07-25 2020-12-02 The Broad Institute, Inc. Inducible dna binding proteins and genome perturbation tools and applications thereof
ES2884925T3 (es) 2012-11-27 2021-12-13 Childrens Medical Ct Corp Elementos reguladores distales de BCL11A como dianas para la reinducción de la hemoglobina fetal
EP2940140B1 (en) 2012-12-12 2019-03-27 The Broad Institute, Inc. Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
IL239317B (en) 2012-12-12 2022-07-01 Broad Inst Inc Providing, engineering and optimizing systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
EP3825401A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2021-05-26 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr-cas component systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation
US8697359B1 (en) * 2012-12-12 2014-04-15 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR-Cas systems and methods for altering expression of gene products
PL2931898T3 (pl) 2012-12-12 2016-09-30 Le Cong Projektowanie i optymalizacja systemów, sposoby i kompozycje do manipulacji sekwencją z domenami funkcjonalnymi
PT2784162E (pt) * 2012-12-12 2015-08-27 Broad Inst Inc Engenharia de sistemas, métodos e composições guia otimizadas para a manipulação de sequências
KR20150105634A (ko) 2012-12-12 2015-09-17 더 브로드 인스티튜트, 인코퍼레이티드 서열 조작을 위한 개선된 시스템, 방법 및 효소 조성물의 유전자 조작 및 최적화
WO2014093709A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2014-06-19 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods, models, systems, and apparatus for identifying target sequences for cas enzymes or crispr-cas systems for target sequences and conveying results thereof
MX2015007743A (es) * 2012-12-17 2015-12-07 Harvard College Ingenieria del genoma humano guiada por ácido robonucleico.
CN104995302B (zh) 2013-01-16 2021-08-31 爱默蕾大学 Cas9-核酸复合物及其相关用途
US10138509B2 (en) 2013-03-12 2018-11-27 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Method for generating a three-dimensional nucleic acid containing matrix
US20140273235A1 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota ENGINEERING PLANT GENOMES USING CRISPR/Cas SYSTEMS
BR112015026197B1 (pt) 2013-04-16 2022-12-06 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc Método para modificação marcada de um lócus genômico de interesse em uma célula de rato pluripotente
US9267135B2 (en) 2013-06-04 2016-02-23 President And Fellows Of Harvard College RNA-guided transcriptional regulation
EP3597755A1 (en) 2013-06-17 2020-01-22 The Broad Institute, Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for targeting disorders and diseases using viral components
WO2014204727A1 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-12-24 The Broad Institute Inc. Functional genomics using crispr-cas systems, compositions methods, screens and applications thereof
CN105492611A (zh) 2013-06-17 2016-04-13 布罗德研究所有限公司 用于序列操纵的优化的crispr-cas双切口酶系统、方法以及组合物
KR20160044457A (ko) 2013-06-17 2016-04-25 더 브로드 인스티튜트, 인코퍼레이티드 서열 조작을 위한 탠덤 안내 시스템, 방법 및 조성물의 전달, 조작 및 최적화
CN113425857A (zh) 2013-06-17 2021-09-24 布罗德研究所有限公司 用于肝靶向和治疗的crispr-cas系统、载体和组合物的递送与用途
WO2014202250A1 (en) 2013-06-19 2014-12-24 Kolibree Toothbrush system with sensors for a dental hygiene monitoring system
JP7019233B2 (ja) * 2013-07-11 2022-02-15 モデルナティエックス インコーポレイテッド ＣＲＩＳＰＲ関連タンパク質をコードする合成ポリヌクレオチドおよび合成ｓｇＲＮＡを含む組成物ならびに使用方法
US9163284B2 (en) 2013-08-09 2015-10-20 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Methods for identifying a target site of a Cas9 nuclease
US9359599B2 (en) 2013-08-22 2016-06-07 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Engineered transcription activator-like effector (TALE) domains and uses thereof
US9737604B2 (en) 2013-09-06 2017-08-22 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Use of cationic lipids to deliver CAS9
US9340799B2 (en) 2013-09-06 2016-05-17 President And Fellows Of Harvard College MRNA-sensing switchable gRNAs
US9322037B2 (en) 2013-09-06 2016-04-26 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Cas9-FokI fusion proteins and uses thereof
TW201542816A (zh) 2013-09-18 2015-11-16 Kymab Ltd 方法、細胞與生物體
WO2015054507A1 (en) 2013-10-10 2015-04-16 Pronutria, Inc. Nutritive polypeptide production systems, and methods of manufacture and use thereof
RU2725520C2 (ru) 2013-12-11 2020-07-02 Регенерон Фармасьютикалс, Инк. Способы и композиции для направленной модификации генома
WO2015089427A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Crispr-cas systems and methods for altering expression of gene products, structural information and inducible modular cas enzymes
US20150165054A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Methods for correcting caspase-9 point mutations
CN111705365A (zh) 2014-02-11 2020-09-25 科罗拉多州立大学董事会（法人团体） Crispr支持的多路基因组工程化
EP3114227B1 (en) 2014-03-05 2021-07-21 Editas Medicine, Inc. Crispr/cas-related methods and compositions for treating usher syndrome and retinitis pigmentosa
CA2947941C (en) 2014-03-05 2021-02-23 National University Corporation Kobe University Genome sequence modification method for specifically converting nucleic acid bases of targeted dna sequence, and molecular complex for use in same
DK3116997T3 (da) 2014-03-10 2019-08-19 Editas Medicine Inc Crispr/cas-relaterede fremgangsmåder og sammensætninger til behandling af lebers kongenitale amaurose 10 (lca10)
US11141493B2 (en) 2014-03-10 2021-10-12 Editas Medicine, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating CEP290-associated disease
US11339437B2 (en) 2014-03-10 2022-05-24 Editas Medicine, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating CEP290-associated disease
WO2015148863A2 (en) 2014-03-26 2015-10-01 Editas Medicine, Inc. Crispr/cas-related methods and compositions for treating sickle cell disease
AU2015236033B2 (en) 2014-03-26 2018-06-07 University Of Maryland, College Park Targeted genome editing in zygotes of domestic large animals
EP3498845B1 (en) * 2014-04-01 2022-06-22 Editas Medicine, Inc. Crispr/cas-related methods and compositions for treating herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)
MX2016013832A (es) 2014-04-25 2017-03-09 Children´S Medical Center Corp Composiciones y metodos para tratar hemoglobinopatias.
AU2015266776A1 (en) 2014-05-30 2016-12-08 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Compositions and methods of delivering treatments for latent viral infections
CA2952121A1 (en) 2014-06-13 2015-12-17 Childrens' Medical Center Corporation Products and methods to isolate mitochondria
WO2015200555A2 (en) * 2014-06-25 2015-12-30 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Rna modification to engineer cas9 activity
AU2015288157A1 (en) 2014-07-11 2017-01-19 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Compositions and methods for producing plants resistant to glyphosate herbicide
US10077453B2 (en) 2014-07-30 2018-09-18 President And Fellows Of Harvard College CAS9 proteins including ligand-dependent inteins
CN104195177B (zh) * 2014-08-05 2017-06-09 南京大学 一种显著提高鱼类基因组编辑效率的方法
WO2016036754A1 (en) 2014-09-02 2016-03-10 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for rna-directed target dna modification
WO2016049024A2 (en) 2014-09-24 2016-03-31 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for modeling competition of multiple cancer mutations in vivo
US10040048B1 (en) 2014-09-25 2018-08-07 Synthego Corporation Automated modular system and method for production of biopolymers
KR101833433B1 (ko) * 2014-11-25 2018-02-28 한국생명공학연구원 돼지 t 세포 및 b 세포 면역결핍 세포주 생산 및 그의 제조 방법
GB201421096D0 (en) 2014-11-27 2015-01-14 Imp Innovations Ltd Genome editing methods
CN113699116A (zh) 2014-12-10 2021-11-26 明尼苏达大学董事会 用于治疗疾病的遗传修饰的细胞、组织和器官
DK3234133T3 (da) 2014-12-18 2021-02-08 Integrated Dna Tech Inc Crispr-baserede sammensætninger og fremgangsmåder til anvendelse
AU2016225179C1 (en) 2015-02-23 2022-11-03 Crispr Therapeutics Ag Materials and methods for treatment of hemoglobinopathies
EP4019635A1 (en) * 2015-03-25 2022-06-29 Editas Medicine, Inc. Crispr/cas-related methods, compositions and components
GB201506509D0 (en) 2015-04-16 2015-06-03 Univ Wageningen Nuclease-mediated genome editing
US11180793B2 (en) 2015-04-24 2021-11-23 Editas Medicine, Inc. Evaluation of Cas9 molecule/guide RNA molecule complexes
JP7288302B2 (ja) 2015-05-08 2023-06-07 ザ チルドレンズ メディカル センター コーポレーション 胎児型ヘモグロビン再誘導のための、ｂｃｌ１１ａエンハンサー機能性領域を標的とする方法
US10117911B2 (en) 2015-05-29 2018-11-06 Agenovir Corporation Compositions and methods to treat herpes simplex virus infections
US20180296537A1 (en) 2015-06-05 2018-10-18 Novartis Ag Methods and compositions for diagnosing, treating, and monitoring treatment of shank3 deficiency associated disorders
US20160362667A1 (en) * 2015-06-10 2016-12-15 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. CRISPR-Cas Compositions and Methods
WO2016205680A1 (en) 2015-06-17 2016-12-22 The Uab Research Foundation Crispr/cas9 complex for introducing a functional polypeptide into cells of blood cell lineage
WO2016205703A1 (en) 2015-06-17 2016-12-22 The Uab Research Foundation Crispr/cas9 complex for genomic editing
EP3929287A3 (en) 2015-06-18 2022-04-13 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr enzyme mutations reducing off-target effects
US10648020B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2020-05-12 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR enzymes and systems
US9790490B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2017-10-17 The Broad Institute Inc. CRISPR enzymes and systems
WO2016205759A1 (en) 2015-06-18 2016-12-22 The Broad Institute Inc. Engineering and optimization of systems, methods, enzymes and guide scaffolds of cas9 orthologs and variants for sequence manipulation
WO2017023803A1 (en) 2015-07-31 2017-02-09 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Modified cells and methods of therapy
US9580727B1 (en) 2015-08-07 2017-02-28 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compositions and methods of engineered CRISPR-Cas9 systems using split-nexus Cas9-associated polynucleotides
KR20180038558A (ko) * 2015-08-25 2018-04-16 듀크 유니버시티 Rna-가이드된 엔도뉴클레아제를 이용하는 게놈 조작에서 특이성을 개선하는 조성물 및 방법
CN108271384B (zh) 2015-09-09 2022-04-15 国立大学法人神户大学 用于特异性转变靶向dna序列的核酸碱基的革兰氏阳性菌的基因组序列的转变方法、及其使用的分子复合体
EP3350203A4 (en) * 2015-09-17 2019-06-26 The Regents of The University of California CAS9 VARIANTS POLYPEPTIDES COMPRISING INTERNAL INSERTIONS
CN108350454B (zh) * 2015-09-21 2022-05-10 阿克丘勒斯治疗公司 等位基因选择性基因编辑及其用途
US11970710B2 (en) 2015-10-13 2024-04-30 Duke University Genome engineering with Type I CRISPR systems in eukaryotic cells
WO2017070633A2 (en) 2015-10-23 2017-04-27 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Evolved cas9 proteins for gene editing
WO2017070598A1 (en) 2015-10-23 2017-04-27 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Engineered crispr class 2 cross-type nucleic-acid targeting nucleic acids
AU2016349288A1 (en) 2015-11-03 2018-05-31 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Method and apparatus for volumetric imaging of a three-dimensional nucleic acid containing matrix
WO2017087395A1 (en) * 2015-11-16 2017-05-26 Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital Materials and methods for treatment of titin-based myopathies and other titinopaties
KR102061438B1 (ko) * 2015-11-27 2019-12-31 고쿠리츠다이가쿠호진 고베다이가쿠 표적화 dna 서열 중의 핵산 염기가 특이적으로 전환되어 있는 단자엽식물 게놈 서열을 전환시키는 방법, 및 그것에 사용되는 분자 복합체
EP3397261A4 (en) 2015-11-30 2019-07-03 Flagship Pioneering Innovations V, Inc. METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS RELATING TO THE CHONDRISOMES
SG11201803593QA (en) 2015-12-04 2018-06-28 Caribou Biosciences Inc Engineered nucleic-acid targeting nucleic acids
WO2017100376A2 (en) 2015-12-07 2017-06-15 Zymergen, Inc. Promoters from corynebacterium glutamicum
US11208649B2 (en) 2015-12-07 2021-12-28 Zymergen Inc. HTP genomic engineering platform
US9988624B2 (en) 2015-12-07 2018-06-05 Zymergen Inc. Microbial strain improvement by a HTP genomic engineering platform
WO2017106569A1 (en) 2015-12-18 2017-06-22 The Regents Of The University Of California Modified site-directed modifying polypeptides and methods of use thereof
WO2017106767A1 (en) * 2015-12-18 2017-06-22 The Scripps Research Institute Production of unnatural nucleotides using a crispr/cas9 system
IL304088A (en) 2016-01-11 2023-08-01 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Systems containing chimeric proteins and their uses for controlling gene expression
MY194127A (en) 2016-01-11 2022-11-14 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Chimeric proteins and methods of immunotherapy
US11845933B2 (en) * 2016-02-03 2023-12-19 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Structure-guided chemical modification of guide RNA and its applications
WO2017139309A1 (en) 2016-02-12 2017-08-17 Ceres, Inc. Methods and materials for high throughput testing of mutagenized allele combinations
EP3420089B1 (en) * 2016-02-26 2021-12-29 LanzaTech NZ, Inc. Crispr/cas systems for c-1 fixing bacteria
EP3219799A1 (en) 2016-03-17 2017-09-20 IMBA-Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie GmbH Conditional crispr sgrna expression
CA3018729A1 (en) 2016-03-23 2017-09-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods of treating mitochondrial disorders
WO2017165859A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital Modified viral capsid proteins
EP3433364A1 (en) 2016-03-25 2019-01-30 Editas Medicine, Inc. Systems and methods for treating alpha 1-antitrypsin (a1at) deficiency
SG11201808920RA (en) * 2016-04-14 2018-11-29 Boco Silicon Valley Inc Genome editing of human neural stem cells using nucleases
EP3445853A1 (en) 2016-04-19 2019-02-27 The Broad Institute, Inc. Cpf1 complexes with reduced indel activity
CA3026055A1 (en) * 2016-04-19 2017-10-26 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel crispr enzymes and systems
AU2017257624B2 (en) 2016-04-25 2023-05-25 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Hybridization chain reaction methods for in situ molecular detection
US10767175B2 (en) * 2016-06-08 2020-09-08 Agilent Technologies, Inc. High specificity genome editing using chemically modified guide RNAs
LT3474669T (lt) 2016-06-24 2022-06-10 The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate Barkodu pažymėtų kombinatorinių bibliotekų generavimo būdai
CA3029271A1 (en) 2016-06-28 2018-01-04 Cellectis Altering expression of gene products in plants through targeted insertion of nucleic acid sequences
KR102345899B1 (ko) 2016-06-30 2021-12-31 지머젠 인코포레이티드 박테리아 헤모글로빈 라이브러리를 생성하는 방법 및 이의 용도
JP2019519241A (ja) 2016-06-30 2019-07-11 ザイマージェン インコーポレイテッド グルコース透過酵素ライブラリーを生成するための方法およびその使用
US11566263B2 (en) 2016-08-02 2023-01-31 Editas Medicine, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating CEP290 associated disease
SG11201900907YA (en) 2016-08-03 2019-02-27 Harvard College Adenosine nucleobase editors and uses thereof
EP3497214B1 (en) 2016-08-09 2023-06-28 President and Fellows of Harvard College Programmable cas9-recombinase fusion proteins and uses thereof
US11810649B2 (en) 2016-08-17 2023-11-07 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for identifying novel gene editing elements
WO2018039438A1 (en) 2016-08-24 2018-03-01 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins using base editing
US20190225974A1 (en) 2016-09-23 2019-07-25 BASF Agricultural Solutions Seed US LLC Targeted genome optimization in plants
CA3034931A1 (en) 2016-09-23 2018-03-29 Board Of Trustees Of Southern Illinois University Tuning crispr/cas9 activity with chemically modified nucleotide substitutions
KR102606680B1 (ko) 2016-10-07 2023-11-27 인티그레이티드 디엔에이 테크놀로지스 아이엔씨. Ｓ. 피오게네스 ｃａｓ９ 돌연변이 유전자 및 이에 의해 암호화되는 폴리펩티드
US11242542B2 (en) 2016-10-07 2022-02-08 Integrated Dna Technologies, Inc. S. pyogenes Cas9 mutant genes and polypeptides encoded by same
CA3039928A1 (en) 2016-10-14 2018-04-19 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Aav delivery of nucleobase editors
GB201617559D0 (en) 2016-10-17 2016-11-30 University Court Of The University Of Edinburgh The Swine comprising modified cd163 and associated methods
CN110520530A (zh) 2016-10-18 2019-11-29 明尼苏达大学董事会 肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞和治疗方法
EP4256951A3 (en) 2016-11-04 2023-12-06 Flagship Pioneering Innovations V. Inc. Novel plant cells, plants, and seeds
AU2017364084A1 (en) 2016-11-22 2019-05-16 Integrated Dna Technologies, Inc. CRISPR/Cpf1 systems and methods
US9816093B1 (en) 2016-12-06 2017-11-14 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Engineered nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
WO2018111947A1 (en) 2016-12-12 2018-06-21 Integrated Dna Technologies, Inc. Genome editing enhancement
WO2018119359A1 (en) 2016-12-23 2018-06-28 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Editing of ccr5 receptor gene to protect against hiv infection
AU2018212986A1 (en) 2017-01-28 2019-08-08 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. Novel plant cells, plants, and seeds
EP3580337A4 (en) 2017-02-10 2020-12-02 Zymergen, Inc. MODULAR UNIVERSAL PLASMID DESIGN STRATEGY FOR COMPILING AND PROCESSING SEVERAL DNA CONSTRUCTS FOR SEVERAL HOST
US11898179B2 (en) 2017-03-09 2024-02-13 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Suppression of pain by gene editing
US11542496B2 (en) 2017-03-10 2023-01-03 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Cytosine to guanine base editor
WO2018170184A1 (en) 2017-03-14 2018-09-20 Editas Medicine, Inc. Systems and methods for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies
IL306092A (en) 2017-03-23 2023-11-01 Harvard College Nucleic base editors that include nucleic acid programmable DNA binding proteins
WO2018208067A1 (ko) * 2017-05-08 2018-11-15 주식회사 툴젠 인위적으로 조작된 조작면역세포
WO2018209158A2 (en) 2017-05-10 2018-11-15 Editas Medicine, Inc. Crispr/rna-guided nuclease systems and methods
US11560566B2 (en) 2017-05-12 2023-01-24 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Aptazyme-embedded guide RNAs for use with CRISPR-Cas9 in genome editing and transcriptional activation
US11788087B2 (en) 2017-05-25 2023-10-17 The Children's Medical Center Corporation BCL11A guide delivery
EP3409104A1 (en) 2017-05-31 2018-12-05 Vilmorin et Cie Tomato plant resistant to tomato yellow leaf curl virus, powdery mildew, and nematodes
EP3409106A1 (en) 2017-06-01 2018-12-05 Vilmorin et Cie Tolerance in plants of solanum lycopersicum to the tobamovirus tomato brown rugose fruit virus (tbrfv)
WO2020249996A1 (en) 2019-06-14 2020-12-17 Vilmorin & Cie Resistance in plants of solanum lycopersicum to the tobamovirus tomato brown rugose fruit virus
CA3102054A1 (en) 2017-06-05 2018-12-13 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Genomic safe harbors for genetic therapies in human stem cells and engineered nanoparticles to provide targeted genetic therapies
ES2875579T3 (es) 2017-06-06 2021-11-10 Zymergen Inc Plataforma de ingeniería genómica de HTP para mejorar Escherichia coli
JP7227162B2 (ja) 2017-06-06 2023-02-21 ザイマージェン インコーポレイテッド 真菌株を改良するためのｈｔｐゲノム操作プラットフォーム
JP2020524993A (ja) 2017-06-13 2020-08-27 フラッグシップ パイオニアリング イノベーションズ ブイ， インコーポレイテッド クロンを含む組成物及びその使用
US10011849B1 (en) 2017-06-23 2018-07-03 Inscripta, Inc. Nucleic acid-guided nucleases
US9982279B1 (en) 2017-06-23 2018-05-29 Inscripta, Inc. Nucleic acid-guided nucleases
WO2019006418A2 (en) 2017-06-30 2019-01-03 Intima Bioscience, Inc. ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY
EP3640333A4 (en) * 2017-07-14 2020-12-30 Cure Genetics Co., Ltd GENE EDITING SYSTEM AND GENE EDITING METHOD
US11732274B2 (en) 2017-07-28 2023-08-22 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Methods and compositions for evolving base editors using phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE)
US11319532B2 (en) 2017-08-30 2022-05-03 President And Fellows Of Harvard College High efficiency base editors comprising Gam
EP3684389A4 (en) 2017-09-21 2021-06-16 Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. INSULATION, PRESERVATION, COMPOSITIONS AND USES OF EXTRACTS FROM JUSTICIA PLANTS
SG11202002130WA (en) * 2017-09-28 2020-04-29 Toolgen Inc Artificial genome manipulation for gene expression regulation
WO2019079347A1 (en) 2017-10-16 2019-04-25 The Broad Institute, Inc. USES OF BASIC EDITORS ADENOSINE
BR112020007823A2 (pt) 2017-10-20 2020-10-27 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center sistemas e métodos para produzir células b geneticamente modificadas para expressar anticorpos selecionados
WO2019084664A1 (en) * 2017-11-02 2019-05-09 The Governors Of The University Of Alberta Chemically-modified guide rnas to improve crispr-cas protein specificity
EP3710583A1 (en) * 2017-11-16 2020-09-23 Astrazeneca AB Compositions and methods for improving the efficacy of cas9-based knock-in strategies
BR112020009663A2 (pt) 2017-11-17 2020-11-10 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. método para a expansão de linfócitos infiltrantes de tumor (tils) em uma população terapêutica de tils, método para o tratamento de um indivíduo com câncer, composição
JP2021503885A (ja) 2017-11-22 2021-02-15 アイオバンス バイオセラピューティクス，インコーポレイテッド 末梢血からの末梢血リンパ球（ｐｂｌ）の拡大培養
US11939575B2 (en) 2017-12-19 2024-03-26 City Of Hope Modified tracrRNAs gRNAs, and uses thereof
RU2652899C1 (ru) * 2017-12-28 2018-05-03 Федеральное бюджетное учреждение науки "Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии" Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека (ФБУН ЦНИИ Эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора) РНК-проводники для подавления репликации вируса гепатита B и для элиминации вируса гепатита B из клетки-хозяина
CN111566121A (zh) 2018-01-12 2020-08-21 巴斯夫欧洲公司 小麦7a染色体上决定每穗小穗数QTL的基因
US20190233816A1 (en) 2018-01-26 2019-08-01 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Structure-guided chemical modification of guide rna and its applications
US11926835B1 (en) 2018-01-29 2024-03-12 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. Methods for efficient tomato genome editing
US11566236B2 (en) 2018-02-05 2023-01-31 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Materials and methods for treatment of hemoglobinopathies
EP3749768A1 (en) 2018-02-05 2020-12-16 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Materials and methods for treatment of hemoglobinopathies
KR20200119239A (ko) 2018-02-08 2020-10-19 지머젠 인코포레이티드 코리네박테리움에서 crispr을 사용하는 게놈 편집
PL235163B1 (pl) * 2018-04-05 2020-06-01 Inst Hodowli I Aklimatyzacji Roslin Panstwowy Inst Badawczy Sekwencja nukleotydowa syntetycznego genu Cas9, kaseta kierująca sgRNA do edytowania genomu roślinnego i wydajny system do ukierunkowanej mutagenezy wybranego regionu genomu roślinnego
CN117534769A (zh) 2018-04-19 2024-02-09 加利福尼亚大学董事会 用于基因编辑的组合物和方法
KR20210005932A (ko) 2018-04-27 2021-01-15 진에딧 인코포레이티드 양이온성 폴리머 및 생분자 전달을 위한 이용
SG11202010319RA (en) 2018-04-27 2020-11-27 Iovance Biotherapeutics Inc Closed process for expansion and gene editing of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and uses of same in immunotherapy
EP3788144A4 (en) * 2018-05-01 2022-05-11 The Children's Medical Center Corporation DELIVERY AND EDITING OF EXTENDED BCL11A-RNP/CRISPR USING A 3XNLS-CAS9
JP2021523745A (ja) 2018-05-16 2021-09-09 シンテゴ コーポレイション ガイドｒｎａ設計および使用のための方法およびシステム
CN108707628B (zh) * 2018-05-28 2021-11-23 上海海洋大学 斑马鱼notch2基因突变体的制备方法
US11866719B1 (en) 2018-06-04 2024-01-09 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. Heterologous integration of regulatory elements to alter gene expression in wheat cells and wheat plants
EP3802790A4 (en) 2018-06-07 2022-03-23 The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. METHODS FOR GENERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
US20220403001A1 (en) 2018-06-12 2022-12-22 Obsidian Therapeutics, Inc. Pde5 derived regulatory constructs and methods of use in immunotherapy
WO2020002592A1 (en) 2018-06-29 2020-01-02 Stichting Het Nederlands Kanker Instituut - Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis Traf2 inhibitors for use in the treatment of a cancer
WO2020028729A1 (en) 2018-08-01 2020-02-06 Mammoth Biosciences, Inc. Programmable nuclease compositions and methods of use thereof
EP3607819A1 (en) 2018-08-10 2020-02-12 Vilmorin et Cie Resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) in cauliflower
CN112703250A (zh) 2018-08-15 2021-04-23 齐默尔根公司 CRISPRi在高通量代谢工程中的应用
US20230021641A1 (en) * 2018-08-23 2023-01-26 The Broad Institute, Inc. Cas9 variants having non-canonical pam specificities and uses thereof
KR20210049124A (ko) 2018-08-23 2021-05-04 상가모 테라퓨틱스, 인코포레이티드 조작된 표적 특이적 염기 편집기
US11459551B1 (en) 2018-08-31 2022-10-04 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. Compositions, systems, and methods for genome editing
US20220098613A1 (en) 2018-09-12 2022-03-31 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Reducing cd33 expression to selectively protect therapeutic cells
WO2020069029A1 (en) 2018-09-26 2020-04-02 Emendobio Inc. Novel crispr nucleases
EP3870600A1 (en) 2018-10-24 2021-09-01 Obsidian Therapeutics, Inc. Er tunable protein regulation
US20210371590A1 (en) 2018-10-24 2021-12-02 GenEdit, Inc. Cationic polymer with alkyl side chains and use for biomolecule delivery
CA3117805A1 (en) 2018-10-31 2020-05-07 Zymergen Inc. Multiplexed deterministic assembly of dna libraries
US20220010321A1 (en) * 2018-11-01 2022-01-13 Keygene N.V. Dual guide rna for crispr/cas genome editing in plants cells
TW202039829A (zh) 2018-11-05 2020-11-01 美商艾歐凡斯生物治療公司 改善之腫瘤反應性ｔ細胞的選擇
EP3877513A2 (en) 2018-11-05 2021-09-15 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Processes for production of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and uses of the same in immunotherapy
MX2021004775A (es) 2018-11-05 2021-06-08 Iovance Biotherapeutics Inc Expansion de linfocitos infiltrantes de tumores (tils) usando inhibidores de la via de proteina cinasa b (akt).
BR112021008549A2 (pt) 2018-11-05 2022-01-04 Iovance Biotherapeutics Inc Método de tratamento de carcinoma pulmonar de células não pequenas com uma população de linfócitos infiltrantes de tumor
CN111655042A (zh) 2018-11-08 2020-09-11 特里同阿盖亚创新公司 藻类中过量产生原卟啉ix的方法及由此产生的组合物
US11166996B2 (en) 2018-12-12 2021-11-09 Flagship Pioneering Innovations V, Inc. Anellovirus compositions and methods of use
US20220193131A1 (en) 2018-12-19 2022-06-23 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Methods of Expanding Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Engineered Cytokine Receptor Pairs and Uses Thereof
WO2020142754A2 (en) 2019-01-04 2020-07-09 Mammoth Biosciences, Inc. Programmable nuclease improvements and compositions and methods for nucleic acid amplification and detection
US20220119871A1 (en) 2019-01-28 2022-04-21 The Broad Institute, Inc. In-situ spatial transcriptomics
US20220098621A1 (en) 2019-02-05 2022-03-31 Emendobio Inc. Crispr compositions and methods for promoting gene editing of ribosomal protein s19 (rps19) gene
US20220133795A1 (en) 2019-03-01 2022-05-05 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Expansion of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes From Liquid Tumors and Therapeutic Uses Thereof
US11053515B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2021-07-06 Zymergen Inc. Pooled genome editing in microbes
US20230026259A1 (en) 2019-03-08 2023-01-26 Obsidian Therapeutics, Inc. Ca2 compositions and methods for tunable regulation
CA3129871A1 (en) 2019-03-08 2020-09-17 Zymergen Inc. Iterative genome editing in microbes
AU2020242032A1 (en) 2019-03-19 2021-10-07 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods and compositions for editing nucleotide sequences
JP7426120B2 (ja) 2019-04-05 2024-02-01 国立大学法人大阪大学 ノックイン細胞の作製方法
KR20220005019A (ko) 2019-04-23 2022-01-12 진에딧 인코포레이티드 알킬 곁사슬을 갖는 양이온성 폴리머
WO2020232029A1 (en) 2019-05-13 2020-11-19 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Methods and compositions for selecting tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and uses of the same in immunotherapy
CA3142035A1 (en) 2019-05-28 2020-12-03 Genedit Inc. Polymer comprising multiple functionalized sidechains for biomolecule delivery
WO2020254850A1 (en) 2019-06-21 2020-12-24 Vilmorin & Cie Improvement of quality and permanence of green color of peppers at maturity and over-maturity
BR112021026220A2 (pt) 2019-06-25 2022-02-15 Inari Agriculture Tech Inc Edição aprimorada do genoma por reparo dependente de homologia
BR112021026832A2 (pt) 2019-07-02 2022-05-10 Hutchinson Fred Cancer Res Vetores ad35 recombinantes e aprimoramentos da terapia gênica relacionada
WO2021019272A1 (en) 2019-07-31 2021-02-04 Vilmorin & Cie Tolerance to tolcndv in cucumber
WO2021028359A1 (en) 2019-08-09 2021-02-18 Sangamo Therapeutics France Controlled expression of chimeric antigen receptors in t cells
CA3150235A1 (en) 2019-09-05 2021-03-11 Alireza Rezania UNIVERSAL DONOR CELLS
JP2022547053A (ja) 2019-09-05 2022-11-10 クリスパー セラピューティクス アクチェンゲゼルシャフト ユニバーサルドナー細胞
WO2021046451A1 (en) 2019-09-06 2021-03-11 Obsidian Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods for dhfr tunable protein regulation
EP4041894A1 (en) 2019-09-23 2022-08-17 Omega Therapeutics, Inc. COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR MODULATING HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4-ALPHA (HNF4a) GENE EXPRESSION
CN114391040A (zh) 2019-09-23 2022-04-22 欧米茄治疗公司 用于调节载脂蛋白b(apob)基因表达的组合物和方法
CA3155727A1 (en) 2019-10-25 2021-04-29 Cecile Chartier-Courtaud Gene editing of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and uses of same in immunotherapy
GB201916020D0 (en) 2019-11-04 2019-12-18 Univ Of Essex Enterprise Limited Crispr-mediated identification of biotinylated proteins and chromatin regions
EP4057802A1 (en) 2019-11-14 2022-09-21 Vilmorin & Cie Resistance to acidovorax valerianellae in corn salad
JP2023506734A (ja) 2019-12-11 2023-02-20 アイオバンス バイオセラピューティクス，インコーポレイテッド 腫瘍浸潤リンパ球（ｔｉｌ）の産生のためのプロセス及びそれを使用する方法
CA3164591A1 (en) 2020-01-13 2021-07-22 William Dowdle Modification of blood type antigens
EP3872190A1 (en) 2020-02-26 2021-09-01 Antibodies-Online GmbH A method of using cut&run or cut&tag to validate crispr-cas targeting
WO2021170787A1 (en) 2020-02-28 2021-09-02 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Method for rapid genome modification in recalcitrant plants
EP4110929A1 (en) 2020-02-28 2023-01-04 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Immature inflorescence meristem editing
AU2021234302A1 (en) 2020-03-11 2022-11-10 Omega Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods for modulating forkhead box p3 (foxp3) gene expression
WO2021202938A1 (en) 2020-04-03 2021-10-07 Creyon Bio, Inc. Oligonucleotide-based machine learning
EP4138805A1 (en) 2020-04-23 2023-03-01 Genedit Inc. Polymer with cationic and hydrophobic side chains
EP4146794A1 (en) 2020-05-04 2023-03-15 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Processes for production of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and uses of the same in immunotherapy
KR20230019843A (ko) 2020-05-08 2023-02-09 더 브로드 인스티튜트, 인코퍼레이티드 표적 이중 가닥 뉴클레오티드 서열의 두 가닥의 동시 편집을 위한 방법 및 조성물
WO2021245435A1 (en) 2020-06-03 2021-12-09 Vilmorin & Cie Melon plants resistant to scab disease, aphids and powdery mildew
CA3186284A1 (en) 2020-06-05 2021-12-09 Vilmorin & Cie Resistance in plants of solanum lycopersicum to the tobrfv
EP4172340A1 (en) 2020-06-29 2023-05-03 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Boosting homology directed repair in plants
WO2022034474A1 (en) 2020-08-10 2022-02-17 Novartis Ag Treatments for retinal degenerative diseases
WO2022069693A1 (en) 2020-10-02 2022-04-07 Vilmorin & Cie Melon with extended shelf life
WO2022076606A1 (en) 2020-10-06 2022-04-14 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Treatment of nsclc patients with tumor infiltrating lymphocyte therapies
US20230372397A1 (en) 2020-10-06 2023-11-23 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Treatment of nsclc patients with tumor infiltrating lymphocyte therapies
EP4237568A1 (en) 2020-10-27 2023-09-06 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Use of enhanced pol theta activity for eukaryotic genome engineering
US20230416709A1 (en) 2020-11-06 2023-12-28 Editforce, Inc. Foki nuclease domain mutant
EP4243608A1 (en) 2020-11-11 2023-09-20 Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie (IPB) Fusion protein for editing endogenous dna of a eukaryotic cell
EP4001429A1 (en) 2020-11-16 2022-05-25 Antibodies-Online GmbH Analysis of crispr-cas binding and cleavage sites followed by high-throughput sequencing (abc-seq)
JP2023551722A (ja) 2020-12-03 2023-12-12 ビルモラン エ コンパニー ＴｏＢＲＦＶ、ＴＭＶ、ＴｏＭＶ、およびＴｏＭＭＶに対する耐性を有するトマト植物および対応する耐性遺伝子
US20240123067A1 (en) 2020-12-17 2024-04-18 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Treatment of cancers with tumor infiltrating lymphocyte therapies
WO2022133140A1 (en) 2020-12-17 2022-06-23 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Treatment with tumor infiltrating lymphocyte therapies in combination with ctla-4 and pd-1 inhibitors
WO2022140605A2 (en) * 2020-12-22 2022-06-30 Ensoma, Inc. Adenoviral serotype 35 helper vectors
KR20230124682A (ko) 2020-12-23 2023-08-25 플래그쉽 파이어니어링 이노베이션스 브이, 인크. Rna를 봉입하는 아넬로바이러스 캡시드의 시험관 내어셈블리
WO2022144856A1 (en) 2020-12-31 2022-07-07 Crispr Therapeutics Ag Universal donor cells
JP2024506557A (ja) 2021-01-29 2024-02-14 アイオバンス バイオセラピューティクス，インコーポレイテッド 修飾された腫瘍浸潤リンパ球を作製する方法及び養子細胞療法におけるそれらの使用
WO2022198141A1 (en) 2021-03-19 2022-09-22 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Methods for tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (til) expansion related to cd39/cd69 selection and gene knockout in tils
KR20240009393A (ko) 2021-03-31 2024-01-22 엔트라다 테라퓨틱스, 인크. 사이클릭 세포 침투 펩티드
WO2022208489A1 (en) 2021-04-02 2022-10-06 Vilmorin & Cie Semi-determinate or determinate growth habit trait in cucurbita
EP4326287A2 (en) 2021-04-19 2024-02-28 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Chimeric costimulatory receptors, chemokine receptors, and the use of same in cellular immunotherapies
WO2022235929A1 (en) 2021-05-05 2022-11-10 Radius Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Animal model having homologous recombination of mouse pth1 receptor
JP2024518068A (ja) 2021-05-10 2024-04-24 エントラーダ セラピューティクス，インコーポレイティド 細胞内治療のための組成物及び方法
WO2022240760A2 (en) 2021-05-10 2022-11-17 Entrada Therapeutics, Inc. COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR MODULATING mRNA SPLICING
WO2022240721A1 (en) 2021-05-10 2022-11-17 Entrada Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods for modulating interferon regulatory factor-5 (irf-5) activity
EP4340850A1 (en) 2021-05-17 2024-03-27 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Pd-1 gene-edited tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and uses of same in immunotherapy
WO2022243437A1 (en) 2021-05-19 2022-11-24 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Sample preparation with oppositely oriented guide polynucleotides
IL308806A (en) 2021-06-01 2024-01-01 Arbor Biotechnologies Inc Gene editing systems including nuclease crisper and their uses
EP4352131A1 (en) 2021-06-11 2024-04-17 Genedit Inc. Biodegradable polymer comprising side chains with polyamine and polyalkylene oxide groups
KR20240038967A (ko) 2021-06-23 2024-03-26 엔트라다 테라퓨틱스, 인크. Cug 반복을 표적화하기 위한 안티센스 화합물 및 방법
WO2023283359A2 (en) 2021-07-07 2023-01-12 Omega Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods for modulating secreted frizzled receptor protein 1 (sfrp1) gene expression
CA3226111A1 (en) 2021-07-22 2023-01-26 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Method for cryopreservation of solid tumor fragments
WO2023009716A1 (en) 2021-07-28 2023-02-02 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Treatment of cancer patients with tumor infiltrating lymphocyte therapies in combination with kras inhibitors
WO2023012325A1 (en) 2021-08-06 2023-02-09 Vilmorin & Cie Resistance to leveillula taurica in pepper
EP4166670A1 (en) 2021-10-18 2023-04-19 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Plant-tag-based weeding control
AR127482A1 (es) 2021-10-27 2024-01-31 Iovance Biotherapeutics Inc Sistemas y métodos para coordinar la fabricación de células para inmunoterapia específica de paciente
WO2023077148A1 (en) 2021-11-01 2023-05-04 Tome Biosciences, Inc. Single construct platform for simultaneous delivery of gene editing machinery and nucleic acid cargo
WO2023086803A1 (en) 2021-11-10 2023-05-19 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Methods of expansion treatment utilizing cd8 tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
GB202118058D0 (en) 2021-12-14 2022-01-26 Univ Warwick Methods to increase yields in crops
WO2023118349A1 (en) 2021-12-21 2023-06-29 Alia Therapeutics Srl Type ii cas proteins and applications thereof
WO2023122764A1 (en) 2021-12-22 2023-06-29 Tome Biosciences, Inc. Co-delivery of a gene editor construct and a donor template
WO2023122800A1 (en) 2021-12-23 2023-06-29 University Of Massachusetts Therapeutic treatment for fragile x-associated disorder
WO2023147488A1 (en) 2022-01-28 2023-08-03 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Cytokine associated tumor infiltrating lymphocytes compositions and methods
WO2023194359A1 (en) 2022-04-04 2023-10-12 Alia Therapeutics Srl Compositions and methods for treatment of usher syndrome type 2a
WO2023196877A1 (en) 2022-04-06 2023-10-12 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Treatment of nsclc patients with tumor infiltrating lymphocyte therapies
EP4256950A1 (en) 2022-04-06 2023-10-11 Vilmorin et Cie Tolerance to cgmmv in cucumber
WO2023201369A1 (en) 2022-04-15 2023-10-19 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Til expansion processes using specific cytokine combinations and/or akti treatment
WO2023205744A1 (en) 2022-04-20 2023-10-26 Tome Biosciences, Inc. Programmable gene insertion compositions
WO2023215831A1 (en) 2022-05-04 2023-11-09 Tome Biosciences, Inc. Guide rna compositions for programmable gene insertion
WO2023219933A1 (en) 2022-05-09 2023-11-16 Entrada Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods for delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics
WO2023220608A1 (en) 2022-05-10 2023-11-16 Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. Treatment of cancer patients with tumor infiltrating lymphocyte therapies in combination with an il-15r agonist
WO2023225670A2 (en) 2022-05-20 2023-11-23 Tome Biosciences, Inc. Ex vivo programmable gene insertion
WO2023230578A2 (en) 2022-05-25 2023-11-30 Flagship Pioneering Innovations Vii, Llc Compositions and methods for modulating circulating factors
WO2023230573A2 (en) 2022-05-25 2023-11-30 Flagship Pioneering Innovations Vii, Llc Compositions and methods for modulation of immune responses
WO2023230566A2 (en) 2022-05-25 2023-11-30 Flagship Pioneering Innovations Vii, Llc Compositions and methods for modulating cytokines
WO2023230570A2 (en) 2022-05-25 2023-11-30 Flagship Pioneering Innovations Vii, Llc Compositions and methods for modulating genetic drivers
WO2023230549A2 (en) 2022-05-25 2023-11-30 Flagship Pioneering Innovations Vii, Llc Compositions and methods for modulation of tumor suppressors and oncogenes
JP7152094B1 (ja) * 2022-06-30 2022-10-12 リージョナルフィッシュ株式会社 ｔｒａｃｒＲＮＡユニット、及びゲノム編集方法
GB2621813A (en) 2022-06-30 2024-02-28 Univ Newcastle Preventing disease recurrence in Mitochondrial replacement therapy
EP4299739A1 (en) 2022-06-30 2024-01-03 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. Compositions, systems, and methods for genome editing
EP4299733A1 (en) 2022-06-30 2024-01-03 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. Compositions, systems, and methods for genome editing
WO2024005864A1 (en) 2022-06-30 2024-01-04 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. Compositions, systems, and methods for genome editing
WO2024005863A1 (en) 2022-06-30 2024-01-04 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. Compositions, systems, and methods for genome editing
WO2024020587A2 (en) 2022-07-22 2024-01-25 Tome Biosciences, Inc. Pleiopluripotent stem cell programmable gene insertion
WO2024053964A1 (ko) * 2022-09-06 2024-03-14 주식회사 툴젠 캄필로박터 제주니 유래 cas9의 가이드 rna 구조변화를 통한 유전자교정 향상 시스템
WO2024056880A2 (en) 2022-09-16 2024-03-21 Alia Therapeutics Srl Enqp type ii cas proteins and applications thereof
CN115982034B (zh) * 2022-12-30 2023-11-28 云舟生物科技(广州)股份有限公司 载体构建系统虚拟终端的测试方法、存储介质及电子设备

Family Cites Families (50)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4217344A (en) 1976-06-23 1980-08-12 L'oreal Compositions containing aqueous dispersions of lipid spheres
US4235871A (en) 1978-02-24 1980-11-25 Papahadjopoulos Demetrios P Method of encapsulating biologically active materials in lipid vesicles
US4186183A (en) 1978-03-29 1980-01-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Liposome carriers in chemotherapy of leishmaniasis
US4261975A (en) 1979-09-19 1981-04-14 Merck & Co., Inc. Viral liposome particle
US4485054A (en) 1982-10-04 1984-11-27 Lipoderm Pharmaceuticals Limited Method of encapsulating biologically active materials in multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLV)
US4501728A (en) 1983-01-06 1985-02-26 Technology Unlimited, Inc. Masking of liposomes from RES recognition
US4897355A (en) 1985-01-07 1990-01-30 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. N[ω,(ω-1)-dialkyloxy]- and N-[ω,(ω-1)-dialkenyloxy]-alk-1-yl-N,N,N-tetrasubstituted ammonium lipids and uses therefor
US4946787A (en) 1985-01-07 1990-08-07 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. N-(ω,(ω-1)-dialkyloxy)- and N-(ω,(ω-1)-dialkenyloxy)-alk-1-yl-N,N,N-tetrasubstituted ammonium lipids and uses therefor
US5049386A (en) 1985-01-07 1991-09-17 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. N-ω,(ω-1)-dialkyloxy)- and N-(ω,(ω-1)-dialkenyloxy)Alk-1-YL-N,N,N-tetrasubstituted ammonium lipids and uses therefor
US4797368A (en) 1985-03-15 1989-01-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Adeno-associated virus as eukaryotic expression vector
US4774085A (en) 1985-07-09 1988-09-27 501 Board of Regents, Univ. of Texas Pharmaceutical administration systems containing a mixture of immunomodulators
DE3751873T2 (de) 1986-04-09 1997-02-13 Genzyme Corp Genetisch transformierte Tiere, die ein gewünschtes Protein in Milch absondern
US4837028A (en) 1986-12-24 1989-06-06 Liposome Technology, Inc. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time
US4873316A (en) 1987-06-23 1989-10-10 Biogen, Inc. Isolation of exogenous recombinant proteins from the milk of transgenic mammals
US5264618A (en) 1990-04-19 1993-11-23 Vical, Inc. Cationic lipids for intracellular delivery of biologically active molecules
WO1991017424A1 (en) 1990-05-03 1991-11-14 Vical, Inc. Intracellular delivery of biologically active substances by means of self-assembling lipid complexes
US5173414A (en) 1990-10-30 1992-12-22 Applied Immune Sciences, Inc. Production of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors
US7150982B2 (en) * 1991-09-09 2006-12-19 Third Wave Technologies, Inc. RNA detection assays
US5587308A (en) 1992-06-02 1996-12-24 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health & Human Services Modified adeno-associated virus vector capable of expression from a novel promoter
US6534261B1 (en) 1999-01-12 2003-03-18 Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. Regulation of endogenous gene expression in cells using zinc finger proteins
US7868149B2 (en) 1999-07-20 2011-01-11 Monsanto Technology Llc Plant genome sequence and uses thereof
US6603061B1 (en) 1999-07-29 2003-08-05 Monsanto Company Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation method
US7033744B2 (en) * 2001-03-16 2006-04-25 Naoya Kobayashi Method for proliferating a liver cell, a liver cell obtained thereby, and use thereof
US20090100536A1 (en) 2001-12-04 2009-04-16 Monsanto Company Transgenic plants with enhanced agronomic traits
US20070134796A1 (en) * 2005-07-26 2007-06-14 Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. Targeted integration and expression of exogenous nucleic acid sequences
EP1994182B1 (en) * 2006-03-15 2019-05-29 Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. Degenerate nucleobase analogs
JP5932207B2 (ja) * 2007-03-02 2016-06-08 デュポン ニュートリション バイオサイエンシス エーピーエス 改善されたファージ耐性をもつ培養物
US8546553B2 (en) 2008-07-25 2013-10-01 University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. Prokaryotic RNAi-like system and methods of use
US20100076057A1 (en) * 2008-09-23 2010-03-25 Northwestern University TARGET DNA INTERFERENCE WITH crRNA
US9404098B2 (en) 2008-11-06 2016-08-02 University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. Method for cleaving a target RNA using a Cas6 polypeptide
JP5681114B2 (ja) * 2008-12-04 2015-03-04 サンガモ バイオサイエンシーズ， インコーポレイテッド 亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼを使用したラットのゲノム編集
US8889394B2 (en) 2009-09-07 2014-11-18 Empire Technology Development Llc Multiple domain proteins
JP5944320B2 (ja) * 2009-11-27 2016-07-05 ビーエーエスエフ プラント サイエンス カンパニー ゲーエムベーハー 最適化エンドヌクレアーゼおよびその使用
US10087431B2 (en) 2010-03-10 2018-10-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods of generating nucleic acid fragments
EP2569425B1 (en) 2010-05-10 2016-07-06 The Regents of The University of California Endoribonuclease compositions and methods of use thereof
AU2011256838B2 (en) * 2010-05-17 2014-10-09 Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. Novel DNA-binding proteins and uses thereof
US9405700B2 (en) 2010-11-04 2016-08-02 Sonics, Inc. Methods and apparatus for virtualization in an integrated circuit
JP6158170B2 (ja) * 2011-04-27 2017-07-12 アミリス， インコーポレイテッド ゲノム修飾のための方法
US20140113376A1 (en) 2011-06-01 2014-04-24 Rotem Sorek Compositions and methods for downregulating prokaryotic genes
GB201122458D0 (en) 2011-12-30 2012-02-08 Univ Wageningen Modified cascade ribonucleoproteins and uses thereof
WO2013141680A1 (en) 2012-03-20 2013-09-26 Vilnius University RNA-DIRECTED DNA CLEAVAGE BY THE Cas9-crRNA COMPLEX
US9637739B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2017-05-02 Vilnius University RNA-directed DNA cleavage by the Cas9-crRNA complex
LT2800811T (lt) * 2012-05-25 2017-09-11 The Regents Of The University Of California Būdai ir kompozicijos, skirti tikslinės dnr modifikavimui, panaudojant adresuotą rnr, ir transkripcijos moduliavimui, panaudojant adresuotą rnr
KR101656237B1 (ko) * 2012-10-23 2016-09-12 주식회사 툴젠 표적 DNA에 특이적인 가이드 RNA 및 Cas 단백질을 암호화하는 핵산 또는 Cas 단백질을 포함하는, 표적 DNA를 절단하기 위한 조성물 및 이의 용도
PL3138910T3 (pl) * 2012-12-06 2018-01-31 Sigma Aldrich Co Llc Oparta na CRISPR modyfikacja i regulacja genomu
WO2014093479A1 (en) 2012-12-11 2014-06-19 Montana State University Crispr (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) rna-guided control of gene regulation
WO2014093694A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2014-06-19 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr-cas nickase systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation in eukaryotes
US8697359B1 (en) * 2012-12-12 2014-04-15 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR-Cas systems and methods for altering expression of gene products
PT2784162E (pt) * 2012-12-12 2015-08-27 Broad Inst Inc Engenharia de sistemas, métodos e composições guia otimizadas para a manipulação de sequências
MX2015007743A (es) 2012-12-17 2015-12-07 Harvard College Ingenieria del genoma humano guiada por ácido robonucleico.

Cited By (450)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11555187B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2023-01-17 Vilnius University RNA-directed DNA cleavage by the Cas9-crRNA complex
US10844378B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2020-11-24 Vilnius University RNA-directed DNA cleavage by the Cas9-crRNA complex
US20150050699A1 (en) * 2012-03-20 2015-02-19 Vilnius University RNA-DIRECTED DNA CLEAVAGE BY THE Cas9-crRNA COMPLEX
US10428352B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-10-01 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10570419B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-02-25 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10337029B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-07-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11674159B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2023-06-13 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11634730B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2023-04-25 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10577631B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-03-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10266850B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-04-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10351878B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-07-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10597680B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-03-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10612045B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-04-07 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11549127B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2023-01-10 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11479794B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2022-10-25 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10358658B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-07-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11473108B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2022-10-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10563227B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-02-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10358659B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-07-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11401532B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2022-08-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11970711B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2024-04-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10626419B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-04-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11332761B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2022-05-17 The Regenis of Wie University of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10227611B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-03-12 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11293034B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2022-04-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11274318B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2022-03-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10385360B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-08-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10400253B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-09-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions or RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11242543B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2022-02-08 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10640791B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-05-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11186849B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-11-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10407697B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-09-10 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10415061B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-09-17 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10113167B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2018-10-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10669560B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-06-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10550407B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-02-04 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11028412B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-06-08 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10533190B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-01-14 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10421980B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-09-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11008589B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-05-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11814645B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2023-11-14 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10752920B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-08-25 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11001863B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-05-11 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10988780B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-04-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10988782B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-04-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10982230B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-04-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10982231B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-04-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10900054B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-01-26 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10000772B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2018-06-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10443076B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-10-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10308961B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-06-04 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10793878B1 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-10-06 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10774344B1 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-09-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10676759B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-06-09 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10526619B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2020-01-07 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10487341B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-11-26 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10513712B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-12-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US11008590B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2021-05-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10301651B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-05-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10519467B2 (en) 2012-05-25 2019-12-31 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for RNA-directed target DNA modification and for RNA-directed modulation of transcription
US10752950B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2020-08-25 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11021749B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2021-06-01 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10752949B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2020-08-25 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11078522B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2021-08-03 10X Genomics, Inc. Capsule array devices and methods of use
US10450607B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2019-10-22 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11035002B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2021-06-15 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10669583B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2020-06-02 10X Genomics, Inc. Method and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11359239B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2022-06-14 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10626458B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2020-04-21 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10400280B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2019-09-03 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10597718B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2020-03-24 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for sample processing polynucleotides
US11441179B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2022-09-13 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10323279B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2019-06-18 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10584381B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2020-03-10 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11591637B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2023-02-28 10X Genomics, Inc. Compositions and methods for sample processing
US10273541B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2019-04-30 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10851380B2 (en) 2012-10-23 2020-12-01 Toolgen Incorporated Methods for cleaving a target DNA using a guide RNA specific for the target DNA and Cas protein-encoding nucleic acid or Cas protein
US10731181B2 (en) 2012-12-06 2020-08-04 Sigma, Aldrich Co. LLC CRISPR-based genome modification and regulation
US10745716B2 (en) 2012-12-06 2020-08-18 Sigma-Aldrich Co. Llc CRISPR-based genome modification and regulation
US11421274B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2022-08-23 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10227648B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2019-03-12 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11473138B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2022-10-18 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10612090B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2020-04-07 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10676789B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2020-06-09 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10533221B2 (en) 2012-12-14 2020-01-14 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11193121B2 (en) 2013-02-08 2021-12-07 10X Genomics, Inc. Partitioning and processing of analytes and other species
US11312953B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2022-04-26 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compositions and methods of nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
US9260752B1 (en) 2013-03-14 2016-02-16 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compositions and methods of nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
US9803194B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2017-10-31 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compositions and methods of nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
US9410198B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2016-08-09 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compostions and methods of nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
US9809814B1 (en) 2013-03-14 2017-11-07 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compositions and methods of nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
US9909122B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2018-03-06 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compositions and methods of nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
US9725714B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2017-08-08 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compositions and methods of nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
US10125361B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2018-11-13 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Compositions and methods of nucleic acid-targeting nucleic acids
US11098326B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2021-08-24 The General Hospital Corporation Using RNA-guided FokI nucleases (RFNs) to increase specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US10202619B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-02-12 System Biosciences, Llc Compositions and methods directed to CRISPR/Cas genomic engineering systems
US9567603B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-02-14 The General Hospital Corporation Using RNA-guided FokI nucleases (RFNs) to increase specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US10415059B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-09-17 The General Hospital Corporation Using truncated guide RNAs (tru-gRNAs) to increase specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US10844403B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-11-24 The General Hospital Corporation Increasing specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US10119133B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2018-11-06 The General Hospital Corporation Using truncated guide RNAs (tru-gRNAs) to increase specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US10760064B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-09-01 The General Hospital Corporation RNA-guided targeting of genetic and epigenomic regulatory proteins to specific genomic loci
US10138476B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2018-11-27 The General Hospital Corporation Using RNA-guided FokI nucleases (RFNs) to increase specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US11920152B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2024-03-05 The General Hospital Corporation Increasing specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US11168338B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2021-11-09 The General Hospital Corporation RNA-guided targeting of genetic and epigenomic regulatory proteins to specific genomic loci
US9738908B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-08-22 System Biosciences, Llc CRISPR/Cas systems for genomic modification and gene modulation
US9234213B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2016-01-12 System Biosciences, Llc Compositions and methods directed to CRISPR/Cas genomic engineering systems
US9885033B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2018-02-06 The General Hospital Corporation Increasing specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US9567604B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-02-14 The General Hospital Corporation Using truncated guide RNAs (tru-gRNAs) to increase specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US10378027B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-08-13 The General Hospital Corporation RNA-guided targeting of genetic and epigenomic regulatory proteins to specific genomic loci
US11634731B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2023-04-25 The General Hospital Corporation Using truncated guide RNAs (tru-gRNAs) to increase specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US10526589B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-01-07 The General Hospital Corporation Multiplex guide RNAs
US10544433B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2020-01-28 The General Hospital Corporation Using RNA-guided FokI nucleases (RFNs) to increase specificity for RNA-guided genome editing
US9822370B2 (en) 2013-04-04 2017-11-21 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Method of making a deletion in a target sequence in isolated primary cells using Cas9 and two guide RNAs
US10011850B2 (en) 2013-06-21 2018-07-03 The General Hospital Corporation Using RNA-guided FokI Nucleases (RFNs) to increase specificity for RNA-Guided Genome Editing
US10208319B2 (en) 2013-07-09 2019-02-19 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Therapeutic uses of genome editing with CRISPR/Cas systems
WO2016057835A3 (en) * 2013-07-09 2016-08-25 President And Fellows Of Harvard College THERAPEUTIC USES OF GENOME EDITING WITH CRISPR/Cas SYSTEMS
US10519457B2 (en) 2013-08-22 2019-12-31 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Soybean U6 polymerase III promoter and methods of use
US11773400B2 (en) 2013-08-22 2023-10-03 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Methods for producing genetic modifications in a plant genome without incorporating a selectable transgene marker, and compositions thereof
US11149267B2 (en) 2013-10-28 2021-10-19 The Broad Institute, Inc. Functional genomics using CRISPR-Cas systems, compositions, methods, screens and applications thereof
WO2015065964A1 (en) 2013-10-28 2015-05-07 The Broad Institute Inc. Functional genomics using crispr-cas systems, compositions, methods, screens and applications thereof
US11390887B2 (en) 2013-11-07 2022-07-19 Editas Medicine, Inc. CRISPR-related methods and compositions with governing gRNAS
US10640788B2 (en) 2013-11-07 2020-05-05 Editas Medicine, Inc. CRISPR-related methods and compositions with governing gRNAs
US10190137B2 (en) 2013-11-07 2019-01-29 Editas Medicine, Inc. CRISPR-related methods and compositions with governing gRNAS
WO2015089351A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods of use of crispr-cas systems in nucleotide repeat disorders
WO2015089486A2 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation with optimized functional crispr-cas systems
EP3653703A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2020-05-20 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods of use of crispr-cas systems in nucleotide repeat disorders
EP3653704A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2020-05-20 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods of use of crispr-cas systems in nucleotide repeat disorders
EP3653229A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2020-05-20 The Broad Institute, Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for genome editing
EP3470089A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2019-04-17 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for targeting disorders and diseases using particle delivery components
EP4183876A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2023-05-24 The Broad Institute, Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for hbv and viral diseases and disorders
WO2015089364A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Crystal structure of a crispr-cas system, and uses thereof
EP3540051A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2019-09-18 The Broad Institute, Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for hbv and viral diseases and disorders
WO2015089465A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for hbv and viral diseases and disorders
EP4219699A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2023-08-02 The Broad Institute, Inc. Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions with new architectures for sequence manipulation
WO2015089354A1 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods of use of crispr-cas systems in nucleotide repeat disorders
WO2015089419A2 (en) 2013-12-12 2015-06-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for targeting disorders and diseases using particle delivery components
US10286084B2 (en) 2014-02-18 2019-05-14 Duke University Compositions for the inactivation of virus replication and methods of making and using the same
US11186843B2 (en) 2014-02-27 2021-11-30 Monsanto Technology Llc Compositions and methods for site directed genomic modification
EP3514246A1 (en) 2014-02-27 2019-07-24 The Broad Institute Inc. T cell balance gene expression and methods of use thereof
US11952578B2 (en) 2014-02-27 2024-04-09 Monsanto Technology Llc Compositions and methods for site directed genomic modification
US11209440B2 (en) 2014-02-27 2021-12-28 The Broad Institute, Inc. T cell balance gene expression, compositions of matters and methods of use thereof
US11566254B2 (en) 2014-02-27 2023-01-31 Monsanto Technology Llc Compositions and methods for site directed genomic modification
US10343166B2 (en) 2014-04-10 2019-07-09 10X Genomics, Inc. Fluidic devices, systems, and methods for encapsulating and partitioning reagents, and applications of same
US10501794B2 (en) 2014-06-23 2019-12-10 The General Hospital Corporation Genomewide unbiased identification of DSBs evaluated by sequencing (GUIDE-seq)
US10457986B2 (en) 2014-06-26 2019-10-29 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11629344B2 (en) 2014-06-26 2023-04-18 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10337061B2 (en) 2014-06-26 2019-07-02 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10344329B2 (en) 2014-06-26 2019-07-09 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11713457B2 (en) 2014-06-26 2023-08-01 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10760124B2 (en) 2014-06-26 2020-09-01 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
EP3686279A1 (en) 2014-08-17 2020-07-29 The Broad Institute, Inc. Genome editing using cas9 nickases
EP3633047A1 (en) 2014-08-19 2020-04-08 Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. Compositions and methods for enrichment of nucleic acids
US9970030B2 (en) 2014-08-27 2018-05-15 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Methods for increasing CAS9-mediated engineering efficiency
US11560568B2 (en) 2014-09-12 2023-01-24 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Generation of site-specific-integration sites for complex trait loci in corn and soybean, and methods of use
US11459557B2 (en) 2014-09-24 2022-10-04 The Broad Institute, Inc. Use and production of CHD8+/− transgenic animals with behavioral phenotypes characteristic of autism spectrum disorder
US11197467B2 (en) 2014-09-24 2021-12-14 The Broad Institute, Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the CRISPR-cas systems and compositions for modeling mutations in leukocytes
WO2016049251A1 (en) 2014-09-24 2016-03-31 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the crispr-cas systems and compositions for modeling mutations in leukocytes
WO2016049163A2 (en) 2014-09-24 2016-03-31 The Broad Institute Inc. Use and production of chd8+/- transgenic animals with behavioral phenotypes characteristic of autism spectrum disorder
US11001829B2 (en) 2014-09-25 2021-05-11 The Broad Institute, Inc. Functional screening with optimized functional CRISPR-Cas systems
WO2016069591A2 (en) 2014-10-27 2016-05-06 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions, methods and use of synthetic lethal screening
US11135584B2 (en) 2014-11-05 2021-10-05 10X Genomics, Inc. Instrument systems for integrated sample processing
US11680268B2 (en) 2014-11-07 2023-06-20 Editas Medicine, Inc. Methods for improving CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome-editing
WO2016077123A1 (en) * 2014-11-10 2016-05-19 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Multiparametric nucleic acid optimization
WO2016086197A1 (en) 2014-11-25 2016-06-02 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Method of identifying and treating a person having a predisposition to or afflicted with a cardiometabolic disease
EP3626832A2 (en) 2014-11-25 2020-03-25 The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. Method of identifying and treating a person having a predisposition to or afflicted with a cardiometabolic disease
WO2016086227A2 (en) 2014-11-26 2016-06-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Therapeutic compositions comprising transcription factors and methods of making and using the same
WO2016089866A1 (en) * 2014-12-01 2016-06-09 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Rna-guided systems for in vivo gene editing
US11666665B2 (en) 2014-12-01 2023-06-06 President And Fellows Of Harvard College RNA-guided systems for in vivo gene editing
JP2022078083A (ja) * 2014-12-03 2022-05-24 アジレント・テクノロジーズ・インク 化学修飾を有するガイドｒｎａ
US10900034B2 (en) * 2014-12-03 2021-01-26 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Guide RNA with chemical modifications
JP2017537626A (ja) * 2014-12-03 2017-12-21 アジレント・テクノロジーズ・インクＡｇｉｌｅｎｔ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ， Ｉｎｃ． 化学修飾を有するガイドｒｎａ
JP7068821B2 (ja) 2014-12-03 2022-05-17 アジレント・テクノロジーズ・インク 化学修飾を有するガイドｒｎａ
US20160289675A1 (en) * 2014-12-03 2016-10-06 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Guide RNA with chemical modifications
US10337001B2 (en) * 2014-12-03 2019-07-02 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Guide RNA with chemical modifications
WO2016094874A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 The Broad Institute Inc. Escorted and functionalized guides for crispr-cas systems
US10954514B2 (en) 2014-12-12 2021-03-23 The Broad Institute, Inc. Escorted and functionalized guides for CRISPR-Cas systems
EP3889260A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2021-10-06 The Broad Institute, Inc. Protected guide rnas (pgrnas)
WO2016094880A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 The Broad Institute Inc. Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of crispr systems and compositions for genome editing as to hematopoietic stem cells (hscs)
EP3985115A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2022-04-20 The Broad Institute, Inc. Protected guide rnas (pgrnas)
WO2016094872A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 The Broad Institute Inc. Dead guides for crispr transcription factors
WO2016094867A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 The Broad Institute Inc. Protected guide rnas (pgrnas)
WO2016100974A1 (en) 2014-12-19 2016-06-23 The Broad Institute Inc. Unbiased identification of double-strand breaks and genomic rearrangement by genome-wide insert capture sequencing
WO2016106236A1 (en) 2014-12-23 2016-06-30 The Broad Institute Inc. Rna-targeting system
WO2016106244A1 (en) 2014-12-24 2016-06-30 The Broad Institute Inc. Crispr having or associated with destabilization domains
EP3702456A1 (en) 2014-12-24 2020-09-02 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr having or associated with destabilization domains
WO2016108926A1 (en) 2014-12-30 2016-07-07 The Broad Institute Inc. Crispr mediated in vivo modeling and genetic screening of tumor growth and metastasis
US11414688B2 (en) 2015-01-12 2022-08-16 10X Genomics, Inc. Processes and systems for preparation of nucleic acid sequencing libraries and libraries prepared using same
US10557158B2 (en) 2015-01-12 2020-02-11 10X Genomics, Inc. Processes and systems for preparation of nucleic acid sequencing libraries and libraries prepared using same
WO2016114972A1 (en) 2015-01-12 2016-07-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Heterodimeric cas9 and methods of use thereof
US9868962B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2018-01-16 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. CRISPR hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides and methods of use
US9650617B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2017-05-16 Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Inc. CRISPR hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides and methods of use
US11236364B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2022-02-01 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. CRISPR hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides and methods of use
US9688972B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2017-06-27 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. CRISPR hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides and methods of use
US10988781B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2021-04-27 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Method of target cleaving using CRISPR hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides
US10519468B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2019-12-31 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Cells containing CRISPR hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides
US9771601B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2017-09-26 Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Inc. CRISPR hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides and methods of use
US9580701B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2017-02-28 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. CRISPR hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides and methods of use
US11459588B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2022-10-04 Caribou Biosciences, Inc. Methods of use of CRISPR CPF1 hybrid DNA/RNA polynucleotides
US11180792B2 (en) 2015-01-28 2021-11-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for labeling a single-stranded target nucleic acid
US10697000B2 (en) 2015-02-24 2020-06-30 10X Genomics, Inc. Partition processing methods and systems
US11603554B2 (en) 2015-02-24 2023-03-14 10X Genomics, Inc. Partition processing methods and systems
WO2016138488A2 (en) 2015-02-26 2016-09-01 The Broad Institute Inc. T cell balance gene expression, compositions of matters and methods of use thereof
US11427869B2 (en) 2015-02-26 2022-08-30 The Broad Institute, Inc. T cell balance gene expression, compositions of matters and methods of use thereof
WO2016138574A1 (en) 2015-03-02 2016-09-09 Sinai Health System Homologous recombination factors
US11220678B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2022-01-11 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
US10808233B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2020-10-20 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
WO2016141224A1 (en) 2015-03-03 2016-09-09 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered crispr-cas9 nucleases with altered pam specificity
US10202589B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2019-02-12 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
US10767168B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2020-09-08 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
EP3858990A1 (en) 2015-03-03 2021-08-04 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered crispr-cas9 nucleases with altered pam specificity
US10479982B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2019-11-19 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
US9944912B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2018-04-17 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
US11859220B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2024-01-02 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
US9752132B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2017-09-05 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-CAS9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
US9926545B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2018-03-27 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-CAS9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
US10450576B2 (en) 2015-03-27 2019-10-22 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Soybean U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoters and their use in constitutive expression of small RNA genes in plants
US11535846B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2022-12-27 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Chemically modified guide RNAS for CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene regulation
US11306309B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2022-04-19 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Chemically modified guide RNAs for CRISPR/CAS-mediated gene regulation
CN114231527A (zh) * 2015-04-06 2022-03-25 里兰斯坦福初级大学理事会 用于crispr/cas介导的基因调控的化学修饰的引导rna
US11851652B2 (en) 2015-04-06 2023-12-26 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior Compositions comprising chemically modified guide RNAs for CRISPR/Cas-mediated editing of HBB
WO2016182893A1 (en) 2015-05-08 2016-11-17 Teh Broad Institute Inc. Functional genomics using crispr-cas systems for saturating mutagenesis of non-coding elements, compositions, methods, libraries and applications thereof
US11685917B2 (en) 2015-05-08 2023-06-27 The Broad Institute, Inc. Functional genomics using CRISPR-Cas systems for saturating mutagenesis of non-coding elements, compositions, methods, libraries and applications thereof
US11390884B2 (en) 2015-05-11 2022-07-19 Editas Medicine, Inc. Optimized CRISPR/cas9 systems and methods for gene editing in stem cells
US11549126B2 (en) 2015-06-03 2023-01-10 Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska Treatment methods using DNA editing with single-stranded DNA
US11555208B2 (en) 2015-06-03 2023-01-17 Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska DNA editing using relatively long single-stranded DNA and CRISPR/Cas9 to increase success rate in methods for preparing transgenic embryos and animals
WO2016196655A1 (en) 2015-06-03 2016-12-08 The Regents Of The University Of California Cas9 variants and methods of use thereof
US11911415B2 (en) 2015-06-09 2024-02-27 Editas Medicine, Inc. CRISPR/Cas-related methods and compositions for improving transplantation
US11643669B2 (en) 2015-06-17 2023-05-09 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology CRISPR mediated recording of cellular events
WO2016205728A1 (en) 2015-06-17 2016-12-22 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Crispr mediated recording of cellular events
US11060115B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2021-07-13 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR enzymes and systems
EP3666895A1 (en) 2015-06-18 2020-06-17 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel crispr enzymes and systems
WO2016205764A1 (en) 2015-06-18 2016-12-22 The Broad Institute Inc. Novel crispr enzymes and systems
US11421250B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2022-08-23 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR enzymes and systems
WO2016205745A2 (en) 2015-06-18 2016-12-22 The Broad Institute Inc. Cell sorting
EP4159856A1 (en) 2015-06-18 2023-04-05 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel crispr enzymes and systems
US11773412B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2023-10-03 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr enzymes and systems
US11180751B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2021-11-23 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR enzymes and systems
US11236327B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2022-02-01 The Broad Institute, Inc. Cell sorting
US11279928B2 (en) * 2015-06-29 2022-03-22 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Compositions comprising nucleic acids and methods of using the same
US11414657B2 (en) 2015-06-29 2022-08-16 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modified CRISPR RNA and modified single CRISPR RNA and uses thereof
US20180187186A1 (en) * 2015-06-29 2018-07-05 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Compositions comprising nucleic acids and methods of using the same
US11214800B2 (en) 2015-08-18 2022-01-04 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for altering function and structure of chromatin loops and/or domains
WO2017040348A1 (en) 2015-08-28 2017-03-09 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered crispr-cas9 nucleases
US9926546B2 (en) 2015-08-28 2018-03-27 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases
US9512446B1 (en) 2015-08-28 2016-12-06 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases
US10093910B2 (en) 2015-08-28 2018-10-09 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases
US11060078B2 (en) 2015-08-28 2021-07-13 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases
EP4036236A1 (en) 2015-08-28 2022-08-03 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered crispr-cas9 nucleases
US10526591B2 (en) 2015-08-28 2020-01-07 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases
US10633642B2 (en) 2015-08-28 2020-04-28 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases
US10526590B2 (en) * 2015-08-31 2020-01-07 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Compounds and methods for CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing by homologous recombination
US11028429B2 (en) 2015-09-11 2021-06-08 The General Hospital Corporation Full interrogation of nuclease DSBs and sequencing (FIND-seq)
US11667911B2 (en) 2015-09-24 2023-06-06 Editas Medicine, Inc. Use of exonucleases to improve CRISPR/CAS-mediated genome editing
US10738303B2 (en) 2015-09-30 2020-08-11 The General Hospital Corporation Comprehensive in vitro reporting of cleavage events by sequencing (CIRCLE-seq)
WO2017069958A2 (en) 2015-10-09 2017-04-27 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Modulation of novel immune checkpoint targets
WO2017070605A1 (en) 2015-10-22 2017-04-27 The Broad Institute Inc. Type vi-b crispr enzymes and systems
WO2017074788A1 (en) 2015-10-27 2017-05-04 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for targeting cancer-specific sequence variations
US11180730B2 (en) 2015-10-28 2021-11-23 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses by detecting and targeting GATA3
US11186825B2 (en) 2015-10-28 2021-11-30 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses by detecting and targeting POU2AF1
WO2017075451A1 (en) 2015-10-28 2017-05-04 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses by detecting and targeting pou2af1
WO2017075465A1 (en) 2015-10-28 2017-05-04 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses by detecting and targeting gata3
WO2017075478A2 (en) 2015-10-28 2017-05-04 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses by use of immune cell gene signatures
US11092607B2 (en) 2015-10-28 2021-08-17 The Board Institute, Inc. Multiplex analysis of single cell constituents
WO2017075294A1 (en) 2015-10-28 2017-05-04 The Board Institute Inc. Assays for massively combinatorial perturbation profiling and cellular circuit reconstruction
EP4036228A1 (en) 2015-11-13 2022-08-03 Avellino Lab USA, Inc. Methods for the treatment of corneal dystrophies
WO2017083852A1 (en) 2015-11-13 2017-05-18 MOORE, Tara Methods for the treatment of corneal dystrophies
US11371094B2 (en) 2015-11-19 2022-06-28 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for nucleic acid processing using degenerate nucleotides
US20170145476A1 (en) * 2015-11-19 2017-05-25 10X Genomics, Inc. Transformable tagging compositions, methods, and processes incorporating same
US11001622B2 (en) 2015-11-19 2021-05-11 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Method of treating autoimmune disease with lymphocyte antigen CD5-like (CD5L) protein
WO2017087708A1 (en) 2015-11-19 2017-05-26 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Lymphocyte antigen cd5-like (cd5l)-interleukin 12b (p40) heterodimers in immunity
US11884717B2 (en) 2015-11-19 2024-01-30 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Method of treating autoimmune disease with lymphocyte antigen CD5-like (CD5L) protein
US11873528B2 (en) 2015-12-04 2024-01-16 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid analysis
US11624085B2 (en) 2015-12-04 2023-04-11 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid analysis
US10774370B2 (en) 2015-12-04 2020-09-15 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid analysis
US11473125B2 (en) 2015-12-04 2022-10-18 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid analysis
WO2017114497A1 (en) 2015-12-30 2017-07-06 Novartis Ag Immune effector cell therapies with enhanced efficacy
EP4219689A2 (en) 2015-12-30 2023-08-02 Novartis AG Immune effector cell therapies with enhanced efficacy
WO2017143071A1 (en) 2016-02-18 2017-08-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for gene editing in stem cells
WO2017147196A1 (en) 2016-02-22 2017-08-31 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods for identifying and modulating immune phenotypes
WO2017161043A1 (en) 2016-03-16 2017-09-21 The J. David Gladstone Institutes Methods and compositions for treating obesity and/or diabetes and for identifying candidate treatment agents
US11427861B2 (en) 2016-03-17 2022-08-30 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods for identifying and modulating co-occurant cellular phenotypes
WO2017161325A1 (en) 2016-03-17 2017-09-21 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods for identifying and modulating co-occurant cellular phenotypes
US11597924B2 (en) 2016-03-25 2023-03-07 Editas Medicine, Inc. Genome editing systems comprising repair-modulating enzyme molecules and methods of their use
US11236313B2 (en) 2016-04-13 2022-02-01 Editas Medicine, Inc. Cas9 fusion molecules, gene editing systems, and methods of use thereof
US11084036B2 (en) 2016-05-13 2021-08-10 10X Genomics, Inc. Microfluidic systems and methods of use
US11788083B2 (en) 2016-06-17 2023-10-17 The Broad Institute, Inc. Type VI CRISPR orthologs and systems
WO2017219027A1 (en) 2016-06-17 2017-12-21 The Broad Institute Inc. Type vi crispr orthologs and systems
WO2018005445A1 (en) 2016-06-27 2018-01-04 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for detecting and treating diabetes
EP4219462A1 (en) 2016-07-13 2023-08-02 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Methods, compositions and kits for increasing genome editing efficiency
WO2018013840A1 (en) 2016-07-13 2018-01-18 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Methods, compositions and kits for increasing genome editing efficiency
US11078481B1 (en) 2016-08-03 2021-08-03 KSQ Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for screening for cancer targets
US11912987B2 (en) 2016-08-03 2024-02-27 KSQ Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for screening for cancer targets
US11630103B2 (en) 2016-08-17 2023-04-18 The Broad Institute, Inc. Product and methods useful for modulating and evaluating immune responses
WO2018035364A1 (en) 2016-08-17 2018-02-22 The Broad Institute Inc. Product and methods useful for modulating and evaluating immune responses
WO2018035250A1 (en) 2016-08-17 2018-02-22 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for identifying class 2 crispr-cas systems
US11352647B2 (en) 2016-08-17 2022-06-07 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr enzymes and systems
WO2018039145A1 (en) 2016-08-20 2018-03-01 Avellino Lab Usa, Inc. Single guide rna, crispr/cas9 systems, and methods of use thereof
US11946163B2 (en) 2016-09-02 2024-04-02 KSQ Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for measuring and improving CRISPR reagent function
US11078483B1 (en) 2016-09-02 2021-08-03 KSQ Therapeutics, Inc. Methods for measuring and improving CRISPR reagent function
WO2018049025A2 (en) 2016-09-07 2018-03-15 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions and methods for evaluating and modulating immune responses
WO2018064371A1 (en) 2016-09-30 2018-04-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Rna-guided nucleic acid modifying enzymes and methods of use thereof
US10669539B2 (en) 2016-10-06 2020-06-02 Pioneer Biolabs, Llc Methods and compositions for generating CRISPR guide RNA libraries
WO2018067991A1 (en) 2016-10-07 2018-04-12 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Modulation of novel immune checkpoint targets
WO2018083606A1 (en) 2016-11-01 2018-05-11 Novartis Ag Methods and compositions for enhancing gene editing
US10975388B2 (en) 2016-12-14 2021-04-13 Ligandal, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid and protein payload delivery
WO2018112278A1 (en) 2016-12-14 2018-06-21 Ligandal, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid and protein payload delivery
US10793905B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2020-10-06 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11248267B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2022-02-15 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10858702B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2020-12-08 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10550429B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2020-02-04 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10954562B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2021-03-23 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11732302B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2023-08-22 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US10815525B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2020-10-27 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11180805B2 (en) 2016-12-22 2021-11-23 10X Genomics, Inc Methods and systems for processing polynucleotides
US11193122B2 (en) 2017-01-30 2021-12-07 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for droplet-based single cell barcoding
US10428326B2 (en) 2017-01-30 2019-10-01 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for droplet-based single cell barcoding
US10995333B2 (en) 2017-02-06 2021-05-04 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for nucleic acid preparation
US11466271B2 (en) 2017-02-06 2022-10-11 Novartis Ag Compositions and methods for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies
EP4361261A2 (en) 2017-03-15 2024-05-01 The Broad Institute Inc. Novel cas13b orthologues crispr enzymes and systems
US11739308B2 (en) 2017-03-15 2023-08-29 The Broad Institute, Inc. Cas13b orthologues CRISPR enzymes and systems
WO2018170333A1 (en) 2017-03-15 2018-09-20 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel cas13b orthologues crispr enzymes and systems
WO2018170515A1 (en) 2017-03-17 2018-09-20 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for identifying and modulating co-occurant cellular phenotypes
US11963966B2 (en) 2017-03-31 2024-04-23 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating ovarian tumors
US11913075B2 (en) 2017-04-01 2024-02-27 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for detecting and modulating an immunotherapy resistance gene signature in cancer
WO2018191388A1 (en) 2017-04-12 2018-10-18 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel type vi crispr orthologs and systems
WO2018191520A1 (en) 2017-04-12 2018-10-18 The Broad Institute, Inc. Respiratory and sweat gland ionocytes
WO2018191553A1 (en) 2017-04-12 2018-10-18 Massachusetts Eye And Ear Infirmary Tumor signature for metastasis, compositions of matter methods of use thereof
WO2018191750A2 (en) 2017-04-14 2018-10-18 The Broad Institute Inc. Novel delivery of large payloads
WO2018195019A1 (en) 2017-04-18 2018-10-25 The Broad Institute Inc. Compositions for detecting secretion and methods of use
WO2018195486A1 (en) 2017-04-21 2018-10-25 The Broad Institute, Inc. Targeted delivery to beta cells
WO2018195545A2 (en) 2017-04-21 2018-10-25 The General Hospital Corporation Variants of cpf1 (cas12a) with altered pam specificity
US11499151B2 (en) 2017-04-28 2022-11-15 Editas Medicine, Inc. Methods and systems for analyzing guide RNA molecules
US11591601B2 (en) 2017-05-05 2023-02-28 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for identification and modification of lncRNA associated with target genotypes and phenotypes
US11866697B2 (en) 2017-05-18 2024-01-09 The Broad Institute, Inc. Systems, methods, and compositions for targeted nucleic acid editing
WO2018218166A1 (en) 2017-05-25 2018-11-29 The General Hospital Corporation Using split deaminases to limit unwanted off-target base editor deamination
WO2018218206A1 (en) 2017-05-25 2018-11-29 The General Hospital Corporation Bipartite base editor (bbe) architectures and type-ii-c-cas9 zinc finger editing
US11155810B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2021-10-26 10X Genomics, Inc. Single cell analysis of transposase accessible chromatin
US10400235B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2019-09-03 10X Genomics, Inc. Single cell analysis of transposase accessible chromatin
US11773389B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2023-10-03 10X Genomics, Inc. Single cell analysis of transposase accessible chromatin
US10927370B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2021-02-23 10X Genomics, Inc. Single cell analysis of transposase accessible chromatin
US11198866B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2021-12-14 10X Genomics, Inc. Single cell analysis of transposase accessible chromatin
US10844372B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2020-11-24 10X Genomics, Inc. Single cell analysis of transposase accessible chromatin
US10428319B2 (en) 2017-06-09 2019-10-01 Editas Medicine, Inc. Engineered Cas9 nucleases
US11098297B2 (en) 2017-06-09 2021-08-24 Editas Medicine, Inc. Engineered Cas9 nucleases
US11897953B2 (en) 2017-06-14 2024-02-13 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods targeting complement component 3 for inhibiting tumor growth
WO2019005884A1 (en) 2017-06-26 2019-01-03 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR / CAS-ADENINE DEAMINASE COMPOSITIONS, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TARGETED NUCLEIC ACID EDITION
WO2019003193A1 (en) 2017-06-30 2019-01-03 Novartis Ag METHODS FOR TREATING DISEASES USING GENE EDITING SYSTEMS
US11866726B2 (en) 2017-07-14 2024-01-09 Editas Medicine, Inc. Systems and methods for targeted integration and genome editing and detection thereof using integrated priming sites
US11624058B2 (en) 2017-08-23 2023-04-11 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
US11286468B2 (en) 2017-08-23 2022-03-29 The General Hospital Corporation Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificity
WO2019060746A1 (en) 2017-09-21 2019-03-28 The Broad Institute, Inc. SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TARGETED EDITING OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
US11572574B2 (en) 2017-09-28 2023-02-07 Toolgen Incorporated Artificial genome manipulation for gene expression regulation
WO2019071054A1 (en) 2017-10-04 2019-04-11 The Broad Institute, Inc. METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR MODIFYING THE FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF BUCKLES AND / OR CHROMATIN DOMAINS
US11725228B2 (en) 2017-10-11 2023-08-15 The General Hospital Corporation Methods for detecting site-specific and spurious genomic deamination induced by base editing technologies
US11680296B2 (en) 2017-10-16 2023-06-20 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Mycobacterium tuberculosis host-pathogen interaction
US11547614B2 (en) 2017-10-31 2023-01-10 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for studying cell evolution
WO2019087113A1 (en) 2017-11-01 2019-05-09 Novartis Ag Synthetic rnas and methods of use
WO2019094983A1 (en) 2017-11-13 2019-05-16 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for treating cancer by targeting the clec2d-klrb1 pathway
US10876147B2 (en) 2017-11-15 2020-12-29 10X Genomics, Inc. Functionalized gel beads
US11884962B2 (en) 2017-11-15 2024-01-30 10X Genomics, Inc. Functionalized gel beads
US10745742B2 (en) 2017-11-15 2020-08-18 10X Genomics, Inc. Functionalized gel beads
US10829815B2 (en) 2017-11-17 2020-11-10 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for associating physical and genetic properties of biological particles
US11332736B2 (en) 2017-12-07 2022-05-17 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for multiplexing single cell and single nuclei sequencing
WO2019143678A1 (en) 2018-01-17 2019-07-25 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Dna-pk inhibitors
WO2019143677A1 (en) 2018-01-17 2019-07-25 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Quinoxalinone compounds, compositions, methods, and kits for increasing genome editing efficiency
WO2019143675A1 (en) 2018-01-17 2019-07-25 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Dna-pk inhibitors
US11255847B2 (en) 2018-02-12 2022-02-22 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for analysis of cell lineage
US11739440B2 (en) 2018-02-12 2023-08-29 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for analysis of chromatin
US10928386B2 (en) 2018-02-12 2021-02-23 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for characterizing multiple analytes from individual cells or cell populations
US10725027B2 (en) 2018-02-12 2020-07-28 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for analysis of chromatin
WO2019195738A1 (en) 2018-04-06 2019-10-10 Children's Medical Center Corporation Compositions and methods for somatic cell reprogramming and modulating imprinting
US11155881B2 (en) 2018-04-06 2021-10-26 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for quality control in single cell processing
US11898203B2 (en) 2018-04-17 2024-02-13 The General Hospital Corporation Highly sensitive in vitro assays to define substrate preferences and sites of nucleic-acid binding, modifying, and cleaving agents
US11976324B2 (en) 2018-04-17 2024-05-07 The General Hospital Corporation Highly sensitive in vitro assays to define substrate preferences and sites of nucleic-acid binding, modifying, and cleaving agents
US11845987B2 (en) 2018-04-17 2023-12-19 The General Hospital Corporation Highly sensitive in vitro assays to define substrate preferences and sites of nucleic acid cleaving agents
WO2019204585A1 (en) 2018-04-19 2019-10-24 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Single-stranded break detection in double-stranded dna
EP3560330A1 (en) 2018-04-24 2019-10-30 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Plants with improved digestibility and marker haplotypes
WO2019206927A1 (en) 2018-04-24 2019-10-31 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Plants with improved digestibility and marker haplotypes
US11957695B2 (en) 2018-04-26 2024-04-16 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions targeting glucocorticoid signaling for modulating immune responses
WO2019210268A2 (en) 2018-04-27 2019-10-31 The Broad Institute, Inc. Sequencing-based proteomics
WO2019213660A2 (en) 2018-05-04 2019-11-07 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for modulating cgrp signaling to regulate innate lymphoid cell inflammatory responses
WO2019232542A2 (en) 2018-06-01 2019-12-05 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods and compositions for detecting and modulating microenvironment gene signatures from the csf of metastasis patients
WO2020006049A1 (en) 2018-06-26 2020-01-02 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr/cas and transposase based amplification compositions, systems and methods
WO2020006036A1 (en) 2018-06-26 2020-01-02 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Crispr effector system based amplification methods, systems, and diagnostics
WO2020014528A1 (en) 2018-07-13 2020-01-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Retrotransposon-based delivery vehicle and methods of use thereof
US11873530B1 (en) 2018-07-27 2024-01-16 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for metabolome analysis
WO2020028555A2 (en) 2018-07-31 2020-02-06 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel crispr enzymes and systems
WO2020033601A1 (en) 2018-08-07 2020-02-13 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel cas12b enzymes and systems
WO2020041380A1 (en) 2018-08-20 2020-02-27 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for optochemical control of crispr-cas9
WO2020041387A1 (en) 2018-08-20 2020-02-27 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Degradation domain modifications for spatio-temporal control of rna-guided nucleases
WO2020051507A1 (en) 2018-09-06 2020-03-12 The Broad Institute, Inc. Nucleic acid assemblies for use in targeted delivery
US11447527B2 (en) 2018-09-18 2022-09-20 Vnv Newco Inc. Endogenous Gag-based capsids and uses thereof
US11505578B2 (en) 2018-09-18 2022-11-22 Vnv Newco Inc. Endogenous Gag-based capsids and uses thereof
WO2020077236A1 (en) 2018-10-12 2020-04-16 The Broad Institute, Inc. Method for extracting nuclei or whole cells from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues
WO2020081730A2 (en) 2018-10-16 2020-04-23 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods and compositions for modulating microenvironment
US11407995B1 (en) 2018-10-26 2022-08-09 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. RNA-guided nucleases and DNA binding proteins
US11434477B1 (en) 2018-11-02 2022-09-06 Inari Agriculture Technology, Inc. RNA-guided nucleases and DNA binding proteins
US11459607B1 (en) 2018-12-10 2022-10-04 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for processing-nucleic acid molecules from a single cell using sequential co-partitioning and composite barcodes
US10934536B2 (en) 2018-12-14 2021-03-02 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. CRISPR-CAS systems for genome editing
US11807878B2 (en) 2018-12-14 2023-11-07 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. CRISPR-Cas systems for genome editing
WO2020131862A1 (en) 2018-12-17 2020-06-25 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr-associated transposase systems and methods of use thereof
US11384344B2 (en) 2018-12-17 2022-07-12 The Broad Institute, Inc. CRISPR-associated transposase systems and methods of use thereof
WO2020131586A2 (en) 2018-12-17 2020-06-25 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for identifying neoantigens
US11739156B2 (en) 2019-01-06 2023-08-29 The Broad Institute, Inc. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Methods and compositions for overcoming immunosuppression
US11845983B1 (en) 2019-01-09 2023-12-19 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for multiplexing of droplet based assays
WO2020163396A1 (en) 2019-02-04 2020-08-13 The General Hospital Corporation Adenine dna base editor variants with reduced off-target rna editing
WO2020163856A1 (en) 2019-02-10 2020-08-13 The J. David Gladstone Institutes, A Testamentary Trust Established Under The Will Of J. David Gladstone Modified mitochondrion and methods of use thereof
US11851683B1 (en) 2019-02-12 2023-12-26 10X Genomics, Inc. Methods and systems for selective analysis of cellular samples
EP4219700A1 (en) 2019-03-07 2023-08-02 The Regents of the University of California Crispr-cas effector polypeptides and methods of use thereof
DE212020000516U1 (de) 2019-03-07 2022-01-17 The Regents of the University of California CRISPR-CAS-Effektorpolypeptide
WO2020206036A1 (en) 2019-04-01 2020-10-08 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel nucleic acid modifier
WO2020225754A1 (en) 2019-05-06 2020-11-12 Mcmullen Tara Crispr gene editing for autosomal dominant diseases
WO2020229533A1 (en) 2019-05-13 2020-11-19 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Drought tolerance in corn
WO2020236972A2 (en) 2019-05-20 2020-11-26 The Broad Institute, Inc. Non-class i multi-component nucleic acid targeting systems
WO2020236967A1 (en) 2019-05-20 2020-11-26 The Broad Institute, Inc. Random crispr-cas deletion mutant
WO2020239680A2 (en) 2019-05-25 2020-12-03 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Haploid induction enhancer
WO2020243661A1 (en) 2019-05-31 2020-12-03 The Broad Institute, Inc. Methods for treating metabolic disorders by targeting adcy5
EP3772542A1 (en) 2019-08-07 2021-02-10 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Modifying genetic variation in crops by modulating the pachytene checkpoint protein 2
WO2021041922A1 (en) 2019-08-30 2021-03-04 The Broad Institute, Inc. Crispr-associated mu transposase systems
WO2021055874A1 (en) 2019-09-20 2021-03-25 The Broad Institute, Inc. Novel type vi crispr enzymes and systems
WO2021074367A1 (en) 2019-10-17 2021-04-22 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Enhanced disease resistance of crops by downregulation of repressor genes
WO2021150919A1 (en) 2020-01-23 2021-07-29 The Children's Medical Center Corporation Stroma-free t cell differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells
WO2021216622A1 (en) 2020-04-21 2021-10-28 Aspen Neuroscience, Inc. Gene editing of gba1 in stem cells and method of use of cells differentiated therefrom
WO2021216623A1 (en) 2020-04-21 2021-10-28 Aspen Neuroscience, Inc. Gene editing of lrrk2 in stem cells and method of use of cells differentiated therefrom
WO2021224633A1 (en) 2020-05-06 2021-11-11 Orchard Therapeutics (Europe) Limited Treatment for neurodegenerative diseases
WO2021239986A1 (en) 2020-05-29 2021-12-02 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Plant haploid induction
WO2021248052A1 (en) 2020-06-05 2021-12-09 The Broad Institute, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating neoplasia
US11981922B2 (en) 2020-10-05 2024-05-14 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Methods and compositions for the modulation of cell interactions and signaling in the tumor microenvironment
WO2022243286A1 (en) 2021-05-18 2022-11-24 The University Of York Method of glycoslyated protein production in a cell
WO2022256448A2 (en) 2021-06-01 2022-12-08 Artisan Development Labs, Inc. Compositions and methods for targeting, editing, or modifying genes
WO2022266538A2 (en) 2021-06-18 2022-12-22 Artisan Development Labs, Inc. Compositions and methods for targeting, editing or modifying human genes
WO2023006933A1 (en) 2021-07-30 2023-02-02 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Plants with improved digestibility and marker haplotypes
US11884915B2 (en) 2021-09-10 2024-01-30 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Guide RNAs with chemical modification for prime editing
WO2023081756A1 (en) 2021-11-03 2023-05-11 The J. David Gladstone Institutes, A Testamentary Trust Established Under The Will Of J. David Gladstone Precise genome editing using retrons
WO2023093862A1 (en) 2021-11-26 2023-06-01 Epigenic Therapeutics Inc. Method of modulating pcsk9 and uses thereof
EP4198124A1 (en) 2021-12-15 2023-06-21 Versitech Limited Engineered cas9-nucleases and method of use thereof
WO2023115041A1 (en) 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Modified paramyxoviridae attachment glycoproteins
WO2023115039A2 (en) 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Modified paramyxoviridae fusion glycoproteins
WO2023133595A2 (en) 2022-01-10 2023-07-13 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Methods of ex vivo dosing and administration of lipid particles or viral vectors and related systems and uses
WO2023141602A2 (en) 2022-01-21 2023-07-27 Renagade Therapeutics Management Inc. Engineered retrons and methods of use
WO2023150518A1 (en) 2022-02-01 2023-08-10 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Cd3-targeted lentiviral vectors and uses thereof
WO2023150647A1 (en) 2022-02-02 2023-08-10 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Methods of repeat dosing and administration of lipid particles or viral vectors and related systems and uses
WO2023167882A1 (en) 2022-03-01 2023-09-07 Artisan Development Labs, Inc. Composition and methods for transgene insertion
WO2023225410A2 (en) 2022-05-20 2023-11-23 Artisan Development Labs, Inc. Systems and methods for assessing risk of genome editing events
WO2024020346A2 (en) 2022-07-18 2024-01-25 Renagade Therapeutics Management Inc. Gene editing components, systems, and methods of use
WO2024044655A1 (en) 2022-08-24 2024-02-29 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Delivery of heterologous proteins
WO2024044723A1 (en) 2022-08-25 2024-02-29 Renagade Therapeutics Management Inc. Engineered retrons and methods of use
WO2024042199A1 (en) 2022-08-26 2024-02-29 KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA Use of paired genes in hybrid breeding
WO2024064838A1 (en) 2022-09-21 2024-03-28 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Lipid particles comprising variant paramyxovirus attachment glycoproteins and uses thereof
WO2024081820A1 (en) 2022-10-13 2024-04-18 Sana Biotechnology, Inc. Viral particles targeting hematopoietic stem cells

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR20150105633A (ko) 2015-09-17
CN113528577A (zh) 2021-10-22
IL239344B1 (en) 2024-02-01
US20140273232A1 (en) 2014-09-18
AU2019229420B2 (en) 2022-06-02
IL307735A (en) 2023-12-01
JP6960950B2 (ja) 2021-11-05
PL2771468T3 (pl) 2015-07-31
JP2022023118A (ja) 2022-02-07
US8906616B2 (en) 2014-12-09
JP2018099131A (ja) 2018-06-28
PT2771468E (pt) 2015-06-02
HK1209154A1 (en) 2016-03-24
JP2016165307A (ja) 2016-09-15
HK1209153A1 (zh) 2016-03-24
HK1216759A1 (zh) 2016-12-02
RU2015128098A (ru) 2019-03-28
ES2598115T3 (es) 2017-01-25
AU2019229420A1 (en) 2019-10-03
CA2894701A1 (en) 2014-06-19
EP2771468B1 (en) 2015-02-11
WO2014093712A1 (en) 2014-06-19
AU2016244241B2 (en) 2019-06-20
JP6726225B2 (ja) 2020-07-22
ES2536353T3 (es) 2015-05-22
JP6960951B2 (ja) 2021-11-05
PT2896697E (pt) 2015-12-31
CN105121648B (zh) 2021-05-07
AU2013359123B2 (en) 2016-07-14
JP2019103510A (ja) 2019-06-27
JP7198328B2 (ja) 2022-12-28
JP2016129516A (ja) 2016-07-21
JP6420273B2 (ja) 2018-11-07
US20150232882A1 (en) 2015-08-20
HK1202586A1 (en) 2015-10-02
AU2016244241C1 (en) 2020-12-17
RU2019127300A (ru) 2019-09-19
RU2015128098A3 (ru) 2019-03-28
ES2553782T3 (es) 2015-12-11
AU2016244241A1 (en) 2016-11-03
HK1210221A1 (en) 2016-04-15
ES2542015T3 (es) 2015-07-29
EP4279588A2 (en) 2023-11-22
DK2771468T3 (en) 2015-05-26
JP2016504026A (ja) 2016-02-12
AU2013359123A1 (en) 2015-07-30
RU2701850C2 (ru) 2019-10-01
US20150247150A1 (en) 2015-09-03
PL2921557T3 (pl) 2017-03-31
PT2921557T (pt) 2016-10-19
JP2017205127A (ja) 2017-11-24
EP4279588A3 (en) 2024-01-17
EP2771468A1 (en) 2014-09-03
US20160340662A1 (en) 2016-11-24
JP6203879B2 (ja) 2017-09-27
CN105121648A (zh) 2015-12-02
WO2014093712A9 (en) 2014-08-21
JP2019103511A (ja) 2019-06-27
PT2784162E (pt) 2015-08-27
JP6495395B2 (ja) 2019-04-03
JP2023040015A (ja) 2023-03-22
AU2022203762A1 (en) 2022-06-23
JP2016093196A (ja) 2016-05-26
IL239344A0 (en) 2015-07-30
MX2015007549A (es) 2017-01-20

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20230340505A1 (en) Crispr-cas component systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation
US20200354742A1 (en) CRISPR-Cas Nickase Systems, Methods And Compositions For Sequence Manipulation in Eukaryotes
AU2016244241B2 (en) Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation
AU2016244244B2 (en) CRISPR-Cas systems and methods for altering expression of gene products
EP2896697B1 (en) Engineering of systems, methods and optimized guide compositions for sequence manipulation

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MASSACHUSET

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ZHANG, FENG;REEL/FRAME:031917/0130

Effective date: 20131210

Owner name: THE BROAD INSTITUTE, INC., MASSACHUSETTS

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ZHANG, FENG;REEL/FRAME:031917/0130

Effective date: 20131210

AS Assignment

Owner name: PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, MASSACHUSETTS

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CONG, LE;REEL/FRAME:033219/0097

Effective date: 20140606

Owner name: PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, MASSACHU

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CONG, LE;REEL/FRAME:033219/0097

Effective date: 20140606

AS Assignment

Owner name: PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, MASSACHUSETTS

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CONG, LE;REEL/FRAME:033228/0056

Effective date: 20140606

Owner name: PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, MASSACHU

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CONG, LE;REEL/FRAME:033228/0056

Effective date: 20140606

AS Assignment

Owner name: PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, MASSACHU

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HSU, PATRICK;REEL/FRAME:033331/0578

Effective date: 20140529

AS Assignment

Owner name: NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF

Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:BROAD INSTITUTE, INC.;REEL/FRAME:033753/0865

Effective date: 20140806

AS Assignment

Owner name: PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE, MASSACHU

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:RAN, FEI;REEL/FRAME:034124/0526

Effective date: 20141102

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION