CN108602307A - 经改善包括增强气凝胶复合物的层板 - Google Patents
经改善包括增强气凝胶复合物的层板 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108602307A CN108602307A CN201780008941.1A CN201780008941A CN108602307A CN 108602307 A CN108602307 A CN 108602307A CN 201780008941 A CN201780008941 A CN 201780008941A CN 108602307 A CN108602307 A CN 108602307A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
本揭露可提供气凝胶复合物。所述气凝胶复合物为包含至少一层具有上表面及下表面的基底层,所述基底层为包含增强气凝胶组成物且所述气凝胶组成物为包含增强材料及单块气凝胶框架;第一覆面层,其为包含黏附至所述基底层的上表面的第一覆面材料;以及第二覆面层,其为包含黏附至所述基底层的下表面的第二覆面材料。所述基底层的所述单块气凝胶框架的至少一部分为延伸进入所述第一覆面层及所述第二覆面层两者的一部分。所述第一覆面材料及所述第二覆面材料可各自包含弹性纤维如氨纶、尼龙、莱卡、弹力纤维、或其组合,或主要由弹性纤维组成。
Description
技术领域
[相关申请的交叉引用]
本申请主张于2016年1月27日递交的第62/287,762号美国专利申请案的权益,并主张于2017年1月26日递交的第15/417,170号美国专利申请案的权益,于所合并的目标不与当前申请案的主旨相抵触的目标下,前述两案藉由引用方式而如充分详述者以其整体并入本文。
背景技术
低密度气凝胶材料被广泛认为是可获得的最好的固体绝缘体。气凝胶主要藉由最小化传导(低结构密度导致通过所述固体框架的能量转移的弯曲路径)、对流(大的孔体积及非常小的孔径导致最低的对流)、及辐射(IR吸收或散射掺杂物为容易分散于整个气凝胶基体中)而起绝缘体的功效。气凝胶可用于大量应用中,所述应用为包括:热绝缘及冷绝缘、隔音、电子性介电、航空、能量存储及生产、及过滤。此外,气凝胶材料为显示多种其它感兴趣的声学、光学、机械、及化学特性,令它们可大量用于多种绝缘及非绝缘应用。
发明内容
于一一般态样,本揭露可提供耐久且容易处理的气凝胶材料或组成物。于一具体例中,所述气凝胶组成物为柔韧性、有弹性、且自支撑的增强气凝胶组成物。于一具体例中,所述气凝胶组成物为柔韧性、有弹性、且自支撑的泡沫增强气凝胶组成物。于一具体例中,所述气凝胶组成物为与至少一片覆面片积层的泡沫增强气凝胶组成物,其中,所得的积层复合物为柔韧性、有弹性、且自支撑。
于一一般态样,本揭露可提供气凝胶复合物,其为包含:至少一层包含增强气凝胶组成物的基底层,其中,所述增强气凝胶组成物为包含增强材料及气凝胶框架,以及,其中,所述基底层为具有上表面及下表面;以及,至少一层黏附至所述基底层的至少一个表面的覆面层。于一具体例中,所述基底层的气凝胶框架的至少一部分为延伸入所述覆面层的气凝胶框架的至少一部分中。于一具体例中,所述覆面层为包含一体化入所述覆面材料中的气凝胶框架;以及,所述基底层的气凝胶框架的至少一部分为与所述覆面层的气凝胶框架的至少一部分连续。
于一一般态样,本揭露可提供气凝胶复合物,其为包含:至少一层包含增强气凝胶组成物的基底层,其中,所述增强气凝胶组成物为包含增强材料及气凝胶框架,以及,其中,所述基底层为具有上表面及下表面;以及,至少一层黏附至所述基底层的上表面的覆面层及至少一层黏附至所述基底层的下表面的覆面层。于一具体例中,所述基底层的气凝胶框架的至少一部分为延伸入所述上覆面层与所述下覆面层的至少一部分中。于一具体例中,所述上覆面层与所述下覆面层两者皆包含一体化入所述覆面材料中的气凝胶框架;以及,所述基底层的气凝胶框架的至少一部分为与所述上覆面层及下覆面层两者的气凝胶框架的至少一部分连续。
于一一般态样,本揭露可提供制备气凝胶复合物的方法,为包含:提供包含增强材料及气凝胶框架的基底层,其中,所述基底层为具有上表面及下表面;提供包含覆面材料片的覆面层;以及,将所述覆面层黏附至所述基底层。于一具体例中,所述方法为包含提供至少两层包含覆面材料片的覆面层;将覆面层黏附至所述基底层的上表面;以及,将覆面层黏附至所述基底层的下表面。
于一一般态样,本揭露可提供制备气凝胶复合物的方法,为包含:提供包含增强材料的基底层,其中,所述基底层为具有上表面及下表面;提供包含覆面材料片的覆面层;将所述覆面层黏附至所述基底层的表面;提供包含凝胶前驱物材料及溶剂的凝胶前驱物溶液;令所述前驱物溶液与所述覆面层接触,且令所述凝胶前驱物溶液的至少一部分穿行通过所述覆面层进入所述基底层的增强材料中;令所述前驱物溶液中的凝胶前驱物材料转变为凝胶组成物,形成增强凝胶片;以及,从所述增强凝胶片抽出至少一部分溶剂,以获得增强气凝胶复合物。于一具体例中,所述方法为包含提供至少两层包含覆面材料片的覆面层;将所述覆面层黏附至所述基底层的上表面,并将覆面层黏附至所述基底层的下表面;提供包含凝胶前驱物材料及溶剂的凝胶前驱物溶液;令所述前驱物溶液与所述上覆面层接触;令所述凝胶前驱物溶液的至少一部分穿行通过所述上覆面层进入所述基底层的增强材料内;以及,令所述凝胶前驱物溶液的至少一部分穿行通过所述上覆面层并通过所述基底层而进入所述下覆面层。
于一具体例中,将所述覆面层黏附至所述基底层表面的步骤为生产增强材料的积层片;且所述增强材料的积层片为分配于移动组件上,之后将所述前驱物溶液分配至所述积层片的覆面层上。于一具体例中,将所述覆面层黏附至所述基底层表面的步骤为生产增强材料的积层片;且所述增强材料的积层片为卷曲为预成形卷并置于容器中,之后再使用所述容器将所述前驱物溶液分配于所述积层片的覆面层上。
于一具体例中,所述增强材料为泡沫增强材料。于一具体例中,所述增强材料为开孔泡沫增强材料,包括网状开孔泡沫增强材料。于一具体例中,所述泡沫增强材料为包含聚氨酯泡沫或三聚氰胺泡沫。于一具体例中,所述增强气凝胶复合物之密度为0.250公克(g)/立方公分(cc)或更低,0.230g/cc或更低,0.200g/cc或更低,0.160g/cc或更低,0.180g/cc或更低,界于0.140g/cc与0.250g/cc之间,或界于0.160g/cc与0.250g/cc之间。于一具体例中,所述增强气凝胶复合物的导热系数为26.0mW/m-K或更低,24.0mW/m-K或更低,22.0mW/m-K或更低,20.0mW/m-K或更低,19.0mW/m-K或更低,界于12.0mW/m-K与26.0mW/m-K之间,界于14.0mW/m-K与26.0mW/m-K之间,界于16.0mW/m-K与26.0mW/m-K之间,或界于18.0mW/m-K与26.0mW/m-K之间。
于一具体例中,所述覆面层为包含聚合物片;更详而言,包含聚酯、聚乙烯、聚氨酯、聚丙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚酰胺、芳酰胺的聚合物片;以及,更详而言,聚合物,如对苯二甲酸乙二酯、低密度聚乙烯、乙烯-丙烯共聚物、聚(4-甲基-戊烷)、聚四氟乙烯、聚(1-丁烯)、聚苯乙烯、聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、聚乙烯基丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲醛、聚苯砜、三醋酸纤维素、聚碳酸酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、聚己内酰胺、聚六亚甲基己二酰胺、聚十一碳酰胺、聚酰亚、或其组合。于一具体例中,所述聚合物片为包含下列或主要由下列各者所组成:发胀聚合物材料;更详而言,包含PTFE(ePTFE)的发胀聚合物材料、发胀聚丙烯(ePP)、发胀聚乙烯(ePE)、发胀聚苯乙烯(ePS)、或其组合。于一具体例中,所述聚合物片为包含下列或主要由下列各者所组成:微孔聚合物材料,其特征在于,孔径范围为从0.1微米(μm)至210μm、0.1μm至115μm、0.1μm至15μm、或0.1μm至0.6μm。
于一具体例中,所述覆面层材料为包含下列或主要由下列各者所组成:氟聚合物材料;更详而言,包含聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的氟聚合物材料、第5814405号美国专利中揭示的微孔PTFE、发胀PTFE(ePTFE)如Gore-(可自W.L.Gore获得)、聚氟乙烯(PVF)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、全氟烷氧(PFA)、氟化乙烯-丙烯(FEP)、聚氯三氟乙烯(PCTFE)、乙烯-四氟乙烯(ETFE)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙烯-氯三氟乙烯(ECTFE)、或其组合。
于一具体例中,所述覆面层材料为包含下列或主要由下列各者所组成:非氟聚合物材料;更详而言,包含镀铝麦拉(Mylar)的非氟聚合物材料;低密度聚乙烯,如(可自DuPont获得);橡胶或橡胶复合物;弹性纤维,如氨纶(spandex)、尼龙、莱卡或弹力纤维(elastane);或其组合。于一具体例中,所述覆面材料为柔韧性覆面材料。于一具体例中,所述覆面材料为由包含氨纶、尼龙、莱卡、弹力纤维或其组合的弹性纤维作成。于一具体例中,所述覆面材料为流体可渗透的覆面材料。
于一具体例中,所述覆面层为藉由黏着剂或非黏着剂机制黏附至所述基底层。于一具体例中,所述黏着剂为包含气溶胶黏着剂、氨基甲酸乙酯为黏着剂、丙烯酸酯黏着剂、热熔黏着剂、环氧化物、橡胶树脂黏着剂、或聚氨酯复合物黏着剂。于一具体例中,所述非黏着剂机制为包含缝合、密封袋、铆钉、纽扣、夹具、包裹、或支撑。
于一一般态样,本揭露可提供制备气凝胶组成物的方法,所述方法为包含下列步骤:提供包含泡沫增强材料的增强气凝胶块;令所述增强气凝胶块曝露于刮削或车剥装置;令所述刮削或车剥装置从所述增强气凝胶块移除增强气凝胶材料的连续片,从而生产增强气凝胶的片。
于一一般态样,本揭露可提供制备气凝胶组成物的方法,所述方法为包含:将多片包含泡沫增强材料的增强气凝胶置于容器中;提供包含凝胶前驱物材料及溶剂之前驱物溶液;将所述凝胶前驱物溶液分配入所述容器中,并令所述凝胶前驱物渗入所述容器内的各泡沫增强材料中;令所述前驱物溶液中的凝胶前驱物材料转变为凝胶组成物,形成增强凝胶材料块;将所述增强凝胶材料块曝露于刮削或车剥装置;令所述刮削或车剥装置从所述增强凝胶块移除增强凝胶材料的连续片,从而生产增强凝胶的片;以及,从所述增强凝胶材料片移除至少一部分溶剂,以获得增强气凝胶材料的片。
于一一般态样,本揭露可提供制备气凝胶组成物的方法,所述方法为包含下列步骤:将多片包含泡沫增强材料的增强气凝胶置于容器中;提供包含凝胶前驱物材料及溶剂之前驱物溶液;将该所述凝胶前驱物溶液分配入所述容器中,并令所述凝胶前驱物渗入所述容器内的各泡沫增强材料中;令所述前驱物溶液中的凝胶前驱物材料转变为凝胶组成物,形成增强凝胶材料块;从所述增强凝胶材料块移除至少一部分溶剂,以获得增强气凝胶材料块;令所述增强气凝胶材料块曝露于刮削或车剥装置;以及,令所述刮削或车剥装置从所述增强气凝胶块移除增强气凝胶材料的连续片,从而生产增强气凝胶的片。
于一一般态样,本揭露可提供制备气凝胶组成物的方法,所述方法为包含下列步骤:提供包含泡沫增强材料的增强气凝胶材料片;将所述增强气凝胶材料片加热至目标温度;与加热步骤之前、之中或之后模制或成形所述增强气凝胶材料片;以及令经模制或成形的增强气凝胶片冷却,故所述增强气凝胶材料片于冷却后保持其模制形状。于一具体例中,所述目标温度为界于50℃与200℃之间,界于75℃与200℃之间,界于100℃与175℃之间,界于120℃与160℃之间,或约150℃。于一具体例中,所述目标温度为高于所述泡沫增强材料的软化点且低于所述泡沫增强材料的最高使用温度的温度。
附图说明
图1为说明使用传送系统从气凝胶前驱物及增强片制备增强凝胶片的方法。
图2为说明使用卷中凝胶系统从气凝胶前驱物及增强片制备增强凝胶片的方法。
图3为说明平积层片,其为包含具有泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的基底层以及位于所述基底层每一表面上的柔韧性覆面层。
图4为说明经卷曲的积层片,其为包含具有泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的基底层以及位于所述基底层每一表面上的柔韧性覆面层。
图5为说明积层片,其为包含具有泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的基底层以及位于所述基底层每一表面上的不可渗透的覆面层。
图6为说明经卷曲的积层片,其为包含使用超音波缝制结合的多层。
图7为说明平积层片,其为包含使用超音波缝制结合的多层。
图8为说明平泡沫增强气凝胶片,其为折迭为预成形的形状,且使用绑带固定。
图9为说明泡沫增强气凝胶片,其为使用热处理从平片成形为弯曲的预成形的形状。
图10为说明多层积层体,其为包含多层泡沫增强气凝胶片,所述片为使用热处理从平片成形为弯曲的预成形的形成,且随后使用黏着剂积层在一起。
图11为说明管绝缘截面,其为包含多层的泡沫增强气凝胶片,所述片为使用热处理从平片成形为弯曲的预成形的形成,随后使用黏着剂积层在一起,且最终固定在管截面周围。
具体实施方式
气凝胶为一类具有开孔的多孔性材料,其为包含互连结构的框架且相应的孔网络为整合入所述框架内,以及位于所述孔网络内之间质相,所述间质相为主要由气体如空气所构成。气凝胶的典型特征为密度低、孔隙度高、表面积大、及孔径小。气凝胶可藉由其物理及结构特性而与其它多孔性材料区分开来。
气凝胶亦可为极脆且难以处置。低密度气凝胶的脆性可能在制造及加工过程中存在显著复杂性,其可显著限制此等材料的大规模制造。由于粉化、破碎或结构劣化的考虑,气凝胶的脆性亦可令气凝胶材料难以灌注及应用。因此,对于研发柔韧性、耐久且容易处置的气凝胶组成物存在需求。
低密度气凝胶的脆性的一个解决手段为制造使用更刚性或回弹材料增强的气凝胶材料。此等增强材料可包括聚合物黏合剂、接着胶、纤维或纤维性毡、密封的封、胶结物、及泡沫。惟,当与仅由气凝胶构成的大块比较时,多数增强复合物气凝胶为受制于显著劣化的热绝缘效能。增强复合物气凝胶亦可于湿润或高温条件下具有极差的安定性,且对于多数用途的柔韧性不足。多数增强材料不能完全解决与气凝胶材料的粉化、破碎、或结构劣化相关的问题。此外,增强材料一般可为昂贵且难以获取,于大规模制造及商品的市场操作中存在显著复杂性及缺点。
因此,对于研发柔韧性、耐久、容易处置、且对粉化、破碎及一般结构劣化具有抗性的增强气凝胶组成物存在需求。对于研发不贵、可透过大规模制造轻易生产、且可有效应用于光谱绝缘应用中的增强气凝胶组成物亦存在需求。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「气凝胶」或「气凝胶材料」为指包含互连结构的框架的凝胶,且相应的互连孔的网络为整合于所述框架内,以及含有气体如空气作为经分散的间质;其特征为下述可归属于气凝的物理及结构特性(根据氮孔隙度测定法):(a)平均孔直径范围为从约2奈米(nm)至约100nm,(b)孔隙度为至少80%或更高,以及(c)表面积为约20平方公尺(m2)/公克(g)或更高。
本揭露的气凝胶材料因此包括满足前述段落中详述的定义要素的任何气凝胶或其他开孔化合物;包括可另外归类为干凝胶、冻凝胶(cryogel)、复凝胶(ambigel)、微孔材料等的化合物。
气凝胶材料亦可进一步以额外的物理特性为特征,包括:(d)孔体积为约2.0毫升(mL)/g或更大,优选约3.0mL/g或更大;(e)密度为约0.50g/cc或更小,优选约0.25g/cc或更小;以及(f)总孔体积的至少50%为包含孔直径界于2与50nm之间的孔;但将一化合物特征化为气凝胶材料无需满足此等额外的特性。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「创新性加工及抽出技术」为指将湿凝胶材料中的液体间质相替代为气体如空气的方法,所述替代的方式为造成孔坍塌度低及所述凝胶框架结构的低收缩。干燥技术,如常压蒸发,往往于正在被蒸发或移除之间质相的液-汽界面处诱发强烈的毛细管压力及其他质量转移限制。藉由液体蒸发或移除生成的强烈的毛细作用力可造成所述凝胶材料内显著的孔收缩及框架坍塌。于抽出液体间质相的过程中使用创新性加工及抽出技术,为减轻液相抽出过程中毛细作用力对于凝胶的孔及框架的负面效应。
于某些具体例中,创新性加工及抽出技术为使用近临界或超临界流体、或近临界或超临界条件,以从湿凝胶材料抽出液体间质相。这可藉由在接近或高于所述液体或液体混合物的临界点从移除液体间质相而予以实施。助溶剂及溶剂交换可用以优化所述近临界或超临界流体抽出制程。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「框架」或「框架结构」为指形成凝胶或气凝胶的固体结构的互连的寡聚物、聚合物、或胶体颗粒的网络。作成所述框架结构的所述聚合物或颗粒典型为具有约100埃的直径。惟,本揭露的框架结构亦可包括形成凝胶或气凝胶内的固体结构的互连的寡聚物、聚合物或胶体颗粒的网络。此外,术语「氧化硅为气凝胶」或「氧化硅为框架」为指一种气凝胶框架,于所述框架中,氧化硅为包含形成所述凝胶或气凝胶内固体框架结构的寡聚物、聚合物或胶体颗粒的至少50%(以重量计)。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「气凝胶组成物」为指包括气凝胶材料作为复合物组分的任何复合材料。气凝胶组成物的实例为包括,但不限于:纤维增强气凝胶复合物;包括额外元素如遮光剂的气凝胶复合物;气凝胶-泡沫复合物;气凝胶-聚合物复合物;以及将气凝胶微粒、粒子、颗粒、微珠、或粉末并入固体或半固体材料如黏合剂、树脂、胶结剂、泡沫、聚合物、或类似固体材料的复合材料。
于本发明的语境中,术语「泡沫」为指包含互连聚合物结构的框架的材料,且互连孔的相应网络或一批独立孔为整合入所述框架内,所述泡沫的孔内含有气体如空气作为分散介质;且所述泡沫为具有大于300nm的平均孔直径。
或者,术语「泡沫」可指包含包含多孔固体的材料,所述固体为藉由将大体积比例的气体以气泡形式分散于液体、固体或凝胶中而形成,其中,所述气泡一般为藉由固体颗粒或藉由可溶性物质予以安定化。一般,可使用大量制程作成泡沫,参见,举例而言,第6,147,134号、第5,889,071号、第6,187,831号、及5,229,429号美国专利。
所述泡沫框架内的孔亦可指为「小室」。小室可藉由小室壁或膜分开,于所述泡沫内创建一批独立的密闭孔。术语「闭孔泡沫」为指一种泡沫材料,于所述材料中,至少50%的孔体积为藉由膜或壁密闭的狭窄小室。所述泡沫中的小室亦可透过开孔而互连,于所述泡沫内创建互连开孔的网络。术语「开孔泡沫」为指一种泡沫材料,于所述材料中,至少50%的孔体积为开孔。所述开孔泡沫可包含网状开孔泡沫、非网状开孔泡沫、或其组合。网状泡沫为开孔泡沫,其为透过消除或刺穿所述泡沫材料中的小室膜的网格化制程而制造。网状泡沫典型为具有高于非网状泡沫的开孔浓度,但倾向于更昂贵且更难制造。一般,无一泡沫材料为完全为一种类型的小室结构(开孔或闭孔)。可使用大量制程作成泡沫,包括于第6147134号、第5889071号、第6187831号、第5229429号、及第4454248号美国专利、以及第20070213417号美国专利申请案中的泡沫制造制程。
于本发明的语境中,术语「再结合泡沫」为指来自将一批泡沫材料(一般为加工边角料)的颗粒或碎片接着在一起的制程的泡沫。可使用多种黏着剂及结合制程,且所使用的泡沫可于再结合之前经研磨或切碎。泡沫可经再结合,此为作为透过使用将会被废弃的泡沫而降低成本的途径。再结合泡沫的典型应用为作为地毯底衬。
于本发明的语境中,术语「单块」为指气凝胶材料,于所述材料中,所述气凝胶材料或组成物中包括的气凝胶的大部分(以重量计)为单一的互连气凝胶奈米结构的形式。单块气凝胶材料为包括下述气凝胶材料,其为初始形成未具有单一的互连凝胶气凝胶奈米结构,但随后被破碎、断裂或分割为非单一的气凝胶奈米结构。单块气凝胶材料为不同于颗粒性气凝胶材料。术语「颗粒性气凝胶材料」为指下述气凝胶材料,所述气凝胶材料中包括的气凝胶的大部分(以重量计)为微粒、粒子、颗粒、微珠或粉末的形式,其可合并或压缩在一起但缺少独立颗粒之间的互连气凝胶奈米结构。
于本发明的语境中,术语「增强气凝胶组成物」为指包含增强相的气凝胶组成物,所述增强相为位于所述气凝胶材料内且并非所述气凝胶框架的一部分。所述增强相可为向气凝胶材料提供增加的柔韧性、回弹性、一致性、或结构安定性的任何材料。公知增强材料的实例为包括,但不限于:开孔泡沫增强材料、聚合物增强材料、及纤维增强材料,如离散纤维、纺织材料、非织材料、棉絮、网、毡、及毯。此外,纤维为增强物可与一种或多种其他增强材料合用,且可于所述组成物整体或经限制的优选部分内连续对准。
于本发明的语境中,术语「纤维增强气凝胶组成物」为指包含纤维增强材料作为增强相的增强气凝胶组成物。纤维增强材料的实例为包括,但不限于,离散纤维、纺织材料、非织材料、棉絮、网、毡、及毯。纤维增强材料可包含一定范围的材料,包括,但不限于:聚酯、聚烯烃聚苯二甲酸酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、聚碳酸酯(实例为嫘萦、尼龙)、棉(如,杜邦公司(DuPont)制造的莱卡)、碳(如,石墨)、聚丙烯腈(PAN)、氧化PAN、未碳化的经热处理的PAN(如彼等由SGL carbon制造者)、玻璃纤维为材料(如S-玻璃、901玻璃、902玻璃、475玻璃、E-玻璃)、氧化硅为纤维如石英(如,Saint-Gobain制造的Quartzel)、Q-毯(由Johns Manville制造)、Saffil(由Saffil制造)、Durablanket(由Unifrax制造)及其他氧化硅纤维、Duraback(由Carborundum制造)、聚芳酰胺纤维如Kevlar、Nomex、Sontera(全部由DuPont制造)、Conex(由Taijin制造)、聚烯烃如Tyvek(由DuPont制造)、Dyneema(由DSM制造)、Spectra(由Honeywell制造)、其他聚丙烯纤维如Typar、Xavan(两者皆由DuPont制造)、氟聚合物如商品名为Teflon(由DuPont制造)的PTFE、Goretex(由W.L.GORE制造)、碳化硅纤维如Nicalon(由COI Ceramics制造)、陶瓷纤维如Nextel(由3M制造)、丙烯酸为聚合物、木纤维、丝纤维、麻纤维、皮革纤维、羊皮纤维、PBO-Zylon纤维(由Tyobo制造)、液晶材料如Vectan(由Hoechst制造)、Cambrelle纤维(由DuPont制造)、聚氨酯、聚芳酰胺、木纤维、硼纤维、铝纤维、铁纤维、不锈钢纤维及其他热塑性材料如PEEK、PES、PEI、PEK、PPS。
于本发明的语境中,术语「泡沫增强气凝胶组成物」或「气凝胶-泡沫复合物」为指包含泡沫增强材料作为增强相的增强气凝胶组成物。所述泡沫增强材料可包含开孔泡沫、闭孔泡沫、或其组合。适用于本发明的泡沫为包括,但不限于,从聚合物材料作成的泡沫。实例为包括从聚烯烃、聚氨酯、酚醛树脂、三聚氰胺、醋酸纤维素、皆聚苯乙烯作成的泡沫。聚烯烃泡沫为优选者;更优选为聚氨酯泡沫。聚醚聚氨酯泡沫对于非网状泡沫为优选者;聚酯聚氨酯泡沫对于网状泡沫为优选者。用于本发明的聚氨酯泡沫及聚环氧化物泡沫的实例为存在于第2117605号、第3094433号、第2739134号、第3112524号、第2789095号、第3129191号、第2811499号、第3171820号、第2831820号、第2920983号、第3342922号、第2926390号、第3386877号、第2936294号、第3459274号、第2993869号、第3504064号、第3025200号、第3506600号、第3055360号、第3650993号、第3057750号、第3860537号、第3060137号、第4252517号、第3075926号、第3082611号及第3090094号美国专利中。三聚氰胺泡沫与某些具体例中亦为优选者。用于本发明的三聚氰胺泡沫的实例为存在于第8546457号及第4666948号美国专利及WO 2001/094436中。所述泡沫增强材料可为再结合泡沫。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「气凝胶覆层」或「气凝胶覆层组成物」为指使用增强材料的连续片增强的气凝胶组成物。气凝胶覆层组成物可为不同于使用非连续性纤维或泡沫网如分离的聚结物或纤维材料团块增强的其他增强气凝胶组成物。气凝胶覆层材组成物尤其可用于需要柔韧性的应用,盖因其为高度可兼容且可用作覆层以遮盖样本的表面或复杂几何结构,同时亦保留气凝胶的优异的热绝缘特性。气凝胶覆层组成物及类似的纤维增强气凝胶组成物为揭示于第2002/0094426号美国专利申请案(第12至16、25至27、38至58、60至88段)中,所述申请案为藉由引用而根据独立引述的片段及段落并入本文。
于本发明的语境中,术语「湿凝胶」为指一种凝胶,于所述凝胶中,互连孔的网络内的移动间质相为主要由液体相如传统溶剂、液化气体如液体二氧化碳、或其组合所构成。气凝胶典型为需要起始制造湿凝胶,之后进行创新性加工及抽出以使用空气替换所述流动间质液体相,从而形成干凝胶。湿凝胶的实例为包括,但不限于:醇凝胶、水凝胶、酮凝胶、碳凝胶、及本领域的技术人员所公知的其他湿凝胶。
于本发明的语境中,术语「添加剂」或「添加剂元素」为指可于制造所述气凝胶之前、之中、或之后加入气凝胶组成物中的材料。可加入添加剂以改变或提升气凝胶的所欲特性,或抵消气凝胶的非所欲特性。添加剂典型为于凝胶化之前或之中加入气凝胶材料中。添加剂的实例为包括,但不限于:微纤维、填充料、增强剂、安定剂、增稠剂、弹性化合物、遮光剂、着色或染色花儿会玩、辐射吸收化合物、辐射反射化合物、腐蚀抑制剂、热传导组分、相变材料、pH调节剂、氧化还原调节剂、HCN缓和剂、废气缓和剂、导电化合物、介电化合物、磁性化合物、雷达阻断组分、硬化剂、抗收缩剂、及本领域的技术人员所公知的其他气凝胶添加剂。添加剂的其他实例为包括抑烟剂及防火剂。公开的第20070272902 A1号美国专利申请案(段落[0008]及[0010]至[0039])为包括抑烟剂及防火剂的教示,且所述申请案为藉由引用而根据独立引述的段落并入本文。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「柔韧性的」及「柔韧性」为指气凝胶材料或组成物弯曲或曲折而不造成宏观结构失效的能力。优选地,本揭露的气凝胶组成物能弯曲至少5°、至少25°、至少45°、至少65°、或至少85°,而无宏观的失效;及/或具有小于4呎、小于2呎、小于1呎、小于6吋、小于3吋、小于2吋、小于1吋、或小于0.5寸而无宏观的失效的弯曲半径。同样,术语「高柔韧性的」及「高柔韧性」为指气凝胶材料或组成物能前去至少90°及/或具有小于0.5寸而无宏观的失效的弯曲半径。此外,术语「归为柔韧性的」及「归类为柔韧性」为指气凝胶材料或组成物可根据ASTM归类标准C1101(ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA)被归类为柔韧性。
本发明的气凝胶材料或组成物可为柔韧性、高柔韧性、及/或归为柔韧性。本发明的气凝胶材料或组成物亦可为可垂挂。于本发明的语境中,术语「可垂挂」及「可垂挂性」为指气凝胶材料或组成物以约4吋或更小的曲率半径弯曲或曲折至90°或更大角度而无宏观的失效的能力。本发明的气凝胶材料或组成物优选为柔韧性,故所述组成物为非刚性且可应用并紧贴至三维表面或目标物,或经预成形为多种形状及配置以简化安装或应用。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「回弹」及「回弹性」为指气凝胶材料或组成物在透过压缩、曲折、或弯曲变形后,至少部分地恢复为原始形式或尺寸的能力。回弹性可为完全或部分回弹,且其可表现为恢复百分比。本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物优选为具有在变形后恢复为原始形式或尺寸的超过25%、超过50%、超过60%、超过70%、超过75%、超过80%、超过85%、超过90%、或超过95%的回弹性。同样,术语「归为回弹的」及「归类为回弹性」为指本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物可根据ASTM归类标准C1101(ASTM International,WestConshohocken,PA)被归类为回弹性。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「自支撑」为指气凝胶材料或组成物主要基于所述气凝胶组成物中所述气凝胶及任何增强相的物理特性而具有柔韧性及/或回弹性的能力。本揭露的自支撑气凝胶材料或组成物可不同于其他气凝胶材料如涂层,其为依赖下层基板以对所述材料提供柔韧性及/或回弹性。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「收缩」为指1)所量测的经干燥的气凝胶材料或组成物的最终密度与从溶胶-凝胶前驱物溶液中固体含量计算的靶标密度之间的差,相对于2)从溶胶-凝胶前驱物溶液的固体含量计算的靶标密度的比值。收缩可藉由下述等式计算:收缩=[最终密度(g/cm3)–靶标密度(g/cm3)]/[靶标密度(g/cm3)]。优选地,本揭露的气凝胶材料的收缩优选为50%或更小、25%或更小、10%或更小、8%或更小、6%或更小、5%或更小、4%或更小、3%或更小、2%或更小、1%或更小、0.1%或更小、约0.01%或更小、或处于界于此等数值的任何两者之间的范围内。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「导热系数」及「TC」为指材料或组成物于所述材料或组成物的任一侧的两个表面之间转移热的能力的测量值,其中,所述两个表面之间为具有温度。导热系数为具体测量为每单位时间及每单位表面积所转移的热能除以所述温度差。其典型为以mW/m*K(每公尺的毫瓦*克氏)的SI单位记录。材料的导热系数可藉由本领域中公知的方法测定,所述方法为包括,但不限于:藉由热流计设备手段的稳态热传递特性的测试方法(ASTM C518,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);藉由防护热板设备手段的稳态热通量测量及传递特性的测试方法(ASTM C177,ASTM International,WestConshohocken,PA);管绝缘的稳态热转移特性的测试方法(ASTM C335,ASTMInternational,West Conshohocken,PA);薄加热器导热系数测试(ASTM C1114,ASTMInternational,West Conshohocken,PA);藉由防护热板手段及热流计方法的热阻测定(EN12667,British Standards Institution,United Kingdom);藉由防护热板设备的或稳态热阻及相关特性的测定(ISO 8203,International Organization forStandardization,Switzerland)。于本揭露的语境中,除非明确指明,导热系数测量值为根据ASTM C177标准于约37.5℃的温度、大气压力、及约2psi的压力下获取。优选地,本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物的导热系数为约50mW/mK或更低、约40mW/mK或更低、约30mW/mK或更低、约25mW/mK或更低、约20mW/mK或更低、约18mW/mK或更低、约16mW/mK或更低、约14mW/mK或更低、约12mW/mK或更低、约10mW/mK或更低、约5mW/mK或更低、或处于界于此等数值的任何两者之间的范围内。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「密度」为指每单位体积的气凝胶材料或组成物的质量的测量值。术语「密度」一般为指气凝胶材料的真实密度,以及气凝胶组成物的堆积密度。密度典型为以kg/m3或g/cc为单位记录。气凝胶材料或组成物的密度可藉由本领域中公知的方法测定,所述方法为包括,但不限于:预成形块及板型热绝缘体的尺寸及密度的标准测试方法(ASTM C303,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);覆层或絮状热绝缘体的厚度及密度的标准测试方法(ASTM C167,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);或预成形的管绝缘体的表观密度的测定(ISO 18098,International Organization forStandardization,Switzerland)。于本揭露的语境中,除非明确指明,密度测量值为根据ASTM C167标准获取。优选地,本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物的密度为约0.60g/cc或更小、约0.50g/cc或更小、约0.40g/cc或更小、约0.30g/cc或更小、约0.25g/cc或更小、约0.20g/cc或更小、约0.18g/cc或更小、约0.16g/cc或更小、约0.14g/cc或更小、约0.12g/cc或更小、约0.10g/cc或更小、约0.05g/cc或更小、约0.01g/cc或更小、或处于此等数值的任何两者之间的范围内。
于本揭露的语境中,术语「疏水性」为指气凝胶材料或组成物排斥水的能力的测量值。
气凝胶材料或组成物的疏水性可以液体水摄入表现的。于本揭露的语境中,术语「液体水摄入」为指气凝胶材料或组成物吸收或保留液体水的潜能的测量值。液体水摄入可表现为,当于某些测量条件下,将气凝胶材料或组成物曝露至液体水时,所述材料或组成物所吸收或保留的水的百分比(以重量或体积计)。气凝胶材料或组成物的液体水摄入可藉由本领域中公知的方法测定,所述方法为包括,但不限于:测定玻璃纤维绝缘体的保水性(排斥性)的标准测试方法(ASTM C1511,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA);藉由浸没热绝缘材料而测试水吸收的标准测试方法(ASTM C1763,ASTM International,WestConshohocken,PA);构建应用的热绝缘产品:藉由部分浸没而测试短期水吸收的测定方法(EN 1609,British Standards Institution,United Kingdom)。于本揭露的语境中,除非明确指明,液体水摄入测量值为根据ASTM C1511标准于约常温常压下获取。优选地,根据ASTM C1511,本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物所具有的液体水摄入为约100wt%或更少、约80wt%或更少、约60wt%或更少、约50wt%或更少、约40wt%或更少、约30wt%或更少、约20wt%或更少、约15wt%或更少、约10wt%或更少、约8wt%或更少、约3wt%或更少、约2wt%或更少、约1wt%或更少、约0.1wt%或更少、或处于此等数值的任何两者之间的范围内。根据ASTM C1763,本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物所具有的液体水摄入可为约100wt%或更少、约80wt%或更少、约60wt%或更少、约50wt%或更少、约40wt%或更少、约30wt%或更少、约20wt%或更少、约15wt%或更少、约10wt%或更少、约8wt%或更少、约3wt%或更少、约2wt%或更少、约1wt%或更少、约0.1wt%或更少、或处于此等数值的任何两者之间的范围内。具有相对于另一气凝胶材料或组成物改善的液体水摄入的气凝胶材料或组成物,将具有相对于所述参照气凝胶材料或组成物降低的液体水摄入/滞留的百分比。
气凝胶材料或组成物的疏水性可以水蒸气摄入表现的。于本揭露的语境中,术语「水蒸气摄入」为指气凝胶材料或组成物吸收水蒸气的潜能的测量值。水蒸气摄入可表现为,当于某些测量条件下,将气凝胶材料或组成物曝露至水蒸气时,所述材料或组成物所吸收或保留的水的百分比(以重量计)。气凝胶材料或组成物的水蒸气摄入可藉由本领域中公知的方法测定,所述方法为包括,但不限于:测定无晶面矿物纤维绝缘体的水蒸气吸附的标准测试方法(ASTM C1104,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA)。于本揭露的语境中,除非明确指明,水蒸气摄入测量值为根据ASTM C1104标准于约常温常压下获取。优选地,本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物所具有的水蒸气摄入为约50wt%或更少、约40wt%或更少、约30wt%或更少、约20wt%或更少、约15wt%或更少、约10wt%或更少、约8wt%或更少、约3wt%或更少、约2wt%或更少、约1wt%或更少、约0.1wt%或更少、或处于此等数值的任何两者之间的范围内。具有相对于另一气凝胶材料或组成物改善的水蒸气摄入的气凝胶材料或组成物,将具有相对于所述参照气凝胶材料或组成物降低的水蒸气摄入/滞留的百分比。
气凝胶材料或组成物的疏水性可藉由量测水滴在与所述材料表面的界面处的平衡接触角而表现的。本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物可具有的水接触角为约90°或更大、约120°或更大、约130°或更大、约140°或更大、约150°或更大、约160°或更大、约170°或更大、约175°或更大、或处于此等数值的任何两者之间的范围内。
气凝胶为揭示为互连结构的框架,其最常规为由互连的寡聚物、聚合物或胶体颗粒所构成。气凝胶框架可自包括下述者的范围内的前驱物材料作成:无机前驱物材料(如用于生产氧化硅为气凝胶之前驱物);有机前驱物材料(如用于生产碳为气凝胶之前驱物);混杂无机/有机前驱物材料;及其组合。于本发明的语境中,术语「合并气凝胶」为指从两种或更多种不同凝胶前驱物生产的气凝胶。
无机气凝胶一般为从金属氧化物或金属烷氧化物材料作成。所述金属氧化物或金属烷氧化物材料可为基于可形成氧化物的任何金属的氧化物或烷氧化物。此等金属为包括,但不限于:硅、铝、钛、锆、铪、钇、钒、铈等。无机氧化硅气凝胶传统上为经氧化硅为烷氧化物(如四乙氧基硅烷)的水解及缩合作成,或经硅酸或水玻璃的凝胶化作成。其他相关的用于氧化硅为气凝胶合成的无机前驱物材料为包括,但不限于:金属硅酸盐如硅酸钠或硅酸钾、烷氧基硅烷、部分水解的烷氧基硅烷、四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)、部分水解的TEOS、TEOS的缩聚物、四甲氧基硅烷(TMOS)、部分水解的TMOS、TMOS的缩聚物、四-正丙氧基硅烷、部分水解的四-正丙氧基硅烷及/或四-正丙氧基硅烷的缩聚物、聚硅酸乙酯、部分水解的聚硅酸乙酯、单体性烷基烷氧基硅、双-三烷氧基烷基或芳基硅烷、多面体性倍半硅氧烷、或其组合。
于本发明的一具体例中,预水解的TEOS如Silbond H-5(SBH5,Silbond Corp),为以约1.9至2的水/氧化硅比水解,可购买后直接使用或可于并入胶凝制程之前经进一步水解。部分水解的TEOS或TMOS,如聚硅酸乙酯(Silbond 40)或聚硅酸甲酯亦可购买后直接使用或可于并入胶凝制程之前经进一步水解。
无机气凝胶亦可包括凝胶前驱物,其为包含至少一个疏水基,如烷基金属烷氧化物、环烷基金属烷氧化物、及芳基金属烷氧化物,所述疏水基可赋予所述凝胶以某些特性或改善某些特特性如安定性及疏水性。无机氧化硅气凝胶可具体包括疏水性前驱物如烷基硅烷类或芳基硅烷类。疏水性凝胶前驱物可用作主要前驱物材料,以形成凝胶材料的框架。惟,疏水性凝胶前驱物更常规用作共前驱物而于合并气凝胶的形成过程中与简单金属烷氧化物合用。用于氧化硅为气凝胶合成的疏水性无机前驱物材料为包括,但不限于:三甲基甲氧基硅烷[TMS]、二甲基二甲氧基硅烷[DMS]、甲基三甲氧基硅烷[MTMS]、三甲基乙氧基硅烷、二甲基二乙氧基硅烷[DMDS]、甲基三乙氧基硅烷[MTES]、乙基三乙氧基硅烷[ETES]、二乙基二乙氧基硅烷、乙基三乙氧基硅烷、丙基三甲氧基硅烷、丙基三乙氧基硅烷、苯基三甲氧基硅烷、苯基三乙氧基硅烷[PhTES]、六甲基二硅氮烷、及六乙基二硅氮烷等。
气凝胶亦可经处理以赋予或改善疏水性。疏水性处理可施用至溶胶-凝胶溶液、于液相抽出之前施用至湿凝胶、或于液相抽出之后施用至气凝胶。疏水性处理尤其常见于金属氧化物气凝胶如氧化硅气凝胶的生产中。凝胶的疏水性处理的一个实例为于下文更详细探讨,具体于处理氧化硅湿凝胶的语境中。惟,本文中揭示的具体实施例及例示性说明非欲将本发明的范畴限制为任何具体类型的疏水性处理过程或气凝胶基底。本发明可包括本领域的技术人员所公知的任何凝胶或气凝胶,以及相关的疏水性处理湿凝胶形式或干气凝胶形式的气凝胶的方法。
疏水性处理为藉由令凝胶上的羟基如氧化硅凝胶的框架上存在的硅烷醇基(Si-OH)与疏水剂的官能基反应而完成。所得反应为将所述硅烷醇基及所述疏水剂转变为所述氧化硅凝胶的框架上的疏水基。所述疏水剂化合物可与凝胶上的羟基根据下述反应式反应:RNMX4-N(疏水剂)+MOH(硅烷醇)→MOMRN(疏水基)+HX。疏水性处理可于氧化硅凝胶的外部大表面上及凝胶的多孔网络内的内部孔表面上发生。
凝胶可浸没于疏水剂与视需要的疏水性处理溶剂的混合物中,其中,所述疏水剂为可溶于所述溶剂中且所述溶剂亦可与湿凝胶中的凝胶溶剂互混。可使用大量疏水性处理溶剂,包括溶剂如甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、二甲苯、甲苯、苯、二甲基甲酰胺、及己烷。液体或气体形式的疏水剂亦可直接与所述凝胶接触以赋予后者以疏水性。
所述疏水性处理制程可包括混合或搅动,以帮助所述疏水剂渗透所述湿凝胶。所述疏水性处理制程亦可包括改变其他条件如温度及pH,以进一步增强并优化反应条件。于所述反应完全后,洗涤所述湿凝胶以移除未反应的化合物及反应的副产物。
用于气凝胶的疏水性处理的疏水剂一般为下式的化合物:RNMX4-N;其中,M为金属;R为疏水基如CH3、CH2CH3、C6H6、或类似的疏水性烷基、环烷基、或芳基部分;以及,X为卤素,一般为Cl。疏水剂的具体实例为包括,但不限于:三甲基氯硅烷[TMCS]、三乙基氯硅烷[TECS]、三苯基氯硅烷[TPCS]、二甲基氯硅烷[DMCS]、二甲基二氯硅烷[DMDCS]等。疏水剂亦可为下式:Y(R3M)2;其中,M为金属;Y为桥接基如NH或O;以及,R为疏水基如CH3、CH2CH3、C6H6、或类似的疏水性烷基、环烷基、或芳基部分。此等疏水剂的具体实例为包括,但不限于:六甲基二硅氮烷[HMDZ]及六甲基二硅氧烷[HMDSO]。疏水剂可复包括下式的化合物:RNMV4-N,其中,V为除卤素外的反应基或离去基。此等疏水剂的具体实例为包括,但不限于:乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷及乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷。
有机气凝胶一般为从碳为聚合物前驱物形成。此等聚合物材料为包括,但不限于:间苯二酚甲醛(RF)、聚酰亚胺、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸酯寡聚物、聚氧烯、聚氨酯、聚苯酚、聚丁二烯、三烷氧基硅烷基末端的聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚糠醛、三聚氰胺-甲醛、甲酚甲醛、苯酚-糠醛、聚醚、聚醇、聚异氰酸酯、聚羟基苯、聚乙烯醇二醛、聚氰尿酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、各种环氧化物、琼脂、琼脂糖、几丁聚醣、及其组合。作为一实例,有机RF气凝胶典型为从间苯二酚或三聚氰胺与甲醛于碱性条件下的溶胶-凝胶聚合反应作成的。
有机/无机混杂气凝胶为主要由ormosil(经有机修饰的氧化硅)气凝胶构成。此等ormosil材料为包括共价键结至氧化硅网络的有机组分。Ormosil典型为透过使用传统烷氧基化前驱物Y(OX)4将经有机修饰的硅烷R--Si(OX)3水解及缩合而形成。于这些式中:X可表示,举例而言,CH3、C2H5、C3H7、C4H9;Y可表示,举例而言,Si、Ti、Zr、或Al;以及,R可为任何有机片段如甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、异丙基、甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸酯、乙烯基、环氧化物等。Ormosil气凝胶中的有机组分亦可整体分散于或化学键结至所述氧化硅网络。
于本发明的语境中,术语「有机改性硅酸盐(ormosil)」为涵盖前述材料以及其他经有机修饰的陶瓷,有时指为「有机改性陶瓷(ormocers)」。Ormosil一般用作涂层,其中,ormosil膜为透过诸如溶胶-凝胶制程浇铸于基板材料上。本发明的其他有机-无机混杂气凝胶的实例为包括,但不限于,氧化硅-聚醚、氧化硅-PMMA、氧化硅-几丁聚醣、碳化物、氮化物、及前述有机及无机气凝胶形成化合物的其他组合。第20050192367号美国专利公开案(段落[0022]至[0038]及[0044]至[0058])为包括此等混杂有机-无机材料的教示,并藉由引用而根据独立引述的节段及段落并入本文。
本发明的气凝胶优选为无机氧化硅气凝胶,其主要为从经水解的硅酸酯的醇溶液形成,而所述硅酸酯为从烷氧化硅形成。惟,可使用本领域的技术人员所公知的任何其他气凝胶组成物实践作为整体的本发明,且本发明并不限于任一种前驱物材料或前驱物材料的合并混合物。
气凝胶的生产一般为包括下列步骤:i)溶胶-凝胶溶液的形成;ii)从所述溶胶-凝胶溶液形成凝胶;以及,iii)透过创新性加工及抽出将溶剂从所述凝胶材料抽出出来,以获得干燥的气凝胶材料。这一制程为于下文中更详细讨论的,具体于形成无机气凝胶如氧化硅气凝胶的语境中。惟,本文所提供的具体实施例及例示性说明非欲将本发明限制为任何具体类型的气凝胶及/或制备方法。本发明可包括藉由所述领域技术人员公知的任何相关制备方法形成的任何气凝胶。
形成无机气凝胶的第一步骤一般为透过金属烷氧化物前驱物于醇为溶剂中的水解及缩合而形成溶胶-凝胶溶液。无机气凝胶的形成中的主要变量为包括:所述溶胶-凝胶溶液中所包括的烷氧化物前驱物的类型、所述溶剂的天然特性、所述溶胶-凝胶溶液的加工温度及pH(其可藉由加入酸或碱而改变)、以及所述溶胶-凝胶溶液中之前驱物/溶剂/水的比。于溶胶-凝胶溶液的形成中控制此等变量,可允许在所述凝胶材料从「溶胶」态至「凝胶」态之后续转变过程中控制所述凝胶框架的生长及聚结。尽管所得气凝胶的特性为受到所述前驱物溶液的pH及反应剂的莫耳比的影响,允许形成凝胶的任何pH及任何莫耳比皆可用于本揭露中。
溶胶-凝胶溶液为藉由经至少一种胶凝前驱物与溶剂合并而形成。适用于形成溶胶-凝胶溶液的溶剂为包括具有1个至6个碳原子、优选2个至4个碳原子的低级醇类,但可使用本领域的技术人员所公知的其他溶剂。可用溶剂的实例为包括,但不限于:甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酰乙酸乙酯、丙酮、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃等。多种溶剂亦可经合并,以达成所欲的分散水平或优化所述凝胶材料的特性。因此,用于所述溶胶-凝胶步骤及凝胶形成步骤的最优溶剂的选择为取决于并入所述溶胶-凝胶溶液中的具体前驱物、填充物及添加剂;以及用于胶凝及液相抽出的靶标加工条件、及所述最终气凝胶材料的所欲特性。
水可存在于所述前驱物-溶剂溶液中。所述水为作动以将所述金属烷氧化物前驱物水解为金属氢氧化物前驱物。所述水解反应可为(使用TEOS于乙醇溶剂中作为实例):Si(OC2H5)4+4H2O→Si(OH)4+4(C2H5OH)。所得经水解的金属氢氧化物前驱物为以「溶胶」态保持为悬浮于所述溶剂溶液中,或作为独立分子或作为分子的聚合(或寡聚)小胶体簇。举例而言,Si(OH)4前驱物的聚合/缩合可如下述者出现:2Si(OH)4=(OH)3Si-O-Si(OH)3+H2O。这一聚合反应可持续,直至形成经聚合(或寡聚)的SiO2(氧化硅)的胶体簇。
酸及键可并入所述溶胶-凝胶溶液中,以控制所述溶液的pH及催化所述前驱物材料的水解及缩合反应。尽管任何酸均可用以催化前驱物反应以获得较低pH的溶液,但优选的酸为包括:HCl、H2SO4、H3PO4、草酸及乙酸。同样,任何碱均可用以催化前驱物反应并获得较高pH的溶液,但优选为包含NH4OH的碱。
所述溶胶-凝胶溶液可包括额外的共胶凝前驱物,以及填充材料及其他添加剂。填充材料及其他添加剂可于凝胶形成之前或的中的任何点分配于所述溶胶-凝胶溶液中。填充材料及其他添加剂亦可于凝胶化之后透过所述领域技术人员公知的多种技术并入所述凝胶材料中。优选地,包含所述胶凝前驱物、溶剂、催化剂、水、填充材料及其他添加剂的溶胶-凝胶溶液为均质溶液,其能于适当条件下有效形成凝胶。
一旦溶胶-凝胶溶液经形成并优化,所述溶胶-凝胶中的凝胶形成组分可转化为凝胶材料。将凝胶形成组分转变为凝胶材料的制程为包含初始的凝胶形成步骤,其中,所述凝胶固化至所述凝胶材料的胶凝点。凝胶材料的胶凝点可被视为所述胶凝溶液显现抗流动性/或形成贯穿其体积的实质上连续聚合物框架的点。大量凝胶形成技术为本领域的技术人员所公知者。实例包括,但不限于:将所述混合物于静止态维持一段时间;调解所述溶液的pH;调解所述溶液的温度;将能量形式引导至所述混合物上(紫外线、可见光、红外线、微波、超音波、粒子辐射、电磁辐射);或其组合。
将凝胶形成组分转化为凝胶材料的制程亦可包括于液相抽出之前的老化步骤(亦指为固化)。于凝胶材料到达其胶凝点后令其老化,可藉由增加网络内的交联数目而进一步强化所述凝胶框架。可调节凝胶老化的持续时间,以控制所得气凝胶材料的多种特性。所述老化过程可用于防止液相抽出过程中的体积流失及收缩。老化可牵涉:将所述凝胶(于抽出之前)于静态维持延长的时间;将所述凝胶维持于升高的温度;加入交联促进化合物;或其任何组合。优选的老化温度一般为界于约10℃与约100℃之间。凝胶材料的老化典型为持续,直至所述湿凝胶材料的液相抽出。
将凝胶形成材料转化为凝胶材料的时间段为包括初始凝胶形成的持续时间(从凝胶化起始至胶凝点)以及任何后续的于液相抽出前进行的凝胶材料固化及老化的持续时间(从所述胶凝点至液相抽出的起始)两者。将凝胶形成材料转化为凝胶材料的总时间段典型为界于约1分钟与几天之间,优选约30小时或更短、约24小时或更短、约15小时或更短、约10小时或更短、约6小时或更短、约4小时或更短、约2小时或更短、约1小时或更短、约30分钟或更短、或约15分钟或更短。
所得凝胶材料可于适当的第二溶剂中洗涤,以替换所述湿凝胶中存在的第一反应溶剂。此类第二溶剂可为具有1个或更多个脂肪族碳原子的线性一元醇、具有2个或更多个碳原子的二元醇、分支链醇、环状醇、脂环族醇、芳香族醇、多元醇、醚、酮、环状醚、或其衍生物。
一旦凝胶材料业经形成并加工,即可随后使用抽出方法将所述凝胶的液相至少部分地从所述湿凝胶抽出,以形成气凝胶材料,所述抽出方法为包括创新性加工及抽出技术。于其他因素中,液相抽出在气凝胶的特征如孔隙率及密度以及相关特性如导热系数的管理中扮演重要角色。一般,当以对所述湿凝胶的多孔网络及狂叫造成低收缩的方式将液相从凝胶中抽出时,获得气凝胶。
气凝胶往往藉由在接近或超过液体流动相的临界点的温度及压力下从所述凝胶材料移除所述液体流动相而形成。一旦到达(接近临界)或超出(超临界)临界点(亦即,所述系统的压力及温度为分别处于或高于临界压力及临界温度),则新的超临界相以截然不同于所述液相或气相的流体形式出现。所述溶剂可经移除,而不引入液气界面、毛细管压力、或典型与液气边界相关的任何相关的质量转移限制。此外,所述超临界相一般更容易与有机溶剂互混,因此具有更加的抽出能力。共溶剂及溶剂交换往往亦用以优化超临界流体干燥制程。
若在低于所述超临界点时出现蒸发或抽出,藉由液体蒸发生成的强毛细管力可于所述凝胶材料内造成收缩及孔坍塌。与所述溶剂抽出过程中将所述流动相维持于接近或超过临界压力及温度,为降低此等毛细管力的负面效应。于本发明的一些具体例中,使用恰恰低于所述溶剂系统临界点的接近临界的条件,可生产具有足够低收缩的气凝胶材料或组成物,因此生产可商购的终产物。
若干额外的气凝胶抽出技术为本领域中公知者,包括使用超临界流体干燥气凝胶的多种不同途径。举例而言,Kistler(J.Phys.Chem.(1932)36:52-64)为揭示一种简单的超临界抽出制程,其中,所述凝胶溶剂为维持为超过其临界压力及温度,从而减少蒸发毛细管力并维持所述凝胶网络的结构整体性。第4,610,863号美国专利为揭示一种抽出制程,其中,所述凝胶溶剂为与液体二氧化碳交换,接着,于二氧化碳处于超临界状态的条件下抽出。第6670402号美国专利教示,藉由注射超临界(而非液体)二氧化碳入业经预热并预先加压至实质上超临界或其上的条件的抽出器中,经由快速溶剂交换而从凝胶抽出液相,从而生产气凝胶。第5962539号美国专利揭示一种从有机溶剂中的溶胶-凝胶形式的聚合物材料获得气凝胶的制程,藉由使用具有低于聚合物分解温度的超临界温度的流体与所述有机溶剂交换,以及超临界地抽出所述流体/溶胶-凝胶。第6315971号美国专利揭露一种生产凝胶组成物的制程,所述制程为包含:干燥包含凝胶固体及干燥剂的湿凝胶,以于最易降低干燥过程中所述凝胶的收缩的干燥条件下移除所述干燥剂。第5420168号美国专利揭示一制程,藉此,使用简单空气干燥过程即可制造间苯二酚/甲醛气凝胶。第5565142号美国专利揭示干燥技术,其中,所述凝胶表面为经修饰为更强且更疏水,故所述凝胶框架及孔可于室温干燥或次临界抽出过程中抵抗坍塌。从气凝胶材料抽出液相的其他实例可于第5275796号及第5395805号美国专利中发现。
从湿凝胶抽出液相的一个优选具体例为使用超临界条件的二氧化碳,包括,举例而言,首先,以液体二氧化碳实质上交换存在于所述凝胶的孔网络内的第一溶剂;以及,随后,将所述湿凝胶加热(典型于高压釜中)至超过二氧化碳的临界温度(约31.06℃)并将所述系统的压力增加至超过二氧化碳临界压力(约1070psig)的压力。环绕所述凝胶材料的压力可轻微波动,以促进超临界二氧化碳流体从所述凝胶移除。二氧化碳可透过所述抽出系统再循环,以促进所述第一溶剂从所述湿凝胶连续移除。最终,所述温度及压力缓慢回至环境条件,以生产干气凝胶材料。二氧化碳亦可在注射入抽出腔之前预先加工为超临界状态。
形成气凝胶的备选方法的一个实例为包括于水中酸化碱性金属氧化物前驱物(如硅酸钠),以作成水凝胶。盐副产物可藉由离子交换及/或藉由以水洗涤后续形成的凝胶而从所述硅酸前驱物移除。从所述凝胶的孔移除水可经由与极性有机溶剂如乙醇、甲醇或丙酮而实施。随后,所述凝胶中的液相为使用创新性加工及抽出技术至少部分地抽出的。
形成气凝胶的备选方法的另一实例为包括藉由湿凝胶状态的基质材料的化学修饰而减少溶剂/孔界面处的损害性毛细管压力,从而允许在低于所述溶剂临界点的温度及压力下从所述凝胶材料抽出液相,其中,所述化学修饰为将表面羟基转变为疏水性三甲基硅烷基醚。
气凝胶材料或组成物的大规模生产可能伴有与以大规模连续形成凝胶材料相关的困难;以及与使用创新性加工及抽出技术从大体积凝胶材料抽出液相相关的困难。本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物优选为调整为适应大规模生产。于某些具体例中,本揭露的凝胶材料可透过连续浇铸及凝胶化制程进行大规模生产。于某些具体例中,本揭露的气凝胶材料或组成物为以大规模生产,所述大规模生产为需要使用大规格抽出容器。本揭露的大规格抽出容器可包括体积为约0.1m3或更大、约0.25m3或更大、约0.5m3或更大、或约0.75m3或更大的抽出容器。
气凝胶组成物的大规模生产可包括基于传送机的系统,所述系统为将凝胶前驱物与连续增强片入纤维增强片或开孔泡沫增强片于传送机的一端合并,以生产连续增强凝胶片。这一增强凝胶片可以复数层(优选为以均匀张力环绕芯轴)卷绕并随后进行化学处理、老化及干燥步骤。额外的分隔物层可于所述凝胶片层之间与所述片层共同卷绕,以促进所述凝胶材料的老化或干燥,如提供老化剂或干燥材料的流动通路。所述分隔物层可为不能渗透(优选地,低于1psi、5psi或10psi的压力下,流体不能渗透)或可渗透。可渗透的层可为穿孔的塑料片、网眼样材料、穿孔箔等形式。
图1为例示性说明用于气凝胶组成物的大规模生产的基于传送机的系统100。凝胶前驱物溶液110为于混合部114与催化剂溶液120混合。凝胶前驱物溶液110与催化剂溶液120的流动为受控于流动控制器130。增强材料150为提供于传送系统140上。增强材料150可为来自增强材料卷的连续片。增强材料150亦可包含增强材料的片段。于优选的具体例中,增强材料150为纤维增强材料或开孔泡沫增强材料。所述前驱物溶液(包含凝胶前驱物及催化剂)为分散于传送带140上并与增强材料150合并。料随着增强材料为藉由传送系统140前进,所述凝胶前驱物溶液中的凝胶形成前驱物为转化为凝胶材。所得增强凝胶片为经卷绕用于后续化学处理、老化及干燥步骤。额外的分隔物层164可共同卷绕于所述凝胶片层160之间。
气凝胶组成物的大规模生产可包含半连续、分批次制程,其一般为指为卷内凝胶(gel-in-a-roll)制程。图2为例示性说明用于气凝胶组成物的大规模生产的半连续、分批量系统200的一个具体例。增强材料的片为卷为复数层而作为预成形卷220,并将其置于容器210中。额外的分隔物层250可与所述增强材料共同卷于预成形卷220中。所述分隔物层可为不能渗透(优选地,低于1psi、5psi或10psi的压力下,流体不能渗透)或可渗透。可渗透的层可为穿孔的塑料片、网眼样材料、穿孔箔等形式。凝胶前驱物溶液240为灌入预成形卷220的增强材料内或与所述增强材料合并。所述凝胶前驱物溶液中的凝胶形成前驱物为转化为凝胶材料。所得增强凝胶片可立即前行,用于后续的化学处理、老化及干燥步骤。所得增强凝胶片亦可解缠绕,随后与不同的分隔物层再次卷绕,之后进行后续的化学处理、老化及干燥步骤。
气凝胶复合物可以其他材料如覆面材料的增强层积层或覆面。于一具体例中,本发明为包含多层积层体,所述积层体为包含至少一层包含增强气凝胶组成物的基底层,以及至少一层覆面层。于一具体例中,所述覆面层为包含增强材料。于一具体例中,所述增强气凝胶组成物为使用纤维增强层或开孔泡沫增强层予以增强。于一具体例中,本发明为包含多层积层体,所述积层为包含具有增强气凝胶组成物的基底层,以及至少两层包含增强材料的覆面层,其中,所述两层覆面层为位于所述基底层的相对表面。所述多层气凝胶积层复合物可根据第20070173157号美国专利申请案的段落[0004]、[0010]、[0011]、[0017]至[0021]、及[0023]至[0027]中揭示的方法及材料生产;所述等方法及材料为藉由引用而根据上文引述的具体段落并入本文。
覆面层可包含将帮助向最终复合物结构提供具体特征如改善的柔韧性及降低的粉化的材料。所述覆面材料可为脆性或柔韧性。所述覆面材料可包含反射性箔。于一具体例中,所述覆面层为包含聚合物片;更详而言,包含聚酯、聚乙烯、聚氨酯、聚丙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚芳酰胺、芳族聚酰胺的聚合物片;以及,更详而言,聚合物如聚邻苯二甲酸乙二酯、低密度聚乙烯、乙烯-丙烯共聚物、聚(4-甲基戊烷)、聚四氟乙烯、聚(1-丁烯)、聚苯乙烯、聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚氯乙烯、聚偏氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、聚乙烯基丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚甲醛、聚伸苯基砜、三醋酸纤维素、聚碳酸酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、聚己内酰胺、聚六亚甲基己二酰二胺、聚十一碳酰胺、聚酰亚胺、或其组合。于一具体例中,所述聚合物片为包含或主要由下列各者所组成:膨胀聚合物材料;更详而言,包含PTFE(ePTFE)的膨胀聚合物材料、膨胀聚丙烯(ePP)、膨胀聚乙烯(ePE)、膨胀聚苯乙烯(ePS)、或其组合。于一具体例中,所述聚合物片为包含或主要由大孔聚合物材料所组成,所述大孔聚合物材料的特征在于,孔尺寸范围为0.1μm至210μm、0.1μm至115μm、0.1μm至15μm、或0.1μm至0.6μm。
于一具体例中,所述覆面层材料为包含或主要由氟聚合物材料所组成。于本揭露的语境中,术语「氟聚合性」或「氟聚合物材料」为指主要由聚合性氟碳所构成的材料。适当的氟聚合性覆面层材料为包括,但不限于:聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),包括第5814405号美国专利中揭示的大孔PTFE;以及膨胀PTFE(ePTFE)如Gore-(可自W.L.Gore购得);聚氟乙烯(PVF);聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF);全氟烷氧(PFA);氟化的乙烯-丙烯(FEP);聚氯三氟乙烯(PCTFE);乙烯-四氟乙烯(ETFE);聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF);乙烯-氯三氟乙烯(ECTFE);及其组合。
于一具体例中,所述覆面层材料为包含或主要由非氟聚合性材料构成。于本揭露的语境中,术语「非氟聚合性」或「非氟聚合物材料」为指不包含氟聚合性材料的材料。适当的非氟聚合物覆面层材料为包括,但不限于:镀铝麦拉;低密度聚乙烯,如(可自DuPont获得);橡胶或橡胶复合物;弹性纤维如氨纶、尼龙、莱卡或弹力纤维;及其组合。于一优选的具体例中,所述覆面材料为柔韧性覆面材料。于一优选的具体例中,所述覆面材料为由弹性纤维如氨纶、尼龙、莱卡、弹力纤维、或其组合作成。于一优选的具体例中,所述覆面材料为主要由非氟聚合物材料所组成。
所述覆面层可藉由使用黏着剂而黏附于基底层,其中,所述黏着剂为适用于将无机或有机覆面材料固定至所述基底层的增强材料。可用于本发明中的黏着剂的实例为包括,但不限于:黏固粉为黏着剂、硅酸钠、乳胶、亚敏黏着剂、硅酮、聚苯乙烯、气溶胶黏着剂、氨基甲酸酯、丙烯酸酯黏着剂、热熔结合系统、可自3M商购的结合系统、环氧化物、橡胶树脂黏着剂、聚氨酯黏着剂混合物如彼等于第4532316号美国专利中揭示者。
所述覆面层亦可藉由使用非黏着剂材料或技术黏附至基底层,其中,所述非黏着剂材料或技术为适用于将无机或有机覆面材料固定至所述基底层的增强材料。可用于本发明中的非黏着剂材料或技术为包括,但不限于:热密封、超音波缝合、RF密封、线缝合、密封袋、铆钉或纽扣、夹具、包裹、或其他非黏着剂积层材料。于一优选的具体例中,所述覆面层为藉由缝合或铆接而黏附至基底层。于另一优选的具体例中,所述覆面层为藉由超音波缝合或结合而黏附至基底层。
所述覆面层可于气凝胶复合材料生产的任何阶段黏附至基底层。于一具体例中,为于将溶胶凝胶溶液灌入所述基底层增强材料内之后但于凝胶化之前,将所述覆面层黏附至基底层。于另一具体例中,为于将溶胶凝胶溶液灌入所述基底层增强材料之后且在后续的凝胶化之后,但于老化或干燥所述凝胶材料之前,将所述覆面层黏附至基底层。于再一具体例中,为于老化及干燥所述凝胶材料之后,将所述覆面层黏附至基底层。于一优选的具体例中,为于将溶胶凝胶溶液灌入所述基底层增强材料内之前,将所述覆面层黏附至所述基底层的增强材料。
所述覆面层可为固体且不能渗透流体。所述覆面层可为多孔且能渗透流体。于一优选的具体例中,所述覆面层为多孔且能渗透流体,且含有直径大至足以令流体扩散透过所述覆面材料的孔或孔洞。于另一优选的具体例中,为于将溶胶凝胶溶液灌入所述基底层增强材料内之前,将所述覆面层黏附至所述基底层的增强材料,其中,所述覆面层为多孔且能渗透流体,且含有直径大至足以令流体扩散透过所述覆面材料的孔或孔洞。于再一优选的具体例中,为于将溶胶凝胶溶液灌入所述泡沫增强材料内之前,将所述覆面层黏附至开孔泡沫增强材料,其中,所述覆面层为多孔且能渗透流体,且含有直径大至足以令流体扩散透过所述覆面材料的孔或孔洞。
多层凝胶或气凝胶组成物的生产可包括下述步骤:a)将流体可渗透的覆面层黏附至增强材料的片,以生产积层的增强片,其中,所述覆面层为含有直径大至足以令流体扩散透过所述覆面材料的孔或孔洞;b)将凝胶前驱物溶液透过所述覆面层灌入所述增强片内;以及c)将所述凝胶前驱物材料转化为包含凝胶框架的凝胶材料。一部分所述凝胶前驱物溶液可能滞留在所述覆面层的孔或孔洞内,故所述基底层的增强材料中的凝胶框架将延伸入至少一部分的所述覆面层内。所得产物为包含下列的多层凝胶组成物:a)至少一层包含增强材料、及整合入所述增强材料内的凝胶框架的基底层;以及b)至少一层包含流体可渗透的覆面材料、及整合入所述流体可渗透的覆面材料内的凝胶框架的覆面层;其中,所述基底层的凝胶框架的至少一部分为延伸入所述覆面层的凝胶框架的至少一部分内并与后者连续。
多层气凝胶组成物的大规模生产可包括基于传送机的系统,其中,所述生产为包含下述步骤:a)将至少一层流体可渗透的覆面层黏附至增强材料片,以生产积层的增强片,其中,所述覆面层为含有直径大至足以令流体扩散透过所述覆面材料的孔或孔洞;以及b)将凝胶前驱物溶液与所述积层的增强片于传送机的一端合并,以生产连续的增强凝胶片积层体;其中,所述凝胶前驱物溶液的至少一部分为透过所述覆面层灌入所述增强片内;以及,其中,所述凝胶前驱物溶液为与所述积层的增强片以令所述凝胶前驱物溶液穿行通过所述覆面层并渗入所述增强片的速率合并。于一优选的具体例中,所述增强材料为包含开孔泡沫增强材料。
所述经增强且积层的凝胶片可卷绕为复数层(优选以均匀张力环绕芯轴)且于后续的化学处理、老化及干燥步骤中加工。额外的分隔物层可共卷绕于所述凝胶片层之间,以促进所述凝胶材料的老化及干燥,如提供用于老化剂及干燥材料的流动路径。于一优选的具体例中,所述覆面层为提供用于老化剂或干燥材料的流动路径,故不需要用于所述凝胶材料的老化及干燥的额外的分隔物层。
多层气凝胶组成物的大规模生产可包括半连续、分批的制程,所述制程一般为指为卷内凝胶制程,其中,所述生产为包含下述步骤:a)将流体可渗透的覆面层黏附至增强材料片,其中,所述覆面层为含有直径大至足以令流体扩散透过所述覆面材料的孔或孔洞;b)将所述积层的增强材料以复数层卷绕为预成形卷;以及c)将凝胶前驱物溶液与所述预成形卷合并。额外的分隔物层可与所述增强材料共同卷绕入预成形卷中,以提供用于凝胶前驱物溶液、老化剂、及干燥材料的流动路径。于一优选的具体例中,所述覆面层为提供用于凝胶前驱物溶液、老化剂、及干燥材料的流动路径,故不需要额外的分隔物层。于一优选的具体例中,所述增强材料为包含开孔泡沫增强材料。
本发明增强气凝胶复合物的形状可为多种三维形式,包括嵌板、预制管、半壳预制件、弯头、接头、及绝缘材料应用至工业及商业应用中所需的其他规则形状。于一具体例中,所述增强材料为于以凝胶前驱物材料灌注之前,成形为所欲的形状。所述凝胶材料为以令所述预制件维持其形状的方式加工,因此获得所欲形状的增强气凝胶预制件。因为加工多种形状及构造的凝胶材料所需的难度,这一形成一定形状的气凝胶的技术具有挑战性且无效率。
于一具体例中,所述增强凝胶复合物初始为片形式,且于所述凝胶材料的凝胶化之后或于所述凝胶材料的凝胶化以及后续的干燥之后,经加工为所欲的三维形状。于一优选的具体例中,将增强气凝胶材料片加热至所欲温度,形成为所欲的形状,随后冷却。这一令增强气凝胶材料塑形的技术使用泡沫增强材料时尤其有效。于一优选的具体例中,将包含泡沫增强材料的增强气凝胶材料片加热至所欲温度,形成为所欲的形状,随后冷却。用于加热所述气凝胶材料的所欲温度应为高于所述泡沫增强材料的软化点以及低于所述增强材料的最高使用温度且低于所述气凝胶材料的自加热温度的温度。所述所欲温度应为足够高,以令所述增强材料足够柔软及柔韧性,从而可形成未所欲的形状,但仍足够安定以在所述塑形制程过程中支持所述气凝胶材料。用于加热所述气凝胶材料的所欲温度将因此依据所使用的增强材料及气凝胶材料而改变。于一具体例中,所述所欲的温度为界于50℃与200℃之间,界于75℃与200℃之间,界于100℃与175℃之间,界于120℃与160℃之间,或约150℃。
于一具体例中,所述增强凝胶复合物初始为块状或经模制的形式,且于所述凝胶材料的凝胶化之后或于所述凝胶材料的凝胶化以及后续的干燥之后,经加工为所欲的三维形状。于一具体例中,增强气凝胶材料块为藉由将增强材料与凝胶前驱物于特定形状的模具内合并而形成。令所述模具内的材料胶凝,随后干燥以生产经塑形的气凝胶复合物。于一优选的具体例中,为生产增强气凝胶材料块,随后切割或车铣为所欲的形状。于另一优选的具体例中,为生产增强气凝胶材料块,随后使用切削机械或设备切割为独立的片。
气凝胶组成物亦可包括遮光剂,以降低热转移的辐射组分。于凝胶形成之前的任何点,遮光化合物或其前驱物可分散于包含凝胶前驱物的混合物中。遮光化合物的实例为包括,但不限于:碳化硼[B4C]、硅藻土、铁酸锰、MnO、NiO、SnO、Ag2O、Bi2O3、碳黑、氧化钛、氧化铁钛、硅酸锆、氧化锆、氧化亚铁(II)、氧化铁(III)、二氧化锰、氧化钛铁(钛铁矿)、氧化铬、碳化物(如SiC、TiC或WC)、或其混合物。遮光化合物前驱物的实例为包括,但不限于:TiOSO4或TiOCl2。
本发明的具体例可使用本文中揭示的任何加工、抽出、及处理技术,以及本领域的技术人员所公知的用于生产本文中定义的气凝胶、气凝胶样材料、及气凝胶组成物的其他加工、抽出及处理技术而实践的。
本发明的气凝胶材料及组成物业经显示作为绝缘材料的高有效性。惟,本发明的方法及材料的应用为非欲限制为与绝缘相关的应用。本发明的方法及材料可应用至将会受益于藉由本发明的材料及方法提供的特性或过程的独特组合的应用。所述应用为包括,但不限于:热阻挡及嵌板(包括防火板及嵌板)、绝缘(包括服装或服饰、建筑、管道、或工业设施中)、隔音、电子学、震动冲击隔离体、及化学催化。使用本发明的组成物的应用可使用单层或多层的所述复合物,且可机械地改变本发明的复合物,如透过经他们切割至一定尺寸。
下述实施例为提供本发明的多个非限制性具体例及特性。
[实施例]
实施例1
提供聚氨酯(PU)开孔泡沫片,密度为.022g/cc。藉由合并甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)、原硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)、水、酸催化剂、及乙醇合并而形成氧化硅前驱物溶液。藉由合并乙醇与稀氨水合并而形成凝胶化催化剂溶液。将所述催化剂溶液与所述氧化硅前驱物溶液合并,以形成经催化的氧化硅前驱物溶液。将所述经催化的氧化硅溶液倾入所述聚氨酯泡沫片内。令所述复合材料胶凝,随后于四甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)的乙醇溶液中老化。于超临界条件下抽出经老化的材料内的溶剂,以生成泡沫增强气凝胶复合物。所得气凝胶-开孔聚氨酯泡沫复合物为柔韧性。
实施例2
将聚氨酯(PU)开孔泡沫片卷为预成形卷,并置于圆筒状壁的容器内。将三聚氰胺-甲醛开孔泡沫片卷为独立的预成形卷,并置于独立的圆筒状壁容器内。藉由合并甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)、四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)、水、酸催化剂及乙醇而形成氧化硅前驱物溶液。藉由合并乙醇与稀氨水而形成凝胶化催化剂溶液。将所述催化剂溶液与所述氧化硅前驱物溶液合并,以形成经催化的氧化硅前驱物溶液。随后,将所得溶液倾倒于预先置于独立容器内的开孔泡沫卷上。令所述材料胶凝。凝胶化之后,所得凝胶-泡沫复合物于密闭的乙醇浴中于50℃老化过夜。藉由超临界CO2提取而移除所述凝胶内的溶剂,以生成泡沫增强气凝胶复合物片。所得气凝胶-开孔聚氨酯泡沫复合物为柔韧性。所得气凝胶-开孔三聚氰胺泡沫复合物为柔韧性。
实施例3
提供三聚氰胺甲醛泡沫片。藉由合并甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)、四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)、水、酸催化剂、及乙醇而形成氧化硅前驱物溶液。藉由合并乙醇与稀氨水而形成凝胶化催化剂溶液。将所述催化剂溶液与所述氧化硅前驱物溶液合并,以形成经催化的氧化硅前驱物溶液。令所述复合材料胶凝,随后于六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)乙醇溶液中老化。于超临界条件下抽出经老化的材料中的溶剂,以生成三聚氰胺-泡沫增强气凝胶复合物。所得气凝胶-三聚氰胺泡沫复合物为柔韧性。
实施例4
提供来自实施例1及实施例3的泡沫增强气凝胶复合物片。提供多片柔韧性覆面材料片,每一片包含约18%氨纶及82%尼龙,且密度为0.3g/cc。每一泡沫增强气凝胶复合物片的第一表面为涂覆有丙烯酸为水基黏着剂(3M快速结合亚敏黏着剂,4224-NF透明或蓝色)。令所述黏着剂部分地干燥,直至变黏。将柔韧性覆面材料片施用至所述泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的每一涂覆有黏着剂的表面。随着所述黏着剂完全干燥,施加压力至所述积层体,因此在所述泡沫增强气凝胶复合物与所述柔韧性覆面层之间形成固体结合。随后,对每一泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的第二表面重复所述积层制程,因此形成夹层积层体片,所述片为包含具有泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的基底层以及位于所述基底层每一表面上的柔韧性覆面层。第3及4图为说明实施例4中生产的夹层积层材料。
实施例5
提供来自实施例1的泡沫增强气凝胶复合物片。提供多片柔韧性覆面材料片,每一片包含流体不可渗透的聚氨酯。每一泡沫增强气凝胶复合物片的第一表面为涂覆有热结合聚乙烯为黏着剂。将柔韧性覆面材料片施用至所述泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的每一涂覆有黏着剂的表面。随着所述黏着剂完全结合,施加压力及热至所述积层体,因此在所述泡沫增强气凝胶复合物与所述柔韧性覆面层之间形成固体结合。随后,对每一泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的第二表面重复所述积层制程,因此形成夹层积层体片,所述片为包含具有泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的基底层以及位于所述基底层每一表面上的柔韧性覆面层。图5为说明实施例5中生产的夹层积层材料。
实施例6
提供来自实施例3的泡沫增强气凝胶复合物片。提供多片柔韧性覆面材料片,每一片包含约18%氨纶及82%尼龙,且密度为0.3g/cc。泡沫增强气凝胶复合物片的每一侧为放置一片柔韧性覆面氨纶材料。使用超音波缝纫机来透过穿透所述积层的层的高能超音能量的图案化应用而结合所述积层体。所述超音波缝纫机形成夹层积层体片,所述片为包含具有泡沫增强气凝胶复合物的基底层以及黏附于所述基底层每一表面上的柔韧性覆面层,且所述基底层与所述覆面层之间无黏着剂材料。图6及7为说明实施例6中生产的夹层积层材料。
实施例7
提供来自实施例4、5及6的样本。于所述积层制程之前及之后测试每一样本的密度及导热系数(TC)。于大气压力及2psi负载下,于37.5℃量测TC。下表1提供测量结果:
表1
实施例8
使用厚度为12mm的网状聚氨酯泡沫片作为增强材料,重复实施例1的步骤。将所述泡沫增强气凝胶片折迭为预成形的形状,并使用绑带固定,如图8中所示。将经折迭的片置于烘箱中,并于150℃的温度热处理达3小时。从烘箱中移除所述材料并冷却。移除固定绑带,令所述经热处理的片部分地展开。所得经热处理的片永久保持半圆形,如图9中所示。
实施例9
使用厚度为12mm的网状聚氨酯泡沫片作为增强材料,重复实施例1的步骤。将所述泡沫增强气凝胶片折迭为预成形的形状,并使用绑带固定,如图8中所示。将经折迭的片置于烘箱中,并于150℃的温度热处理达3小时。从烘箱中移除所述材料并冷却。移除固定绑带,令所述经热处理的片部分地展开。所得经热处理的片永久保持半圆形,如图9中所示。
实施例10
提供多片来自实施例9的经热塑形的气凝胶复合物片。使用黏着剂将多层所述经热塑形的片结合在一起而积层为多层半壳绝缘积层体,如图10中所示。将两个此等半壳、预成形绝缘积层体环绕管段而合并,并使用绑带固定,从而形成完全包裹所述管段的外圆周的绝缘套,如图11中所示。
实施例11
提供聚氨酯(PU)开孔泡沫片。提供两片柔韧性覆面材料,各自包含约18%氨纶及82%尼龙,且密度为0.3g/cc。将聚氨酯复合黏着剂施加至所述泡沫片的第一表面的一部分上。将一片柔韧性覆面材料施加至所述泡沫片的经黏着剂修饰的表面上。随着所述黏着剂完全干燥,施加压力至所述积层体,因此在所述泡沫片与所述柔韧性覆面层之间形成固体结合。随后,对所述泡沫片的第二表面重复所述积层制程,因此形成夹层积层片,所述片为包含具有泡沫片的基底层,以及黏附于所述基底层的每一表面的柔韧性覆面层。
实施例12
提供来自实施例11的夹层积层片。将所述夹层积层片卷为预成形卷;将分隔材料与夹层积层片共同卷绕以提供界于所述卷的各层间的分隔。将所述卷置于圆筒状壁容器内。藉由合并甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)、四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)、水、酸催化剂、及乙醇而形成氧化硅前驱物溶液。藉由合并乙醇与稀氨水而形成凝胶化催化剂溶液。将所述催化剂溶液与所述氧化硅前驱物溶液合并,以形成经催化的氧化硅前驱物溶液。随后将所得溶液倾入所述容器内。令所述经催化的氧化硅前驱物溶液滞留一段时间,以令其透过所述覆面层而渗入所述夹层积层片的泡沫基底层内,以及,令所述材料胶凝。于凝胶化之后,所得凝胶-泡沫复合物为于密闭的乙醇浴中于50℃老化过夜。藉由超临界CO2提取而移除所述凝胶内的溶剂,以生成积层的泡沫增强气凝胶复合物片。
实施例13
提供来自实施例11的夹层积层片。藉由合并甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)、四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)、水、酸催化剂、及乙醇而形成氧化硅前驱物溶液。藉由合并乙醇与稀氨水而形成凝胶化催化剂溶液。将所述催化剂溶液与所述氧化硅前驱物溶液合并,以形成经催化的氧化硅前驱物溶液。于移动传送机上馈入所述夹层积层片,随着所述片伴随所述移动传送机而行进,将所得经催化的氧化硅前驱物溶液倾倒于所述夹层积层片的上覆面层上。令所述经催化的氧化硅前驱物溶液滞留一段时间,以令其透过所述上覆面层而渗入所述夹层积层片的泡沫基底层内,以及,令所述材料胶凝。于凝胶化之后,所得夹层积层凝胶-泡沫复合物为放置于圆筒状壁容器内;将分隔材料与复合物片共同卷绕以提供所述卷的各层间的分隔。经卷的复合物片为于密闭的乙醇浴中于50℃老化过夜。藉由超临界CO2提取而移除所述凝胶内的溶剂,以生成积层的泡沫增强气凝胶复合物片。
除非明确指非,本文中,连词「及」为意图于包括,而连词「或」为不意图于排除。举例而言,短语「或,或者」为意图于排除。
于本发明所揭示的语境(尤其在权利要求的语境中)中,除非本文中指明为非或与语境明确矛盾,术语「一(a)」、「一(an)」、「所述」或类似指示物为解释为覆盖单数及复数两者。
除非标注为反义,术语「包含」、「具有」、「包括」、及「含有」为解释为开放性术语(亦即,意指「包括,但不限于」)。
本文中,术语「约」为指典型用于所鉴别的特定特性、组成、量、值或参数的偏差程度,如基于实验误差的偏差、测量误差、近似误差、计算误差、平均值标准偏差、例行的小调整等等。
除非明确排除,本文中对于数值范围的引述仅意图于作为单独指落入所述范围内的每一独立数值的简写方法,且每一独立数值为如同独立引入本文中而并入说明书。
作为不同具体例的主旨的引述并不妨碍将来自不同具体例的主旨组合入单一具体例中。
除非本文中指明排除或与语境明显矛盾,本文中揭示的全部方法可以任何适当次序施行。除非主张为非,本文中提供的任何及全部实施例、或例示性语言(如,「例如」、「举例而言」)的使用,为仅意图于更好地例示性说明本发明而非对本发明的范畴造成限制。
Claims (20)
1.一种气凝胶复合物,包含:至少一层具有上表面及下表面的基底层,所述基底层为包含增强气凝胶组成物,所述气凝胶组成物为包含增强材料及单块气凝胶框架;第一覆面层,为包含黏附至所述基底层的所述上表面的第一覆面材料;以及第二覆面层,为包含黏附至所述基底层的所述下表面的第二覆面材料;其中,所述基底层的所述单块气凝胶框架的至少一部分为延伸进入所述第一覆面层及所述第二覆面层两者的一部分;以及,其中所述第一覆面材料及所述第二覆面材料为各自主要由弹性纤维作成的材料组成。
2.如权利要求1所述的气凝胶复合物,其中,所述增强材料为包含泡沫增强材料。
3.如权利要求1所述的气凝胶复合物,其中,所述增强材料为包含纤维增强材料。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的气凝胶复合物,其中,所述弹性纤维为包含氨纶、尼龙、莱卡、弹力纤维、或其组合。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的气凝胶复合物,其中,所述第一覆面层或所述第二覆面层为藉由选自由下列各者所组成的群组的黏着剂而黏附至所述基底层:气溶胶黏着剂、氨基甲酸酯为黏着剂、丙烯酸酯黏着剂、热熔黏着剂、环氧化物、橡胶树脂黏着剂、聚氨酯复合物黏着剂、及其组合。
6.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的气凝胶复合物,其中,所述第一覆面层或所述第二覆面层为藉由选自由下列各者所组成的群组的非黏着剂机制而黏附至所述基底层:缝合、密封袋、铆钉、钮扣、夹具、包裹、支撑、及其组合。
7.如权利要求1至6中任一项所述的气凝胶复合物,其中,所述第一覆面层或所述第二覆面层为各自包含流体可渗透的覆面材料。
8.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的气凝胶复合物,其中,所述复合材料为具有界于18.0mW/m-K与40.0mW/m-K之间的导热系数。
9.一种服装或服饰的对象,包含如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的气凝胶复合物。
10.一种制备气凝胶复合物的方法,包含:
提供具有上表面及下表面的基底层,所述基底层为包含增强气凝胶组成物,所述增强气凝胶组成物为包含增强材料及单块气凝胶框架;
提供包含第一覆面材料的第一覆面层以及包含第二覆面材料的第二覆面层,其中,所述第一覆面材料及所述第二覆面材料为各自主要由弹性纤维作成的材料组成;
将所述第一覆面层黏附至所述基底层的所述上表面,以及将所述底部覆面层黏附至所述基底层的所述下表面,从而形成积层基底;
提供包含凝胶前驱物材料及溶剂的凝胶前驱物溶液;
使所述凝胶前驱物溶液与所述积层基底的至少一层覆面层接触;
使与所述积层基底的所述覆面层接触的所述凝胶前驱物溶液的至少一部分穿行透过所述积层基底的所述覆面层而进入所述积层基底的所述基底层中的所述增强材料内;
使所述前驱物溶液中的所述凝胶前驱物材料转变为凝胶组成物,形成增强凝胶复合物;
从所述增强凝胶复合物中抽出至少一部分所述溶剂,以获得增强气凝胶复合物。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述方法复包含使所述凝胶前驱物溶液与所述积层基底的至少一层覆面层接触之前,将所述积层基底片的至少一部分分配于移动组件上。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述方法复包含将所述积层基底卷曲为包含所述积层基底的多层重迭层的预成形卷,以及,于使所述凝胶前驱物溶液与所述积层基底的至少一层覆面层接触之前,将所述积层基底的所述预成形卷放入容器中。
13.如权利要求10至12中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述增强材料为包含泡沫增强材料。
14.如权利要求10至12中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述增强材料为包含纤维增强材料。
15.如权利要求10至14中任一项所述的气凝胶复合物,其中,所述弹性纤维为包含氨纶、尼龙、莱卡、弹力纤维、或其组合。
16.如权利要求10至15中的任一项所述的方法,其中,所述第一覆面层或所述第二覆面层为藉由选自由下列各者所组成的群组的黏着剂而黏附至所述基底层:气溶胶黏着剂、氨基甲酸酯为黏着剂、丙烯酸酯黏着剂、热熔黏着剂、环氧化物、橡胶树脂黏着剂、聚氨酯复合物黏着剂、及其组合。
17.如权利要求10至15中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述第一覆面层或所述第二覆面层为藉由选自由下列各者所组成的群组的非黏着剂机制而黏附至所述基底层:缝合、密封袋、铆钉、钮扣、夹具、包裹、支撑、及其组合。
18.如权利要求10至17中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述第一覆面层或所述第二覆面层为各自包含流体可渗透的覆面材料。
19.一种藉由如权利要求10至18中任一项所述的方法制造的气溶胶复合物,其中,所述复合物为具有界于18.0mW/m-K与40.0mW/m-K之间的导热系数。
20.一种服装或服饰的对象,包含如权利要求19所述的气凝胶复合物。
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