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  • C04B35/528—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite obtained from carbonaceous particles with or without other non-organic components
  • C04B35/532—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite obtained from carbonaceous particles with or without other non-organic components containing a carbonisable binder
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  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
  • C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
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  • C04B35/71—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents
  • C04B35/78—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents containing non-metallic materials
  • C04B35/80—Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
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  • C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
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  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to carbon electrodes, and a process for preparing the inventive carbon electrodes. More particularly, the invention concerns carbon electrodes, such as graphite electrodes, formed by processing a blend of calcined coke, pitch and carbon fibers.
• Carbon electrodes are used in the steel industry to melt the metals and other ingredients used to form steel in electrothermal furnaces.
• the heat needed to melt metals is generated by passing current through a plurality of electrodes, usually three, and forming an arc between the electrodes and the metal. Currents in excess of 100,000 amperes are often used.
• the resulting high temperature melts the metals and other ingredients.
• the electrodes used in steel furnaces each consist of electrode columns, that is, a series of individual electrodes joined to form a single column. In this way, as electrodes are depleted during the thermal process, replacement electrodes can be joined to the column to maintain the length of the column extending into the furnace.
• electrodes are joined into columns via a pin (sometimes referred to as a nipple) that functions to join the ends of adjoining electrodes.
• the pin takes the form of opposed male threaded sections, with at least one end of the electrodes comprising female threaded sections capable of mating with the male threaded section of the pin.
• a certain amount of transverse (i.e., across the diameter of the pin/electrode/electrode column) thermal expansion of the pin in excess of that of the electrodes may be desirable to form a firm connection between pin and electrode; however, if the transverse thermal expansion of the pin greatly exceeds that of the electrode, damage to the electrode may result, in the form of cracking or splitting. Again, this can result in reduced effectiveness of the electrode column, or even destruction of the column if the damage is so severe that a joint fails.
• control of the thermal expansion of an electrode and a pin, in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, is of paramount importance.
• Griffin et al. attempt to address the problems caused by excessive longitudinal thermal expansion of electrode pins by preparing a graphite nipple (i.e., pin) with mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers included in the extrusion blend.
• the carbon fibers used by Griffin et al. have a Young's modulus of greater than 55.times. 110.sup.6 pounds per square inch (psi), and are present in the blend at about 8 to 20 weight percent.
• the blend is extruded, baked, and then graphitized for from about 5 to 14 days to produce the nipple.
• CTE coefficient of thermal expansion
• the graphitizing time is extremely long compared with times that would be advantageous for commercial production.
• the inventive electrodes also have improved toughness as compared to the conventional electrodes.
• the carbon fibers are preferably present at a level of about 0.5 to about 10 parts by weight of carbon fibers per 100 parts by weight of calcined coke, or at about 0.4% to about 10% by weight of the total mix components, an average diameter of about 6 to about 15 microns, and a length of preferably about 1 ⁇ 6 inch to about 3.25 inch.
• the carbon fibers are added to the electrodestock blend as bundles, each bundle containing from about 2000 to about 20,000 fibers.
• the baking of the green electrodestock preferably takes place at a temperature of up to about 700 to about 1000.degree.C. in a non-oxidizing or reducing environment, and graphitization is more preferably at a temperature of from about 2500 to about 3400.degree. C.
• carbon electrodes could be fabricated by first combining calcined coke, pitch and mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers into an electrodestock blend. More specifically, crushed, sized and milled calcined petroleum coke is mixed with a coal-tar pitch binder to form the blend. The particle size of the calcined coke is selected according to the end use of the electrode, and is within the skill in the art. Generally, in graphite electrodes for use in processing steel, particles up to about 25 millimeters (mm) in average diameter are employed in the blend. Other ingredients that may be incorporated into the blend at low levels include iron oxides to inhibit puffing (caused by release of sulfur from its bond with carbon inside the coke particles) and oils or other lubricants to facilitate extrusion of the blend.
• the fibers used should advantageously have a Young's modulus (after carbonization) of at least about 15 times.10.sup.6 psi, more typically at least 20 times10.sup.6 psi. In one certain embodiment, the Young's modulus of the fiber is less than about 55.times.10.sup.6 psi. They preferably have an average diameter of about 6 to about 15 microns, a tensile strength of at least about 200.times.
• 10.sup.3 psi and are preferably about 1 ⁇ 6 inch to about 3-1 ⁇ 4 inch in length on average.
• Suitable lengths of fiber include an average length of about 1 ⁇ 4′′ or less, about 2′′ or less, about 3/4′′ or less, about 1′′ or less, 1.25′′ or less, 1.5′′ or less, 2′′ or less, 2.5′′ or less, and 3.0′′ or less.
• the carbon fibers are not longer than the biggest coke particle.
• the fibers are added to the blend as bundles containing between about 2000 and about 20,000 fibers per bundle, compacted with the use of a sizing. The fibers are not required to be individually dispersed into the blend, consequently, the fibers may be maintained in the form of one or more bundles.
• the carbon fibers to be included in the blend are based on mesophase pitch or PAN.
• Mesophase pitch can be prepared from feedstocks such as heavy aromatic petroleum streams, ethylene cracker tars, coal derivatives, petroleum thermal tars, fluid cracker residues and pressure treated aromatic distillates having a boiling range from 340.degree. C. to about 525.degree. C.
• feedstocks such as heavy aromatic petroleum streams, ethylene cracker tars, coal derivatives, petroleum thermal tars, fluid cracker residues and pressure treated aromatic distillates having a boiling range from 340.degree. C. to about 525.degree. C.
• the production of mesophase pitch is described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,327 to Lewis et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• mesophase pitch is formed by heating the feedstock in a chemically inert atmosphere (such as nitrogen, argon, xenon, helium or the like) to a temperature of about 350.degree. C. to 500.degree. C.
• a chemically inert gas can be bubbled through the feedstock during heating to facilitate the formation of mesophase pitch.
• the mesophase pitch should have a softening point, that is, the point at which the mesophase pitch begins to deform, of less than 400.degree. C. and usually less than about 350.degree. C. If the pitch has a higher softening point, formation of carbon fibers having the desired physical properties is difficult.
• One method of making the PAN fibers comprises spinning the fibers from a solution of polyacrylonitrile. The fibers are then stabilized in the same manner as are the mesophase based fibers.
• PAN based fibers pages 119-123 of Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies is incorporated herein by reference.
• the mesophase pitch is prepared, it is spun into filaments of the desired diameter, by known processes such as by melt spinning, centrifugal spinning, blow spinning or other processes which will be familiar to the skilled artisan. Spinning produces carbon fibers suitable for use in preparing the electrode of the present invention.
• the filaments are then thermoset at a temperature no higher than the softening point of the pitch (but usually above 250.degree. C.) for about 5 to 60 minutes, then further treated at extremely high temperatures, on the order of up to about 1000.degree. C. and higher, and in some cases as high as about 3000.degree. C. more typically about 1500.degree. C. to 1700.degree. C., to carbonize the fibers.
• the carbonization process takes place in an inert atmosphere, such as argon gas, for at least about 0.5 minutes. Most commonly, carbonization uses residence times of between about 1 and 25 minutes.
• the fibers are then cut to length and formed into bundles. Such fibers, bundled as described, are commercially available from BP/Amoco Company of Alpharetta, Ga. and Mitsubishi Chemical Company of Tokyo, Japan.
• the carbon fibers are preferably included in the blend at a level of about 0.5 to about 10 parts by weight of carbon fibers per 100 parts by weight of calcined coke, in one certain embodiment, up to 6 parts by weight of carbon fibers per 100 parts by weight of calcined coke. Most preferably, the fibers are present at a level of about 1.25 to about 5 parts by weight fibers per 100 parts by weight of coke. In terms of the blend as a whole, the carbon fibers are incorporated at a level of about 1% to about 10% by weight, more preferably about 1.5% to up to about 6%, even more preferably, about 5% or less.
• the coke is not limited to a calcined coke
• preferred cokes include petroleum coke, coal derived coke, and combinations of these cokes.
• the manufacture of the cathode may also include anthracite coal instead of the coke or along with the coke.
• the electrode body is formed (or shaped) by extrusion though a die or molded in conventional forming molds to form what is referred to as a green electrodestock.
• the forming, whether through extrusion or molding, is conducted at a temperature close to the softening point of the pitch, usually about 100.degree. C. or higher.
• the die or mold can form the electrode in substantially final form and size, machining of the finished electrode is usually needed, at the very least to provide threads, which may be preferred to mate with a pin to from an electrode column.
• the electrodes are sized so as to have a diameter suitable to receive the pin to join the electrodes to form the electrode column.
• the pins have a diameter that is about 30% to about 60% of the diameter of the electrode.
• the pins have a diameter of about 4.5 to about 18 inches.
• cathodes do not necessarily have a circular circumference. The circumference of the cathode may be rectangular instead of circular.
• the green electrodestock is heat treated by baking at a temperature of between about 700.degree. C. and about 1100.degree. C., more preferably between about 800.degree. C. and about 1000.degree. C., to carbonize the pitch binder to solid coke, to give the electrode permanency of form, high mechanical strength, good thermal conductivity, and comparatively low electrical resistance.
• the green electrodestock is baked in the relative absence of air to avoid oxidation. Baking should be carried out at a rate of about 1.degree. C. to about 5.degree. C. an hour to the final temperature.
• the electrode may be impregnated one or more times with coal tar or petroleum pitch, or other types of pitches known in the industry, to deposit additional pitch coke in any open pores of the electrode.
• Each impregnation is then followed by an additional baking step.
• the electrode is only impregnated one time with such pitch.
• the electrode referred to at this stage as carbonized electrodestock
• Graphitization is by heat treatment at a final temperature of between about 2500.degree. C. to about 3400.degree. C. for a time sufficient to cause the carbon atoms in the calcined coke and pitch coke binder to transform from a poorly ordered state into the crystalline structure of graphite.
• graphitization is performed by maintaining the carbonized electrodestock at a temperature of at least about 2700.degree. C., and more advantageously at a temperature of between about 2700.degree. C. and about 3200.degree. C. At these high temperatures, elements other than carbon are volatilized and escape as vapors.
• the time required for maintenance at the graphitization temperature using the process of the present invention is no more than about 18 hours, indeed, no more than about 12 hours.
• graphitization is for about 1.5 to about 8 hours.
• the finished electrode can be cut to size and then machined or otherwise formed into its final configuration.
• the electrode has an internal section that is axially tapered from an end to a lengthwise middle portion to receive the pin, and then threads are machined into the tapered portion of the electrode, to permit mating with corresponding threads of the pin, to form the electrode column.
• the graphite permits machining to a high degree of tolerance, thus permitting a strong connection between pin and electrode.
• the electrodes prepared in accordance with the present invention exhibit a substantial reduction in longitudinal CTE as compared with electrodes prepared without carbon fibers.
• the electrodes show an increase in flexural strength (i.e., modulus of rupture) and an increase in Young's modulus, without a concomitant significant increase in transverse CTE or specific resistance, without the requirement of commercially disadvantageous graphitization times.
• the carbon fibers are not required to be uniformly or randomly dispersed within the electrode. In one certain embodiment, the fibers may be substantially maintained in the form of bundles.
• the concentration of the fiber bundles in the mix was between about 2.5 to about 5 weight percent.
• the pastes were prepared in a paddle arm, cylinder mixer, cooled, and extruded to about 150 mm ⁇ about 330 mm long electrodes.
• the electrodes were processed as described above.
• the physical properties of the electrodes with fibers are compared to those of control electrodes (no fibers) below. TABLE I Properties of Cylinder Mixed Electrodes With Fiber Additions Density Resistance Modulus Flex Str Long CTE Trans CTE (g/cm 3 ) ( ⁇ m) (psi ⁇ 10 6 ) (psi) (1/° C. ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 ) (1/° C.
• the electrodes with fibers had equal or higher density, equal or only slightly higher electrical resistance, higher modulus and strength, and lower longitudinal coefficient of thermal expansion than electrodes without fibers.
• the improvements were better with mesophase pitch fiber additions than with PAN based fiber additions.
• the electrodes with fibers had equal or higher density, equal or only slightly higher electrical resistance, higher modulus and strength, and lower coefficient of thermal expansion (both longitudinal and transverse) than electrodes without fibers.
• the strength improvements were better with either mesophase pitch or PAN based fiber chopped bundle additions than with addition of the Conoco chopped mat.
• the strength increase and CTE reduction can be controlled by the amount of fiber depending either on the severity of the application or the quality of lower cost cokes available for upgrade.
• the fiber type can be selected based on considerations such as handling, dispersion, and economics.

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