TW201739607A - 經改善包括增強氣凝膠複合物之層板 - Google Patents
經改善包括增強氣凝膠複合物之層板Info
- Publication number
- TW201739607A TW201739607A TW106103444A TW106103444A TW201739607A TW 201739607 A TW201739607 A TW 201739607A TW 106103444 A TW106103444 A TW 106103444A TW 106103444 A TW106103444 A TW 106103444A TW 201739607 A TW201739607 A TW 201739607A
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- aerogel
- layer
- gel
- adhesive
- cladding
- Prior art date
Links
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Abstract
本揭露可提供氣凝膠複合物。該氣凝膠複合物係包含至少一層具有上表面及下表面之基底層,該基底層係包含增強氣凝膠組成物且該氣凝膠組成物係包含增強材料及單塊氣凝膠框架;第一覆面層,其係包含黏附至該基底層之上表面的第一覆面材料;以及第二覆面層,其係包含黏附至該基底層之下表面的第二覆面材料。該基底層之該單塊氣凝膠框架的至少一部分係延伸進入該第一覆面層及該第二覆面層兩者之一部分。該第一覆面材料及該第二覆面材料可各自包含彈性纖維如氨綸、尼龍、萊卡、彈力纖維、或其組合,或主要由彈性纖維組成。
Description
本申請主張於2016年1月27日遞交之第62/287,762號美國專利申請案的權益,並主張於2017年1月26日遞交之第15/417,170號美國專利申請案的權益,於所合併之標的不與當前申請案之主旨相抵觸之標的下,前述兩案藉由引用方式而如充分詳述者以其整體併入本文。
低密度氣凝膠材料被廣泛認為是可獲得的最好之固體絕緣體。氣凝膠主要藉由最小化傳導(低結構密度導致通過該固體框架之能量轉移的彎曲路徑)、對流(大的孔體積及非常小的孔徑導致最低之對流)、及輻射(IR吸收或散射摻雜物係容易分散於整個氣凝膠基體中)而起絕緣體之功效。氣凝膠可用於大量應用中,該應用係包括:熱絕緣及冷絕緣、隔音、電子性介電、航空、能量存儲及生產、及過濾。此外,氣凝膠材料係顯示多種其它感興趣之聲學、光學、機械、及化學特性,令它們可大量用於多種絕緣及非絕緣應用。
於一一般態樣,本揭露可提供耐久且容易處理之氣凝膠材料或組成物。於一具體例中,該氣凝膠組成物係撓性、有彈性、且自支撐之增強氣凝膠組成物。於一具體例中,該氣凝膠組成物係撓性、有彈性、且自支撐之泡沫增強氣凝膠組成物。於一具體例中,該氣凝膠組成物係與至少一片覆面片積層之泡沫增強氣凝膠組成物,其中,所得之積層複合物係撓性、有彈性、且自支撐。
於一一般態樣,本揭露可提供氣凝膠複合物,其係包含:至少一層包含增強氣凝膠組成物的基底層,其中,該增強氣凝膠組成物係包含增強材料及氣凝膠框架,以及,其中,該基底層係具有上表面及下表面;以及,至少一層黏附至該基底層之至少一個表面的覆面層。於一具體例中,該基底層之氣凝膠框架的至少一部分係延伸入該覆面層之氣凝膠框架之至少一部分中。於一具體例中,該覆面層係包含一體化入該覆面材料中的氣凝膠框架;以及,該基底層之氣凝膠框架的至少一部分係與該覆面層之氣凝膠框架的至少一部分連續。
於一一般態樣,本揭露可提供氣凝膠複合物,其係包含:至少一層包含增強氣凝膠組成物之基底層,其中,該增強氣凝膠組成物係包含增強材料及氣凝膠框架,以及,其中,該基底層係具有上表面及下表面;以及,至少一層黏附至該基底層之上表面的覆面層及至少一層黏附至該基底層之下表面的覆面層。於一具體例中,該基底
層之氣凝膠框架的至少一部分係延伸入該上覆面層與該下覆面層的至少一部分中。於一具體例中,該上覆面層與該下覆面層兩者皆包含一體化入該覆面材料中之氣凝膠框架;以及,該基底層之氣凝膠框架的至少一部分係與該上覆面層及下覆面層兩者之氣凝膠框架的至少一部分連續。
於一一般態樣,本揭露可提供製備氣凝膠複合物之方法,係包含:提供包含增強材料及氣凝膠框架之基底層,其中,該基底層係具有上表面及下表面;提供包含覆面材料片之覆面層;以及,將該覆面層黏附至該基底層。於一具體例中,該方法係包含提供至少兩層包含覆面材料片之覆面層;將覆面層黏附至該基底層之上表面;以及,將覆面層黏附至該基底層之下表面。
於一一般態樣,本揭露可提供製備氣凝膠複合物之方法,係包含:提供包含增強材料之基底層,其中,該基底層係具有上表面及下表面;提供包含覆面材料片之覆面層;將該覆面層黏附至該基底層之表面;提供包含凝膠前驅物材料及溶劑之凝膠前驅物溶液;令該前驅物溶液與該覆面層接觸,且令該凝膠前驅物溶液之至少一部分穿行通過該覆面層進入該基底層之增強材料中;令該前驅物溶液中之凝膠前驅物材料轉變為凝膠組成物,形成增強凝膠片;以及,從該增強凝膠片抽出至少一部分溶劑,以獲得增強氣凝膠複合物。於一具體例中,該方法係包含提供至少兩層包含覆面材料片之覆面層;將該覆面層黏附至該基底層之上表面,並將覆面層黏附至該基底層之下表面;
提供包含凝膠前驅物材料及溶劑之凝膠前驅物溶液;令該前驅物溶液與該上覆面層接觸;令該凝膠前驅物溶液之至少一部分穿行通過該上覆面層進入該基底層之增強材料內;以及,令該凝膠前驅物溶液之至少一部分穿行通過該上覆面層並通過該基底層而進入該下覆面層。
於一具體例中,將該覆面層黏附至該基底層表面之步驟係生產增強材料之積層片;且該增強材料之積層片係分配於移動元件上,之後將該前驅物溶液分配至該積層片之覆面層上。於一具體例中,將該覆面層黏附至該基底層表面之步驟係生產增強材料之積層片;且該增強材料之積層片係捲曲為預成形卷並置於容器中,之後再使用該容器將該前驅物溶液分配於該積層片之覆面層上。
於一具體例中,該增強材料係泡沫增強材料。於一具體例中,該增強材料係開孔泡沫增強材料,包括網狀開孔泡沫增強材料。於一具體例中,該泡沫增強材料係包含聚氨酯泡沫或三聚氰胺泡沫。於一具體例中,該增強氣凝膠複合物之密度為0.250公克(g)/立方公分(cc)或更低,0.230g/cc或更低,0.200g/cc或更低,0.160g/cc或更低,0.180g/cc或更低,界於0.140g/cc與0.250g/cc之間,或界於0.160g/cc與0.250g/cc之間。於一具體例中,該增強氣凝膠複合物之導熱係數為26.0mW/m-K或更低,24.0mW/m-K或更低,22.0mW/m-K或更低,20.0mW/m-K或更低,19.0mW/m-K或更低,界於12.0mW/m-K與26.0mW/m-K之間,界於14.0mW/m-K與26.0mW/m-K之間,
界於16.0mW/m-K與26.0mW/m-K之間,或界於18.0mW/m-K與26.0mW/m-K之間。
於一具體例中,該覆面層係包含聚合物片;更詳而言,包含聚酯、聚乙烯、聚氨酯、聚丙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚醯胺、芳醯胺之聚合物片;以及,更詳而言,聚合物,如對苯二甲酸乙二酯、低密度聚乙烯、乙烯-丙烯共聚物、聚(4-甲基-戊烷)、聚四氟乙烯、聚(1-丁烯)、聚苯乙烯、聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、聚乙烯基丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲醛、聚苯碸、三醋酸纖維素、聚碳酸酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、聚己內醯胺、聚六亞甲基己二醯胺、聚十一碳醯胺、聚醯亞、或其組合。於一具體例中,該聚合物片係包含下列或主要由下列各者所組成:發脹聚合物材料;更詳而言,包含PTFE(ePTFE)之發脹聚合物材料、發脹聚丙烯(ePP)、發脹聚乙烯(ePE)、發脹聚苯乙烯(ePS)、或其組合。於一具體例中,該聚合物片係包含下列或主要由下列各者所組成:微孔聚合物材料,其特徵在於,孔徑範圍係從0.1微米(μm)至210μm、0.1μm至115μm、0.1μm至15μm、或0.1μm至0.6μm。
於一具體例中,該覆面層材料係包含下列或主要由下列各者所組成:氟聚合物材料;更詳而言,包含聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)之氟聚合物材料、第5814405號美國專利中揭示之微孔PTFE、發脹PTFE(ePTFE)如Gore-Tex®(可自W.L.Gore獲得)、聚氟乙烯(PVF)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、全氟烷氧(PFA)、氟化乙烯-丙烯(FEP)、聚氯三氟乙烯
(PCTFE)、乙烯-四氟乙烯(ETFE)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙烯-氯三氟乙烯(ECTFE)、或其組合。
於一具體例中,該覆面層材料係包含下列或主要由下列各者所組成:非氟聚合物材料;更詳而言,包含鍍鋁麥拉(Mylar)之非氟聚合物材料;低密度聚乙烯,如Tyvek®(可自DuPont獲得);橡膠或橡膠複合物;彈性纖維,如氨綸(spandex)、尼龍、萊卡或彈力纖維(elastane);或其組合。於一具體例中,該覆面材料係撓性覆面材料。於一具體例中,該覆面材料係由包含氨綸、尼龍、萊卡、彈力纖維或其組合的彈性纖維作成。於一具體例中,該覆面材料係流體可滲透之覆面材料。
於一具體例中,該覆面層係藉由黏著劑或非黏著劑機制黏附至該基底層。於一具體例中,該黏著劑係包含氣溶膠黏著劑、氨基甲酸乙酯系黏著劑、丙烯酸酯黏著劑、熱熔黏著劑、環氧化物、橡膠樹脂黏著劑、或聚氨酯複合物黏著劑。於一具體例中,該非黏著劑機制係包含縫合、密封袋、鉚釘、紐扣、夾具、包裹、或支撐。
於一一般態樣,本揭露可提供製備氣凝膠組成物之方法,該方法係包含下列步驟:提供包含泡沫增強材料之增強氣凝膠塊;令該增強氣凝膠塊曝露於刮削或車剝裝置;令該刮削或車剝裝置從該增強氣凝膠塊移除增強氣凝膠材料之連續片,從而生產增強氣凝膠之片。
於一一般態樣,本揭露可提供製備氣凝膠組成物之方法,該方法係包含:將多片包含泡沫增強材料之
增強氣凝膠置於容器中;提供包含凝膠前驅物材料及溶劑之前驅物溶液;將該凝膠前驅物溶液分配入該容器中,並令該凝膠前驅物滲入該容器內之各泡沫增強材料中;令該前驅物溶液中之凝膠前驅物材料轉變為凝膠組成物,形成增強凝膠材料塊;將該增強凝膠材料塊曝露於刮削或車剝裝置;令該刮削或車剝裝置從該增強凝膠塊移除增強凝膠材料之連續片,從而生產增強凝膠之片;以及,從該增強凝膠材料片移除至少一部分溶劑,以獲得增強氣凝膠材料之片。
於一一般態樣,本揭露可提供製備氣凝膠組成物之方法,該方法係包含下列步驟:將多片包含泡沫增強材料之增強氣凝膠置於容器中;提供包含凝膠前驅物材料及溶劑之前驅物溶液;將該凝膠前驅物溶液分配入該容器中,並令該凝膠前驅物滲入該容器內之各泡沫增強材料中;令該前驅物溶液中之凝膠前驅物材料轉變為凝膠組成物,形成增強凝膠材料塊;從該增強凝膠材料塊移除至少一部分溶劑,以獲得增強氣凝膠材料塊;令該增強氣凝膠材料塊曝露於刮削或車剝裝置;以及,令該刮削或車剝裝置從該增強氣凝膠塊移除增強氣凝膠材料之連續片,從而生產增強氣凝膠之片。
於一一般態樣,本揭露可提供製備氣凝膠組成物之方法,該方法係包含下列步驟:提供包含泡沫增強材料之增強氣凝膠材料片;將該增強氣凝膠材料片加熱至目標溫度;與加熱步驟之前、之中或之後模製或成形該增
強氣凝膠材料片;以及令經模製或成形之增強氣凝膠片冷卻,故該增強氣凝膠材料片於冷卻後保持其模製形狀。於一具體例中,該目標溫度為界於50℃與200℃之間,界於75℃與200℃之間,界於100℃與175℃之間,界於120℃與160℃之間,或約150℃。於一具體例中,該目標溫度係高於該泡沫增強材料之軟化點且低於該泡沫增強材料之最高使用溫度的溫度。
100‧‧‧基於傳送機之系統
110‧‧‧凝膠前驅物溶液
114‧‧‧混合部
120‧‧‧催化劑溶液
130‧‧‧流動控制器
140‧‧‧傳送系統/傳送帶
150‧‧‧增強材料
160‧‧‧凝膠片層
164、250‧‧‧額外的分隔物層
200‧‧‧半連續分批次系統
210‧‧‧容器
220‧‧‧預成形卷
240‧‧‧凝膠前驅物溶液
第1圖係說明使用傳送系統從氣凝膠前驅物及增強片製備增強凝膠片的方法。
第2圖係說明使用卷中凝膠系統從氣凝膠前驅物及增強片製備增強凝膠片的方法。
第3圖係說明平積層片,其係包含具有泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之基底層以及位於該基底層每一表面上之撓性覆面層。
第4圖係說明經捲曲之積層片,其係包含具有泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之基底層以及位於該基底層每一表面上之撓性覆面層。
第5圖係說明積層片,其係包含具有泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之基底層以及位於該基底層每一表面上之不可滲透的覆面層。
第6圖係說明經捲曲之積層片,其係包含使用超音波縫製結合之多層。
第7圖係說明平積層片,其係包含使用超音波縫製結合之多層。
第8圖係說明平泡沫增強氣凝膠片,其係折疊為預成形之形狀,且使用綁帶固定。
第9圖係說明泡沫增強氣凝膠片,其係使用熱處理從平片成形為彎曲之預成形之形狀。
第10圖係說明多層積層體,其係包含多層泡沫增強氣凝膠片,該片係使用熱處理從平片成形為彎曲之預成形之形成,且隨後使用黏著劑積層在一起。
第11圖係說明管絕緣截面,其係包含多層之泡沫增強氣凝膠片,該片係使用熱處理從平片成形為彎曲之預成形之形成,隨後使用黏著劑積層在一起,且最終固定在管截面周圍。
氣凝膠係一類具有開孔之多孔性材料,其係包含互連結構之框架且相應之孔網路係整合入該框架內,以及位於該孔網路內之間質相,該間質相係主要由氣體如空氣所構成。氣凝膠之典型特徵係密度低、孔隙度高、表面積大、及孔徑小。氣凝膠可藉由其物理及結構特性而與其它多孔性材料區分開來。
氣凝膠亦可係極脆且難以處置。低密度氣凝膠之脆性可能在製造及加工過程中存在顯著複雜性,其可顯著限制此等材料之大規模製造。由於粉化、破碎或結構劣化之考量,氣凝膠之脆性亦可令氣凝膠材料難以灌注及
應用。因此,對於研發撓性、耐久且容易處置之氣凝膠組成物存在需求。
低密度氣凝膠之脆性的一個解決手段為製造使用更剛性或回彈材料增強的氣凝膠材料。此等增強材料可包括聚合物黏合劑、接著膠、纖維或纖維性氈、密封之封、膠結物、及泡沫。惟,當與僅由氣凝膠構成之大塊比較時,多數增強複合物氣凝膠係受制於顯著劣化之熱絕緣效能。增強複合物氣凝膠亦可於濕潤或高溫條件下具有極差之安定性,且對於多數用途之撓性不足。多數增強材料不能完全解決與氣凝膠材料之粉化、破碎、或結構劣化相關的問題。此外,增強材料一般可係昂貴且難以獲取,於大規模製造及商品之市場操作中存在顯著複雜性及缺點。
因此,對於研發撓性、耐久、容易處置、且對粉化、破碎及一般結構劣化具有抗性之增強氣凝膠組成物存在需求。對於研發不貴、可透過大規模製造輕易生產、且可有效應用於光譜絕緣應用中之增強氣凝膠組成物亦存在需求。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「氣凝膠」或「氣凝膠材料」係指包含互連結構之框架的凝膠,且相應之互連孔的網路係整合於該框架內,以及含有氣體如空氣作為經分散之間質;其特徵為下述可歸屬於氣凝之物理及結構特性(根據氮孔隙度測定法):(a)平均孔直徑範圍係從約2奈米(nm)至約100nm,(b)孔隙度為至少80%或更高,以及(c)表面積為約20平方公尺(m2)/公克(g)或更高。
本揭露之氣凝膠材料因此包括滿足前述段落中詳述之定義要素的任何氣凝膠或其他開孔化合物;包括可另外歸類為乾凝膠、凍凝膠(cryogel)、複凝膠(ambigel)、微孔材料等之化合物。
氣凝膠材料亦可進一步以額外之物理特性為特徵,包括:(d)孔體積為約2.0毫升(mL)/g或更大,較佳約3.0mL/g或更大;(e)密度為約0.50g/cc或更小,較佳約0.25g/cc或更小;以及(f)總孔體積之至少50%係包含孔直徑界於2與50nm之間的孔;但將一化合物特徵化為氣凝膠材料無需滿足此等額外之特性。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「創新性加工及抽出技術」係指將濕凝膠材料中之液體間質相替代為氣體如空氣的方法,該替代之方式係造成孔坍塌度低及該凝膠框架結構之低收縮。乾燥技術,如常壓蒸發,往往於正在被蒸發或移除之間質相的液-汽界面處誘發強烈的毛細管壓力及其他質量轉移限制。藉由液體蒸發或移除生成之強烈的毛細作用力可造成該凝膠材料內顯著之孔收縮及框架坍塌。於抽出液體間質相之過程中使用創新性加工及抽出技術,係減輕液相抽出過程中毛細作用力對於凝膠之孔及框架的負面效應。
於某些具體例中,創新性加工及抽出技術系使用近臨界或超臨界流體、或近臨界或超臨界條件,以從濕凝膠材料抽出液體間質相。這可藉由在接近或高於該液體或液體混合物之臨界點從移除液體間質相而予以實施。
助溶劑及溶劑交換可用以優化該近臨界或超臨界流體抽出製程。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「框架」或「框架結構」係指形成凝膠或氣凝膠之固體結構的互連之寡聚物、聚合物、或膠體顆粒的網路。作成該框架結構之該聚合物或顆粒典型係具有約100埃之直徑。惟,本揭露之框架結構亦可包括形成凝膠或氣凝膠內之固體結構的互連之寡聚物、聚合物或膠體顆粒的網路。此外,術語「氧化矽系氣凝膠」或「氧化矽系框架」係指一種氣凝膠框架,於該框架中,氧化矽系包含形成該凝膠或氣凝膠內固體框架結構之寡聚物、聚合物或膠體顆粒的至少50%(以重量計)。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「氣凝膠組成物」係指包括氣凝膠材料作為複合物組分之任何複合材料。氣凝膠組成物之實例係包括,但不限於:纖維增強氣凝膠複合物;包括額外元素如遮光劑之氣凝膠複合物;氣凝膠-泡沫複合物;氣凝膠-聚合物複合物;以及將氣凝膠微粒、粒子、顆粒、微珠、或粉末併入固體或半固體材料如黏合劑、樹脂、膠結劑、泡沫、聚合物、或類似固體材料之複合材料。
於本發明之語境中,術語「泡沫」係指包含互連聚合物結構之框架的材料,且互連孔之相應網路或一批獨立孔係整合入該框架內,該泡沫之孔內含有氣體如空氣作為分散介質;且該泡沫係具有大於300nm之平均孔直徑。
或者,術語「泡沫」可指包含包含多孔固體之材料,該固體係藉由將大體積比例之氣體以氣泡形式分散於液體、固體或凝膠中而形成,其中,該氣泡一般係藉由固體顆粒或藉由可溶性物質予以安定化。一般,可使用大量製程作成泡沫,參見,舉例而言,第6,147,134號、第5,889,071號、第6,187,831號、及5,229,429號美國專利。
該泡沫框架內之孔亦可指為「小室」。小室可藉由小室壁或膜分開,於該泡沫內創建一批獨立之密閉孔。術語「閉孔泡沫」係指一種泡沫材料,於該材料中,至少50%之孔體積係藉由膜或壁密閉之狹窄小室。該泡沫中之小室亦可透過開孔而互連,於該泡沫內創建互連開孔之網路。術語「開孔泡沫」係指一種泡沫材料,於該材料中,至少50%之孔體積係開孔。該開孔泡沫可包含網狀開孔泡沫、非網狀開孔泡沫、或其組合。網狀泡沫係開孔泡沫,其係透過消除或刺穿該泡沫材料中之小室膜的網格化製程而製造。網狀泡沫典型係具有高於非網狀泡沫之開孔濃度,但傾向於更昂貴且更難製造。一般,無一泡沫材料係完全為一種類型之小室結構(開孔或閉孔)。可使用大量製程作成泡沫,包括於第6147134號、第5889071號、第6187831號、第5229429號、及第4454248號美國專利、以及第20070213417號美國專利申請案中之泡沫製造製程。
於本發明之語境中,術語「再結合泡沫」係指來自將一批泡沫材料(一般為加工邊角料)之顆粒或碎片接著在一起之製程的泡沫。可使用多種黏著劑及結合製
程,且所使用之泡沫可於再結合之前經研磨或切碎。泡沫可經再結合,此係作為透過使用將會被廢棄之泡沫而降低成本之途徑。再結合泡沫之典型應用係作為地毯底襯。
於本發明之語境中,術語「單塊」係指氣凝膠材料,於該材料中,該氣凝膠材料或組成物中包括之氣凝膠的大部分(以重量計)係單一之互連氣凝膠奈米結構的形式。單塊氣凝膠材料係包括下述氣凝膠材料,其係初始形成未具有單一之互連凝膠氣凝膠奈米結構,但隨後被破碎、斷裂或分割為非單一之氣凝膠奈米結構。單塊氣凝膠材料係不同於顆粒性氣凝膠材料。術語「顆粒性氣凝膠材料」係指下述氣凝膠材料,該氣凝膠材料中包括之氣凝膠的大部分(以重量計)係微粒、粒子、顆粒、微珠或粉末之形式,其可合併或壓縮在一起但缺少獨立顆粒之間的互連氣凝膠奈米結構。
於本發明之語境中,術語「增強氣凝膠組成物」係指包含增強相之氣凝膠組成物,該增強相係位於該氣凝膠材料內且並非該氣凝膠框架之一部分。該增強相可係向氣凝膠材料提供增加之撓性、回彈性、一致性、或結構安定性之任何材料。習知增強材料之實例係包括,但不限於:開孔泡沫增強材料、聚合物增強材料、及纖維增強材料,如離散纖維、紡織材料、非織材料、棉絮、網、氈、及毯。此外,纖維系增強物可與一種或多種其他增強材料合用,且可於該組成物整體或經限制之較佳部分內連續對準。
於本發明之語境中,術語「纖維增強氣凝膠組成物」係指包含纖維增強材料作為增強相之增強氣凝膠組成物。纖維增強材料之實例係包括,但不限於,離散纖維、紡織材料、非織材料、棉絮、網、氈、及毯。纖維增強材料可包含一定範圍之材料,包括,但不限於:聚酯、聚烯烴聚苯二甲酸酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、聚碳酸酯(實例為嫘縈、尼龍)、棉(如,杜邦公司(DuPont)製造之萊卡)、碳(如,石墨)、聚丙烯腈(PAN)、氧化PAN、未碳化之經熱處理的PAN(如彼等由SGL carbon製造者)、玻璃纖維系材料(如S-玻璃、901玻璃、902玻璃、475玻璃、E-玻璃)、氧化矽系纖維如石英(如,Saint-Gobain製造之Quartzel)、Q-毯(由Johns Manville製造)、Saffil(由Saffil製造)、Durablanket(由Unifrax製造)及其他氧化矽纖維、Duraback(由Carborundum製造)、聚芳醯胺纖維如Kevlar、Nomex、Sontera(全部由DuPont製造)、Conex(由Taijin製造)、聚烯烴如Tyvek(由DuPont製造)、Dyneema(由DSM製造)、Spectra(由Honeywell製造)、其他聚丙烯纖維如Typar、Xavan(兩者皆由DuPont製造)、氟聚合物如商品名為Teflon(由DuPont製造)之PTFE、Goretex(由W.L.GORE製造)、碳化矽纖維如Nicalon(由COI Ceramics製造)、陶瓷纖維如Nextel(由3M製造)、丙烯酸系聚合物、木纖維、絲纖維、麻纖維、皮革纖維、羊皮纖維、PBO-Zylon纖維(由Tyobo製造)、液晶材料如Vectan(由Hoechst製造)、Cambrelle纖維(由DuPont製造)、聚氨酯、聚芳醯胺、木纖維、硼纖維、
鋁纖維、鐵纖維、不鏽鋼纖維及其他熱塑性材料如PEEK、PES、PEI、PEK、PPS。
於本發明之語境中,術語「泡沫增強氣凝膠組成物」或「氣凝膠-泡沫複合物」係指包含泡沫增強材料作為增強相之增強氣凝膠組成物。該泡沫增強材料可包含開孔泡沫、閉孔泡沫、或其組合。適用於本發明之泡沫係包括,但不限於,從聚合物材料作成之泡沫。實例係包括從聚烯烴、聚氨酯、酚醛樹脂、三聚氰胺、醋酸纖維素、皆聚苯乙烯作成之泡沫。聚烯烴泡沫係較佳者;更佳係聚氨酯泡沫。聚醚聚氨酯泡沫對於非網狀泡沫係較佳者;聚酯聚氨酯泡沫對於網狀泡沫係較佳者。用於本發明之聚氨酯泡沫及聚環氧化物泡沫之實例係存在於第2117605號、第3094433號、第2739134號、第3112524號、第2789095號、第3129191號、第2811499號、第3171820號、第2831820號、第2920983號、第3342922號、第2926390號、第3386877號、第2936294號、第3459274號、第2993869號、第3504064號、第3025200號、第3506600號、第3055360號、第3650993號、第3057750號、第3860537號、第3060137號、第4252517號、第3075926號、第3082611號及第3090094號美國專利中。三聚氰胺泡沫與某些具體例中亦係較佳者。用於本發明之三聚氰胺泡沫的實例係存在於第8546457號及第4666948號美國專利及WO 2001/094436中。該泡沫增強材料可係再結合泡沫。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「氣凝膠覆層」或
「氣凝膠覆層組成物」係指使用增強材料之連續片增強之氣凝膠組成物。氣凝膠覆層組成物可係不同於使用非連續性纖維或泡沫網如分離之聚結物或纖維材料團塊增強之其他增強氣凝膠組成物。氣凝膠覆層材組成物尤其可用於需要撓性之應用,蓋因其係高度可相容且可用作覆層以遮蓋樣本之表面或複雜幾何結構,同時亦保留氣凝膠之優異之熱絕緣特性。氣凝膠覆層組成物及類似之纖維增強氣凝膠組成物係揭示於第2002/0094426號美國專利申請案(第12至16、25至27、38至58、60至88段)中,該申請案係藉由引用而根據獨立引述之片段及段落併入本文。
於本發明之語境中,術語「濕凝膠」係指一種凝膠,於該凝膠中,互連孔之網路內的移動間質相係主要由液體相如傳統溶劑、液化氣體如液體二氧化碳、或其組合所構成。氣凝膠典型係需要起始製造濕凝膠,之後進行創新性加工及抽出以使用空氣替換該流動間質液體相,從而形成乾凝膠。濕凝膠之實例係包括,但不限於:醇凝膠、水凝膠、酮凝膠、碳凝膠、及發明所屬技術領域之技術人員所習知之其他濕凝膠。
於本發明之語境中,術語「添加劑」或「添加劑元素」係指可於製造該氣凝膠之前、之中、或之後加入氣凝膠組成物中之材料。可加入添加劑以改變或提升氣凝膠之所欲特性,或抵消氣凝膠之非所欲特性。添加劑典型係於凝膠化之前或之中加入氣凝膠材料中。添加劑之實例係包括,但不限於:微纖維、填充料、增強劑、安定劑、
增稠劑、彈性化合物、遮光劑、著色或染色花兒會玩、輻射吸收化合物、輻射反射化合物、腐蝕抑制劑、熱傳導組分、相變材料、pH調節劑、氧化還原調節劑、HCN緩和劑、廢氣緩和劑、導電化合物、介電化合物、磁性化合物、雷達阻斷組分、硬化劑、抗收縮劑、及發明所屬技術領域之技術人員所習知之其他氣凝膠添加劑。添加劑之其他實例係包括抑煙劑及防火劑。公開之第20070272902 A1號美國專利申請案(段落[0008]及[0010]至[0039])係包括抑煙劑及防火劑之教示,且該申請案係藉由引用而根據獨立引述之段落併入本文。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「撓性的」及「撓性」係指氣凝膠材料或組成物彎曲或曲折而不造成宏觀結構失效的能力。較佳地,本揭露之氣凝膠組成物能彎曲至少5°、至少25°、至少45°、至少65°、或至少85°,而無宏觀之失效;及/或具有小於4呎、小於2呎、小於1呎、小於6吋、小於3吋、小於2吋、小於1吋、或小於0.5寸而無宏觀之失效的彎曲半徑。同樣,術語「高撓性的」及「高撓性」係指氣凝膠材料或組成物能前去至少90°及/或具有小於0.5寸而無宏觀之失效的彎曲半徑。此外,術語「歸為撓性的」及「歸類為撓性」係指氣凝膠材料或組成物可根據ASTM歸類標準C1101(ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA)被歸類為撓性。
本發明之氣凝膠材料或組成物可係撓性、高撓性、及/或歸為撓性。本發明之氣凝膠材料或組成物亦可
係可垂掛。於本發明之語境中,術語「可垂掛」及「可垂掛性」係指氣凝膠材料或組成物以約4吋或更小之曲率半徑彎曲或曲折至90°或更大角度而無宏觀之失效的能力。本發明之氣凝膠材料或組成物較佳係撓性,故該組成物係非剛性且可應用並緊貼至三維表面或目標物,或經預成形為多種形狀及配置以簡化安裝或應用。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「回彈」及「回彈性」係指氣凝膠材料或組成物在透過壓縮、曲折、或彎曲變形後,至少部分地恢復為原始形式或尺寸的能力。回彈性可係完全或部分回彈,且其可表現為恢復百分比。本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物較佳係具有在變形後恢復為原始形式或尺寸之超過25%、超過50%、超過60%、超過70%、超過75%、超過80%、超過85%、超過90%、或超過95%的回彈性。同樣,術語「歸為回彈的」及「歸類為回彈性」係指本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物可根據ASTM歸類標準C1101(ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA)被歸類為回彈性。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「自支撐」係指氣凝膠材料或組成物主要基於該氣凝膠組成物中該氣凝膠及任何增強相之物理特性而具有撓性及/或回彈性的能力。本揭露之自支撐氣凝膠材料或組成物可不同於其他氣凝膠材料如塗層,其係依賴下層基板以對該材料提供撓性及/或回彈性。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「收縮」係指1)所
量測之經乾燥之氣凝膠材料或組成物之最終密度與從溶膠-凝膠前驅物溶液中固體含量計算之靶標密度之間的差,相對於2)從溶膠-凝膠前驅物溶液之固體含量計算之靶標密度的比值。收縮可藉由下述等式計算:收縮=[最終密度(g/cm3)-靶標密度(g/cm3)]/[靶標密度(g/cm3)]。較佳地,本揭露之氣凝膠材料的收縮較佳係50%或更小、25%或更小、10%或更小、8%或更小、6%或更小、5%或更小、4%或更小、3%或更小、2%或更小、1%或更小、0.1%或更小、約0.01%或更小、或處於界於此等數值之任何兩者之間的範圍內。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「導熱係數」及「TC」係指材料或組成物於該材料或組成物之任一側之兩個表面之間轉移熱之能力的測量值,其中,該兩個表面之間係具有溫度。導熱係數係具體測量為每單位時間及每單位表面積所轉移之熱能除以該溫度差。其典型係以mW/m*K(每公尺之毫瓦*克氏)之SI單位記錄。材料之導熱係數可藉由發明所屬技術領域中中習知之方法測定,該方法係包括,但不限於:藉由熱流計設備手段之穩態熱傳遞特性的測試方法(ASTM C518,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);藉由防護熱板設備手段之穩態熱通量測量及傳遞特性的測試方法(ASTM C177,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);管絕緣之穩態熱轉移特性的測試方法(ASTM C335,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);薄加熱器導熱係數測試(ASTM C1114,ASTM International,
West Conshohocken,PA);藉由防護熱板手段及熱流計方法之熱阻測定(EN 12667,British Standards Institution,United Kingdom);藉由防護熱板設備之或穩態熱阻及相關特性之測定(ISO 8203,International Organization for Standardization,Switzerland)。於本揭露之語境中,除非明確指明,導熱係數測量值係根據ASTM C177標準於約37.5℃之溫度、大氣壓力、及約2psi之壓力下獲取。較佳地,本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物之導熱係數係約50mW/mK或更低、約40mW/mK或更低、約30mW/mK或更低、約25mW/mK或更低、約20mW/mK或更低、約18mW/mK或更低、約16mW/mK或更低、約14mW/mK或更低、約12mW/mK或更低、約10mW/mK或更低、約5mW/mK或更低、或處於界於此等數值之任何兩者之間的範圍內。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「密度」係指每單位體積之氣凝膠材料或組成物之質量的測量值。術語「密度」一般係指氣凝膠材料之真實密度,以及氣凝膠組成物之堆積密度。密度典型係以kg/m3或g/cc為單位記錄。氣凝膠材料或組成物之密度可藉由發明所屬技術領域中中習知之方法測定,該方法係包括,但不限於:預成形塊及板型熱絕緣體之尺寸及密度的標準測試方法(ASTM C303,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);覆層或絮狀熱絕緣體之厚度及密度的標準測試方法(ASTM C167,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);或預成形之管絕緣體之表觀密度的測定(ISO 18098,International
Organization for Standardization,Switzerland)。於本揭露之語境中,除非明確指明,密度測量值係根據ASTM C167標準獲取。較佳地,本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物的密度為約0.60g/cc或更小、約0.50g/cc或更小、約0.40g/cc或更小、約0.30g/cc或更小、約0.25g/cc或更小、約0.20g/cc或更小、約0.18g/cc或更小、約0.16g/cc或更小、約0.14g/cc或更小、約0.12g/cc或更小、約0.10g/cc或更小、約0.05g/cc或更小、約0.01g/cc或更小、或處於此等數值之任何兩者之間的範圍內。
於本揭露之語境中,術語「疏水性」係指氣凝膠材料或組成物排斥水之能力的測量值。
氣凝膠材料或組成物之疏水性可以液體水攝入表現之。於本揭露之語境中,術語「液體水攝入」係指氣凝膠材料或組成物吸收或保留液體水之潛能的測量值。液體水攝入可表現為,當於某些測量條件下,將氣凝膠材料或組成物曝露至液體水時,該材料或組成物所吸收或保留之水的百分比(以重量或體積計)。氣凝膠材料或組成物之液體水攝入可藉由發明所屬技術領域中中習知之方法測定,該方法係包括,但不限於:測定玻璃纖維絕緣體之保水性(排斥性)的標準測試方法(ASTM C1511,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);藉由浸沒熱絕緣材料而測試水吸收的標準測試方法(ASTM C1763,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);構建應用的熱絕緣產品:藉由部分浸沒而測試短期水吸收的測定方法(EN
1609,British Standards Institution,United Kingdom)。於本揭露之語境中,除非明確指明,液體水攝入測量值係根據ASTM C1511標準於約常溫常壓下獲取。較佳地,根據ASTM C1511,本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物所具有之液體水攝入為約100wt%或更少、約80wt%或更少、約60wt%或更少、約50wt%或更少、約40wt%或更少、約30wt%或更少、約20wt%或更少、約15wt%或更少、約10wt%或更少、約8wt%或更少、約3wt%或更少、約2wt%或更少、約1wt%或更少、約0.1wt%或更少、或處於此等數值之任何兩者之間的範圍內。根據ASTM C1763,本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物所具有之液體水攝入可係約100wt%或更少、約80wt%或更少、約60wt%或更少、約50wt%或更少、約40wt%或更少、約30wt%或更少、約20wt%或更少、約15wt%或更少、約10wt%或更少、約8wt%或更少、約3wt%或更少、約2wt%或更少、約1wt%或更少、約0.1wt%或更少、或處於此等數值之任何兩者之間的範圍內。具有相對於另一氣凝膠材料或組成物改善之液體水攝入的氣凝膠材料或組成物,將具有相對於該參照氣凝膠材料或組成物降低之液體水攝入/滯留的百分比。
氣凝膠材料或組成物之疏水性可以水蒸氣攝入表現之。於本揭露之語境中,術語「水蒸氣攝入」係指氣凝膠材料或組成物吸收水蒸氣之潛能的測量值。水蒸氣攝入可表現為,當於某些測量條件下,將氣凝膠材料或組成物曝露至水蒸氣時,該材料或組成物所吸收或保留之水
的百分比(以重量計)。氣凝膠材料或組成物之水蒸氣攝入可藉由發明所屬技術領域中中習知之方法測定,該方法係包括,但不限於:測定無晶面礦物纖維絕緣體之水蒸氣吸附的標準測試方法(ASTM C1104,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA)。於本揭露之語境中,除非明確指明,水蒸氣攝入測量值係根據ASTM C1104標準於約常溫常壓下獲取。較佳地,本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物所具有之水蒸氣攝入為約50wt%或更少、約40wt%或更少、約30wt%或更少、約20wt%或更少、約15wt%或更少、約10wt%或更少、約8wt%或更少、約3wt%或更少、約2wt%或更少、約1wt%或更少、約0.1wt%或更少、或處於此等數值之任何兩者之間的範圍內。具有相對於另一氣凝膠材料或組成物改善之水蒸氣攝入的氣凝膠材料或組成物,將具有相對於該參照氣凝膠材料或組成物降低之水蒸氣攝入/滯留的百分比。
氣凝膠材料或組成物之疏水性可藉由量測水滴在與該材料表面之界面處的平衡接觸角而表現之。本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物可具有之水接觸角為約90°或更大、約120°或更大、約130°或更大、約140°或更大、約150°或更大、約160°或更大、約170°或更大、約175°或更大、或處於此等數值之任何兩者之間的範圍內。
氣凝膠係揭示為互連結構之框架,其最常規係由互連之寡聚物、聚合物或膠體顆粒所構成。氣凝膠框架可自包括下述者之範圍內的前驅物材料作成:無機前驅
物材料(如用於生產氧化矽系氣凝膠之前驅物);有機前驅物材料(如用於生產碳系氣凝膠之前驅物);混雜無機/有機前驅物材料;及其組合。於本發明之語境中,術語「合併氣凝膠」係指從兩種或更多種不同凝膠前驅物生產之氣凝膠。
無機氣凝膠一般係從金屬氧化物或金屬烷氧化物材料作成。該金屬氧化物或金屬烷氧化物材料可係基於可形成氧化物之任何金屬的氧化物或烷氧化物。此等金屬係包括,但不限於:矽、鋁、鈦、鋯、鉿、釔、釩、鈰等。無機氧化矽氣凝膠傳統上係經氧化矽系烷氧化物(如四乙氧基矽烷)之水解及縮合作成,或經矽酸或水玻璃之凝膠化作成。其他相關之用於氧化矽系氣凝膠合成之無機前驅物材料係包括,但不限於:金屬矽酸鹽如矽酸鈉或矽酸鉀、烷氧基矽烷、部分水解之烷氧基矽烷、四乙氧基矽烷(TEOS)、部分水解之TEOS、TEOS之縮聚物、四甲氧基矽烷(TMOS)、部分水解之TMOS、TMOS之縮聚物、四-正丙氧基矽烷、部分水解之四-正丙氧基矽烷及/或四-正丙氧基矽烷之縮聚物、聚矽酸乙酯、部分水解之聚矽酸乙酯、單體性烷基烷氧基矽、雙-三烷氧基烷基或芳基矽烷、多面體性倍半矽氧烷、或其組合。
於本發明之一具體例中,預水解之TEOS如Silbond H-5(SBH5,Silbond Corp),係以約1.9至2之水/氧化矽比水解,可購買後直接使用或可於併入膠凝製程之前經進一步水解。部分水解之TEOS或TMOS,如聚矽酸乙
酯(Silbond 40)或聚矽酸甲酯亦可購買後直接使用或可於併入膠凝製程之前經進一步水解。
無機氣凝膠亦可包括凝膠前驅物,其係包含至少一個疏水基,如烷基金屬烷氧化物、環烷基金屬烷氧化物、及芳基金屬烷氧化物,該疏水基可賦予該凝膠以某些特性或改善某些特特性如安定性及疏水性。無機氧化矽氣凝膠可具體包括疏水性前驅物如烷基矽烷類或芳基矽烷類。疏水性凝膠前驅物可用作主要前驅物材料,以形成凝膠材料之框架。惟,疏水性凝膠前驅物更常規係用作共前驅物而於合併氣凝膠之形成過程中與簡單金屬烷氧化物合用。用於氧化矽系氣凝膠合成之疏水性無機前驅物材料係包括,但不限於:三甲基甲氧基矽烷[TMS]、二甲基二甲氧基矽烷[DMS]、甲基三甲氧基矽烷[MTMS]、三甲基乙氧基矽烷、二甲基二乙氧基矽烷[DMDS]、甲基三乙氧基矽烷[MTES]、乙基三乙氧基矽烷[ETES]、二乙基二乙氧基矽烷、乙基三乙氧基矽烷、丙基三甲氧基矽烷、丙基三乙氧基矽烷、苯基三甲氧基矽烷、苯基三乙氧基矽烷[PhTES]、六甲基二矽氮烷、及六乙基二矽氮烷等。
氣凝膠亦可經處理以賦予或改善疏水性。疏水性處理可施用至溶膠-凝膠溶液、於液相抽出之前施用至濕凝膠、或於液相抽出之後施用至氣凝膠。疏水性處理尤其常見於金屬氧化物氣凝膠如氧化矽氣凝膠之生產中。凝膠之疏水性處理的一個實例係於下文更詳細探討,具體於處理氧化矽濕凝膠之語境中。惟,本文中揭示之具體實施
例及例示性說明非欲將本發明之範疇限制為任何具體類型之疏水性處理過程或氣凝膠基底。本發明可包括發明所屬技術領域之技術人員所習知之任何凝膠或氣凝膠,以及相關之疏水性處理濕凝膠形式或乾氣凝膠形式之氣凝膠的方法。
疏水性處理係藉由令凝膠上之羥基如氧化矽凝膠之框架上存在之矽烷醇基(Si-OH)與疏水劑之官能基反應而完成。所得反應係將該矽烷醇基及該疏水劑轉變為該氧化矽凝膠之框架上的疏水基。該疏水劑化合物可與凝膠上之羥基根據下述反應式反應:RNMX4-N(疏水劑)+MOH(矽烷醇)→MOMRN(疏水基)+HX。疏水性處理可於氧化矽凝膠之外部大表面上及凝膠之多孔網路內之內部孔表面上發生。
凝膠可浸沒於疏水劑與視需要之疏水性處理溶劑之混合物中,其中,該疏水劑係可溶於該溶劑中且該溶劑亦可與濕凝膠中之凝膠溶劑互混。可使用大量疏水性處理溶劑,包括溶劑如甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、二甲苯、甲苯、苯、二甲基甲醯胺、及己烷。液體或氣體形式之疏水劑亦可直接與該凝膠接觸以賦予後者以疏水性。
該疏水性處理製程可包括混合或攪動,以幫助該疏水劑滲透該濕凝膠。該疏水性處理製程亦可包括改變其他條件如溫度及pH,以進一步增強並優化反應條件。於該反應完全後,洗滌該濕凝膠以移除未反應之化合物及反應之副產物。
用於氣凝膠之疏水性處理的疏水劑一般係下式之化合物:RNMX4-N;其中,M係金屬;R係疏水基如CH3、CH2CH3、C6H6、或類似之疏水性烷基、環烷基、或芳基部分;以及,X係鹵素,一般為Cl。疏水劑之具體實例係包括,但不限於:三甲基氯矽烷[TMCS]、三乙基氯矽烷[TECS]、三苯基氯矽烷[TPCS]、二甲基氯矽烷[DMCS]、二甲基二氯矽烷[DMDCS]等。疏水劑亦可係下式:Y(R3M)2;其中,M係金屬;Y係橋接基如NH或O;以及,R係疏水基如CH3、CH2CH3、C6H6、或類似之疏水性烷基、環烷基、或芳基部分。此等疏水劑之具體實例係包括,但不限於:六甲基二矽氮烷[HMDZ]及六甲基二矽氧烷[HMDSO]。疏水劑可復包括下式之化合物:RNMV4-N,其中,V係除鹵素外之反應基或離去基。此等疏水劑之具體實例係包括,但不限於:乙烯基三乙氧基矽烷及乙烯基三甲氧基矽烷。
有機氣凝膠一般係從碳系聚合物前驅物形成。此等聚合物材料係包括,但不限於:間苯二酚甲醛(RF)、聚醯亞胺、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸酯寡聚物、聚氧烯、聚氨酯、聚苯酚、聚丁二烯、三烷氧基矽烷基末端之聚二甲基矽氧烷、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚糠醛、三聚氰胺-甲醛、甲酚甲醛、苯酚-糠醛、聚醚、聚醇、聚異氰酸酯、聚羥基苯、聚乙烯醇二醛、聚氰尿酸酯、聚丙烯醯胺、各種環氧化物、瓊脂、瓊脂糖、幾丁聚醣、及其組合。作為一實例,有機RF氣凝膠典型係從間苯二酚或三聚氰胺與甲醛於鹼性條件下之溶膠-凝膠聚合
反應作成之。
有機/無機混雜氣凝膠係主要由ormosil(經有機修飾之氧化矽)氣凝膠構成。此等ormosil材料係包括共價鍵結至氧化矽網路之有機組分。Ormosil典型係透過使用傳統烷氧基化前驅物Y(OX)4將經有機修飾之矽烷R--Si(OX)3水解及縮合而形成。於這些式中:X可表示,舉例而言,CH3、C2H5、C3H7、C4H9;Y可表示,舉例而言,Si、Ti、Zr、或Al;以及,R可係任何有機片段如甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、異丙基、甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸酯、乙烯基、環氧化物等。Ormosil氣凝膠中之有機組分亦可整體分散於或化學鍵結至該氧化矽網路。
於本發明之語境中,術語「有機改性矽酸鹽(ormosil)」係涵蓋前述材料以及其他經有機修飾之陶瓷,有時指為「有機改性陶瓷(ormocers)」。Ormosil一般係用作塗層,其中,ormosil膜係透過諸如溶膠-凝膠製程澆鑄於基板材料上。本發明之其他有機-無機混雜氣凝膠的實例係包括,但不限於,氧化矽-聚醚、氧化矽-PMMA、氧化矽-幾丁聚醣、碳化物、氮化物、及前述有機及無機氣凝膠形成化合物之其他組合。第20050192367號美國專利公開案(段落[0022]至[0038]及[0044]至[0058])係包括此等混雜有機-無機材料之教示,並藉由引用而根據獨立引述之節段及段落併入本文。
本發明之氣凝膠較佳係無機氧化矽氣凝膠,其主要係從經水解之矽酸酯的醇溶液形成,而該矽酸酯係
從烷氧化矽形成。惟,可使用發明所屬技術領域之技術人員所習知之任何其他氣凝膠組成物實踐作為整體之本發明,且本發明並不限於任一種前驅物材料或前驅物材料之合併混合物。
氣凝膠之生產一般係包括下列步驟:i)溶膠-凝膠溶液之形成;ii)從該溶膠-凝膠溶液形成凝膠;以及,iii)透過創新性加工及抽出將溶劑從該凝膠材料抽出出來,以獲得乾燥之氣凝膠材料。這一製程係於下文中更詳細討論之,具體於形成無機氣凝膠如氧化矽氣凝膠之語境中。惟,本文所提供之具體實施例及例示性說明非欲將本發明限制為任何具體類型之氣凝膠及/或製備方法。本發明可包括藉由該領域技術人員習知之任何相關製備方法形成的任何氣凝膠。
形成無機氣凝膠之第一步驟一般係透過金屬烷氧化物前驅物於醇系溶劑中之水解及縮合而形成溶膠-凝膠溶液。無機氣凝膠之形成中的主要變量係包括:該溶膠-凝膠溶液中所包括之烷氧化物前驅物的類型、該溶劑之天然特性、該溶膠-凝膠溶液之加工溫度及pH(其可藉由加入酸或鹼而改變)、以及該溶膠-凝膠溶液中之前驅物/溶劑/水的比。於溶膠-凝膠溶液之形成中控制此等變量,可允許在該凝膠材料從「溶膠」態至「凝膠」態之後續轉變過程中控制該凝膠框架之生長及聚結。儘管所得氣凝膠之特性係受到該前驅物溶液之pH及反應劑之莫耳比的影響,允許形成凝膠之任何pH及任何莫耳比皆可用於本揭露中。
溶膠-凝膠溶液係藉由經至少一種膠凝前驅物與溶劑合併而形成。適用於形成溶膠-凝膠溶液之溶劑係包括具有1個至6個碳原子、較佳2個至4個碳原子之低級醇類,但可使用發明所屬技術領域之技術人員所習知之其他溶劑。可用溶劑之實例係包括,但不限於:甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙醯乙酸乙酯、丙酮、二氯甲烷、四氫呋喃等。多種溶劑亦可經合併,以達成所欲之分散水平或優化該凝膠材料之特性。因此,用於該溶膠-凝膠步驟及凝膠形成步驟之最優溶劑的選擇係取決於併入該溶膠-凝膠溶液中之具體前驅物、填充物及添加劑;以及用於膠凝及液相抽出之靶標加工條件、及該最終氣凝膠材料之所欲特性。
水可存在於該前驅物-溶劑溶液中。該水係作動以將該金屬烷氧化物前驅物水解為金屬氫氧化物前驅物。該水解反應可係(使用TEOS於乙醇溶劑中作為實例):Si(OC2H5)4+4H2O→Si(OH)4+4(C2H5OH)。所得經水解之金屬氫氧化物前驅物係以「溶膠」態保持為懸浮於該溶劑溶液中,或作為獨立分子或作為分子之聚合(或寡聚)小膠體簇。舉例而言,Si(OH)4前驅物之聚合/縮合可如下述者出現:2 Si(OH)4=(OH)3Si-O-Si(OH)3+H2O。這一聚合反應可持續,直至形成經聚合(或寡聚)之SiO2(氧化矽)的膠體簇。
酸及鍵可併入該溶膠-凝膠溶液中,以控制該溶液之pH及催化該前驅物材料之水解及縮合反應。儘管
任何酸均可用以催化前驅物反應以獲得較低pH之溶液,但較佳之酸係包括:HCl、H2SO4、H3PO4、草酸及乙酸。同樣,任何鹼均可用以催化前驅物反應並獲得較高pH之溶液,但較佳係包含NH4OH之鹼。
該溶膠-凝膠溶液可包括額外之共膠凝前驅物,以及填充材料及其他添加劑。填充材料及其他添加劑可於凝膠形成之前或之中的任何點分配於該溶膠-凝膠溶液中。填充材料及其他添加劑亦可於凝膠化之後透過該領域技術人員習知之多種技術併入該凝膠材料中。較佳地,包含該膠凝前驅物、溶劑、催化劑、水、填充材料及其他添加劑之溶膠-凝膠溶液係均質溶液,其能於適當條件下有效形成凝膠。
一旦溶膠-凝膠溶液經形成並優化,該溶膠-凝膠中之凝膠形成組分可轉化為凝膠材料。將凝膠形成組分轉變為凝膠材料之製程係包含初始之凝膠形成步驟,其中,該凝膠固化至該凝膠材料之膠凝點。凝膠材料之膠凝點可被視為該膠凝溶液顯現抗流動性/或形成貫穿其體積之實質上連續聚合物框架的點。大量凝膠形成技術係發明所屬技術領域之技術人員所習知者。實例包括,但不限於:將該混合物於靜止態維持一段時間;調解該溶液之pH;調解該溶液之溫度;將能量形式引導至該混合物上(紫外線、可見光、紅外線、微波、超音波、粒子輻射、電磁輻射);或其組合。
將凝膠形成組分轉化為凝膠材料之製程亦可
包括於液相抽出之前之老化步驟(亦指為固化)。於凝膠材料到達其膠凝點後令其老化,可藉由增加網路內之交聯數目而進一步強化該凝膠框架。可調節凝膠老化之持續時間,以控制所得氣凝膠材料之多種特性。該老化過程可用於防止液相抽出過程中之體積流失及收縮。老化可牽涉:將該凝膠(於抽出之前)於靜態維持延長之時間;將該凝膠維持於升高之溫度;加入交聯促進化合物;或其任何組合。較佳之老化溫度一般為界於約10℃與約100℃之間。凝膠材料之老化典型係持續,直至該濕凝膠材料之液相抽出。
將凝膠形成材料轉化為凝膠材料之時間段係包括初始凝膠形成之持續時間(從凝膠化起始至膠凝點)以及任何後續之於液相抽出前進行之凝膠材料固化及老化的持續時間(從該膠凝點至液相抽出之起始)兩者。將凝膠形成材料轉化為凝膠材料之總時間段典型係界於約1分鐘與幾天之間,較佳約30小時或更短、約24小時或更短、約15小時或更短、約10小時或更短、約6小時或更短、約4小時或更短、約2小時或更短、約1小時或更短、約30分鐘或更短、或約15分鐘或更短。
所得凝膠材料可於適當之第二溶劑中洗滌,以替換該濕凝膠中存在之第一反應溶劑。此類第二溶劑可係具有1個或更多個脂肪族碳原子之線性一元醇、具有2個或更多個碳原子之二元醇、分支鏈醇、環狀醇、脂環族醇、芳香族醇、多元醇、醚、酮、環狀醚、或其衍生物。
一旦凝膠材料業經形成並加工,即可隨後使
用抽出方法將該凝膠之液相至少部分地從該濕凝膠抽出,以形成氣凝膠材料,該抽出方法係包括創新性加工及抽出技術。於其他因素中,液相抽出在氣凝膠之特徵如孔隙率及密度以及相關特性如導熱係數的管理中扮演重要角色。一般,當以對該濕凝膠之多孔網路及狂叫造成低收縮之方式將液相從凝膠中抽出時,獲得氣凝膠。
氣凝膠往往藉由在接近或超過液體流動相之臨界點的溫度及壓力下從該凝膠材料移除該液體流動相而形成。一旦到達(接近臨界)或超出(超臨界)臨界點(亦即,該系統之壓力及溫度係分別處於或高於臨界壓力及臨界溫度),則新的超臨界相以截然不同於該液相或氣相之流體形式出現。該溶劑可經移除,而不引入液氣界面、毛細管壓力、或典型與液氣邊界相關的任何相關之質量轉移限制。此外,該超臨界相一般更容易與有機溶劑互混,因此具有更加之抽出能力。共溶劑及溶劑交換往往亦用以優化超臨界流體乾燥製程。
若在低於該超臨界點時出現蒸發或抽出,藉由液體蒸發生成之強毛細管力可於該凝膠材料內造成收縮及孔坍塌。與該溶劑抽出過程中將該流動相維持於接近或超過臨界壓力及溫度,係降低此等毛細管力之負面效應。於本發明之一些具體例中,使用恰恰低於該溶劑系統臨界點之接近臨界之條件,可生產具有足夠低收縮之氣凝膠材料或組成物,因此生產可商購之終產物。
若干額外之氣凝膠抽出技術係發明所屬技術
領域中中習知者,包括使用超臨界流體乾燥氣凝膠之多種不同途徑。舉例而言,Kistler(J.Phys.Chem.(1932)36:52-64)係揭示一種簡單的超臨界抽出製程,其中,該凝膠溶劑係維持為超過其臨界壓力及溫度,從而減少蒸發毛細管力並維持該凝膠網路之結構整體性。第4,610,863號美國專利係揭示一種抽出製程,其中,該凝膠溶劑係與液體二氧化碳交換,接著,於二氧化碳處於超臨界狀態之條件下抽出。第6670402號美國專利教示,藉由注射超臨界(而非液體)二氧化碳入業經預熱並預先加壓至實質上超臨界或其上之條件的抽出器中,經由快速溶劑交換而從凝膠抽出液相,從而生產氣凝膠。第5962539號美國專利揭示一種從有機溶劑中之溶膠-凝膠形式之聚合物材料獲得氣凝膠之製程,藉由使用具有低於聚合物分解溫度之超臨界溫度的流體與該有機溶劑交換,以及超臨界地抽出該流體/溶膠-凝膠。第6315971號美國專利揭露一種生產凝膠組成物之製程,該製程係包含:乾燥包含凝膠固體及乾燥劑之濕凝膠,以於最易降低乾燥過程中該凝膠之收縮的乾燥條件下移除該乾燥劑。第5420168號美國專利揭示一製程,藉此,使用簡單空氣乾燥過程即可製造間苯二酚/甲醛氣凝膠。第5565142號美國專利揭示乾燥技術,其中,該凝膠表面係經修飾為更強且更疏水,故該凝膠框架及孔可於室溫乾燥或次臨界抽出過程中抵抗坍塌。從氣凝膠材料抽出液相之其他實例可於第5275796號及第5395805號美國專利中發現。
從濕凝膠抽出液相之一個較佳具體例係使用超臨界條件之二氧化碳,包括,舉例而言,首先,以液體二氧化碳實質上交換存在於該凝膠之孔網路內的第一溶劑;以及,隨後,將該濕凝膠加熱(典型於高壓釜中)至超過二氧化碳之臨界溫度(約31.06℃)並將該系統之壓力增加至超過二氧化碳臨界壓力(約1070psig)之壓力。環繞該凝膠材料之壓力可輕微波動,以促進超臨界二氧化碳流體從該凝膠移除。二氧化碳可透過該抽出系統再循環,以促進該第一溶劑從該濕凝膠連續移除。最終,該溫度及壓力緩慢回至環境條件,以生產乾氣凝膠材料。二氧化碳亦可在注射入抽出腔之前預先加工為超臨界狀態。
形成氣凝膠之備選方法的一個實例係包括於水中酸化鹼性金屬氧化物前驅物(如矽酸鈉),以作成水凝膠。鹽副產物可藉由離子交換及/或藉由以水洗滌後續形成之凝膠而從該矽酸前驅物移除。從該凝膠之孔移除水可經由與極性有機溶劑如乙醇、甲醇或丙酮而實施。隨後,該凝膠中之液相係使用創新性加工及抽出技術至少部分地抽出之。
形成氣凝膠之備選方法的另一實例係包括藉由濕凝膠狀態之基質材料之化學修飾而減少溶劑/孔界面處的損害性毛細管壓力,從而允許在低於該溶劑臨界點之溫度及壓力下從該凝膠材料抽出液相,其中,該化學修飾係將表面羥基轉變為疏水性三甲基矽烷基醚。
氣凝膠材料或組成物之大規模生產可能伴有
與以大規模連續形成凝膠材料相關之困難;以及與使用創新性加工及抽出技術從大體積凝膠材料抽出液相相關之困難。本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物較佳係調整為適應大規模生產。於某些具體例中,本揭露之凝膠材料可透過連續澆鑄及凝膠化製程進行大規模生產。於某些具體例中,本揭露之氣凝膠材料或組成物係以大規模生產,該大規模生產係需要使用大規格抽出容器。本揭露之大規格抽出容器可包括體積為約0.1m3或更大、約0.25m3或更大、約0.5m3或更大、或約0.75m3或更大之抽出容器。
氣凝膠組成物之大規模生產可包括基於傳送機之系統,該系統係將凝膠前驅物與連續增強片入纖維增強片或開孔泡沫增強片於傳送機之一端合併,以生產連續增強凝膠片。這一增強凝膠片可以複數層(較佳係以均勻張力環繞芯軸)捲繞並隨後進行化學處理、老化及乾燥步驟。額外之分隔物層可於該凝膠片層之間與該片層共同捲繞,以促進該凝膠材料之老化或乾燥,如提供老化劑或乾燥材料之流動通路。該分隔物層可係不能滲透(較佳地,低於1psi、5psi或10psi之壓力下,流體不能滲透)或可滲透。可滲透之層可係穿孔之塑膠片、網眼樣材料、穿孔箔等形式。
第1圖係例示性說明用於氣凝膠組成物之大規模生產的基於傳送機之系統100。凝膠前驅物溶液110係於混合部114與催化劑溶液120混合。凝膠前驅物溶液110與催化劑溶液120之流動係受控於流動控制器130。增強材料150係提供於傳送系統140上。增強材料150可係
來自增強材料卷之連續片。增強材料150亦可包含增強材料之片段。於較佳之具體例中,增強材料150係纖維增強材料或開孔泡沫增強材料。該前驅物溶液(包含凝膠前驅物及催化劑)係分散於傳送帶140上並與增強材料150合併。料隨著增強材料係藉由傳送系統140前進,該凝膠前驅物溶液中之凝膠形成前驅物係轉化為凝膠材。所得增強凝膠片係經捲繞用於後續化學處理、老化及乾燥步驟。額外之分隔物層164可共同捲繞於該凝膠片層160之間。
氣凝膠組成物之大規模生產可包含半連續、分批次製程,其一般係指為卷內凝膠(gel-in-a-roll)製程。第2圖係例示性說明用於氣凝膠組成物之大規模生產的半連續、分批次系統200的一個具體例。增強材料之片係捲為複數層而作為預成形卷220,並將其置於容器210中。額外之分隔物層250可與該增強材料共同捲於預成形卷220中。該分隔物層可係不能滲透(較佳地,低於1psi、5psi或10psi之壓力下,流體不能滲透)或可滲透。可滲透之層可係穿孔之塑膠片、網眼樣材料、穿孔箔等形式。凝膠前驅物溶液240係灌入預成形卷220之增強材料內或與該增強材料合併。該凝膠前驅物溶液中之凝膠形成前驅物係轉化為凝膠材料。所得增強凝膠片可立即前行,用於後續之化學處理、老化及乾燥步驟。所得增強凝膠片亦可解纏繞,隨後與不同之分隔物層再次捲繞,之後進行後續之化學處理、老化及乾燥步驟。
氣凝膠複合物可以其他材料如覆面材料之增
強層積層或覆面。於一具體例中,本發明係包含多層積層體,該積層體係包含至少一層包含增強氣凝膠組成物之基底層,以及至少一層覆面層。於一具體例中,該覆面層係包含增強材料。於一具體例中,該增強氣凝膠組成物係使用纖維增強層或開孔泡沫增強層予以增強。於一具體例中,本發明係包含多層積層體,該積層係包含具有增強氣凝膠組成物之基底層,以及至少兩層包含增強材料之覆面層,其中,該兩層覆面層係位於該基底層之相對表面。該多層氣凝膠積層複合物可根據第20070173157號美國專利申請案之段落[0004]、[0010]、[0011]、[0017]至[0021]、及[0023]至[0027]中揭示的方法及材料生產;該等方法及材料係藉由引用而根據上文引述之具體段落併入本文。
覆面層可包含將幫助向最終複合物結構提供具體特徵如改善之撓性及降低之粉化的材料。該覆面材料可係脆性或撓性。該覆面材料可包含反射性箔。於一具體例中,該覆面層係包含聚合物片;更詳而言,包含聚酯、聚乙烯、聚氨酯、聚丙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚芳醯胺、芳族聚醯胺之聚合物片;以及,更詳而言,聚合物如聚鄰苯二甲酸乙二酯、低密度聚乙烯、乙烯-丙烯共聚物、聚(4-甲基戊烷)、聚四氟乙烯、聚(1-丁烯)、聚苯乙烯、聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、聚乙烯基丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲醛、聚伸苯基碸、三醋酸纖維素、聚碳酸酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、聚己內醯胺、聚六亞甲基己二醯二胺、聚十一碳醯胺、聚醯亞胺、或其組合。於一
具體例中,該聚合物片係包含或主要由下列各者所組成:膨脹聚合物材料;更詳而言,包含PTFE(ePTFE)之膨脹聚合物材料、膨脹聚丙烯(ePP)、膨脹聚乙烯(ePE)、膨脹聚苯乙烯(ePS)、或其組合。於一具體例中,該聚合物片係包含或主要由大孔聚合物材料所組成,該大孔聚合物材料之特徵在於,孔尺寸範圍係0.1μm至210μm、0.1μm至115μm、0.1μm至15μm、或0.1μm至0.6μm。
於一具體例中,該覆面層材料係包含或主要由氟聚合物材料所組成。於本揭露之語境中,術語「氟聚合性」或「氟聚合物材料」係指主要由聚合性氟碳所構成的材料。適當之氟聚合性覆面層材料係包括,但不限於:聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),包括第5814405號美國專利中揭示之大孔PTFE;以及膨脹PTFE(ePTFE)如Gore-Tex®(可自W.L.Gore購得);聚氟乙烯(PVF);聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF);全氟烷氧(PFA);氟化之乙烯-丙烯(FEP);聚氯三氟乙烯(PCTFE);乙烯-四氟乙烯(ETFE);聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF);乙烯-氯三氟乙烯(ECTFE);及其組合。
於一具體例中,該覆面層材料係包含或主要由非氟聚合性材料構成。於本揭露之語境中,術語「非氟聚合性」或「非氟聚合物材料」係指不包含氟聚合性材料的材料。適當之非氟聚合物覆面層材料係包括,但不限於:鍍鋁麥拉;低密度聚乙烯,如Tyvek®(可自DuPont獲得);橡膠或橡膠複合物;彈性纖維如氨綸、尼龍、萊卡或彈力纖維;及其組合。於一較佳之具體例中,該覆面材料係撓
性覆面材料。於一較佳之具體例中,該覆面材料係由彈性纖維如氨綸、尼龍、萊卡、彈力纖維、或其組合作成。於一較佳之具體例中,該覆面材料係主要由非氟聚合物材料所組成。
該覆面層可藉由使用黏著劑而黏附於基底層,其中,該黏著劑係適用於將無機或有機覆面材料固定至該基底層之增強材料。可用於本發明中之黏著劑的實例係包括,但不限於:黏固粉系黏著劑、矽酸鈉、乳膠、亞敏黏著劑、矽酮、聚苯乙烯、氣溶膠黏著劑、氨基甲酸酯、丙烯酸酯黏著劑、熱熔結合系統、可自3M商購之結合系統、環氧化物、橡膠樹脂黏著劑、聚氨酯黏著劑混合物如彼等於第4532316號美國專利中揭示者。
該覆面層亦可藉由使用非黏著劑材料或技術黏附至基底層,其中,該非黏著劑材料或技術係適用於將無機或有機覆面材料固定至該基底層之增強材料。可用於本發明中之非黏著劑材料或技術係包括,但不限於:熱密封、超音波縫合、RF密封、線縫合、密封袋、鉚釘或紐扣、夾具、包裹、或其他非黏著劑積層材料。於一較佳之具體例中,該覆面層係藉由縫合或鉚接而黏附至基底層。於另一較佳之具體例中,該覆面層係藉由超音波縫合或結合而黏附至基底層。
該覆面層可於氣凝膠複合材料生產之任何階段黏附至基底層。於一具體例中,係於將溶膠凝膠溶液灌入該基底層增強材料內之後但於凝膠化之前,將該覆面層
黏附至基底層。於另一具體例中,係於將溶膠凝膠溶液灌入該基底層增強材料之後且在後續之凝膠化之後,但於老化或乾燥該凝膠材料之前,將該覆面層黏附至基底層。於再一具體例中,係於老化及乾燥該凝膠材料之後,將該覆面層黏附至基底層。於一較佳之具體例中,係於將溶膠凝膠溶液灌入該基底層增強材料內之前,將該覆面層黏附至該基底層之增強材料。
該覆面層可係固體且不能滲透流體。該覆面層可係多孔且能滲透流體。於一較佳之具體例中,該覆面層係多孔且能滲透流體,且含有直徑大至足以令流體擴散透過該覆面材料的孔或孔洞。於另一較佳之具體例中,係於將溶膠凝膠溶液灌入該基底層增強材料內之前,將該覆面層黏附至該基底層之增強材料,其中,該覆面層係多孔且能滲透流體,且含有直徑大至足以令流體擴散透過該覆面材料的孔或孔洞。於再一較佳之具體例中,係於將溶膠凝膠溶液灌入該泡沫增強材料內之前,將該覆面層黏附至開孔泡沫增強材料,其中,該覆面層係多孔且能滲透流體,且含有直徑大至足以令流體擴散透過該覆面材料的孔或孔洞。
多層凝膠或氣凝膠組成物之生產可包括下述步驟:a)將流體可滲透之覆面層黏附至增強材料之片,以生產積層之增強片,其中,該覆面層係含有直徑大至足以令流體擴散透過該覆面材料的孔或孔洞;b)將凝膠前驅物溶液透過該覆面層灌入該增強片內;以及c)將該凝膠前
驅物材料轉化為包含凝膠框架之凝膠材料。一部分該凝膠前驅物溶液可能滯留在該覆面層之孔或孔洞內,故該基底層之增強材料中的凝膠框架將延伸入至少一部分之該覆面層內。所得產物係包含下列之多層凝膠組成物:a)至少一層包含增強材料、及整合入該增強材料內之凝膠框架的基底層;以及b)至少一層包含流體可滲透之覆面材料、及整合入該流體可滲透之覆面材料內之凝膠框架的覆面層;其中,該基底層之凝膠框架的至少一部分係延伸入該覆面層之凝膠框架的至少一部分內並與後者連續。
多層氣凝膠組成物之大規模生產可包括基於傳送機之系統,其中,該生產係包含下述步驟:a)將至少一層流體可滲透之覆面層黏附至增強材料片,以生產積層之增強片,其中,該覆面層係含有直徑大至足以令流體擴散透過該覆面材料的孔或孔洞;以及b)將凝膠前驅物溶液與該積層之增強片於傳送機之一端合併,以生產連續之增強凝膠片積層體;其中,該凝膠前驅物溶液之至少一部分係透過該覆面層灌入該增強片內;以及,其中,該凝膠前驅物溶液係與該積層之增強片以令該凝膠前驅物溶液穿行通過該覆面層並滲入該增強片之速率合併。於一較佳之具體例中,該增強材料係包含開孔泡沫增強材料。
該經增強且積層之凝膠片可捲繞為複數層(較佳以均勻張力環繞芯軸)且於後續之化學處理、老化及乾燥步驟中加工。額外之分隔物層可共捲繞於該凝膠片層之間,以促進該凝膠材料之老化及乾燥,如提供用於老化
劑及乾燥材料之流動路徑。於一較佳之具體例中,該覆面層係提供用於老化劑或乾燥材料之流動路徑,故不需要用於該凝膠材料之老化及乾燥的額外之分隔物層。
多層氣凝膠組成物之大規模生產可包括半連續、分批之製程,該製程一般係指為卷內凝膠製程,其中,該生產係包含下述步驟:a)將流體可滲透之覆面層黏附至增強材料片,其中,該覆面層係含有直徑大至足以令流體擴散透過該覆面材料的孔或孔洞;b)將該積層之增強材料以複數層捲繞為預成形卷;以及c)將凝膠前驅物溶液與該預成形卷合併。額外之分隔物層可與該增強材料共同捲繞入預成形卷中,以提供用於凝膠前驅物溶液、老化劑、及乾燥材料之流動路徑。於一較佳之具體例中,該覆面層係提供用於凝膠前驅物溶液、老化劑、及乾燥材料之流動路徑,故不需要額外之分隔物層。於一較佳之具體例中,該增強材料係包含開孔泡沫增強材料。
本發明增強氣凝膠複合物的形狀可為多種三維形式,包括嵌板、預製管、半殼預製件、彎頭、接頭、及絕緣材料應用至工業及商業應用中所需的其他規則形狀。於一具體例中,該增強材料係於以凝膠前驅物材料灌注之前,成形為所欲之形狀。該凝膠材料係以令該預製件維持其形狀之方式加工,因此獲得所欲形狀之增強氣凝膠預製件。因為加工多種形狀及構造之凝膠材料所需的難度,這一形成一定形狀之氣凝膠的技術具有挑戰性且無效率。
於一具體例中,該增強凝膠複合物初始係片形式,且於該凝膠材料之凝膠化之後或於該凝膠材料之凝膠化以及後續之乾燥之後,經加工為所欲之三維形狀。於一較佳之具體例中,將增強氣凝膠材料片加熱至所欲溫度,形成為所欲之形狀,隨後冷卻。這一令增強氣凝膠材料塑形之技術使用泡沫增強材料時尤其有效。於一較佳之具體例中,將包含泡沫增強材料之增強氣凝膠材料片加熱至所欲溫度,形成為所欲之形狀,隨後冷卻。用於加熱該氣凝膠材料之所欲溫度應係高於該泡沫增強材料之軟化點以及低於該增強材料之最高使用溫度且低於該氣凝膠材料之自加熱溫度的溫度。該所欲溫度應係足夠高,以令該增強材料足夠柔軟及撓性,從而可形成未所欲之形狀,但仍足夠安定以在該塑形製程過程中支持該氣凝膠材料。用於加熱該氣凝膠材料之所欲溫度將因此依據所使用之增強材料及氣凝膠材料而改變。於一具體例中,該所欲之溫度係界於50℃與200℃之間,界於75℃與200℃之間,界於100℃與175℃之間,界於120℃與160℃之間,或約150℃。
於一具體例中,該增強凝膠複合物初始係塊狀或經模製之形式,且於該凝膠材料之凝膠化之後或於該凝膠材料之凝膠化以及後續之乾燥之後,經加工為所欲之三維形狀。於一具體例中,增強氣凝膠材料塊係藉由將增強材料與凝膠前驅物於特定形狀之模具內合併而形成。令該模具內之材料膠凝,隨後乾燥以生產經塑形之氣凝膠複合物。於一較佳之具體例中,係生產增強氣凝膠材料塊,
隨後切割或車銑為所欲之形狀。於另一較佳之具體例中,係生產增強氣凝膠材料塊,隨後使用切削機械或設備切割為獨立之片。
氣凝膠組成物亦可包括遮光劑,以降低熱轉移之輻射組分。於凝膠形成之前之任何點,遮光化合物或其前驅物可分散於包含凝膠前驅物之混合物中。遮光化合物之實例係包括,但不限於:碳化硼[B4C]、矽藻土、鐵酸錳、MnO、NiO、SnO、Ag2O、Bi2O3、碳黑、氧化鈦、氧化鐵鈦、矽酸鋯、氧化鋯、氧化亞鐵(II)、氧化鐵(III)、二氧化錳、氧化鈦鐵(鈦鐵礦)、氧化鉻、碳化物(如SiC、TiC或WC)、或其混合物。遮光化合物前驅物之實例係包括,但不限於:TiOSO4或TiOCl2。
本發明之具體例可使用本文中揭示之任何加工、抽出、及處理技術,以及發明所屬技術領域之技術人員所習知之用於生產本文中定義之氣凝膠、氣凝膠樣材料、及氣凝膠組成物的其他加工、抽出及處理技術而實踐之。
本發明之氣凝膠材料及組成物業經顯示作為絕緣材料之高有效性。惟,本發明之方法及材料之應用係非欲限制為與絕緣相關之應用。本發明之方法及材料可應用至將會受益於藉由本發明之材料及方法提供之特性或過程之獨特組合的應用。該應用係包括,但不限於:熱阻擋及嵌板(包括防火板及嵌板)、絕緣(包括服裝或服飾、建築、管道、或工業設施中)、隔音、電子學、震動衝擊隔離
體、及化學催化。使用本發明之組成物的應用可使用單層或多層之該複合物,且可機械地改變本發明之複合物,如透過經他們切割至一定尺寸。
下述實施例係提供本發明之多個非限制性具體例及特性。
提供聚氨酯(PU)開孔泡沫片,密度為.022g/cc。藉由合併甲基三乙氧基矽烷(MTES)、原矽酸四乙酯(TEOS)、水、酸催化劑、及乙醇合併而形成氧化矽前驅物溶液。藉由合併乙醇與稀氨水合併而形成凝膠化催化劑溶液。將該催化劑溶液與該氧化矽前驅物溶液合併,以形成經催化之氧化矽前驅物溶液。將該經催化之氧化矽溶液傾入該聚氨酯泡沫片內。令該複合材料膠凝,隨後於四甲基二矽氮烷(HMDS)之乙醇溶液中老化。於超臨界條件下抽出經老化之材料內的溶劑,以生成泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物。所得氣凝膠-開孔聚氨酯泡沫複合物係撓性。
將聚氨酯(PU)開孔泡沫片捲為預成形卷,並置於圓筒狀壁之容器內。將三聚氰胺-甲醛開孔泡沫片捲為獨立之預成形卷,並置於獨立之圓筒狀壁容器內。藉由合併甲基三乙氧基矽烷(MTES)、四乙氧基矽烷(TEOS)、水、酸催化劑
及乙醇而形成氧化矽前驅物溶液。藉由合併乙醇與稀氨水而形成凝膠化催化劑溶液。將該催化劑溶液與該氧化矽前驅物溶液合併,以形成經催化之氧化矽前驅物溶液。隨後,將所得溶液傾倒於預先置於獨立容器內之開孔泡沫卷上。令該材料膠凝。凝膠化之後,所得凝膠-泡沫複合物於密閉之乙醇浴中於50℃老化過夜。藉由超臨界CO2提取而移除該凝膠內之溶劑,以生成泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物片。所得氣凝膠-開孔聚氨酯泡沫複合物係撓性。所得氣凝膠-開孔三聚氰胺泡沫複合物係撓性。
提供三聚氰胺甲醛泡沫片。藉由合併甲基三乙氧基矽烷(MTES)、四乙氧基矽烷(TEOS)、水、酸催化劑、及乙醇而形成氧化矽前驅物溶液。藉由合併乙醇與稀氨水而形成凝膠化催化劑溶液。將該催化劑溶液與該氧化矽前驅物溶液合併,以形成經催化之氧化矽前驅物溶液。令該複合材料膠凝,隨後於六甲基二矽氮烷(HMDS)乙醇溶液中老化。於超臨界條件下抽出經老化之材料中的溶劑,以生成三聚氰胺-泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物。所得氣凝膠-三聚氰胺泡沫複合物係撓性。
提供來自實施例1及實施例3之泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物片。提供多片撓性覆面材料片,每一片包含約18%氨綸
及82%尼龍,且密度為0.3g/cc。每一泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物片之第一表面係塗覆有丙烯酸系水基黏著劑(3M快速結合亞敏黏著劑,4224-NF透明或藍色)。令該黏著劑部分地乾燥,直至變黏。將撓性覆面材料片施用至該泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之每一塗覆有黏著劑之表面。隨著該黏著劑完全乾燥,施加壓力至該積層體,因此在該泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物與該撓性覆面層之間形成固體結合。隨後,對每一泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之第二表面重複該積層製程,因此形成夾層積層體片,該片係包含具有泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之基底層以及位於該基底層每一表面上之撓性覆面層。第3及4圖係說明實施例4中生產之夾層積層材料。
提供來自實施例1之泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物片。提供多片撓性覆面材料片,每一片包含流體不可滲透之聚氨酯。每一泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物片之第一表面係塗覆有熱結合聚乙烯系黏著劑。將撓性覆面材料片施用至該泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之每一塗覆有黏著劑之表面。隨著該黏著劑完全結合,施加壓力及熱至該積層體,因此在該泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物與該撓性覆面層之間形成固體結合。隨後,對每一泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之第二表面重複該積層製程,因此形成夾層積層體片,該片係包含具有泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之基底層以及位於該基底層每一表面上之撓性覆面層。第5圖係說明實施例5中生產之夾層積層材料。
提供來自實施例3之泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物片。提供多片撓性覆面材料片,每一片包含約18%氨綸及82%尼龍,且密度為0.3g/cc。泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物片之每一側係放置一片撓性覆面氨綸材料。使用超音波縫紉機來透過穿透該積層之層的高能超音能量之圖案化應用而結合該積層體。該超音波縫紉機形成夾層積層體片,該片係包含具有泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物之基底層以及黏附於該基底層每一表面上之撓性覆面層,且該基底層與該覆面層之間無黏著劑材料。第6及7圖係說明實施例6中生產之夾層積層材料。
提供來自實施例4、5及6之樣本。於該積層製程之前及之後測試每一樣本之密度及導熱係數(TC)。於大氣壓力及2psi負載下,於37.5℃量測TC。下表1提供測量結果:
使用厚度為12mm之網狀聚氨酯泡沫片作為增強材料,重複實施例1之步驟。將該泡沫增強氣凝膠片折疊為預成形之形狀,並使用綁帶固定,如第8圖中所示。將經折疊之片置於烘箱中,並於150℃之溫度熱處理達3小時。
從烘箱中移除該材料並冷卻。移除固定綁帶,令該經熱處理之片部分地展開。所得經熱處理之片永久保持半圓形,如第9圖中所示。
使用厚度為12mm之網狀聚氨酯泡沫片作為增強材料,重複實施例1之步驟。將該泡沫增強氣凝膠片折疊為預成形之形狀,並使用綁帶固定,如第8圖中所示。將經折疊之片置於烘箱中,並於150℃之溫度熱處理達3小時。從烘箱中移除該材料並冷卻。移除固定綁帶,令該經熱處理之片部分地展開。所得經熱處理之片永久保持半圓形,如第9圖中所示。
提供多片來自實施例9之經熱塑形之氣凝膠複合物片。使用黏著劑將多層該經熱塑形之片結合在一起而積層為多層半殼絕緣積層體,如第10圖中所示。將兩個此等半殼、預成形絕緣積層體環繞管段而合併,並使用綁帶固定,從而形成完全包裹該管段之外圓周的絕緣套,如第11圖中所示。
提供聚氨酯(PU)開孔泡沫片。提供兩片撓性覆面材料,各自包含約18%氨綸及82%尼龍,且密度為0.3g/cc。
將聚氨酯複合黏著劑施加至該泡沫片之第一表面的一部分上。將一片撓性覆面材料施加至該泡沫片之經黏著劑修飾之表面上。隨著該黏著劑完全乾燥,施加壓力至該積層體,因此在該泡沫片與該撓性覆面層之間形成固體結合。隨後,對該泡沫片之第二表面重複該積層製程,因此形成夾層積層片,該片係包含具有泡沫片之基底層,以及黏附於該基底層之每一表面的撓性覆面層。
提供來自實施例11之夾層積層片。將該夾層積層片捲為預成形卷;將分隔材料與夾層積層片共同捲繞以提供界於該卷之各層間的分隔。將該卷置於圓筒狀壁容器內。藉由合併甲基三乙氧基矽烷(MTES)、四乙氧基矽烷(TEOS)、水、酸催化劑、及乙醇而形成氧化矽前驅物溶液。藉由合併乙醇與稀氨水而形成凝膠化催化劑溶液。將該催化劑溶液與該氧化矽前驅物溶液合併,以形成經催化之氧化矽前驅物溶液。隨後將所得溶液傾入該容器內。令該經催化之氧化矽前驅物溶液滯留一段時間,以令其透過該覆面層而滲入該夾層積層片之泡沫基底層內,以及,令該材料膠凝。於凝膠化之後,所得凝膠-泡沫複合物係於密閉之乙醇浴中於50℃老化過夜。藉由超臨界CO2提取而移除該凝膠內之溶劑,以生成積層之泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物片。
提供來自實施例11之夾層積層片。藉由合併甲基三乙氧基矽烷(MTES)、四乙氧基矽烷(TEOS)、水、酸催化劑、及乙醇而形成氧化矽前驅物溶液。藉由合併乙醇與稀氨水而形成凝膠化催化劑溶液。將該催化劑溶液與該氧化矽前驅物溶液合併,以形成經催化之氧化矽前驅物溶液。於移動傳送機上饋入該夾層積層片,隨著該片伴隨該移動傳送機而行進,將所得經催化之氧化矽前驅物溶液傾倒於該夾層積層片之上覆面層上。令該經催化之氧化矽前驅物溶液滯留一段時間,以令其透過該上覆面層而滲入該夾層積層片之泡沫基底層內,以及,令該材料膠凝。於凝膠化之後,所得夾層積層凝膠-泡沫複合物係放置於圓筒狀壁容器內;將分隔材料與複合物片共同捲繞以提供該卷之各層間的分隔。經捲之複合物片係於密閉之乙醇浴中於50℃老化過夜。藉由超臨界CO2提取而移除該凝膠內之溶劑,以生成積層之泡沫增強氣凝膠複合物片。
除非明確指非,本文中,連詞「及」係意圖於包括,而連詞「或」係不意圖於排除。舉例而言,短語「或,或者」係意圖於排除。
於本發明所揭示之語境(尤其在申請專利範圍之語境中)中,除非本文中指明為非或與語境明確矛盾,術語「一(a)」、「一(an)」、「該」或類似指示物係解釋為覆蓋單數及複數兩者。
除非標註為反義,術語「包含」、「具有」、「包括」、及「含有」係解釋為開放性術語(亦即,意指「包
括,但不限於」)。
本文中,術語「約」係指典型用於所鑒別之特定特性、組成、量、值或參數的偏差程度,如基於實驗誤差之偏差、測量誤差、近似誤差、計算誤差、平均值標準偏差、例行之小調整等等。
除非明確排除,本文中對於數值範圍之引述僅意圖於作為單獨指落入該範圍內之每一獨立數值的簡寫方法,且每一獨立數值係如同獨立引入本文中而併入說明書。
作為不同具體例之主旨的引述並不妨礙將來自不同具體例之主旨組合入單一具體例中。
除非本文中指明排除或與語境明顯矛盾,本文中揭示之全部方法可以任何適當次序施行。除非主張為非,本文中提供之任何及全部實施例、或例示性語言(如,「例如」、「舉例而言」)的使用,係僅意圖於更好地例示性說明本發明而非對本發明之範疇造成限制。
100‧‧‧基於傳送機之系統
110‧‧‧凝膠前驅物溶液
114‧‧‧混合部
120‧‧‧催化劑溶液
130‧‧‧流動控制器
140‧‧‧傳送系統/傳送帶
150‧‧‧增強材料
160‧‧‧凝膠片層
164‧‧‧額外的分隔物層
Claims (20)
- 一種氣凝膠複合物,係包含:至少一層具有上表面及下表面之基底層,該基底層係包含增強氣凝膠組成物,該氣凝膠組成物係包含增強材料及單塊氣凝膠框架;第一覆面層,係包含黏附至該基底層之該上表面的第一覆面材料;以及第二覆面層,係包含黏附至該基底層之該下表面的第二覆面材料;其中,該基底層之該單塊氣凝膠框架的至少一部分係延伸進入該第一覆面層及該第二覆面層兩者之一部分;以及,其中該第一覆面材料及該第二覆面材料係各自主要由彈性纖維作成的材料組成。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之氣凝膠複合物,其中,該增強材料係包含泡沫增強材料。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之氣凝膠複合物,其中,該增強材料係包含纖維增強材料。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至3項中任一項所述之氣凝膠複合物,其中,該彈性纖維係包含氨綸、尼龍、萊卡、彈力纖維、或其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項所述之氣凝膠複合物,其中,該第一覆面層或該第二覆面層係藉由選自由下列各者所組成之群組的黏著劑而黏附至該基底層:氣溶膠黏著劑、氨基甲酸酯系黏著劑、丙烯酸酯黏著劑、熱熔黏著劑、環氧化物、橡膠樹脂黏著劑、聚氨酯複合物黏著劑、及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項所述之氣凝膠複合 物,其中,該第一覆面層或該第二覆面層係藉由選自由下列各者所組成之群組的非黏著劑機制而黏附至該基底層:縫合、密封袋、鉚釘、鈕扣、夾具、包裹、支撐、及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至6項中任一項所述之氣凝膠複合物,其中,該第一覆面層或該第二覆面層係各自包含流體可滲透之覆面材料。
- 如申請專利範圍第1至7項中任一項所述之氣凝膠複合物,其中,該複合材料係具有界於18.0mW/m-K與40.0mW/m-K之間的導熱係數。
- 一種服裝或服飾之物件,係包含如申請專利範圍第1至8項中任一項所述之氣凝膠複合物。
- 一種製備氣凝膠複合物之方法,係包含:提供具有上表面及下表面之基底層,該基底層係包含增強氣凝膠組成物,該增強氣凝膠組成物係包含增強材料及單塊氣凝膠框架;提供包含第一覆面材料之第一覆面層以及包含第二覆面材料之第二覆面層,其中,該第一覆面材料及該第二覆面材料係各自主要由彈性纖維作成之材料組成;將該第一覆面層黏附至該基底層之該上表面,以及將該底部覆面層黏附至該基底層之該下表面,從而形成積層基底;提供包含凝膠前驅物材料及溶劑之凝膠前驅物溶液; 使該凝膠前驅物溶液與該積層基底之至少一層覆面層接觸;使與該積層基底之該覆面層接觸的該凝膠前驅物溶液之至少一部分穿行透過該積層基底之該覆面層而進入該積層基底之該基底層中的該增強材料內;使該前驅物溶液中之該凝膠前驅物材料轉變為凝膠組成物,形成增強凝膠複合物;從該增強凝膠複合物中抽出至少一部分該溶劑,以獲得增強氣凝膠複合物。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項所述之方法,其中,該方法復包含使該凝膠前驅物溶液與該積層基底之至少一層覆面層接觸之前,將該積層基底片的至少一部分分配於移動元件上。
- 如申請專利範圍第10項所述之方法,其中,該方法復包含將該積層基底捲曲為包含該積層基底之多層重疊層的預成形卷,以及,於使該凝膠前驅物溶液與該積層基底之至少一層覆面層接觸之前,將該積層基底之該預成形卷放入容器中。
- 如申請專利範圍第10至12項中任一項所述之方法,其中,該增強材料係包含泡沫增強材料。
- 如申請專利範圍第10至12項中任一項所述之方法,其中,該增強材料係包含纖維增強材料。
- 如申請專利範圍第10至14項中任一項所述之氣凝膠複合物,其中,該彈性纖維係包含氨綸、尼龍、萊卡、彈 力纖維、或其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第10至15項中之任一項所述之方法,其中,該第一覆面層或該第二覆面層係藉由選自由下列各者所組成之群組的黏著劑而黏附至該基底層:氣溶膠黏著劑、氨基甲酸酯系黏著劑、丙烯酸酯黏著劑、熱熔黏著劑、環氧化物、橡膠樹脂黏著劑、聚氨酯複合物黏著劑、及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第10至15項中任一項所述之方法,其中,該第一覆面層或該第二覆面層係藉由選自由下列各者所組成之群組的非黏著劑機制而黏附至該基底層:縫合、密封袋、鉚釘、鈕扣、夾具、包裹、支撐、及其組合。
- 如申請專利範圍第10至17項中任一項所述之方法,其中,該第一覆面層或該第二覆面層係各自包含流體可滲透之覆面材料。
- 一種藉由如申請專利範圍第10至18項中任一項所述之方法製造的氣溶膠複合物,其中,該複合物係具有界於18.0mW/m-K與40.0mW/m-K之間的導熱係數。
- 一種服裝或服飾之物件,係包含如申請專利範圍第19項所述之氣凝膠複合物。
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