US10618008B2 - Polymeric ionomer separation membranes and methods of use - Google Patents

Polymeric ionomer separation membranes and methods of use Download PDF

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US10618008B2
US10618008B2 US15/737,955 US201615737955A US10618008B2 US 10618008 B2 US10618008 B2 US 10618008B2 US 201615737955 A US201615737955 A US 201615737955A US 10618008 B2 US10618008 B2 US 10618008B2
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membrane
ionomer
porous substrate
polymeric ionomer
polymeric
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US20180229186A1 (en
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Michael A. Yandrasits
David S. Seitz
Eric F. Funkenbusch
Ryan C. Shirk
Jinsheng Zhou
Eric J. Hanson
Moses M. David
Kazuhiko Mizuno
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/36—Pervaporation; Membrane distillation; Liquid permeation
    • B01D61/362—Pervaporation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0088—Physical treatment with compounds, e.g. swelling, coating or impregnation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/009—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes with wave-energy, particle-radiation or plasma
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
    • B01D67/00933—Chemical modification by addition of a layer chemically bonded to the membrane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B01D69/107—Organic support material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/1213—Laminated layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/1216—Three or more layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
    • B01D71/32—Polyalkenyl halides containing fluorine atoms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B01D71/46—Epoxy resins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
    • B01D2313/44—Cartridge types
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/30—Cross-linking
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/34—Use of radiation
    • B01D2323/345—UV-treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/46—Impregnation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/42—Ion-exchange membranes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0663—Details on the fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02D19/0668—Treating or cleaning means; Fuel filters
    • F02D19/0671—Means to generate or modify a fuel, e.g. reformers, electrolytic cells or membranes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M37/00—Apparatus or systems for feeding liquid fuel from storage containers to carburettors or fuel-injection apparatus; Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M37/22—Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines, e.g. arrangements in the feeding system
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels
    • Y02T10/36—

Definitions

  • the present disclosure provides separation membranes (e.g., composite membranes) and methods of use of such membranes in separation techniques.
  • the separation membranes include a polymeric ionomer, wherein the polymeric ionomer has a highly fluorinated backbone and recurring pendant groups according to the following formula: —O—R f —[—SO 2 —N ⁇ (Z + )—SO 2 —R—] m —[SO 2 ] n -Q
  • the separation membranes may be composite membranes that include a porous substrate (i.e., a support substrate that may include one or more layers) that includes opposite first and second major surfaces, and a plurality of pores; and a polymeric ionomer that forms a layer having a thickness in and/or on the porous substrate.
  • a porous substrate i.e., a support substrate that may include one or more layers
  • a polymeric ionomer that forms a layer having a thickness in and/or on the porous substrate.
  • the layer is a continuous layer.
  • the composite membrane is an asymmetric composite membrane.
  • the amount of the polymeric ionomer at, or adjacent to, the first major surface is greater than the amount of the polymeric ionomer at, or adjacent to, the second major surface.
  • Such membranes are particularly useful for selectively pervaporating a first liquid from a mixture that includes the first liquid and a second liquid, generally because the polymeric ionomer is more permeable to the first liquid than the second liquid.
  • Separation membranes of the present disclosure may be included in a cartridge, which may be part of a system such as a flex-fuel engine.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of separating by pervaporating a first liquid (e.g., ethanol) from a mixture of the first liquid (e.g., ethanol) and a second liquid (e.g., gasoline), the method comprising contacting the mixture with a separation membrane (e.g., a composite membrane, and preferably, an asymmetric composite membrane) as described herein.
  • a separation membrane e.g., a composite membrane, and preferably, an asymmetric composite membrane
  • polymer and polymeric material include, but are not limited to, organic homopolymers, copolymers, such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc., and blends and modifications thereof.
  • polymer shall include all possible geometrical configurations of the material. These configurations include, but are not limited to, isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic symmetries.
  • room temperature refers to a temperature of 20° C. to 25° C. or 22° C. to 25° C.
  • FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C are cross-sectional schematic views of exemplary porous substrates and an asymmetric composite membranes of the present disclosure.
  • the porous structure of the porous substrate is not to scale and not representative of the actual structure.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective side view of a module that includes an exemplary composite membrane of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3 is an illustration of an exemplary fuel separation system that includes an exemplary composite membrane of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 5 is an SEM cross-section image (400 ⁇ magnification) of PE2 (polyether sulfone substrate from Nanostone Water, formerly known as Sepro Membranes Inc., Oceanside, Calif.) substrate used in Examples 38-39.
  • Layer 1 is the nanoporous layer
  • layer 2 is the microporous layer
  • layer 3 is macroporous layer.
  • Sample was freeze fractured in liquid nitrogen and imaged using Hitachi S4500 FESEM scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  • FIG. 6 is an SEM cross-section image of layers 1 and 2 of the substrate shown in FIG. 5 at 2000 ⁇ magnification. Sample was freeze fractured in liquid nitrogen and imaged using Hitachi S4500 FESEM scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  • FIG. 7 is an SEM cross-section image of the PE2 substrate coated with polymeric ionomer (layer 4) at 3 microns thick as described in Sample 38. Sample was freeze fractured in liquid nitrogen and imaged using Hitachi S4500 FESEM scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  • FIG. 8 is an SEM cross-section image of a composite membrane prepared according to Example 41. Sample was freeze fractured in liquid nitrogen and imaged using Hitachi S4500 FESEM scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  • FIG. 9 is an SEM cross-section image of a composite membrane prepared according to Example 42. Sample was freeze fractured in liquid nitrogen and imaged using Hitachi S4500 FESEM scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  • FIG. 10 is an SEM cross-section image of a composite membrane prepared according to Example 45. Sample was freeze fractured in liquid nitrogen and imaged using Hitachi S4500 FESEM scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  • FIG. 11 is an SEM cross-section image of a composite membrane prepared according to Example 51. Sample was freeze fractured in liquid nitrogen and imaged using Hitachi S4500 FESEM scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  • the present disclosure provides separation membranes that include a polymeric ionomer.
  • the polymeric ionomer can be a free-standing separation membrane.
  • the separation membranes are composite membranes (preferably, asymmetric composite membranes) that include a porous substrate and a polymeric ionomer.
  • the porous substrate has opposite first and second major surfaces, and a plurality of pores.
  • the polymeric ionomer may be disposed only in at least a portion of the plurality of pores (forming a pore-filling polymer layer), or the polymeric ionomer may be disposed on the surface (forming a top coating polymer layer), or the polymeric ionomer may be disposed both in and on the surface.
  • the amount of the polymeric ionomer at, or adjacent to, the first major surface is greater than the amount of the polymeric ionomer at, or adjacent to, the second major surface.
  • a composite membrane is asymmetric with respect to the amount of polymeric ionomer (pore-filling polymer) throughout the thickness of the porous substrate.
  • Such separation membranes may be used in various separation methods, including pervaporation, gas separation, vapor permeation, nanofiltration, organic solvent nanofiltration, and combinations thereof (e.g., a combination of pervaporation and vapor permeation). Such separation methods may be used to separate a first fluid (i.e., liquid and/or vapor) from a feed mixture of a first fluid (i.e., liquid and/or vapor) and a second fluid (i.e., liquid and/or vapor).
  • the preferred separation membranes of the present disclosure are particularly useful in pervaporation methods to separate a first liquid from a feed mixture of a first liquid and a second liquid.
  • separation membranes of the present disclosure are composite membranes and include a porous substrate (i.e., a support substrate which may be in the form of one or more porous layers) that includes opposite first and second major surfaces, and a plurality of pores; and a polymeric ionomer that forms a layer having a thickness in and/or on the porous substrate.
  • the polymeric ionomer layer is preferably a continuous layer. The amount of the polymeric ionomer at, or adjacent to, the first major surface is greater than the amount of the polymeric ionomer at, or adjacent to, the second major surface in an asymmetric composite membrane.
  • FIG. 1 provides illustrations of: a first exemplary asymmetric composite membrane 10 that includes a porous substrate 11 with polymeric ionomer coated only in a layer 13 on first major surface 18 of the porous substrate ( FIG. 1A ); a second exemplary asymmetric composite membrane 20 that includes porous substrate 11 with polymeric ionomer coated only in a portion of the pores of the porous substrate forming a pore-filling polymer layer 26 adjacent to major surface 18 ( FIG. 1B ); and an exemplary asymmetric composite membrane 30 with polymeric ionomer coated both in a layer 13 on first major surface 18 and in a portion of the pores of the porous substrate forming a pore-filling polymer layer 26 adjacent to major surface 18 ( FIG. 1C ), all shown in vertical cross-section.
  • the pores are interconnected vertically (i.e., throughout the thickness “T” of the porous substrate 11 , see FIG. 1A ).
  • the pores of the porous substrate 11 are interconnected horizontally (e.g., as in a microfiltration membrane) along dimension “H” (see FIG. 1A ).
  • the pore-filling polymer layer 26 FIGS. 1B and 1C ) formed by the pore-filling polymeric ionomer is preferably a continuous layer.
  • the layer 26 is discontinuous (i.e., the pore-filling polymer forms a plurality of discreet regions within the porous substrate). It will be understood that dimension “H” generally refers to the plane of the porous substrate and is exemplary of all the various horizontal dimensions within a horizontal slice of the substrate (shown in vertical cross-section). Whether layer 26 is continuous or discontinuous, for the asymmetric composite membrane, the amount of the pore-filling polymeric ionomer at, or adjacent to, the first major surface 18 is greater than the amount of the polymer at, or adjacent to, the second major surface 19 .
  • the polymeric ionomer forms a coating 13 on (i.e., covers) the top surface 18 of the substrate 11 .
  • the polymeric ionomer forms a coating 13 on (i.e., covers) the top surface 18 of the substrate 11 in addition to being within the pores of the substrate forming layer 26 .
  • This coating layer 13 may be continuous or discontinuous.
  • the polymeric ionomer is in the form of a pore-filling polymer layer 26 ( FIG. 1C ) that forms at least a portion of the first major surface 18 of the porous substrate.
  • the polymeric ionomer is in the form of a pore-filling polymer layer having an exposed major surface, which coats the first major surface of the porous substrate, and an opposite major surface disposed between the opposite first and second major surfaces of the porous substrate.
  • the exposed major surface of the polymeric ionomer layer coats all the first major surface of the porous substrate.
  • a continuous layer refers to a substantially continuous layer as well as a layer that is completely continuous. That is, as used herein, any reference to the polymeric ionomer layer coating or covering the first major surface of the porous substrate includes the polymeric ionomer layer coating all, substantially all, or only a portion of the first major surface of the porous substrate.
  • the polymeric ionomer layer is considered to coat substantially all of the first major surface of the porous substrate (i.e., be substantially continuous), when enough of the first major surface of the porous substrate is coated such that the composite membrane is able to selectively separate (e.g., pervaporate) a desired amount of a first fluid (e.g., first liquid such as alcohol) from a mixture of the first fluid (e.g., first liquid) with a second fluid (e.g., second liquid such as gasoline).
  • a first fluid e.g., first liquid such as alcohol
  • second fluid e.g., second liquid such as gasoline
  • the flux and the selectivity of the separation membrane is sufficient for the particular system in which the membrane is used.
  • the polymeric ionomer layer (both layer 13 and/or pore-filling layer 26 ) has a thickness in the range of from 10 nm up to and including 50,000 nm (50 microns), or up to and including 20,000 nm. More specifically, the thickness of the polymeric ionomer layer may include, in increments of 1 nm, any range between 10 nm and 20,000 nm. For example, the thickness of the polymeric ionomer layer may be in the range of from 11 nm to 5999 nm, or 20 nm to 6000 nm, or 50 nm to 5000 nm, etc.
  • Separation membranes of the present disclosure may further include a (meth)acryl-containing polymer and/or an epoxy polymer.
  • additional polymers provide improved durability and/or performance over the same separation membranes without either the (meth)acryl-containing polymer or epoxy polymer.
  • Separation membranes of the present disclosure may further include at least one of: (a) an ionic liquid mixed with the polymeric ionomer; or (b) an amorphous fluorochemical film disposed on the separation membrane, typically, on the side of the membrane the feed mixture enters.
  • Such separation membranes demonstrate improved performance (e.g., flux) and/or durability over the same separation membranes without either the ionic liquid the amorphous fluorochemical film.
  • Pervaporation is a process that involves a membrane in contact with a liquid on the feed or upstream side and a vapor on the “permeate” or downstream side.
  • a vacuum and/or an inert gas is applied on the vapor side of the membrane to provide a driving force for the process.
  • the downstream pressure is lower than the saturation pressure of the permeate.
  • Vapor permeation is quite similar to pervaporation, except that a vapor is contacted on the feed side of the membrane instead of a liquid.
  • membranes suitable for pervaporation separations are typically also suitable for vapor permeation separations, use of the term “pervaporation” may encompass both “pervaporation” and “vapor permeation.”
  • Pervaporation may be used for desulfurization of gasoline, dehydration of organic solvents, isolation of aroma compounds or components, and removal of volatile organic compounds from aqueous solutions.
  • the asymmetric composite membranes are used for pervaporating alcohol from an alcohol and gasoline mixture.
  • Separation membranes described herein are particularly useful for selectively pervaporating a first liquid from a mixture that includes the first liquid and a second liquid, generally because the polymeric ionomer is more permeable to the first liquid than the second liquid.
  • the first liquid is a more polar liquid than the second liquid.
  • the second liquid may be a nonpolar liquid.
  • the first liquid may be water, an alcohol (such as ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, or butanol), or an organic sulfur-containing compound (such as thiophene, tetrahydrothiophene, benzothiophene, 2-methylthiophene, or 2,5-dimethylthiophene).
  • an alcohol such as ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, or butanol
  • an organic sulfur-containing compound such as thiophene, tetrahydrothiophene, benzothiophene, 2-methylthiophene, or 2,5-dimethylthiophene.
  • the second liquid may be gasoline, an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., benzene, hexane, or cyclohexane), or an ether (such as methyl-tert-butylether, ethyl-tert-butylether).
  • an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon e.g., benzene, hexane, or cyclohexane
  • an ether such as methyl-tert-butylether, ethyl-tert-butylether
  • the first liquid is an alcohol
  • the second liquid is gasoline.
  • an asymmetric composite membrane for selectively pervaporating alcohol from an alcohol and gasoline mixture includes: a porous substrate having opposite first and second major surfaces, and a plurality of pores; and a pore-filling polymer disposed in at least some of the pores so as to form a continuous layer having a thickness, with the amount of the polymer at, or adjacent to, the first major surface being greater than the amount of the pore-filling polymer at, or adjacent to, the second major surface, wherein the polymer is more permeable to alcohol than gasoline.
  • the polymeric ionomer has a highly fluorinated backbone and recurring pendant groups according to the following formula (Formula I): —O—R f —[—SO 2 —N ⁇ (Z + )—SO 2 —R—] m —[SO 2 ] n -Q
  • the polymeric ionomer is more permeable to the first liquid than the second liquid.
  • the first liquid is alcohol and the second liquid is gasoline.
  • a “highly fluorinated” backbone i.e., the longest continuous chain is one that contains at least 40 weight percent (wt-%) fluorine, based on the total weight of the backbone.
  • the number of pendant groups can be determined by the equivalent weight of the polymeric ionomer.
  • Equivalent weight (EW) is a measure of the total acid content of the ionomer and is defined as the grams of polymer per mole of acid or acid salt (g/mol). Lower equivalent weight polymers will have a higher total acid or acid salt content.
  • the acid or salt groups are sulfonic acid (—SO 3 ⁇ X + ), sulfonimide (—SO 2 N ⁇ (Z + )SO 2 —), or sulfonamide (—SO 2 NH 2 ).
  • the equivalent weight is at least 400 grams per mole (g/mol), or at least 600 g/mol, or at least 700 g/mol. In certain embodiments, the equivalent weight is up to and including 1600 g/mol, or up to and including 1200 g/mol, or up to and including 1000 g/mol.
  • R f is a perfluorinated organic linking group.
  • R f is —(CF 2 ) t — wherein t is 1 to 6, or 2 to 4.
  • R f is —CF 2 —[C(CF 3 )F—O—CF 2 —CF 2 ]—.
  • R is an organic linking group.
  • R may be fluorinated (partially or fully) or nonfluorinated.
  • R may be aromatic, aliphatic, or a combination thereof.
  • R is a nonfluorinated aromatic group (e.g., phenyl).
  • R is an aliphatic group that is fluorinated, and optionally perfluorinated (e.g., —(CF 2 ) r — wherein r is 1 to 6, or 2 to 4).
  • Z + is H + , a monovalent cation, or a multivalent cation.
  • suitable monovalent cations include Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , and NR 4 + (wherein R is H or C1-4 alkyl groups).
  • suitable multivalent cations include Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 3+ , and Al 3+ .
  • Q is H, F, —NH 2 , —O ⁇ Y + , or —C x F 2x+1 .
  • Y + is H + , or a monovalent cation, or multivalent cation. Exemplary cations are as described above for Z.
  • m 0 to 6, or 2 to 4.
  • the polymeric ionomer has a highly fluorinated backbone and recurring pendant groups according to the following formula (Formula II): —O—R f —[SO 2 ]-Q
  • polymeric ionomers of Formula II examples include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,088, or commercially available from DuPont under the trade name NAFION.
  • the polymeric ionomer has a highly fluorinated backbone and recurring pendant groups according to the following formula (Formula III): —O—R f —[—SO 2 —N ⁇ (Z + ) ⁇ SO 2 —R—] m -Q
  • polymeric ionomers of Formula III examples include those described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2013/0029249.
  • the polymeric ionomer is more permeable to a first liquid than a second liquid.
  • the polymeric ionomer may be crosslinked.
  • it may be grafted to the porous (substrate) membrane (e.g., which may be in the form of a nanoporous layer).
  • it may be crosslinked and grafted to the porous substrate (e.g., nanoporous layer).
  • the polymeric ionomer is a free-standing film. That is, the separation membrane is the polymeric ionomer with no supporting substrate. Thus, the polymeric ionomer is a free-standing membrane.
  • the polymeric ionomer forms a layer on the surface of a substrate, which may or may not be porous.
  • Suitable substrates typically provide mechanical support for the polymeric ionomer. They may be in the form of films, membranes, fibers, foams, webs (e.g., knitted, woven, or nonwoven), etc.
  • the substrate may include one layer or multiple layers. For example, there may be two, three, four, or more layers.
  • the substrate is hydrophobic. In other embodiments, the substrate is hydrophilic.
  • the materials that may be used in supporting substrates may be organic in nature (such as the organic polymers listed below), inorganic in nature (such as aluminum, steels, and sintered metals and/or ceramics and glasses), or a combination thereof.
  • the substrate may be formed from polymeric materials, ceramic and glass materials, metal, and the like, or combinations (i.e., mixtures and copolymers) thereof.
  • separation membranes e.g., composite membranes
  • materials that withstand hot gasoline environment and provide sufficient mechanical strength to the separation membranes are preferred. Materials having good adhesion to each other are particularly desirable.
  • the substrate is a porous substrate. In certain embodiments, it is preferably a polymeric porous substrate. In certain embodiments, it is preferably a ceramic porous substrate.
  • a porous substrate itself may be asymmetric or symmetric. If the porous substrate is asymmetric (before being combined with the polymeric ionomer), the first and second major surfaces have porous structures with different pore morphologies. For example, the porous substrate may have pores of differing sizes throughout its thickness. Analogously, if the porous substrate is symmetric (before being combined with the polymeric ionomer), the major surfaces have porous structures wherein their pore morphologies are the same. For example, the porous substrate may have pores of the same size throughout its thickness.
  • the polymeric ionomer forms a polymer layer having a thickness in and/or on the porous substrate.
  • the polymer layer has a thickness in the range of from 10 nm up to and including 50 microns (50,000 nm).
  • the polymeric ionomer forms a layer on the surface of a porous substrate.
  • the polymeric ionomer fills at least a portion of the pores of a porous substrate (i.e., the polymeric ionomer is a pore-filling polymer).
  • the polymeric ionomer both fills at least a portion of the pores of a porous substrate and forms a layer on the surface of the porous substrate.
  • the polymeric ionomer is not restricted within pores of a porous substrate in separation membranes of the present disclosure.
  • an asymmetric substrate is shown with different pore morphologies at the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 19 . More specifically, there are three layers each of different pore size such that the overall substrate has pores of differing sizes throughout its thickness “T.”
  • nanoporous layer 12 alone could function as the porous substrate. In such embodiments, the porous substrate would be symmetric.
  • Suitable porous substrates include, for example, films, porous membranes, woven webs, nonwoven webs, hollow fibers, and the like.
  • the porous substrates may be made of one or more layers that include films, porous films, micro-filtration membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, nanofiltration membranes, woven materials, and nonwoven materials.
  • Suitable polymeric materials for use in the supporting substrate of a separation membrane of the present disclosure include, for example, polystyrene, polyolefins, polyisoprenes, polybutadienes, fluorinated polymers (e.g., polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)), polyvinyl chlorides, polyesters (PET), polyamides (e.g., various nylons), polyimides, polyethers, poly(ether sulfone)s, poly(sulfone)s, poly(phenylene sulfone)s, polyphenylene oxides, polyphenylene sulfides (PPS), poly(vinyl acetate)s, copolymers of vinyl acetate, poly(phosphazene)s, poly(vinyl ester)s, poly(vinyl ether)s, poly(vinyl
  • Suitable polyolefins include, for example, poly(ethylene), poly (propylene), poly(1-butene), copolymers of ethylene and propylene, alpha olefin copolymers (such as copolymers of 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, and 1-decene), poly(ethylene-co-1-butene), poly(ethylene-co-1-butene-co- 1-hexene), and the like, or combinations (i.e., mixtures or copolymers) thereof.
  • Suitable fluorinated polymers include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl fluoride, copolymers of vinylidene fluoride (such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)), copolymers of chlorotrifluoroethylene (such as ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer), polytetrafluoroethylene, and the like, or combinations (i.e., mixtures or copolymers) thereof.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • polyvinyl fluoride copolymers of vinylidene fluoride (such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)), copolymers of chlorotrifluoroethylene (such as ethylene-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer), polytetrafluoroethylene, and the like, or combinations (i.e., mixture
  • Suitable polyamides include, for example, poly(imino(1-oxohexamethylene)), poly(iminoadipoylimino hexamethylene), poly(iminoadipoyliminodecamethylene), polycaprolactam, and the like, or combinations thereof.
  • Suitable polyimides include, for example, poly(pyromellitimide), polyetherimide, and the like.
  • Suitable polyethers include, for example, polyetherether ketone (PEEK).
  • substrate materials may be photosensitive or non-photosensitive.
  • Photosensitive porous substrate materials may act as a photoinitiator and generate radicals which initiate polymerization under radiation sources, such as UV radiation, so that the optional (meth)acryl-containing polymerizable material could covalently bond to the porous substrate.
  • Suitable photosensitive materials include, for example, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylenesulfone, PEEK, polyimide, PPS, PET, and polycarbonate. Photosensitive materials are preferably used for nanoporous layers.
  • Suitable porous substrates may have pores of a wide variety of sizes.
  • suitable porous substrates may include nanoporous membranes, microporous membranes, microporous nonwoven/woven webs, microporous woven webs, microporous fibers, nanofiber webs and the like.
  • the porous substrate may have a combination of different pore sizes (e.g., micropores, nanopores, and the like).
  • the porous substrate is microporous.
  • the porous substrate includes pores that may have an average pore size less than 10 micrometers (pm). In other embodiments, the average pore size of the porous substrate may be less than 5 ⁇ m, or less than 2 ⁇ m, or less than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the average pore size of the porous substrate may be greater than 10 nm (nanometer). In some embodiments, the average pore size of the porous substrate is greater than 50 nm, or greater than 100 nm, or greater than 200 nm.
  • the porous substrate includes a nanoporous layer.
  • the nanoporous layer is adjacent to or defines the first major surface of the porous substrate.
  • the nanoporous layer includes pores having a size in the range of from 0.5 nanometer (nm) up to and including 100 nm.
  • the size of the pores in the nanoporous layer may include, in increments of 1 nm, any range between 0.5 nm and 100 nm.
  • the size of the pores in the nanoporous layer may be in the range of from 0.5 nm to 50 nm, or 1 nm to 25 nm, or 2 nm to 10 nm, etc.
  • MWCO Molecular Weight Cut-Off
  • a polymer standard such as dextran, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, proteins, polystyrene, poly(methylmethacrylate) may be used to characterize the pore size.
  • a polymer standard such as dextran, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, proteins, polystyrene, poly(methylmethacrylate)
  • one supplier of the porous substrates evaluates the pore sizes using a standard test, such as ASTM E1343-90-2001 using polyvinyl alcohol.
  • the pores in the microporous layer may be measured by mercury porosimetry for average or largest pore size, bubble point pore size measurement for the largest pores, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and/or Atom Force Microscopy (AFM) for the average/largest pore size.
  • SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
  • AFM Atom Force Microscopy
  • the porous substrate includes a macroporous layer.
  • the macroporous layer is adjacent to or defines the first major surface of the porous substrate.
  • the macroporous layer is embedded between two microporous layers, for example a BLA020 membrane obtained from 3M Purification Inc.
  • the macroporous layer comprises pores having a size in the range of from 1 ⁇ m and 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the size of the pores in the macroporous layer may include, in increments of 1 ⁇ m, any range between 1 ⁇ m up to and including 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the size of the pores in the macroporous substrate may be in the range of from 1 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, or 5 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m, or 10 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, etc.
  • the size of the pores in the macroporous layer may be measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy, or Optical Microscopy, or using a Pore Size Meter for Nonwovens.
  • the macroporous layer is typically preferred at least because the macropores not only provide less vapor transport resistance, compared to microporous or nanoporous structures, but the macroporous layer can also provide additional rigidity and mechanical strength.
  • the thickness of the porous substrate selected may depend on the intended application of the membrane. Generally, the thickness of the porous substrate (“T” in FIG. 1A ) may be greater than 10 micrometers ( ⁇ m). In some embodiments, the thickness of the porous substrate may be greater than 1,000 ⁇ m, or greater than 5,000 ⁇ m. The maximum thickness depends on the intended use, but may often be less than or equal to 10,000 ⁇ m.
  • the nanoporous layer has a thickness in the range of from 0.01 ⁇ m up to and including 10 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the nanoporous layer may include, in increments of 50 nm, any range between 0.01 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the nanoporous layer may be in the range of from 50 nm to 5000 nm, or 100 nm to 3000 nm, or 500 nm to 2000 nm, etc.
  • the microporous layer has a thickness in the range of from 5 ⁇ m up to and including 300 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the microporous layer may include, in increments of 5 ⁇ m, any range between 5 ⁇ m and 300 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the microporous layer may be in the range of from 5 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, or 10 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, or 20 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, etc.
  • the macroporous layer has a thickness in the range of from 25 ⁇ m up to and including 500 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the macroporous layer may include, in increments of 25 ⁇ m, any range between 25 ⁇ m up and 500 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the macroporous substrate may be in the range of from 25 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m, or 25 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, or 50 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m, etc.
  • each layer may have a porosity that ranges from 0.5% up to and including 95%.
  • Separation membranes of the present disclosure may further include a (meth)acryl-containing polymer and/or an epoxy polymer.
  • such separation membranes demonstrate improved durability over the same separation membranes without the (meth)acryl-containing polymer or epoxy polymer. Improved durability may be demonstrated by reduced mechanical damage (e.g., abrasions, scratches, or erosion, or crack generation upon membrane folding)), reduced fouling, and/or reduced chemical attack.
  • the (meth)acryl-containing polymer and/or epoxy polymer may be mixed with the polymeric ionomer. They may form an interpenetrating network within the polymeric ionomer.
  • the (meth)acryl-containing polymer and/or epoxy polymer form separate layers from that of the polymeric ionomer.
  • the (meth)acryl-containing polymer may be a pore-filling polymer in the porous substrate and the polymeric ionomer may be coated on top of the porous substrate.
  • the epoxy polymer may be a pore-filling polymer in the porous substrate and the polymeric ionomer may be coated on top of the porous substrate.
  • Membranes made using such multi-layered coatings are referred to herein as hybrid membranes.
  • the starting materials for the (meth)acryl-containing polymer include (meth)acryl-containing monomers and/or oligomers.
  • Suitable (meth)acryl-containing monomers and/or oligomers may be selected from the group of a polyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, a polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, a silicone diacrylate, a silicone hexa-acrylate, a polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, a hydroxylmethacrylate, 1H,1H,6H,6H-perfluorohydroxyldiacrylate, a urethane diacrylate, a urethane hexa-acrylate, a urethane triacrylate, a polymeric tetrafunctional acrylate, a polyester penta-acrylate, an epoxy diacrylate, a
  • the (meth)acryl-containing monomers and/or oligomers may be selected from the group of a polyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, a polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, a silicone diacrylate, a silicone hexa-acrylate, a polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, a hydroxylmethacrylate, 1H,1H,6H,6H-perfluorohydroxyldiacrylate, and a polyester tetra-acrylate.
  • Various combinations of such monomers and/or oligomers may be used to form the pore-filling polymer.
  • the starting monomers and/or oligomers include one or more of the following:
  • di(meth)acryl-containing compounds such as dipropylene glycol diacrylate, ethoxylated (10) bisphenol A diacrylate, ethoxylated (3) bisphenol A diacrylate, ethoxylated (30) bisphenol A diacrylate, ethoxylated (4) bisphenol A diacrylate, hydroxypivalaldehyde modified trimethylolpropane diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol (200) diacrylate, polyethylene glycol (400) diacrylate, polyethylene glycol (600) diacrylate, propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, tricyclodecanedimethanol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, and tripropylene glycol diacrylate; (b) tri(meth)acryl-containing compounds such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethoxylated triacrylates (e.g., ethoxylated
  • the epoxy polymers include those formed from one or more epoxy resin(s) and one or more curing agents.
  • the epoxy has the general Formula IV:
  • R includes one or more aliphatic groups, cycloaliphatic groups, and/or aromatic hydrocarbon groups, optionally wherein R further includes at least one ether linkage between adjacent hydrocarbon groups; and n is an integer greater than 1. Generally, n is the number of glycidyl ether groups and must be greater than 1 for at least one of the first epoxy resins of Formula I present in the adhesive. In some embodiments, n is 2 to 4.
  • Curing agents are compounds which are capable of cros slinking the epoxy resin. Typically, these agents are primary and/or secondary amines. The amines may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic. In some embodiments, useful amine curing agents include those having the general Formula V:
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, a hydrocarbon containing 1 to 15 carbon atoms, and a polyether containing up to 15 carbon atoms;
  • R 3 represents a hydrocarbon containing 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a polyether containing up to 15 carbon atoms; and
  • n is from 2 to 10.
  • Exemplary epoxy resins include glycidyl ethers of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and novolac resins as well as glycidyl ethers of aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diols.
  • Examples of commercially available glycidyl ethers include polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether from Nagase Chemtex, Tokyo, Japan under the trade name of EX-512, EX521, sorbitol polyglycidyl ether from Nagase Chemtex Corp.
  • amine curing agents examples include ethylene amine, ethylene diamine, diethylene diamine, propylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, 2-methyl-1,5-pentamethylene-diamine, triethylene tetramine (“TETA”), tetraethylene pentamine (“TEPA”), hexaethylene heptamine, and the like.
  • Commercially available amine curing agents include those available from Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. under the trade name ANC AMINE.
  • At least one of the amine curing agents is a polyether amine having one or more amine moieties, including those polyether amines that can be derived from polypropylene oxide or polyethylene oxide.
  • Suitable polyether amines that can be used include those available from Huntsman under the trade name JEFFAMINE, and from Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. under the trade name ANCAMINE. Suitable commercially available polyetheramines include those sold by Huntsman under the JEFFAMINE trade name.
  • Suitable polyether diamines include JEFFAMINEs in the D, ED, and DR series. These include JEFFAMINE D-230, D-400, D-2000, D-400, HK-511, ED- 600, ED-900, ED-2003, EDR-148, and EDR-176.
  • Suitable polyether triamines include JEFFAMINEs in the T series. These include JEFFAMINE T-403, T-3000, and T-5000.
  • separation membranes of the present disclosure further include one or more ionic liquids mixed with one or more the polymeric ionomers.
  • Such composite membranes demonstrate improved performance (e.g., flux) over the same separation membranes without the ionic liquids. Improved performance may be demonstrated by increased flux while maintaining good ethanol selectivity.
  • An ionic liquid is a compound that is a liquid under separation conditions. It may or may not be a liquid during mixing with the polymeric ionomer, application to a substrate, storage, or shipping.
  • the desired liquid ionic compound is liquid at a temperature of less than 100° C., and in certain embodiments, at room temperature.
  • Ionic liquids are salts in which the cation(s) and anion(s) are poorly coordinated. At least one of the ions is organic and at least one of the ions has a delocalized charge. This prevents the formation of a stable crystal lattice, and results in such materials existing as liquids at the desired temperature, often at room temperature, and at least, by definition, at less than 100° C.
  • the ionic liquid includes one or more cations selected from quaternary ammonium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, oxazolium, thiazolium, triazolium, pyridinium,piperidinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, trialkylsulphonium, pyrrole, and guanidium.
  • the ionic liquid includes one or more anions selected from Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ , I , HSO 4 ⁇ , NO 3 ⁇ , SO 4 2 ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ , N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ , CH 3 SO 3 ⁇ , B(CN) 4 ⁇ , C 4 F 9 SO 3 ⁇ , PF 6 ⁇ , N(CN) 4 ⁇ , C(CN) 4 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , Ac ⁇ , SCN ⁇ , HSO 4 ⁇ , CH 3 SO 4 ⁇ , C 2 H 5 SO 4 ⁇ , and C 4 H 9 SO 4 ⁇ .
  • the ionic liquid is selected from 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (Emim-BF 4 ), 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium trifluoromethane sulfonate (Emim-TFSA), 3-methyl-N-butyl-pyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 3-methyl-N-butyl-pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, N-butyl-pyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride,
  • composite membranes of the present disclosure further include an amorphous fluorochemical film disposed on the separation membrane.
  • the film is disposed on the side of the separation membrane the feed mixture enters. It is possible, however, to include an amorphous fluorochemical film on both major surfaces of the separation membrane to further protect the polymeric ionomer.
  • such separation membranes demonstrate improved durability over the same separation membranes without the amorphous fluorochemical film. Improved durability may be demonstrated by reduced mechanical damage (e.g., abrasions, scratches, or erosion, or crack generation upon membrane folding), reduced fouling, reduced chemical attack, and/or reduced performance decline after exposure to gasoline or ethanol/gasoline mixture under separation conditions.
  • such separation membranes demonstrate improved performance over the same separation membranes without the amorphous fluorochemical film. Improved performance may be demonstrated by increased flux.
  • such amorphous fluorochemical film typically has a thickness of at least 0.001 ⁇ m, or at least 0.03 ⁇ m. In certain embodiments, such amorphous fluorochemical film typically has a thickness of up to and including 5 ⁇ m, or up to and including 0.1 ⁇ m.
  • the amorphous fluorochemical film is a plasma-deposited fluorochemical film, as described in U.S. Pat. Pub. 2003/0134515.
  • the plasma-deposited fluorochemical film is derived from one or more fluorinated compounds selected from: linear, branched, or cyclic saturated perfluorocarbons; linear, branched, or cyclic unsaturated perfluorocarbons; linear, branched, or cyclic saturated partially fluorinated hydrocarbons; linear, branched, or cyclic unsaturated partially fluorinated hydrocarbons; carbonylfluorides; perfluorohypofluorides; perfluoroether compounds; oxygen-containing fluorides; halogen fluorides; sulfur-containing fluorides; nitrogen-containing fluorides; silicon-containing fluorides; inorganic fluorides (such as aluminum fluoride and copper fluoride); and rare gas-containing fluorides (such as xenon difluoride, xenon tetrafluoride, and krypton hexafluoride).
  • fluorinated compounds selected from: linear, branched, or cyclic saturated perfluorocarbons
  • the plasma-deposited fluorochemical film is derived from one or more fluorinated compounds selected from CF 4 , SF 6 , C 2 F 6 , C 3 F 8 , C 4 F 10 , C 5 F 12 , C 6 F 14 , C 7 F 16 , C 8 F 18 , C 2 F 4 , C 3 F 6 , C 4 F 8 , C 5 F 10 , C 6 F 12 , C 4 F 6 , C 7 F 14 , C 8 F 16 , CF 3 COF, CF 2 (COF) 2 , C 3 F 7 COF, CF 3 OF, C 2 F 5 OF, CF 3 COOF, CF 3 OCF 3 , C 2 F 5 OC 2 F 5 , C 2 F 4 OC 2 F 4 , OF 2 , SOF 2 , SOF 4 , NOF, ClF 3 , IF 5 , BrF 5 , BrF 3 , CF 3 I, C 2 F 5 I, N 2 F 4 , NF
  • the plasma-deposited fluorochemical film is derived from one or more hydrocarbon compounds in combination with one or more fluorinated compounds.
  • suitable hydrocarbon compounds include acetylene, methane, butadiene, benzene, methylcyclopentadiene, pentadiene, styrene, naphthalene, and azulene.
  • fluorocarbon film plasma deposition occurs at rates ranging from 1 nanometer per second (nm/sec) to 100 nm/sec depending on processing conditions such as pressure, power, gas concentrations, types of gases, and the relative size of the electrodes. In general, deposition rates increase with increasing power, pressure, and gas concentration.
  • Plasma is typically generated with RF electric power levels of at least 500 watts and often up to and including 8000 watts, with a typical moving web speed or at least 1 foot per minute (fpm) (0.3 meters per minute (m/min)) and often up to and including 300 fpm (90 m/min).
  • the gas flow rates, e.g., of the fluorinated compound and the optional hydrocarbon compound, is typically at least 10 (standard cubic centimeters per minutes) sccm and often up to and including 5000 sccm.
  • the fluorinated compound is carried by an inert gas such as argon, nitrogen, helium, etc.
  • amorphous glassy perfluoropolymers examples include a copolymer of perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole (PDD) and polytetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (such as those copolymers available under the trade names TEFLON AF2400 and TEFLON AF1600 from DuPont Company), a copolymer of 2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3-dioxole (TTD) and TFE (such as those copolymers available under the trade names HYFLON AD60 and HYFLON AD80 from Solvay Company), and a copolymer of TFE and cyclic perfluoro-butenylvinyl ether (such as the copolymer available under the trade name CYTOP from Asahi Glass, Japan).
  • PDD perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole
  • TFE polytetraflu
  • such amorphous glassy perfluoropolymer is a perfluoro-dioxole homopolymer or copolymer such as a copolymer of perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole (PDD) and polytetrafluoroethylene (TFE), and a copolymer of 2,2,4-trifluoro-5-trifluoromethoxy-1,3-dioxole (TTD) and TFE.
  • PDD perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole
  • TFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • such amorphous glassy perfluoropolymer is deposited out of solution.
  • exemplary solvents for use in deposition of the amorphous glassy perfluoropolymer include those available from 3M Company under the trade names FLUORINERT FC-87, FC-72, FC-84, and FC-770, as well as NOVEC HFE-7000, HFE-7100, HFE-7200, HFE-7300, and HFE-7500.
  • a curable pore-filling polymer composition i.e., “pore-filling polymer coating solution” or simply “pore-filling coating solution”
  • pore-filling polymer coating solution i.e., “pore-filling polymer coating solution” or simply “pore-filling coating solution”
  • a liquid e.g., deionized water or organic solvents
  • an organic solvent may include methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, dibutyl sebecate, glycerol triacetate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, etc.
  • it is a volatile organic solvent for easy solution saturation or diffusion into the pores.
  • the pore-filling coating solution may be applied to a selected porous substrate by a variety of techniques such as dip coating, gravure coating, die coating, slot coating, etc.
  • Monomer and/or oligomer concentration may range from 0.5% to 100%.
  • a porous substrate may be saturated in a pore-filling coating solution of monomers and/or oligomers of a pore-filling polymer in deionized water.
  • the substrate may be separated from the liquid (e.g., volatile organic solvent) before or after irradiation.
  • the substrate may be exposed to irradiation, such as UV irradiation. This can be done for example, on a moving belt. Any uncured pore-filling coating solution may be washed away, and then the composite membrane dried.
  • Either an ionic liquid can be mixed in the coating composition and applied to the porous support at one pass, or an ionic liquid dissolved in a solvent can be over-coated onto the polymeric ionomer coated membrane.
  • the ionic liquid may diffuse into the polymeric ionomer layer.
  • An amorphous fluorocarbon film may be applied after the polymeric ionomer composition is coated in or on a substrate.
  • the fluorocarbon film can be formed out of a solution or deposited by plasma fluorination.
  • porous substrates may be supplied with a humectant, such as glycerol, that fills and/or coats the pores of the substrate. Typically, this is done to prevent small pores from collapsing during drying process and storage, for example. This humectant may or may not be washed out before using. Typically, however, the humectant is washed out by the process of filling the pores with the pore-filling coating solution.
  • a substrate is obtained and used without a humectant.
  • commercially available porous substrates also may be supplied as wet with water and/or preservative(s). Preferably, a dry substrate is used.
  • Separation membranes of the present disclosure may be composite membranes, particularly asymmetric composite membranes, may be used in various separation methods. Such separation methods include pervaporation, vapor permeation, gas separation, nanofiltration, organic solvent nanofiltration, and combinations thereof (e.g., a combination of pervaporation and vapor permeation).
  • the separation membranes of the present disclosure are particularly useful in pervaporation methods. Pervaporation may be used for desulfurization of gasoline, dehydration of organic solvents, isolation of aroma components, and removal of volatile organic compounds from aqueous solutions.
  • separation membranes which may be composite membranes, particularly asymmetric composite membranes, in pervaporation, particularly pervaporating alcohol from an alcohol and gasoline mixture.
  • Well-known separation techniques may be used with the composite membranes of the present disclosure.
  • nanofiltration techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2013/0118983 (Linvingston et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 7,247,370 (Childs et al.), and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2002/0161066 (Remigy et al.).
  • Pervaporation techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,604,746 (Childs et al.) and EP 0811420 (Apostel et al.). Gas separation techniques are described in Journal of Membrane Sciences, vol. 186, pages 97-107 (2001).
  • Pervaporation separation rate is typically not constant during a depletion separation.
  • the pervaporation rate is higher when the feed concentration of the selected material (in this case ethanol) is higher than near then end of the separation when the feed concentration of the selected material is lower and this rate is typically not linear with concentration.
  • the separation rate is high and the feed concentration of the selected material and flux falls rapidly, but this concentration and flux changes very slowly as the limit of depletion is reached.
  • Typical conditions used in separation methods of the present disclosure include fuel temperatures of from ⁇ 20° C. (or from 20° C. or room temperature) up to and including 120° C. (or up to and including 95° C.), fuel pressures of from 10 pounds per square inch (psi) (69 kPa) up to and including 400 psi (2.76 MPa) (or up to and including 100 psi (690 kPa)), fuel flow rates of 0.1 liter per minute (L/min) up to and including 20 L/min, and vacuum pressures of from 20 Torr (2.67 kPa) up to and including ambient pressure (i.e., 760 Ton (101 kPa)).
  • fuel temperatures of from ⁇ 20° C. (or from 20° C. or room temperature) up to and including 120° C. (or up to and including 95° C.)
  • fuel pressures of from 10 pounds per square inch (psi) (69 kPa) up to and including 400 psi (2.76 MPa) (
  • the performance of a separation membrane is mainly determined by the properties of the polymeric ionomer.
  • the efficiency of a pervaporation membrane may be expressed as a function of its selectivity and of its specific flux.
  • the permeate concentration is defined as the separation efficiency if the feed component is relatively consistent.
  • the trans-membrane flux is a function of the composition of the feed. It is usually given as permeate amount per membrane area and per unit time, e.g., kilogram per meter squared per hour (kg/m 2 /hr).
  • the polymeric ionomer exhibits an alcohol selectivity in the range of from at least 30% up to and including 100%.
  • alcohol selectivity means the amount of alcohol in the gasoline/alcohol mixture that diffuses through to the output side of the separation membrane.
  • the alcohol selectivity of the polymeric ionomer may include, in increments of 1%, any range between 30% and 100%.
  • the alcohol selectivity may be in the range of from 31% up to 99%, or 40% to 100%, or 50% to 95%, etc.
  • the polymeric ionomer in the separation membrane exhibits an average alcohol permeate flux (e.g., from an alcohol/gasoline mixture) in the range of from at least 0.3 kg/m 2 /hr, and in increments of 10 g/m 2 /hr, up to and including 30 kg/m 2 /hr.
  • the average ethanol flux from E 10 (10% ethanol) to E2 (2% ethanol) standard include in the range of from 0.2 kg/m 2 /hr to 20 kg/m 2 /hr.
  • Preferred processing conditions used for such flux measurement include: a feed temperature of from ⁇ 20° C. (or from 20° C.) up to and including 120° C.
  • a permeate vacuum pressure of from 20 Torr (2.67 kPa) up to and including 760 Torr (101 kPa), a feed pressure of from 10 psi (69 kPa) up to and including 400 psi (2.76 MPa) (or up to and including 100 psi (690 kPa)), and an ethanol concentration in feed gasoline of from 2% up to and including 20%.
  • the polymeric ionomer in the separation membrane can exhibit an average ethanol permeate flux, in increments of 10 g/m 2 /hour, between the below-listed upper and lower limits (according to Method 1 and/or Method 2 in the Examples Section).
  • the average ethanol permeate flux may be at least 310 g/m 2 /hour, or at least 350 g/m 2 /hour, or at least 500 g/m 2 /hour.
  • the average ethanol permeate flux may be up to 30 kg/m 2 /hour, or up to 20 kg/m 2 /hour, or up to 10 kg/m 2 /hour.
  • the average ethanol permeate flux may be in the range of from 310 g/m 2 /hour up to 20 kg/m 2 /hour, or 350 g/m 2 /hour up to 30 kg/m 2 /hour, or 500 g/m 2 /hour up to 10 kg/m 2 /hour, etc. It may be desirable for the polymeric membrane to exhibit an average permeate flux of 320 g/m 2 /hour, when the separation membrane is assembled into 5 liter volume cartridge such that the cartridge will produce the desired amount of flux to meet the system requirements.
  • the system requirements are defined by internal combustion engines that require ethanol flux.
  • One example is a Japan Society of Automotive Engineers technical paper JSAE 20135048 titled “Research Engine System Making Effective Use of Bio-ethanol-blended Fuels.”
  • Preferred processing conditions used for such flux measurement include: a feed temperature of from ⁇ 20° C. (or from 20° C.) up to and including 120° C. (or up to and including 95° C.), a permeate vacuum pressure of from 20 Torr (2.67 kPa) to 760 Torr (101 kPa), a feed pressure of from 10 psi (69 kPa) to 400 psi (2.76 MPa) (or up to and including 100 psi (690 kPa)), and an ethanol concentration in feed gasoline of from 2% to 20%.
  • Separation membranes of the present disclosure may be incorporated into cartridges (i.e., modules), in particular cartridges for separating alcohol from an alcohol and gasoline mixture.
  • Suitable cartridges include, for example, spiral-wound modules, plate and frame modules, tubular modules, hollow fiber modules, pleated cartridge, and the like.
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of an exemplary module 120 (specifically, a spiral-wound module) that includes a support tube 122 , an exemplary composite membrane 124 of the present disclosure wound onto the support tube 122 .
  • a mixture of liquids to be separated e.g., alcohol and gasoline mixture
  • the liquid that is less permeable in the polymeric ionomer e.g., gasoline
  • the more permeable liquid e.g., alcohol
  • a high concentration of alcohol (typically with a small amount of gasoline), which is separated from an alcohol/gasoline mixture, flows out of the center of the support tube 122 as vapor and/or liquid along the direction of arrow 128 , and the resultant mixture with a lower concentration of alcohol than present in the mixture that enters the composite membrane flows out of the composite membrane along the direction of arrows 129 .
  • an exemplary cartridge has a volume in the range of from 200 milliliters (mL), or 500 mL, up to and including 5.000 liters (L).
  • the volume of the cartridge may include, in increments of 10 mL, any range between 200 mL, or 500 mL, and 5.000 L.
  • the cartridge volume may be in the range of from 210 mL up to 4.990 L, or 510 mL up to 4.990 L, or 300 mL up to 5.000 L, or 600 mL up to 5.000 L, or 1.000 L up to 3.000 L, etc.
  • the cartridge has a volume of 1.000 L.
  • the cartridge has a volume of 0.800 L.
  • Cartridges that include separation membranes of the present disclosure may be incorporated into fuel separation systems, which may be used in, or in conjunction with, engines such as flex-fuel engines.
  • An exemplary fuel separation system is shown in FIG. 3 , which employs a membrane pervaporation method (PV method) to separate high ethanol fraction gasoline from gasoline containing ethanol.
  • PV method membrane pervaporation method
  • gasoline is introduced into an inlet of a membrane separation unit 130 after being passed through a heat exchanger 131 (which is connected to engine coolant 132 ) from a main fuel storage tank 133 .
  • a low-ethanol fraction fuel from the membrane separation unit 130 is returned to the main fuel storage tank 133 after being cooled as it passes through a radiator 134 .
  • the ethanol rich vapor which came out of membrane separation unit 130 is typically passed through a condenser 136 where it is condensed under negative pressure produced by vacuum pump 138 and then collected in an ethanol tank 139 .
  • a fuel separation system includes one or more cartridges, which may be in series or parallel, which include separation membranes of the present disclosure.
  • Embodiment 1 is a method of selectively separating (e.g., pervaporating) a first fluid (e.g., first liquid) from a feed mixture comprising the first fluid (e.g., first liquid) and a second fluid (e.g., second liquid), the method comprising contacting the feed mixture with a separation membrane comprising a polymeric ionomer, wherein the polymeric ionomer has a highly fluorinated backbone and recurring pendant groups according to the following formula (Formula I): —O—R f —[—SO 2 —N ⁇ (Z + )—SO 2 —R—] m —[SO 2 ] n -Q
  • the polymeric ionomer is more permeable to the first fluid (e.g., first liquid) than the second fluid (e.g., second liquid);
  • the first fluid e.g., first liquid
  • the second fluid e.g., second liquid
  • Embodiment 2 is a cartridge comprising a separation membrane for selectively separating (e.g., pervaporating) a first fluid (e.g., first liquid) from a feed mixture comprising the first fluid (e.g., first liquid) and a second fluid (e.g., second liquid), the separation membrane comprising a polymeric ionomer, wherein the polymeric ionomer has a highly fluorinated backbone and recurring pendant groups according to the following formula (Formula I): —O—R f —[—SO 2 —N ⁇ (Z + )—SO 2 —R—] m —[SO 2 ] n -Q
  • the polymeric ionomer is more permeable to the first fluid (e.g., first liquid) than the second fluid (e.g., second liquid);
  • the first fluid e.g., first liquid
  • the second fluid e.g., second liquid
  • Embodiment 3 is the method or cartridge according to embodiment 1 or 2 wherein the separation membrane is a free-standing membrane.
  • Embodiment 4 is the method or cartridge according to embodiment 1 or 2 wherein the separation membrane further comprises a substrate on which the polymeric ionomer is disposed.
  • Embodiment 5 is the method or cartridge according to embodiment 4 wherein:
  • the substrate is a porous substrate comprising opposite first and second major surfaces, and a plurality of pores;
  • the polymeric ionomer forms a polymer layer having a thickness in and/or on the porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 6 is a separation membrane for selectively separating (e.g., pervaporating) a first fluid (e.g., first liquid) from a feed mixture comprising a first fluid (e.g., first liquid) and a second fluid (e.g., second liquid), the composite membrane comprising:
  • porous substrate comprising opposite first and second major surfaces, and a plurality of pores
  • polymeric ionomer has a highly fluorinated backbone and recurring pendant groups according to the following formula (Formula I): —O—R f —[—SO 2 —N ⁇ (Z + )—SO 2 —R—] m —[SO 2 ] n -Q
  • the polymeric ionomer is more permeable to the first fluid (e.g., first liquid) than the second fluid (e.g., second liquid);
  • the first fluid e.g., first liquid
  • the second fluid e.g., second liquid
  • Embodiment 7 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to embodiment 5 or 6 wherein the porous substrate is a polymeric porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 9 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 8 wherein the porous substrate is asymmetric or symmetric.
  • Embodiment 10 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 9 wherein the porous substrate comprises a nanoporous layer.
  • Embodiment 11 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to embodiment 10 wherein the nanoporous layer is adjacent to or defines the first major surface of the porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 12 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 11 wherein the porous substrate comprises a microporous layer.
  • Embodiment 14 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 13 wherein the porous substrate comprises a macroporous layer.
  • Embodiment 15 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to embodiment 14 wherein the macroporous layer is adjacent to or defines the second major surface of the porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 16 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 15 wherein the porous substrate has a thickness measured from one to the other of the opposite major surfaces in the range of from 5 ⁇ m up to and including 500 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiment 17 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to embodiment 10 or 11 wherein the nanoporous layer has a thickness in the range of from 0.01 ⁇ m up to and including 10 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiment 18 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to embodiment 12 or 13 wherein the microporous layer has a thickness in the range of from 5 ⁇ m up to and including 300 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiment 20 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 19 wherein the porous substrate comprises pores having an average size in the range of from 0.5 nanometer (nm) up to and including 1000 ⁇ m.
  • Embodiment 21 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 10, 11, and 17 wherein the nanoporous layer comprises pores having a size in the range of from 0.5 nanometer (nm) up to and including 100 nm.
  • Embodiment 24 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 23 wherein the porous substrate is a polymeric porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 25 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 23 wherein the porous substrate is a ceramic porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 26 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 25 wherein the porous substrate is asymmetric or symmetric.
  • Embodiment 27 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 26 wherein the polymeric ionomer forms a polymer layer on the first major surface of the porous substrate wherein a majority of the polymer composition is on the surface of the porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 28 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to embodiments 5 through 27 wherein the polymeric ionomer is disposed in at least some of the pores so as to form a layer having a thickness within the porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 29 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to embodiment 28 wherein the polymeric ionomer is in the form of a pore-filling polymer layer that forms at least a portion of the first major surface of the porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 31 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to embodiment 30 wherein the amount of the polymeric ionomer at, on, or adjacent to the first major surface of the porous substrate is greater than the amount of the polymeric ionomer at, on, or adjacent to the second major surface of the porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 32 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 29 through 31 wherein the polymeric ionomer is in the form of a pore-filling polymer layer having an exposed major surface, which coats the first major surface of the porous substrate, and an opposite major surface disposed between the opposite first and second major surfaces of the porous substrate.
  • Embodiment 36 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 1 through 35 wherein the second fluid (e.g., second liquid) is gasoline, an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, or an ether.
  • the second fluid e.g., second liquid
  • the second fluid is gasoline, an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, or an ether.
  • Embodiment 37 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to embodiment 36 wherein the first fluid (e.g., first liquid) is an alcohol, and the second fluid (e.g., second liquid) is gasoline.
  • first fluid e.g., first liquid
  • second fluid e.g., second liquid
  • Embodiment 38 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 5 through 37 wherein the polymer layer forms a continuous layer.
  • Embodiment 39 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 1 through 38 wherein the polymeric ionomer has a highly fluorinated backbone and recurring pendant groups according to the following formula (Formula II): —O—R f —[SO 2 ]-Q
  • the first fluid e.g., first liquid
  • the second fluid e.g., second liquid
  • Embodiment 40 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 1 through 38 wherein the polymeric ionomer has a highly fluorinated backbone and recurring pendant groups according to the following formula (Formula III): —O—R f —[—SO 2 —N ⁇ (Z + )—SO 2 —R—] m -Q
  • Embodiment 41 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 1 through 40 wherein the polymeric ionomer exhibits an alcohol selectivity in the range of from at least 30% up to and including 100%.
  • Embodiment 42 is the membrane, cartridge, or method according to any one of embodiments 1 through 41 wherein the polymeric ionomer exhibits an average alcohol permeate (e.g., alcohol from an alcohol/gasoline mixture) flux in the range of from at least 310 g/m 2 /hour up to and including 30 kg/m 2 /hour, using a feed temperature in the range of from at least ⁇ 20° C.
  • an average alcohol permeate e.g., alcohol from an alcohol/gasoline mixture
  • a permeate vacuum pressure in the range of from at least 20 Torr (2.67 kPa) up to and including 760 Torr (101 kPa)
  • a feed pressure in the range of at least 10 psi (69 kPa) up to and including 400 psi (2.76 MPa)
  • an alcohol concentration in feed gasoline/alcohol mixture in the range of from at least 2% up to and including 20%.
  • Embodiment 43 is the method, cartridge, or membrane according to any one of embodiments 1 through 42 further comprising a (meth)acryl-containing polymer.
  • Embodiment 44 is the method, cartridge, or membrane according to embodiment 43 wherein the (meth)acryl-containing polymer is derived from one or more (meth)acryl-containing monomers and/or oligomers selected from the group of a polyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, a polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, a silicone diacrylate, a silicone hexa-acrylate, a polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, a hydroxylmethacrylate, 1H,1H,6H,6H-perfluorohydroxyldiacrylate, a urethane diacrylate, a urethane hexa-acrylate, a urethane triacrylate, a polymeric tetrafunctional acrylate, a polyester penta-acrylate, an epoxy diacrylate, a polyester triacrylate, a polyester tetra-acrylate, an amine-
  • Embodiment 45 is the method, cartridge, or membrane according to embodiment 43 or 44 wherein the (meth)acrylate polymer is mixed with the polymeric ionomer.
  • Embodiment 46 is the method, cartridge, or membrane according to embodiment 43 or 44 wherein the (meth)acrylate polymer and polymeric ionomer are in separate layers.
  • Embodiment 47 is the method, cartridge, or membrane according to any one of embodiments 1 through 46 further comprising an epoxy polymer.
  • Embodiment 48 is the method, cartridge, or membrane according to embodiment 47 wherein the epoxy polymer is mixed with the polymeric ionomer or wherein the epoxy polymer and polymeric ionomer are in separate layers.
  • Embodiment 49 is the method, cartridge, or membrane according to any one of embodiments 1 through 48 further comprising at least one of:
  • Embodiment 50 is the method, cartridge, or membrane according to claim 49 wherein the amorphous fluorochemical film is a plasma-deposited fluorochemical film.
  • Embodiment 51 is the method, cartridge, or membrane according to claim 49 wherein the amorphous fluorochemical film comprises an amorphous glassy perfluoropolymer having a Tg of at least 100° C.
  • the polymeric ionomer is applied to the nanoporous side of the substrate.
  • 3M PFSA 825EW prepared according to the example described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,088, where the ratio of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and F—SO 2 —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 —O—CF ⁇ CF 2 (Comonomer A) was chosen to result in an equivalent weight of 825 g/mol.
  • 3M PFSA 725EW prepared according to the example described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,088, where the ratio of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and F—SO 2 —CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 —O—CF ⁇ CF 2 (Comonomer A) was chosen to result in an equivalent weight of 725 g/mol.
  • PA350 polyacrylonitrile substrate, Nanostone Water, formerly known as Sepro Membranes Inc., Oceanside, Calif., used as received PE2
  • polyethersulfone substrate obtained from Nanostone Water, formerly known as Sepro Membranes Inc., Oceanside, Calif., used as received PE5
  • polyethersulfone substrate obtained from Nanostone Water, formerly known as Sepro Membranes Inc., Oceanside, Calif., used as received NaCl, EM Science, Gibbstown, N.J. KCl, Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis. CH 3 CO 2 Cs, Cesium acetate, Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis., ZnCl 2 , Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, Mass.
  • EX512 polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether, Nagase Chemtex Corporation, Japan EX521, polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether, Nagase Chemtex Corporation, Japan JEFFAMINE D400, Huntsman Corporation, The Woodlands, Tex. TEFLON AF2400, DuPont Company, Wilmington, Del. HFE-7200, NOVEC solvent, 3M Company, St Paul, Minn. DP760, epoxy adhesive, 3M Company, St Paul Minn.
  • the ability of the membranes to separate ethanol and gasoline from an ethanol/gasoline mixture was determined using the test apparatus depicted in FIG. 4 and the following technique.
  • the membrane sample was mounted onto a stainless steel cell (Sepa CF II, obtained from General Electric Co., Fairfield, Conn.). The effective membrane surface area was 140 cm 2 .
  • a feedstock of E10 gasoline (10% ethanol) was heated by a heat exchanger and pumped through the membrane cell at a flow rate of 500 ml/min.
  • the input and output temperatures of the feedstock at the inlet and outlet of the membrane cell was monitored by thermocouples.
  • the permeate was collected in a cold trap cooled with liquid nitrogen.
  • the membrane cell vacuum was controlled by a regulator connected to a vacuum pump. Testing was performed under conditions: 70° C. feedstock temperature and 200 Torr vacuum.
  • the total permeate mass flux was calculated as:
  • m the mass of the permeate in kilograms (kg); A is the effective membrane area in square meters (m 2 ); and t is the permeate collection duration time in hours (h).
  • the ethanol content of the permeate and the feedstock were measured by gas chromatography (GC) using an Agilent Model 7890C gas chromatograph. The alcohol content was determined by using a calibration line, obtained by running known concentrations of ethanol through the GC and measuring the GC response area. Then the response area measurements of the permeate and feedstock from the GC were obtained and then using the calibration line the % ethanol was determined. Ethanol mass flux was calculated as membrane mass flux multiplied by the ethanol concentration in the permeate.
  • the ability of the membranes to separate ethanol from an ethanol/gasoline mixture was determined as Method 1 above except the test apparatus was run in a continuous mode after charging the initial test vessel with about 1.1 liters of gasoline. Testing was conducted for 120min. The flow rate of the feed stream was maintained at 500 mL/min.
  • Vacuum in the membrane permeate side was set at 200 Torr (26.7 kPa) and the average gasoline temperature at the inlet and outlet of the membrane cell was maintained at 70° C.
  • Permeate samples were collected every 10 minutes and the feed ethanol contents were monitored every 10 min.
  • the fuel ethanol depletion curve was drawn as a function of the testing time. The time to reach 2 wt-% was obtained by extending the trend line of the ethanol depletion curve.
  • the average permeate ethanol was calculated from all of the permeate collected and their ethanol contents.
  • the membrane sample was soaked into a chamber of an autoclave with the temperature setting of 80° C. After 140 hours exposure time, the pressure was released and the sample was removed and dried out at ambient conditions. The performance of the hot gas exposed membrane was evaluated as in Method 1.
  • Films of 3M PFSA 825EW ionomer were fabricated by casting a 20 weight percent solids dispersion in ethanol (75 weight percent) and water (25 weight percent) onto a DuPONT KAPTON polyimide film on a Hirano coating line using a slot die.
  • the solvent was evaporated in four temperature controlled ovens set to 80°, 100°, 140° and 140° C. with the line moving at 2 meters per minute.
  • the dry film was then further annealed at 200° C. by contacting with a heated roll for 3 minutes.
  • the resulting films were then removed from the KAPTON liner and placed in a 1 molar solution of lithium chloride for ion exchange.
  • the film was triple rinsed in deionized water and allowed to dry at room temperature.
  • a 2 micron layer of 3M PFSA 725 EW ionomer was coated onto a PA350 (polyacrylonitrile) nanoporous substrate by coating a 12.5 weight percent solids dispersion in ethanol (75 weight percent) and water (25 weight percent) in a Hirano coating line using a slot die.
  • the solvent was evaporated in four temperature controlled ovens set to 40° C., 40° C., 60° C., and 70° C. with the line moving at 2 meters per minute.
  • the sample was tested in Method 1 in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 2).
  • Example 7 The membrane described in Example 7 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M LiCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 2).
  • Example 7 The membrane described in Example 7 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M NaCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 in Method lfor selectivity and flux (Table 2).
  • Example 7 The membrane described in Example 7 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M KCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 in Method lfor selectivity and flux (Table 2).
  • Example 7 The membrane described in Example 7 was ion exchanged by soaking in 0.25M CsCH 3 CO 2 for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 in Method lfor selectivity and flux (Table 2).
  • a 2 micron layer of 3M PFSA 825 EW ionomer was coated onto a PA350 nanoporous substrate by coating a 12.5 weight percent solids dispersion in ethanol (75 weight percent) and water (25 weight percent) using a Hirano coating line using a slot die.
  • the solvent was evaporated in four temperature controlled ovens set to 40° C., 40° C., 60° C., and 70° C. with the line moving at 2 meters per minute.
  • the sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 3).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M LiCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 3).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M NaCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 3).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M KCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 3).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 0.25M CH 3 CO 2 Cs for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 3).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 0.5M ZnCl 2 for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 3).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 0.25M FeSO 4 H 2 O for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 3).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 0.25M AlCl 3 for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 3).
  • a 2 micron layer of 3M PFSA1000 EW ionomer was coated onto a PA350 nanoporous substrate by casting a 12.5 weight percent solids dispersion in ethanol (75 weight percent) and water (25 weight percent) using a Hirano coating line using a slot die.
  • the solvent was evaporated in four temperature controlled ovens set to 40° C., 40° C., 60° C., and 70° C. with the line moving at 2 meters per minute.
  • the sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 4).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M LiCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 4).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M NaCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 4).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M KCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 4).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 0.25M CH 3 CO 2 Cs for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 4).
  • a 2 micron layer of 3M PFIA ionomer was coated onto a PA350 nanoporous substrate by casting a 12.5 weight percent solids dispersion in ethanol (75 weight percent) and water (25 weight percent) using a Hirano coating line using a slot die.
  • the solvent was evaporated in four temperature controlled ovens set to 40° C., 40° C., 60° C., and 70° C. with the line moving at 2 meters per minute.
  • the sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 5).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M LiCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 5).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M NaCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 5).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M KCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 5).
  • Example 12 The membrane described in Example 12 was ion exchanged by soaking in 0.25M CH 3 CO 2 Cs for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 5).
  • a 0.5 micron layer of 3M PFSA 825 EW ionomer was coated onto a PA350 nanoporous substrate by casting a 10 weight percent solids dispersion in ethanol (75 weight percent) and water (25 weight percent) using a Hirano coating line using a slot die.
  • the solvent was evaporated in four temperature controlled ovens set to 40° C., 40° C., 60° C., and 70° C. with the line moving at 2 meters per minute.
  • the membrane was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M LiCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 7).
  • a 3 micron layer of 3M PFSA 825 EW ionomer was coated onto a PE2 (polyether sulfone) nanoporous substrate by casting a 10 weight percent solids dispersion in ethanol (75 weight percent) and water (25 weight percent) using a Hirano coating line using a slot die.
  • the solvent was evaporated in four temperature controlled ovens set to 40° C., 40° C., 60° C., and 70° C. with the line moving at 2 meters per minute.
  • the sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 8).
  • Example 38 The membrane described in Example 38 was ion exchanged by soaking in 1M LiCl for 30 minutes followed by rinsing in deionized water and then allowed to try at room temperature overnight. The sample was tested in Method 1 for selectivity and flux (Table 8).
  • One weight percent (1 wt-%) 3M PFSA 725EW was dispersed into a solvent mixture (75 wt-% EtOH and 25 wt-% deionized water).
  • a polyacrylonitrile nanoporous substrate PA350 was coated with the solution above using a Mayer rod #6 and the solvent was allowed to evaporate at room temperature for at least 2 hours. Isooctane was dropped onto the dried, coated membrane surface and was found to wick through instantly. The penetration of isooctane is believed to indicate that there was not enough PFSA 725 EW applied to this substrate to form a continuous selective coated membrane. No other testing was conducted with this membrane.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 40 except the coating solution was 1 wt-% 3M PFSA 1000EW. No isooctane wicking through the membrane was observed.
  • the SEM cross-section image shows a continuous layer (1) (about 0.18 ⁇ m thick) deposited onto porous support (2). The membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a composite membrane was prepared as in Example 40 above except the coating solution was 1 wt-% NAFION 2020. No isooctane wicking through the membrane was observed.
  • the SEM cross-section image shows a continuous layer ( 1 ) (about 0.2 ⁇ m thick) deposited onto a porous substrate ( 2 ). The membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a composite membrane was prepared as in Example 42 above except PE5 was used as received for the substrate.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a composite membrane was prepared as in Example 42 above except the coating solution was 5.0 wt-% NAFION 2020.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a coating solution was prepared by mixing 4 wt-% 3M PFSA 1000EW and 96 wt % a solvent mixture (75 wt-% EtOH and 25 wt-% deionized water). The coating solution was applied on top of a PA350 substrate at the nanoporous side using a slot die in a pilot line. The line speed was set at 4.0 meter/min and the coating conditions targeted at 0.2 ⁇ m thickness of dry thin film coating. The coated membrane was dried by passing through an oven 7.62 meters long with the temperature 25-40° C. in different zones. The composite membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • FIG. 10 SEM cross-section image of the membrane ( FIG. 10 ) shows a continuous layer (1) (having a thickness close to that targeted) deposited on a porous substrate (2).
  • a composite membrane was prepared as in Example 45 above except the coating solution contained 1 wt-% 3M PFSA 1000EW and 99 wt-% a solvent mixture (75 wt-% EtOH and 25 wt-% deionized water).
  • the line speed was set at 6.0 meters/minute (m/min) and the solution feed rate was set at 11.68 grams/minute (g/min).
  • the coating conditions targeted a 0.05 ⁇ m dry film thickness.
  • the dried composite membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 1.
  • a coating solution contained 0.83 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW, 15.5 wt-% SR344 (polyethyleneglycol 400 diacrylate), and photoinitiator Photo 1173 was added at 1.1 wt-% relative to the SR344 in a solvent mixture (75 wt-% EtOH and 25 wt-% deionized water).
  • the mixed solution was applied to PA350 at the nanoporous side using a Mayer rod #6. After 5 minutes solvent evaporation at room temperature, the coated membrane was cured in 600 watts Fusion UV system equipped with H bulb and aluminum reflector under a nitrogen purge. The line speed was set at 6.1 m/min. The membrane was tested by pervaporation with gasoline as in Method 1 with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a hybrid composite membrane was prepared as in Example 47 except that the UV curing speed was set at 18.2 m/min.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation with gasoline as in Method 1 with the results shown in Table 9.
  • Example 47 In contrast to the ionomer membrane in Example #45, which coating was easily damaged by a wiping test using a water wetted clean wiper, both hybrid composite membranes in Example 47 and 48 survived the wiping test.
  • a hybrid composite membrane was prepared as in Example 47 except that the coating solution contained 1.0 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW, 5.0 wt-% SR344, and 0.03 wt-% Photo1173 relative to SR344, and the UV curing speed was set at 18.2 m/min.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation with gasoline as in Method 1 with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a hybrid composite membrane was prepared as in Example 47 except that the coating solution contained 1.0 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW, 10.3 wt-% SR344, and 0.04 wt-% Photo1173 relative to SR344, and the UV curing speed was set at 18.2 m/min.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation with gasoline as in Method 1 with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a hybrid composite membrane was prepared as in Example 47 except that the coating solution contained 1.0 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW, 19.9 wt-% SR344, and 0.05 wt-% Photo1173 relative to SR344, and the UV curing speed was set at 18.2 m/min.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation with gasoline as in Method 1 and the results showed in Table 9.
  • the fractured cross-section of the hybrid membrane ( FIG. 11 ) was imaged by a SEM.
  • a hybrid composite membrane was prepared as in Example 47 except that the coating solution contained 1.0 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW, 40.0 wt-% SR344, and 0.06 wt-% Photo 1173 relative to SR344, and the UV curing speed was set at 18.2 m/min.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation with gasoline as in Method 1 with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a hybrid composite membrane was prepared as in Example 47 except that the coating solution contained 1.0 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW, 20.0 wt-% SR610 (polyethyleneglycol 600 diacrylate) and 0.05 wt-% Photo1173 relative to SR610, and the UV curing speed was set at 18.2 m/min.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation with gasoline as in Method 1 with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a hybrid composite membrane was prepared as in Example 47 except that the coating solution contained 1.0 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW, 20.2 wt-% SR603OP (polyethylene glycol 400 dimethacrylate) and 0.05 wt-% Photo 1173 relative to SR603OP, and the UV curing speed was set at 18.2 m/min.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation with gasoline as in Method 1 with the results shown in Table 9.
  • Example 55 Illustrates an Overcoating Method to Prepare a Hybrid Membrane
  • a solution was prepared by mixing 2.04 grams (g) SR610, 0.25 g polyacrylic acid (50% aqueous solution, MW 5000), 0.12 g photoinitiator Photo 1173, and 17.66 g solvent mixture (EtOH/H 2 O, 75/25 mass ratio).
  • the solution which did not contain any ionomer was applied to the top of the membrane in Example 45 using Mayer rod #6.
  • the solvent was evaporated at room temperature before UV curing.
  • the curing was conducted in a Fusion UV system equipped with H bulb and aluminum reflector under nitrogen inert environment and the line speed was set at 6.02 meter/min.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation with gasoline as in Method 1 and the results showed in Table 9. As can be seen, this hybrid membrane showed 37% higher ethanol flux than the ionomer membrane in Example 45.
  • 3M PFSA Ionomer EW825 was disspersed in EtOH/H 2 O (75/25 mass ratio) to prepare a 30 wt-% PFSA-825EW stock solution.
  • JEFFAMINE D400 and epoxy EX614B were dissolved in MEK to prepare a 20 wt-% amine and epoxy stock solution, respectively.
  • the stock solutions above ware mixed with EtOH to get a final coating solution containing 9 wt-% 3M PFSA-825EW, 1 wt % EX614B and 0.62 wt-% JEFFAMINE D400.
  • the coating solution was applied to the nanoporous side of PA350 using a Mayer rod with the target dry coating thickness of 4 ⁇ m.
  • the coated membrane was dried and heat treated in a convection oven at 80° C. for 1 hour before evaluation in Method 4. The testing results are shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 56 except that the coating solution contained 4wt-% 3M PFSA-825EW and the target dry coating thickness was 5 ⁇ m.
  • the testing results are shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 56 except that the coating solution contained 9 wt-% 3M PFSA-825EW, 1 wt-% EX521 (polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether) and 0.59 wt-% JEFFAMINE D400.
  • the target dry coating thickness was 4 ⁇ m. The testing results are shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 56 except that the coating solution contained only 9 wt-% 3M PFSA-825EW and had no epoxy/amine component.
  • the target dry coating thickness was 2 ⁇ m. The testing results are shown in Table 9.
  • a coating solution was prepared by mixing 1.25 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW, 1.25 wt-% EMIM-Tf2N (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide RTIL) in a solvent mixture (75 wt-% EtOH and 25 wt-% deionized water).
  • the coating solution was applied to PA350 at the nanoporous side using a Mayer rod #6 and the solvent was allowed to evaporate at room temperature for at least 2 hours and then further dried at 80° C. under 8.0 kPa vacuum.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 61 except that the coating solution contained 2.5 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW only without any RTIL additive.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 61 except that the coating solution contained 2.5 wt-%3M PFSA-1000EW and 2.5 wt-% EMIM-Tf 2 N.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 61 except the coating solution was prepared by mixing 1.25 wt-% 3M PFSA-EW725, 1.25 wt-% EMIM-Tf 2 N, and the solvent mixture (ethanol/water, 75/25 mass ratio). The membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 61 except the coating solution was prepared by mixing 1.25 wt-% NAFION 2020, 0.50 wt-% 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF4), in a solvent mixture of 75 wt-% ethanol 25 wt-%.
  • EMIM-BF4 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
  • the molar ratio of EMIM-BF4 to NAFION 2020 sulfonic acid was 2.0.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane was prepared as Example 61 except the coating solution was prepared by mixing 1.25 wt-% NAFION 2020, 0.50 wt-% 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIM-TFSA), in a solvent mixture of 75 wt-% ethanol and 25 wt-% water. The molar ratio of EMIM-TFSA to NAFION 2020 sulfonic acid was 2.0. The membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • EMIM-TFSA 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate
  • a membrane was prepared as Example 61 except the coating solution was prepared by mixing 1.25 wt-% NAFION 2020, 0.71 wt-% 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate (HMIM-B(CN) 4 ), and the solvent mixture of 75 wt-% ethanol and 25 wt-% water.
  • the molar ratio of EMIM-TFSA to NAFION 2020 sulfonic acid was 2.0.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 61 except that the coating solution was prepared by mixing 1.5 wt-% 3M PFSA-825EW, 3.5 wt-% EMIM-Tf 2 N and a solvent mixture of of 75 wt-% ethanol and 25 wt-% water.
  • the total solid content in the coating solution was 5 wt-% and the molar ratio of RTIL to PFSA-825EW functionality was 4.92.
  • the membranes were tested by pervaporation in Method 1 and Method 2 with the results shown in the Table 9 and 10, respectively.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 61 except that the coating solution was prepared by mixing 2.0 wt-% 3M PFSA-825EW, 3.0 wt-% EMIM-Tf 2 N and a solvent mixture of 75 wt-% ethanol and 25 wt-% water. The total solid content in the coating solution remained 5 wt-% and the molar ratio of RTIL to PFSA-825EW functionality was 3.16.
  • the membranes were tested by pervaporation in Method 1 and Method 2 with the results shown in the Table 9 and 10, respectively.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 61 except that the coating solution was prepared by mixing 2.5 wt-% 3M PFSA-825EW, 2.5 wt-% EMIM-Tf 2 N and a solvent mixture of 75 wt-% ethanol and 25 wt-% water. The total solid content in the coating solution remained 5 wt-% and the molar ratio of RTIL to PFSA-825EW functionality was 2.11. The membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 2 with the results shown in the Table 10.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 61 except that the coating solution was prepared by mixing 3.5 wt-% 3M PFSA-825EW, 1.5 wt-% EMIM-Tf 2 N and a solvent mixture of 75 wt-% ethanol and 25 wt-% water. The total solid content in the coating solution remained 5 wt-% and the molar ratio of RTIL to PFSA-825EW functionality was 0.90.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 2 with the results shown in the Table 10.
  • a coating solution was prepared by mixing 6.00 wt-% 3M PFSA-1000EW, 3.12 wt-% EMIM-TFSA, and a solvent mixture of 60 wt-% ethanol and 40 wt-% deionized water.
  • the solution had EMIM-TFSA/PFSA-1000EW molar ratio of 2.0.
  • the coating solution was applied to a PA350 substrate using a slot die in a pilot line. The line speed was set at 6.0 meter/min and this coating conditions targeted at 0.2 ⁇ m thickness of dry thin film coating.
  • the coated membrane was dried by passing through a 7.6 meter long oven with the temperature 25-40° C. in different zones. The dried composite membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 and Method 2 with the results shown in the Table 9 and 10, respectively.
  • a membrane was prepared as in Example 72 except that the coating solution was made by mixing 1.00 wt-% PFSA-1000EW, 0.52 wt-% EMIM-TFSA, and a solvent mixture of 60 wt-% ethanol and 40 wt-% deionized water.
  • Target thickness was 0.1 ⁇ m.
  • the dried composite membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 with the results shown in the Table 9.
  • Examples 74-77 Illustrates a PFSA Membrane with a 2 nd Amorphous Perfluoropolymer Top Coating Layer
  • Example 73 The membrane in Example 73 was coated with 0.5 wt-% TEFLON AF2400 in 3M Novec solvent HFE7200 using a Mayer rod #5.
  • the dry AF2400 second layer coating thickness target was 0.034 ⁇ m.
  • the solvent was evaporated at ambient conditions for at least two hours.
  • the dual layer coated membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a spiral-wound module was prepared from the membrane of Example 74 using the following procedure and materials.
  • Polyphenlyene sulfide extruded mesh available under the product number N01328_6OPPS-NAT (or PPS P861) (from Delstar Technologies Inc., Middleton, Del.) was used as the feed spacer.
  • One sheet of polyester woven mesh available under the trade name WS0300 (from Industrial Netting, Minneapolis, MN) and one sheet of polybutylene terephthalate asymmetrical extruded mesh available under the product number N02413/19_45PBTNAT (or PBT P864) were stacked over each other and used as the permeate spacer.
  • Example 74 Seven membrane sheets (Example 74) (540 mm long) were pre-cut (25.4 cm width) and folded nonwoven side out about 255 mm from one end so that one end over hung the other by about 15 mm. Each membrane folder was inserted with the feed spacer. Pore sealant was mixed from difunctional bisphenol A epoxy resin available under the trade name EPON 828 (from Momentive Company, Columbus), triethylenetetraamine (Alfa Aesar, Heysham, England), and epoxy adhesive available under the trade name SCOTCH-WELD-DP760 (from 3M France, Bd de Poise, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France) at a 21:3:8 weight ratio.
  • EPON 828 from Momentive Company, Columbus
  • Triethylenetetraamine Alfa Aesar, Heysham, England
  • epoxy adhesive available under the trade name SCOTCH-WELD-DP760 (from 3M France, Bd de Poise, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
  • the collection tube had approximately 50-75% open area/perforations (15.24 cm in length).
  • the module was then cured at 80° C. for 2 hours in an oven. The module was then trimmed at two ends to expose the feed spacers before commencing the integrity testing.
  • the module showed the vacuum integrity ( ⁇ 1.3 kPa), which indicates it was well sealed.
  • the module had an active membrane area 0.70 m 2 and a total volume 0.76 liter. It was housed in a stainless steel canister for performance evaluation under conditions (fuel temperature 70° C. and flow rate of 2 liter/min, and 2.67 kPa vacuum pressure on the permeate), the module gave an average ethanol flux 0.82 kg/hr and 67.2% average permeate ethanol selectivity
  • a dual layer coated membrane was prepared as in Example 74 except the membrane in Example 45 was coated with AF2400.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a dual layer coated membrane was prepared as in Example 74 except a 0.1 wt-% AF2400 solution was used for the second layer coating and its coating thickness was 0.011 ⁇ m.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a dual layer coated membrane was prepared as in Example 74 except a 0.5 wt-% AF2400 solution was used for the second layer coating and its target coating thickness was 0.057 ⁇ m.
  • the membrane was tested by pervaporation in Method 1 above with the results shown in Table 9.
  • a membrane roll was prepared as in Example 73 except that the temperatures were 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., and 70° C. in a four zoned oven.
  • the membrane roll was plasma treated according to US2003/0134515 with C 6 F 14 , C 6 F 14 /O 2 and C 3 F 8 as a fluorine gas source.
  • the amorphous fluorocarbon film was only deposited at the PFSA coated side of the membrane.
  • the process conditions was shown in Table 11 and the membranes were tested by pervaporation in Method 1 with the results shown in Table 12.
  • the plasma fluorocarbon film coating form C 6 F 14 did not change the performance.
  • the film from C 6 F 14 /O 2 and C 3 F 8 did decrease ethanol selectivity to various degrees.
  • plasma deposition conditions such as 1000 watts and 0.76 meter/min using C 6 F 14 /O 2 or C 3 F 8 as source gases, the PFSA coating layer of the base membrane was likely etched out which caused excessive total permeate flux and no ethanol selectivity.
  • Example 78-17 was evaluated with four consecutive tests in Method 1 to evaluate membrane performance stability with the results shown in Table 13. Similar to Example 74, the plasma fluorocarbon film deposited membrane did not show a decline in ethanol selectivity.

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