NO334457B1 - Immunoundertrykkende forbindelser, anvendelse derav samt farmasøytiske preparater. - Google Patents
Immunoundertrykkende forbindelser, anvendelse derav samt farmasøytiske preparater. Download PDFInfo
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- NO334457B1 NO334457B1 NO20055837A NO20055837A NO334457B1 NO 334457 B1 NO334457 B1 NO 334457B1 NO 20055837 A NO20055837 A NO 20055837A NO 20055837 A NO20055837 A NO 20055837A NO 334457 B1 NO334457 B1 NO 334457B1
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- inflammatory
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Abstract
Det beskrives immunosuppresserende forbindelser, deres fremstillingsprosess, deres anvendelse og farmasøytiske sammensetninger som inneholder disse. Foreliggende oppfinnelse tilveiebringer en ny klasse forbindelser som er brukbare ved terapi eller prevensjon av sykdommer eller forstyrrelser som medieres av lymfocyttinteraksjoner, særlig sykdommer assosiert med EDG-reseptormediert signaltransduksjon.
Description
OPPFINNELSENS BAKGRUNN
Oppfinnelsens område
Foreliggende oppfinnelse tilveiebringer en ny klasse immunoundertrykkende forbindelser som er brukbare ved terapi eller forebyggelse av sykdommer eller forstyrrelser som medieres av lymfocyttinteraksjoner, særlig sykdommer assosiert med EDG reseptormediert signaltransduksjon.
Oppfinnelsens bakgrunn
EDG reseptorer tilhører en familie av nær beslektede, lipidaktiverte G-protein koblede reseptorer. EDG-1, EDG-3, EDG-5, EDG-6 og EDG-8 (også respektivt kalt SIP 1, S1P3, S1P2, S1P4 og S1P5) er identifisert som reseptorer som er spesifikke for sfingosin-1-fosfat (SIP). EDG2, EDG4 og EDG7 (også kalt LPA1, LPA2 henholdsvis LPA3) er reseptorer som er spesifikke for lysofosfatidin (LPA). Blant SIP reseptor isotypene blir EDG-1, EDG-3 og EDG-5 bredt uttrykt i forskjellige vev, mens ekspresjonen av EDG-6 er begrenset stort sett til lymfoid vev og plater, og den til EDG-8 til sentralnervesystemet. EDG reseptorer er ansvarlige for signaltransduksjon og antas å spille en viktig rolle i celleprosesser som involverer celleutvikling, proliferering, vedlikehold, migrering, differensiering, plastisitet og apoptose. Visse EDG reseptorer er assosiert med sykdommer mediert av lymfocyttinteraksjoner, for eksempel ved transplantatawisning, autoimmune sykdommer, inflammatoriske sykdommer, infeksiøse sykdommer og cancer. En endring i EDG reseptoraktiviteten bidrar til patologien og/eller symptomologien av disse sykdommene. I henhold til dette er molekyler som i seg selv endrer aktiviteten av EDG reseptorer brukbare som terapeutiske midler for behandling av slike sykdommer.
Oppsummering av oppfinnelsen
Foreliggende søknad angår forbindelsen l-{4-[l-(4-sykloheksyl-3-trifluormetyl-benzyloksyimino-etyl]-2-etyl-benzyl} -azetidin-3-karboksylsyre eller farmasøytisk akseptable salter derav.
Et andre aspekt ved oppfinnelsen er et farmasøytisk preparat som omfatter en terapeutisk effektiv mengde av en slik forbindelse i kombinasjon med en farmasøytisk akseptabel eksipient
Et tredje aspekt ved oppfinnelsen er et farmasøytisk preparat som omfatter en terapeutisk effektiv mengde av en slik forbindelse i kombinasjon med et immundempende middel, et immunomodulerende middel eller et anti-inflammatorisk middel.
Et fjerde aspekt ved oppfinnelsen er et farmasøytisk preparat som omfatter en terapeutisk effektiv mengde av den angitte forbindelsen i kombinasjon med ett eller flere av:
i. en aromataseinhibitor,
ii. et anti-østrogen, et anti-androgen (særlig når det gjelder prostatacancer) eller en gonadorelinagonist,
iii. en topoisomerase I inhibitor eller en topoisomerase II inhibitor,
iv. et mikrotubult aktivt middel, et alkyleringsmiddel, en antineoplastisk antimetabolitt- eller platinaforbindelse, v. en forbindelse som sikter på/reduserer en protein- eller lipidkinaseaktivitet eller en protein- eller lipidfosfataseaktivitet, en ytterligere anti-angiogenisk forbindelse eller en forbindelse som induserer celledifferensieringsprosesser, vi. en bradykinin I reseptor eller en angiotensin II antagonist, vii. en cyklooksygenaseinhibitor, et bisfosfonat, en histon deacetylaseinhibitor, en heparanaseinhibitor (forhindrer heparansulfatnedbrytning) f. eks. PI-88, en biologisk responsmodifiserer, fortrinnsvis et lymfokin eller interferoner, som interferon , en ubiquitineringsinhibitor, eller en inhibitor som blokkerer anti-apoptotiske veier, viii. en inhibitor av Ras onkogeniske isoformer, f. eks. H-Ras, K-Ras eller N-Ras,
eller en farnesyltransferaseinhibitor, som L-744,832 eller DK8G557,
ix. en telomeraseinhibitor, som telomestatin,
x. en proteaseinhibitor, en matriks metalloproteinaseinhibitor, en methionin-aminopeptidaseinhibitor, som bengamid eller et derivat derav, eller en proteosom inhibitor, f. eks. PS-341, og/eller
xi. en mTOR inhibitor.
Et ytterligere aspekt ved oppfinnelsen er en forbindelse eller et preparat som omtalt for bruk ved forebygging eller terapi av akutt eller kronisk transplantatawisning eller T-cellemedierte, inflammatoriske eller autoimmune sykdommer, for inhibering eller kontroll av deregulert angiogenese, eller for forebyggelse eller terapi av sykdommer mediert av en neoangiogeneseprosess eller assosiert med deregulert angiogenese.
Nok et trekk ved oppfinnelsen er en forbindelse som omtalt ovenfor for bruk ved forebyggelse eller behandling av en sykdom eller lidelse, hvor nevnte sykdom eller lidelse er valgt fra transplantasjon, forsinket graftfunksjon, graft versus vert sykdom, reumatoid atritt, systemisk lupus erytematosus, Hashimotos thyroiditt, multippel sklerose, myastenia gravis, diabetes type I eller II og forstyrrelser forbundet dermed, vaskulitt, pernisiøs anemi, Sjogrens syndrom, uveititt, psoriasis, Graves oftalmopati, alopecia areata, allergiske sykdommer, inflammatorisk tarmsykdom, Crohns sykdom, ulcerativ kolitt, intrinsisk astma, inflammatorisk lungeskade, inflammatorisk leverskade, inflammatorisk glomerulær skade, aterosklerose, osteoartritt, irritant kontaktdermatitt, eksematøs dermatitt, seborreisk dermatitt, kutane manifestasjoner av immunologisk medierte forstyrrelser, inflammatoriske øyensykdommer, keratokonjunktivitt, myokarditt, hepatitt, iskjemi/referfusjonsskade, tarm-iskjemi, nyresvikt eller hemmorhagisk sjokk, traumatisk sjokk, T-celle lymfom, T-celle leukemier, infeksiøse sykdommer og senil demens.
Beskrivelse av foretrukne utførelsesformer
Oppfinnelsen tilveiebringer forbindelser som er brukbare ved terapi og/eller forebyggelse av sykdommer eller forstyrrelser mediert av lymfocyttinteraksjoner.
Definisjoner
I beskrivelsen gjelder, hvis ikke annet er sagt:
"Alkyl" som gruppe og som strukturelement i andre grupper, for eksempel halosubstituert alkyl, alkoksy, acyl, alkyltio, alkylsulfonyl og alkylsulfinyl, kan være enten rett eller forgrenet. "Alkenyl" som gruppe eller strukturelement i andre grupper inneholder en eller flere karbon-karbon dobbeltbindinger og kan være enten rett eller forgrenet. Enhver dobbeltbinding kan være i cis- eller trans-konfigurasjon. "Alkynyl" som gruppe og strukturelement i andre grupper og forbindelser inneholder minst en
OC trippelbinding og kan også inneholde en eller flere C=C dobbeltbindinger og kan, så langt mulig, være enten rett eller forgrenet. Enhver cykloalkylgruppe, alene eller som strukturelement i andre grupper, kan inneholde 3 til 8 karbonatomer, særlig 3 til 6 karbonatomer. "Alkylen" og "alkenylen" er toverdige rester avledet fra "alkyl" henholdsvis "alkenyl" grupper.
"Aryl" betyr en monocyklisk eller kondensert bicyklisk aromatisk ringenhet inneholdende seks til ti ringkarbonatomer. For eksempel kan C6-i2aryl være fenyl, bifenyl eller naftyl. En kondensert, bicyklisk ring kan være delvis mettet, for eksempel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naftalen og lignende. "Arylen" betyr en toverdig rest avledet fra en arylgruppe. For eksempel kan arylen som benyttet i foreliggende beskrivelse være fenylen, bifenylen, naftylen og lignende.
"Halo" eller "halogen" betyr F, Cl, Br eller I, særlig F eller Cl. Halosubstituerte alkylgrupper og forbindelser kan være partielt halogenert eller perhalogenert, hvorved, ved multippel halogenering, halogensubstituentene kan være like eller forskjellige.
"Heteroaryl" betyr aryl, som definert i beskrivelsen, med tillegg av minst en heteroatomdel valgt blant N, O eller S, og hver ring består av 5 til 6 ringatomer hvis ikke annet er sagt. For eksempel inkluderer C2heteroaryl også oksadiazol, triazol og lignende."Heteroarylen" betyr heteroaryl som definert her, forutsatt at ringenheten omfatter en toverdig rest.
Som benyttet her, har en EDG-1 selektiv forbindelse (middel eller modulator) en spesifisitet som er selektiv for EDG-1 i forhold til EDG-3 og i forhold til en eller flere av EDG-5, EDG-6 og EDG-8. Som benyttet her, betyr selektivitet for en EDG-reseptor (en "selektiv reseptor") i forhold til en annen EDG-reseptor (en "ikke-selektiv reseptor") at forbindelsen har en meget høyere potens ved indusering av aktiviteter mediert av den selektive EDG-reseptor (f. eks. EDG-1) enn for den ikke-selektive S1P-spesifikke EDG-reseptor. Målt i GTP-yS bindingsanalyse (som beskrevet i eksemplet nedenfor) har en EDG-1 selektiv forbindelse typisk en EC50 (effektiv konsentrasjon som forårsaker 50% av den maksimale respons) for en selektiv reseptor (EDG-1) som er minst 5, 10, 25, 50,100, 500 eller 1000 ganger lavere enn dens EC50 for en ikke-selektiv reseptor (f. eks. en eller flere av EDG-3, EDG-5, EDG-6 og EDG-8).
Detaljert beskrivelse av oppfinnelsen
Oppfinnelsen tilveiebringer forbindelser som er brukbare for terapi eller forebyggelse av sykdommer eller forstyrrelser som er mediert av lymfocyttinteraksjoner. Forbindelsene utgjøres som tidligere nevnt av l-{4-[l-(4-sykloheksyl-3-trifluormetyl-benzyloksyimino-etyl]-2-etyl-benzyl} -azetidin-3-karboksylsyre eller farmasøytisk akseptable salter derav.
Videre er foretrukne forbindelser også vist i eksemplene og i Tabell 1, infra.
Forbindelsene kan eksistere i fri form eller i saltform, f. eks. syreaddisjonssalter med uorganiske eller organiske syrer. Omfattet er videre salter med metaller som litium, natrium, kalium, kalsium, sink eller magnesium, eller blandinger derav. Forbindelsene og deres salter i hydrat- eller solvatform er også en del av oppfinnelsen.
Oppfinnelsen omfatter også enantiomerer, racemater, diastereomerer og blandinger derav. Når videre forbindelsene inkluderer geometriske isomerer, omfatter oppfinnelsen cis-forbindelser, trans-forbindelser og blandinger derav. Tilsvarende betraktninger gjelder i forbindelse med utgangsmaterialer som viser asymmetriske karbonatomer eller umettede bindinger som nevnt ovenfor.
Fremgangsmåter og farmasøytiske preparater for behandling av immunomodulatoriske tilstander
Forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen i fri form eller i farmasøytisk akseptabel saltform
viser verdifulle farmakologiske egenskaper, f. eks. lymfocytt resirkulasjonsmodulerende egenskaper, for eksempel som indikert ved in vitro- og in v/vo-testene i Eksempel 6, og er derfor indikert for terapi. Forbindelsene viser fortrinnsvis en EC50i området 1 x IO"11 til 1 x IO"<5>M, særlig mindre enn 50 nM. Forbindelsene viser selektivitet for en eller flere EDG/S1P reseptorer, særlig EDG-l/SlP-1. EDG-l/SlP-1 selektive modulatorer ifølge oppfinnelsen kan identifiseres ved å analysere en forbindelsesbinding til EDG-1/SlP-l og en eller flere av de andre EDG-1/S1P reseptorer (f. eks. EDG-3/S1P-3, EDG-5/S1P-2, EDG-6/S1P-4 og EDG-8/S1P-5). En EDG-l/SlP-1 selektiv modulator har vanligvis en EC50 for EDG-l/SlP-1 reseptoren i området 1 x 10"<11>til 1 x 10"<5>M, fortrinnsvis mindre enn 50 nM og spesielt mindre enn 5 nM. Den har også en EC50 for en eller flere av de andre EDG/SlP-reseptorer som er minst 5, 10, 25, 50,100, 500 eller
1000 ganger høyere enn dens EC50 for EDG-l/SlP-1. Således vil noen av de EDG-1/SlP-l modulatoriske forbindelser ha en EC50 for EDG-l/SlP-1 som er mindre enn 5 nM, mens deres ED50 for en eller flere av de andre EDG/SlP-reseptorer er minst 100 nM eller høyere. I tillegg til analysering av bindingsaktiviteten til EDG/SlP-reseptorer, kan EDG-l/SlP-1 selektive midler identifiseres ved å undersøke en testforbindelsesevne til å modifisere en cellulær prosess eller aktivitet mediert av en EDG/S1P reseptor.
Forbindelsene er derfor brukbare ved terapi og/eller forebyggelse av sykdommer eller forstyrrelser som er mediert av lymfocyttinteraksjoner, for eksempel ved transplantasjon, som akutt eller kronisk avvisning av celle-, vev- eller organallo- eller xenografter eller forsinket graftfunksjon, graft versus vertsykdom, autoimmune sykdommer, som reumatoid artritt, systemisk lupus erythematosus, Hashimotos thyroiditt, multippel sklerose, myasthenia gravis, diabetes type I eller II og forstyrrelser forbundet dermed, vaskulitt, pernisiøs anemi, Sjogrens syndrom, uveitt, psoriasis, Graves oftalmopati, alopecia areata og andre, allergiske sykdommer, som allergisk astma, atopisk dermatitt, allergisk rhinitt/konjunktivitt, allergisk kontaktdermatitt, inflammatoriske sykdommer eventuelt med underliggende feilaktige reaksjoner, f. eks. inflammatorisk tarmsykdom, Crohns sykdom eller ulcerativ kolitt, intrinsisk astma, inflammatorisk lungeskade, inflammatorisk leverskade, inflammatorisk glomerulær skade, aterosklerose, osteoartritt, irritant kontaktdermatitt og videre eksematøs dermatitt, seborreisk dermatitt, kutane manifestasjoner av immunologisk medierte forstyrrelser, inflammatoriske øyesykdommer, keratokonjunktivitt, myokarditt eller hepatitt, iskjemi/reperfusjonsskade, som myokardialt infarkt, slag, tarm-iskjemi, nyresvikt eller hemorrhagisk sjokk, traumatisk sjokk, T-celle lymfom eller T-celle leukemier, infeksiøse sykdommer, som toksisk sjokk (f. eks. superantigen-indusert), septisk sjokk, adult respiratorisk distress syndrom eller virale infeksjoner, f. eks. AIDS, viral hepatitt, kronisk bakteriell infeksjon, eller senil demens. Eksempler på celle-, vev-eller fastorgantransplantater inkluderer for eksempel pankreatiske øyer, stamceller, benmarg, kornealvev, neuronalvev, hjerte, lunge, kombinert hjerte-lunge, nyre, lever, tarm, pancreas, trakea eller øsofagus. For de ovenfor angitte anvendelser vil den nødvendige dose selvfølgelig variere med administreringsmodus, den spesielle tilstand som behandles og den ønskede effekt.
Videre er forbindelsene brukbare i cancerkjemoterapi og særlig for cancerkjemoterapi av faste tumorer, som brystcancer, eller som anti-angiogenisk middel.
Den krevde dose vil selvfølgelig variere med administreringsmodus, den spesielle tilstand som behandles og den ønskede effekt. Generelt blir tilfredsstillende resultater antydet oppnådd systemisk ved daglige doser rundt 0,03 til 2,5 mg/kg kroppsvekt. Som antydet ligger den daglige dose i større pattedyr som mennesker i området rundt 0,5 til rundt 100 mg, administrert hensiktsmessig i oppdelte doser opp til fire ganger daglig eller i retardform. Egnede enhetsdoseformer for oral administrering omfatter ca. 1 til 50 mg aktiv bestanddel.
Forbindelsene kan administreres på en hvilken som helst hensiktsmessig måte, særlig enteralt, f. eks. oralt, f. eks. i form av tabletter eller kapsler, eller parenteralt, for eksempel i form av injiserbare oppløsninger eller suspensjoner, topisk, f. eks. i form av lotioner, geler, salver eller kremer, eller i nasal- eller suppositorieform. Farmasøytiske preparater omfattende en forbindelse med formel Ia eller Ib i fri form eller i farmasøytisk akseptabel saltform i assosiasjon med minst en farmasøytisk akseptabel bærer eller fortynningsmiddel kan fremstilles på konvensjonell måte ved blanding med en farmasøytisk akseptabel bærer eller et fortynningsmiddel.
Forbindelsene kan administreres i fri form eller i farmasøytisk akseptabel form, for eksempel som antydet ovenfor. Slike salter kan fremstilles på konvensjonell måte og viser den samme type aktivitet som de frie forbindelser.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse kan følgelig finne anvendelse i forbindelse med:
1.1 En fremgangsmåte for forebyggelse eller terapi av forstyrrelser eller sykdommer mediert av lymfocytter, for eksempel som antydet ovenfor, hos et individ som trenger slik behandling, omfattende administrering til individet av en effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen eller et farmasøytisk akseptabelt salt derav; 1.2 En fremgangsmåte for forebyggelse eller terapi av akutt eller kronisk transplantatawisning eller T-cellemedierte inflammatoriske eller autoimmune sykdommer, f. eks. som antydet ovenfor, i et individ som trenger slik behandling, omfattende administrering til individet av en effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen eller et farmasøytisk akseptabelt salt derav; 1.3 En fremgangsmåte for å inhibere eller kontrollere deregulert angiogenese, f. eks.
sfingosin-1-fosfat (SIP) mediert angiogenese, hos et individ som trenger det, omfattende administrering til individet av en effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen eller et farmasøytisk akseptabelt salt derav; 1.4 En fremgangsmåte for forebyggelse eller terapi av sykdommer av en neo-angiogeneseprosess eller assosiert med deregulert angiogenese hos et individ som trenger det, omfattende administrering til individet av en effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen eller et farmasøytisk akseptabelt salt derav. 2. En forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen i fri form eller i en farmasøytisk akseptabel saltform som anvendelse som et farmasøytikum, f. eks. i en hvilken som helst av metodene som beskrevet under 1.1 til 1.4 ovenfor. 3. Et farmasøytisk preparat, f. eks. for anvendelse i en hvilken som helst av metodene som i 1.1 til 1.4 ovenfor omfattende en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen i fri form eller i farmasøytisk akseptabel saltform i assosiasjon med et farmasøytisk akseptabel fortynningsmiddel eller en bærer. 4. En forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen eller et farmasøytisk akseptabelt salt derav for anvendelse ved fremstilling av et farmasøytisk preparat for anvendelse i en hvilken som helst av metodene som under 1.1 til 1.4 ovenfor.
Forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen kan administreres som eneste aktive bestanddel eller
i forbindelse med, for eksempel som adjuvant til, andre medikamenter, for eksempel immunoundertrykkende eller immunomodulerende midler eller andre antiinflammatoriske midler, f. eks. for terapi eller forebyggelse av akutt eller kronisk allo- eller xenograftawisning eller inflammatoriske eller autoimmune forstyrrelser, eller et kjemoterapeutisk middel, f. eks. et malignant celle antiproliferativt middel. For eksempel kan forbindelsene benyttes i kombinasjon med en kalsineurininhibitor, som cyklosporin A eller FK 506; en mTOR inhibitor, som rapamycin, 40-O-(2-hydroksyetyl)-rapamycin, CC1779, ABT578 eller AP23573; et askomycin med immunoundertrykkende egenskaper, som ABT-281, ASM981, osv.; kortikosteroider; cyklofosfamid; azatiopren; methotrexat; leflunomid; mizoribin; mycofenolsyre; mycofenolatmofetil; 15-deoksyspergualin eller en immunosuppressiv homolog, analog eller et derivat derav; immunoundertrykkende monoklonale antistoffer, som
monoklonale antistoffer mot leukocyttreseptorer, f. eks. MHC, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD25, CD28, CD40, CD45, D58, CD80, CD86 eller deres ligander; andre immunomodulatoriske forbindelser, f. eks. et rekombinant bindingsmolekyl med minst en del av et ekstracellulært domene av CTLA4 eller en mutant derav, f. eks. minst en ekstracellulær del av CTLA4 eller en mutant derav forbundet til en ikke-CTLA4 proteinsekvens, f. eks. CTLA4Ig (f. eks. betegnet som ATCC 68629) eller en mutant derav, f. eks. LEA29Y; adhesjonsmolekylinhibitorer, f. eks. LFA-1 antagonister, ICAM-1 eller -3 antagonister, VCAM-4 antagonister eller VLA-4 antagonister; eller et kjemoterapeutisk middel.
Med uttrykket "kjemoterapeutisk middel" menes et hvilket et som helst kjemoterapeutisk middel og inkluderer,
i. en aromataseinhibitor,
ii. et anti-østrogen, et anti-androgen (særlig når det gjelder prostatacancer) eller en gonadorelinagonist,
iii. en topoisomerase I inhibitor eller en topoisomerase II inhibitor,
iv. et mikrotubult aktivt middel, et alkyleringsmiddel, en antineoplastisk antimetabolitt- eller platinaforbindelse, v. en forbindelse som sikter på/reduserer en protein- eller lipidkinaseaktivitet eller en protein- eller lipidfosfataseaktivitet, en ytterligere anti-angiogenisk forbindelse eller en forbindelse som induserer celledifferensieringsprosesser, vi. en bradykinin I reseptor eller en angiotensin II antagonist, vii. en cyklooksygenaseinhibitor, et bisfosfonat, en histon deacetylaseinhibitor, en heparanaseinhibitor (forhindrer heparansulfatnedbrytning) f. eks. PI-88, en biologisk responsmodifiserer, fortrinnsvis et lymfokin eller interferoner, som interferon , en ubiquitineringsinhibitor, eller en inhibitor som blokkerer anti-apoptotiske veier, viii. en inhibitor av Ras onkogeniske isoformer, f. eks. H-Ras, K-Ras eller N-Ras,
eller en farnesyltransferaseinhibitor, som L-744,832 eller DK8G557,
ix. en telomeraseinhibitor, som telomestatin,
x. en proteaseinhibitor, en matriks metalloproteinaseinhibitor, en methionin-aminopeptidaseinhibitor, som bengamid eller et derivat derav, eller en proteosom inhibitor, f. eks. PS-341, og/eller
xi. en mTOR inhibitor.
Uttrykket "aromataseinhibitor" som benyttet her angår en forbindelse som inhiberer østrogenproduksjonen, dvs. konvertering av substratene androstendion og testosteron til østron, henholdsvis østradiol. Uttrykkene inkluderer steroider, særlig atamestan, exemestan og formestan, og særlig ikke-steroider, særlig aminoglutethimid, roglethimid, pyridoglutethimid, trilostan, testolakton, ketokonazol, vorozol, fadrozol, anastrozol og letrozol. En kombinasjon ifølge oppfinnelsen omfattende et kjemoterapeutisk middel som er en aromataseinhibitor er særlig brukbar for behandling av horaionreseptorpositive tumorer, som brysttumorer.
Uttrykket "anti-østrogen" som benyttet her angår en forbindelse som antagoniserer effekten av østrogener på østrogenreseptornivået. Uttrykket inkluderer tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifen og raloxifenhydroklorid. En kombinasjon ifølge oppfinnelsen omfattende et kjemoterapeutisk middel som er et anti-østrogen er særlig brukbar for behandling av østrogenreseptorpositive tumorer, f. eks. brysttumorer.
Uttrykket "anti-androgen" som benyttet her angår enhver substans som er i stand til å inhibere de biologiske effekter av androgeniske hormoner og inkluderer bicalutamid.
Uttrykket "gonadorelinagonist" som benyttet her inkluderer abarelix, goserelin og goserelinacetat.
Uttrykket "topoisomerase I inhibitor" som benyttet her omfatter topotecan, irinotecan, 9-nitrocamptothecin og det makromolekylære camptothecin-konjugat PNU-166148 (forbindelse Al i WO99/17804).
Uttrykket "topoisomerase II inhibitor" som benyttet her inkluderer antracykliner, som doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin og nemorubicin, antraquinonene mitoxantron og losoxantron, og podofillotoksinene etoposid og teniposid.
Utrykket "mikrotubult aktivt middel" viser til mikrotubulstabiliserende og mikrotubul-destabiliserende midler, inkludert taxaner, som paclitaxel og docetaxel, vinca alkaloider, som vinblastin, særlig vinblastinsulfat, vincristin, særlig vincristinsulfat, og vinorelbin, diskodermolider og epothiloner og derivater derav, f. eks. epothilon B eller et derivat derav.
Uttrykket" alkyleringsmiddel" som benyttet her inkluderer busulfan, klorambucil, cyklofosfamid, ifosfamid, melfalan eller nitrosourea (BCNU eller Gliadel™).
Uttrykket "antineoplastisk antimetabolitt" inkluderer 5-fluorouracil, capecitabin, gemcitabin, cytarabin, fludarabin, thioguanin, methotrexat og edatrexat.
Uttrykkefplatinaforbindelse" som benyttet her inkluderer karboplatin, cis-platin og oxaliplatin.
Uttrykket "forbindelser som sikter på/reduserer en protein- eller lipidkinaseaktivitet eller ytterligere antiangiogeniske forbindelser" som benyttet her inkluderer proteintyrosinkinase- og/eller serin- og/eller treoninkinaseinhibitorer eller lipidkinaseinhibitorer, f. eks. forbindelser som sikter på, reduserer eller inhiberer aktiviteten av den epidermale vekstfaktorfamilie av reseptortyrosinkinaser (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 som homo- eller heterodimerer), den vaskulære endotelial-vekstfaktorfamilie av reseptortyrosinkinaser (VEGFR), de plateavledede vekstfaktor-reseptorer (PDGFR), fibroblastvekstfaktor-reseptorer (FGFR), den insulinlignende vekstfaktorreseptor 1 (IGF-IR), Trk-reseptor tyrosinkinasefamilien, Axl-reseptor tyrosinkinasefamilien, Ret-reseptor tyrosinkinase, Kit/SCFR-reseptor tyrosinkinase, medlemmer av c-Abl familien og deres genfusjonsprodukter (f. eks. BCR-Abl), medlemmer av proteinkinase C (PKC) og Raf familien av serin/treoninkinaser, medlemmer av MEK-, SRC-, JAK-, FAK-, PDK- eller PI(3)-kinasefamilien, eller PI(3)-kinaserelatert kinasefamilien og/eller medlemmer av den cyklinavhengige kinasefamilien (CDK) og antiangiogeniske forbindelser med en annen mekanisme for sin aktivitet, for eksempel ikke-relatert til protein- eller lipidkinaseinhibering.
Forbindelser som sikter på, reduserer eller inhiberer aktiviteten av VEGFR er spesielt forbindelser, proteiner eller antistoffer som inhiberer VEGF reseptor tyrosinkinasen, inhiberer en VEGF reseptor eller binder til VEGF, og er særlig de forbindelser, proteiner eller monoklonale antistoffer som generisk og spesifikt er beskrevet i WO 98/35958, f. eks. l-(4-kloranilino)-4-(4-pyridylmetyl)ftalazin eller et farmasøytisk akseptabelt salt derav, f. eks. suksinatet, i WO 00/27820, f. eks. et N-aryl(tio)-antranilsyreamidderivat, som 2-[(4-pyridyl)metyl]amino-N-[3-metoksy-5-(trifluormetyl)fenyl]benzamid eller 2-[( 1 -oksido-4-pyridyl)metyl]amino-N-[3 - trifluormetylfenyl]benzamid, eller i WO 00/09495, WO 00/59509, WO 98/11223, WO 00/27819 og EP 0 769 947; de som er beskrevet av M. Prewett et al. i Cancer Research 59 (1999) 5209-5218, av F. Yuan et al. i Proe. Nati. Acad. Sei. USA, vol. 93, s. 14765-14770, desember 1996, av Z. Zhu et al. i Cancer Res. 58, 1998, 3209-3214, og av J. Mordenti et al. i Toxicologic Pathology, vol. 27, nr. 1, s. 14-21, 1999; i WO 00/37502 og WO 94/10202; Angiostatin™, beskrevet av M. S. 0'Reilly et al., Cell 79,1994, 315-328; Endostatin™, beskrevet av M. S. 0'Reilly et al., Cell 88, 1997, 277-285; antranilsyreamider; ZD4190; ZD6474; SU5416; SU6668; eller anti-VEGF antistoffer eller anti-VEGF reseptor antistoffer, f. eks. RhuMab.
Med antistoff menes intakte monoklonale antistoffer, polyklonale antistoffer, multispesifikke antistoffer dannet fra minst 2 intakte antistoffer og antistoff-fragmenter så lenge de viser den ønskede biologiske aktivitet.
Forbindelser som sikter på, reduserer eller inhiberer aktiviteten av den epidermale vekstfaktorreseptorfamilie er særlig forbindelser, proteiner eller antistoffer som inhiberer medlemmer av EGF-reseptor tyrosinkinasefamilien, f. eks. EGF-reseptor, ErbB2, ErbB3 og ErbB4 eller binder til EGF eller EGF-relaterte ligander, eller som har en dualinhiberende effekt på ErbB og VEGF-reseptor kinase og er særlig de forbindelser, proteiner eller monoklonale antistoffer som generisk eller spesifikt er beskrevet i WO 97/02266, f. eks. forbindelsen i Eksempel 39, eller i EP 0 564 409, WO 99/03854, EP 0 520 722, EP 0 566 226, EP 0 787 722, EP 0 837 063, US 5,747,498, WO 98/10767, WO 97/30034, WO 97/49688, WO 97/38983 og, særlig, WO 96/30347 (f. eks. forbindelse kjent som CP 358774), WO 96/33980 (f. eks. forbindelse ZD 1839) og WO 95/03283 (f. eks. forbindelse ZM105180) eller PCT/EP02/08780; f. eks. trastuzumab (Herpetin®), cetuximab, Iressa, OSI-774, CI-1033, EKB-569, GW-2016, E1.1,E2.4,E2.5, E6.2, E6.4, E2.ll, E6.3 eller E7.3.
Forbindelser som sikter på, reduserer eller inhiberer aktiviteten av PDGFR er særlig forbindelser som inhiberer PDGF-reseptoren, f. eks. et N-fenyl-2-pyrimidin-aminderivat, f. eks. imatinib.
Forbindelser som sikter på, reduserer eller inhiberer aktiviteten av c-Abl familiemedlemmer og deres genfusjonsprodukter er for eksempel et N-fenyl-2-pyrimidin-aminderivat, som imatinib; PD180970; AG957; eller NSC 680410.
Forbindelser som sikter på, reduserer eller inhiberer aktiviteten av proteinkinase C-, Raf-, MEK-, SRC-, JAK-, FAK- og PDK-familiemedlemmer, eller PI(3) kinase eller
PI(3) kinaserelaterte familiemedlemmer og/eller medlemmer av den cyklinavhengige kinasefamilie (CDK), er særlig de staurosporinderivater som er beskrevet i EP 0 296 110, f. eks. midostaurin; eksempler på ytterligere forbindelser inkluderer for eksempel UCN-01, safingol, BAY 43-9006, Bryostatin 1, Perifosin; Ilmofosin; RO 318220 og RO 320432; GO 6976; Isis 3521 eller LY333531/LY379196.
Ytterligere anti-angiogeniske forbindelser er f. eks. thalidomid (THALIDOMID) og TNP-470.
Forbindelser som sikter på, reduserer eller inhiberer aktiviteten av en protein- eller lipidfosfatase er f. eks. inhibitorer av fosfatase 1, fosfatase 2A, PTEN eller CDC25, f. eks. okadainsyre eller et derivat derav.
Forbindelser som induserer celledifferensieringsprosesser er f. eks. retinonsyre, a-, y-eller 5-tokoferol eller a-, y- eller 5-tokotrienol.
Uttrykket cyklooksygenaseinhibitor som benyttet her inkluderer for eksempel celecoxib (Celebrex®), rofecoxib (Vioxx®), etoricoxib, valdecoxib eller en 5-alkyl-2-arylaminofenyl-eddiksyre, som 5-metyl-2-(2'-kloro-6'-fluoroanilino)fenyl-eddiksyre.
Uttrykket "histondeacetylaseinhibitor" som benyttet her inkluderer MS-27-275, SAHA, pyroksamid, FR-901228 eller valproinsyre.
Uttrykket "bisfosfonater" som benyttet her inkluderer etridon-, clodron-, tiludron-, pamidron-, alendron-, ibandron-, risedron- og zoledronsyre.
Uttrykket "matriks metalloproteinaseinhibitor" som benyttet her inkluderer kollagen peptidomimetiske og ikke-peptidomimetiske inhibitorer, tetracyklinderivater, f. eks. hydroksamat-peptidomimetisk inhibitor batimastat og dens oralt biotilgjengelige analog marimastat, prinomastat, BMS-279251, BAY 12-9566, TAA211 eller AAJ996.
Uttrykket "mTOR inhibitor" som benyttet her inkluderer rapamycin (sirolimus) eller et derivat derav, f. eks. 32-deoksorapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloksy-32-deoksorapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloksy-32(S)-dihydro-rapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloksy-32(S)-dihydro-40-0-(2-hydroksyetyl)-rapamycin og, mer spesielt, 40-0-(2-hydroksyetyl)-rapamycin. Ytterligere eksempler på rapamycinderivater inkluderer for eksempel CC 1779 eller 40-
[3-hydroksy-2-(hydroksymetyl)-2-metylpropanoat]-rapamycin eller et farmasøytisk akseptabelt salt derav, som beskrevet i US 5.362.718, ABT578 eller 40-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin, særlig 40-epi-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin, f. eks. som beskrevet i WO 99/15530, eller rapaloger som beskrevet f. eks. i WO 98/02441 og WO 01/14387, f. eks. AP23573.
Der forbindelsene administreres i forbindelse med andre
immunoundertrykkende/immunomodulatoriske, antiinflammatoriske eller kjemoterapeutiske terapier, vil doser av det sam-administrerte immunoundertrykkende middel, immunomodulatoriske, antiinflammatoriske eller kjemoterapeutiske forbindelse selvfølgelig variere avhengig av typen komedikament som benyttes, f. eks. hvorvidt det er en steroid- eller en kalsineurininhibitor, av det spesifikke medikament som benyttes, av tilstanden som behandles og så videre.
I henhold kan foreliggende oppfinnelse benyttes i forbindelse med:
5. En fremgangsmåte som definert ovenfor omfattende sam-administrering, f. eks.
samtidig eller i sekvens, av en terapeutisk effektiv, ikke-toksisk mengde av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen og minst en andre medikamentsubstans, f. eks. et immunoundertrykkende middel, et immunomodulatorisk, antiinflammatorisk eller kjemoterapeutisk medikament, f. eks. som angitt ovenfor; og 6. En farmasøytisk kombinasjon, f. eks. et kit, omfattende a) et første middel som er en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen som beskrevet her, i fri form eller i farmasøytisk akseptabel saltform, og b) minst et ko-middel, f. eks. et immunoundertrykkende middel, et immunomodulatorisk, antiinflammatorisk eller kjemoterapeutisk medikament, f. eks. som beskrevet ovenfor. Dette kit eller sett kan omfatte instruksjoner for administrering.
Uttrykkene "sam-administrering" eller "kombinert administrering" eller lignende, slik uttrykkene benyttes her, er ment å omfatte administrering av de valgte terapeutiske midler til en enkelt pasient og er ment å inkludere behandlingsregimer der midlene ikke nødvendigvis administreres via samme administreringsvei eller samtidig.
Uttrykket "farmasøytisk kombinasjon" som benyttet her betyr et produkt som oppstår ved å blande eller kombinere mer enn en aktiv bestanddel og inkluderer både faste og ikke-faste kombinasjoner av de aktive bestanddeler. Uttrykket "fast kombinasjon" betyr at de aktive bestanddeler, f. eks. en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen og et ko-middel, begge administreres til en pasient samtidig i form av en enkelt enhet eller dose. Uttrykket "ikke-fast kombinasjon" betyr at den aktive bestanddel, f. eks. en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen og et ko-middel, begge administreres til en pasient som separate enheter enten samtidig, etter hverandre eller sekvensielt uten spesifikke tidsgrenser, der slik administrering gir terapeutisk effektive nivåer av de to forbindelser i pasientens kropp. Det sistnevnte gjelder også cocktail-terapi, f. eks. administrering av 3 eller flere aktive bestanddeler.
Fremgangsmåter for fremstilling av forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen
Det er nedenfor beskrevet prosesser for fremstilling av immunomodulatoriske forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen. I de beskrevne reaksjoner kan det være nødvendig å beskytte reaktive funksjonelle grupper, der disse er ønsket i sluttproduktet, for å unngå deres uønskede deltagelse i reaksjonene. Konvensjonelle beskyttende grupper kan benyttes i henhold til standard praksis, se for eksempel T. W. Greene og P. G. M. Wuts i "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry", John Wiley and Sons, 1991.
Forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen kan eksempelvis fremstilles i henhold til følgende reaksjonsskjema:
der W, Y, Z, R], R2og R5har verdier som fører frem til forbindelsene som definert i krav 1. Forbindelser med formel Ia kan fremstilles ved omsetning av en forbindelse med formel 2 med en forbindelse med formel 3 i nærvær av et egnet oppløsningsmiddel (som metanol og lignende), en egnet base (som trietylamin og lignende) og et egnet reduksjonsmiddel (som natriumborhydrid). Reaksjonen forløper ved en temperatur på rundt 0 til rundt 60°C og kan vare opp til 48 timer for fullføring.
Forbindelser med formel Ib kan fremstilles i henhold til følgende reaksjonsskjema:
der A,W, Y, Z, Ri, R2>R3, R4og R5har verdier som fører frem til forbindelsene definert i krav 1. Forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen kan fremstilles ved omsetning av en forbindelse med formel 4 med en forbindelse med formel 3 i nærvær av et egnet oppløsningsmiddel, som metanol og lignende, en egnet base, som trietylamin og lignende, og et egnet reduksjonsmiddel som natriumborhydrid. Reaksjonen forløper ved en temperatur på rundt 0°C til rundt 60°C og kan vare opp til 48 timer for fullføring.
Ytterligere prosesser for fremstilling av forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen:
En forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen kan fremstilles som et farmasøytisk akseptabelt syreaddisjonssalt ved omsetning av den frie baseform av forbindelsen med en farmasøytisk akseptabel, uorganisk eller organisk syre. Alternativt kan et farmasøytisk akseptabelt baseaddisjonssalt av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen fremstilles ved å omsette den frie syreform av forbindelsen med en farmasøytisk akseptabel, uorganisk eller organisk base. Alternativt kan saltformene av forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen fremstilles ved bruk av salter av utgangsstoffene eller mellomproduktene.
Den frie syre- eller frie baseform av forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen kan fremstilles fra de tilsvarende baseaddisjonssalter henholdsvis syreaddisjonssalter. For eksempel kan en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen i syreaddisjonssaltform omdannes til den tilsvarende frie base ved behandling med en egnet base, som ammoniumhydroksid-oppløsning, natriumhydroksid og lignende. En forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen i baseaddisjonssaltform kan omdannes til den tilsvarende frie syre ved behandling med en egnet syre, som saltsyre, osv.
Forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen i ikke-oksidert form kan fremstilles fra N-oksider av forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen ved behandling med et reduksjonsmiddel, som svovel, svoveldioksid, trifenylfosfin, litiumborhydrid, natriumborhydrid, fosfortriklorid, tribromid, eller lignende, i et egnet inert organisk oppløsningsmiddel, som acetonitril, etanol, vandig dioksan eller lignende, ved 0 til 80°C.
Promedikamentderivater av forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen kan fremstilles ved metoder som velkjente for fagfolk på området (for ytterligere detaljer henvises det til Saulnier et al., 1994, "Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters", vol. 4, s. 1985). For eksempel kan egnede promedikamenter fremstilles ved å omsette en ikke-derivatisert forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen med et egnet karbamyleringsmiddel, som 1,1-acyloksyalkyl-karbanokloridat, para-nitrofenylkarbonat, eller lignende.
Beskyttede derivater av forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen kan fremstilles ved midler som er velkjente for fagfolk på området. En detaljert beskrivelse av teknikker som kan anvendes for å skape beskyttende grupper og deres etterfølgende fjerning finnes hos T. W. Greene, "Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry", 3. utgave, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999.
Forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen kan hensiktsmessig fremstilles, eller tildannes, som solvater, f. eks. hydrater. Hydrater av forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen kan hensiktsmessig fremstilles ved omkrystallisering fra en vandig/organisk oppløsningsmiddelblanding ved bruk av organiske oppløsningsmidler som dioksin, tetrahydrofuran eller metanol.
Forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen kan fremstilles som de individuelle stereoisomerer ved å omsette en racemisk blanding av forbindelsen med et optisk aktivt oppløsningsmiddel for å danne par av diastereoisomere forbindelser, separere diastereomerene og så å gjenvinne de optisk rene enantiomerer. Mens oppløsningen av enantiomerene kan gjennomføres ved bruk av kovalente, diastereomere derivater av forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen, er dissosierbare komplekser foretrukket, f. eks. krystallinske diastereomeriske salter. Diastereomerer har distinkte fysikalske egenskaper som smeltepunkter, kokepunkter, oppløseligheter, reaktivitet, osv., og kan lett separeres ved å trekke fordel av disse ulikheter. Diastereomerene kan separeres ved kromatografi eller fortrinnsvis ved separerings/oppløsningsteknikker basert på differanser i oppløselighet. Den optisk rene enantiomeren gjenvinnes sammen med oppløsningsmiddel på en hvilken som helst praktisk måte som ikke resulterer i racemisering. En mer detaljert beskrivelse av teknikker som er tilgjengelige for oppløsning av stereoisomerer av forbindelser fra deres racemiske blanding finnes hos Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, "Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions", John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1981.
Som en oppsummering kan forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen fremstilles ved prosesser som involverer: a) å omsette en forbindelse med formel 2 eller 4 med en forbindelse med formel 3; og b) eventuelt å konvertere en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen til et farmasøytisk akseptabelt salt; c) eventuelt å konvertere en saltform av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen til en ikke-saltform; d) eventuelt å konvertere en ikke-oksidert form av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen til et farmasøytisk akseptabelt N-oksid; e) eventuelt å konvertere en N-oksidform av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen til den ikke-oksiderte form; f) eventuelt å oppløse en individuell isomer av en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen fra en blanding av isomerer.
Fremstillingen av utgangsmaterialer er ikke spesielt beskrevet, forbindelsene er kjente eller kan fremstilles analogt metoder som er velkjente i teknikken eller som beskrevet i eksemplene.
Fagmannen vil erkjenne at transformasjonene ovenfor kun er representative for metoder for fremstilling av forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen og at andre velkjente metoder også kan benyttes.
EKSEMPLER
De følgende eksempler gir detaljerte beskrivelser av fremstillingen av representative forbindelser og skal illustrere oppfinnelsen.
Eksempel 2 (Referanseeksempel)
3 - ( 4- [ 1 -( 4- cvkloheksyl- 3 - trifluormetvl- benzvloksvimino)- etyll - 2- etyl- benzylaminol - propionsvre
En blanding av 5 mmol 4-amino-3-etyl-benzonitril og 10 ml vann bringes i en kolbe utstyrt med magnetisk røreverk og en termometersonde. 1,2 ml konsentrert saltsyre tilsettes langsomt. Etter at mesteparten av faststoffet er oppløst, tilsettes 20 g is og temperaturen holdes ved 0°C ved hjelp av et is-saltbad. Til den omrørte blanding settes det dråpevis en oppløsning av 5 mmol natriumnitritt i 2,5 ml vann. Blandingen omrøres ved 0°C i 30 minutter. En oppløsning av hydratisert natriumacetat i vann tilsettes for å justere pH-verdien til nøytral.
I en separat kolbe prepareres det en blanding av 7,5 mmol formaldoksimtrimer-hydroklorid, 0,52 mmol hydratisert kobber II sulfat, 0,15 mmol natriumsulfitt og 20 mmol av en oppløsning av natriumacetat, og det avkjøles til 0°C.
Blandingen av diazoniumsalt settes langsomt til blandingen ovenfor. Etter tilsetning, omrøres blandingen ved 0°C i 1,5 time, behandles med 4,4 ml konsentrert saltsyre og oppvarmes til tilbakeløp over natten.
Blandingen avkjøles til romtemperatur og ekstraheres med etylacetat. De kombinerte etylacetatsjikt vaskes med mettet vandig NaHCCb, saltvannsoppløsning, tørkes over MgS04og konsentreres for å gi en mørk olje. 3-etyl-4-formyl-benzonitril isoleres ved kolonnekromatografi med en EtOAc/heksan gradient.
Til en oppløsning av 1,7 mmol 3-etyl-4-formyl-benzonitril i 10 ml etanol settes det ved 0°C 1,7 mmol NaBH*. Blandingen omrøres ved 0°C i 0,5 time, 5 ml 5% sitronsyre tilsettes og oppløsningsmidlet fjernes under redusert trykk. Blandingen oppløses i 50 ml EtOAc, vaskes med mettet vandig NaHCC>3 og saltvannsoppløsning. Det separerte, organiske sjikt tørkes over MgSC>4, filtreres og konsentreres. 3-etyl-4-hydroksymetyl-benzonitril renses ved kolonnekromatografi.
Til en oppløsning av 1,21 mmol 3-etyl-4-hydroksymetyl-benzonitril i tørr THF settes under N23,63 mmol 3,0 M metylmagnesiumbromid i dietyleter. Blandingen oppvarmes til tilbakeløp over natten. Blandingen avkjøles, 10 ml konsentrert HC1 tilsettes og blandingen ekstraheres med EtOAc. De kombinerte EtOAc-sjikt vaskes med mettet vandig NaHCCbog saltvannsoppløsning. Det organiske sjikt separeres, tørkes over MgSCU, filtreres og konsentreres. Det urene produkt l-(3-etyl-4-hydroksymetyl-fenyl)-etanon bringe videre til det neste trinn uten ytterligere rensing.
Til en oppløsning av 1 ekv l-(3-etyl-4-hydroksymetyl-fenyl)-etanon i metanol settes det 1 ekv 0-(4-cykloheksyl-3-trifluormetyl-benzyl)-hydroksylamin fulgt av tilsetning av 0,05 ekv eddiksyre. Blandingen omrøres ved romtemperatur i 12 timer. Etter konsentrering, renses resten ved kolonnekromatografi med 30% EtOAc i heksan og man oppnår 1 -(3-etyl-4-hydroksymetyl-fenyl)-etanon 0-(4-cykloheksyl-3-trifluormetyl-benzyl)-oksim som en olje [MS: (ES<+>) 434,2 (M+l)<+>].
Til en suspensjon av 10 ekv Mn02i dioksan settes 1 ekv l-(3-etyl-4-hydroksymetyl-fenyl)-etanon 0-(4-cykloheksyl-3-trifluormetyl-benzyl)-oksim. Den resulterende blanding bringes til tilbakeløp i 10 minutter. Etter filtrering og konsentrering, oppløses resten i MeOH og behandles med 2 ekv B-alanin og 1,5 ekv Et3N. Den resulterende blanding oppvarmes til 50°C i 30 minutter. Etter avkjøling til romtemperatur, tilsettes 3 ekv NaBH4i porsjoner. Rensing ved preparativ LCMS resulterer i 3-{4-[l-(4-cykloheksyl-3-trifluormetyl-benzyloksyimino)-etyl]-2-etyl-benzylamino}-propionsyre;
'H-NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): 5 1,25 (t, 3H), 1,45 (m, 5H), 1,85 (m, 5H), 2,28 (s, 3H), 2,79 (m, 4H), 2,95 (m, 1H), 3,36 (t, 2H), 4,31 (s, 2H), 5,26 (s, 2H), 7,42-7,68 (m, 6H). MS: (ES<+>) 505,3 (M+l)+ .
Eksempel 3
1 - ( 4- f 1 -( 4- cykloheksyl- 3 - trifluormetyl- benzvloksviminoVetvlI - 2- etyl- benzyl} - azetidin-3- karboksvlsyre
Til en suspensjon av 10 ekv MnC>2 i dioksan settes 1 ekv l-(3-etyl-4-hydroksymetyl-fenyl)-etanon 0-(4-cyk.loheksyl-3-trifluormetyl-benzyl)-oksim. Den resulterende blanding bringes til tilbakeløp i 10 minutter. Etter filtrering og konsentrering oppløses resten i MeOH og omsettes med 2 ekv azetidin-3-karboksylsyre og 1,5 ekv Et3N. Den resulterende blanding oppvarmes til 50°C i 30 minutter. Etter avkjøling til romtemperatur, tilsettes 3 ekv NaBHsCN i porsjoner. Rensing ved preparativ LCMS resulterer i 1 - {4-[ 1 -(4-cykloheksyl-3-trifluormetyl-benzyloksyimino)-etyl]-2-etyl-benzyl}-azetidin-3- karboksylsyre; 'H-NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): 5 1,24 (t, 3H), 1,30-1,60 (m, 5H), 1,74-1,92 (m, 5H), 2,28 (s, 3H), 2,79 (q, 2H), 2,92 (m, 1H), 3,68 (m, 1H), 4,32 (m, 4H), 4,51 (s, 2H), 5,22 (s, 2H), 7,38 (d, 1H), 7,50-7,68 (m, 5H). MS: (ES<+>) 517,3 (M+l)<+>.
Eksempel 6
Forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen viser biologisk aktivitet
A. In vitro: GPCR aktiveringsanalyse som måler GTP [ y- 35Sl binding til membraner preparert fra CHO- celler som uttrykker humane EDG-reseptorer
EDG-1 (SIPi) GTP [y-<35>S] bindingsanalyse: Homogeniserte membraner prepareres fra CHO-celle kloner som stabilt uttrykker en human EDG-1 N-terminal c-myc tag. Cellene dyrkes i suspensjon i to 850 cm<2>rulleflasker i tre eller fire dager før høsting. Cellene sentrifugeres ned, vaskes en gang med kald PBS og resuspenderes i <20 ml buffer A (20 mM HEPES, pH 7,4, 10 mM EDTA, EDTA-fri fullstendig proteaseinhibitor cocktail [1 tablett/25 ml]). Cellesuspensjonen homogeniseres på is ved bruk av en Polytron homogenisator ved 30.000 omdr/min i tre intervaller på 15 sekunder hver. Homogenatet sentrifugeres først ved 2000 omdr/min på en lab-benk lavhastighets sentrifuge i 10 minutter. Supernatanten blir så, etter føring gjennom en celle-strainer, resentrifugert ved 50.000 x g i 25 minutter ved 4°C. Pelleten resuspenderes i buffer B (15% glycerol, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7,4, 0,1 mM EDTA, EDTA-fri fullstendig proteaseinhibitor cocktail [1 tablett/10 ml]). Proteinkonsentrasjonen i preparatet bestemmes ved bruk av BCA Protein Assay kit (Pierce) med BSA som standard. Membranene alikvoteres og holdes frosset ved -80°C.
Oppløsninger av testforbindelser i konsentrasjoner fra 10 mM til 0,01 nM fremstilles i DMSO. SIP fortynnes i en 4% BSA-oppløsning som positive kontroller. Den ønskede mengde membranprep fortynnes med iskald analysebuffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7,4,100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 0,1% fettsyrefri BSA, 5 uM GDP) og vortekseres godt. 2 ul eller mindre av forbindelsen fordeles i hver brønn av en rundbunnet 96-brønners polystyren analyseplate, fulgt av tilsetning av 100 fil fortynnede membraner (3-10fig/brønn) og holdes på is inntil tilsetning av varm GTPyS. rS]-GTPyS fortynnes 1:1000 volum: volum med kald analysebuffer og 100 ul settes til hver brønn. Reaksjonen gjennomføres ved romtemperatur i 90 minutter før membranene høstes på Perkin-Elmer Unifilter<®>GF/B-96 filterplate ved bruk av en Packard Filtermate Harvester. Etter flere vaskinger med vaskebuffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7,4, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2) og skylling med 95% etanol, tørkes filteret ved 37°C i 30 minutter. MicroScint-20 tilsettes og platen forsegles for scintillasjonstelling på en TopCount. EC50-verdiene oppnås ved tilpasning av GTP [y-<35>S] bindingskurvene (rådata) med doseresponskurvetilpasningsverktøyet til GraphPad Prism. Seks eller tolv forskjellige konsentrasjoner benyttes for å generere en konsentrasjonsresponskurve (ved bruk av tre datapunkter per konsentrasjon).
EDG-3, -5, -6 og -8 GTP [y-<35>S] bindingsanalyser ble gjennomført på en måte sammenlignbar med EDG-1 GTP [y-<35>S] bindingsanalysen ved bruk av membraner fra CHO-celler som stabilt uttrykker c-terminal c-myc taggede eller ikke-taggede reseptorer. For hvert membranpreparat ble titreringsforsøkene først kjørt med SIP kontroll for å bestemme den optimale mengde av membraner for tilsetning per analysebrønn. Forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen ble testet i henhold til analysen ovenfor og ble observert å vise selektivitet for EDG-1-reseptoren. For eksempel har 3-{ 4- fl-( 4-cvkloheksvl- 3- trifluormetvl- benzvloksvimino)- etvll- 2- etvl- benzvlamino|- propionsvre fra Eksempel 2 en EC50på 0,8 nM i analysen ovenfor og er minst 1000 ganger mer selektiv på EDG-1 sammenlignet med en av de andre reseptorer inkludert EDG-3, EDG-5, EDG-6 og EDG-8. Tilsvarende har 1- I4- T1 -( 4- cvkloheksvl- 3- trifluormetyl-benzvloksviminoVetvn - 2- etyl- benzyl)- azetidin- 3- karboksvlsvre fra Eksempel 3 en EC50verdi på 0,2 nM i analysen ovenfor og er minst 1000 ganger mer selektiv for EDG-1 sammenlignet med en eller flere av de andre reseptorer inkludert EDG-3, EDG-5, EDG-6 og EDG-8.
B. In vitro: FLIPR kalsiumfluksanalyse
Forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen testes for agonistaktivitet på EDG-1, EDG-3, EDG-5 og EDG-6 med en FLIPR kalsiumfluksanalyse. Kort sagt holdes CHO-celler som uttrykker en EDG reseptor i F-12K medium (ATCC), inneholdende 5% FBS, med 50fig/ml G418. Før analyse blir cellene brakt på plate i 384 sorte, klarbunnede plater ved en densitet på 10.000 celler/brønn/25 fil i medium av F-12K inneholdende 1% FBS. Den andre dag vaskes cellene tre ganger med 25 ul hver gang med vaskebuffer. Rundt 25 fil farvestoff settes til hver brønn og inkuberes i en time ved 37°C og 5% CO2. Cellene vaskes så fire ganger med vaskebuffer, 25 fil hver gang. Kalsiumfluksen bedømmmes etter tilsetning av 25 fil SEQ2871 oppløsning til hver cellebrønn. Den samme analyse gjennomføres med celler som uttrykker de forskjellige EDG-reseptorer. Titrering i FLIPR kalsiumfluksanalysen noteres over et 3 minutters intervall, og kvantiteres som maksimal topphøydeprosentrespons i forhold til EDG-1 aktivering.
C. In vivo: Screening- analvser for måling av blodlymfocvttutarming og bedømmelse av hjerteeffekt
Måling av sirkulerende lymfocytter: Forbindelser oppløses i DMSO og fortynnes for å oppnå en sluttkonsentrasjon på 4% DMSO (volum/volum, sluttkonsentrasjon) og så fortynnes videre i et konstant volum Tween 80 25%:H20 på volumbasis. Tween 80 25%:H20 (200fil), 4% DMSO og FTY720 (10fig) inkluderes som negative henholdsvis positive kontroller. C57bl/6 hannmus med alder 6-10 uker gis 250-300 ul forbindelsesoppløsning oralt ved tvangsforing under kort isofluran-anestesi.
Blod samles fra den retro-orbitale sinus 6 henholdsvis 24 timer etter medikament-administrering under kort isofluran-anestesi. Helblodprøver underkastes hematologi-analyse. Perifere lymfocytt-tellinger bestemmes ved bruk av en automatisert analysator. Subpopulasjoner av perifere blodlymfocytter farves ved fluorkromkonjugerte spesifikke antistoffer og analyseres ved bruk av en fluorescensaktiverende cellesorterer (Facscalibur). To mus benyttes for å bedømme lymfocyttutarmingsaktiviteten for hver screenede forbindelse. Resultatet er en ED50, som er definert som den effektive dose som er nødvendig for å vise 50% blodlymfocyttutarming. Forbindelser ifølge oppfinnelsen ble testet i henhold til analysen ovenfor og ble funnet å vise en ED50på mindre enn 1 mg/kg, mer spesielt en ED50på mindre enn 0,5 mg/kg. For eksempel viste 3-{ 4- ri-( 4- cvkloheksvl- 3- trifluormetvl- benzvloksvimino)- etvll- 2- etvl- benzylamino|- propionsyre fra Eksempel 2 en ED50på 0,07 mg/kg, mens 1 - { 4- \ 1 -( 4- cvkloheksvl- 3 - trifluormetvl- benzvloksviminoVetvll- 2- etvl- benzvl|- azetidin- 3- karboksvlsyre fra Eksempel 3 viste en ED50på 0,1 mg/kg.
Bedømmelse av hjerteeffekt: Effekten av forbindelsene på hjertefunksjonen følges ved bruk av AnonyMOUSE ECG screening systemet. Elektrokardiogrammer tas opp i bevisste mus (6 til 10 uker gamle C57bl/6 hannmus) før og etter administrering av forbindelse. ECG-signaler prosesseres deretter og analyseres ved bruk av e-MOUSE programmet. 90 fig forbindelse som er fortynnet ytterligere i 200 fil vann, 15% DMSO, injiseres IP. Fire mus benyttes for å bedømme hjerteeffekten av hver forbindelse.
D: In vivo: Anti- angiogenisk aktivitet
Porøse kammere inneholdende (i) sfingosin-1-fosfat (5fim/kammer) eller (ii) human VEGF (1fig/kammer) i 0,5 ml 0,8% vekt/volum agar (inneholdende heparin, 20 U/ml) implanteres subkutant i flanken på mus. SIP eller VEGF induserer vekst av vaskularisert vev rundt kammeret. Denne respons er doseavhengig og kan kvantiteres ved å måle vekten og blodinnholdet i vevet. Mus behandles en gang per dag oralt eller intravenøst med en forbindelse med formel Ia eller Ib med start 4-6 timer før implantering av kamrene og med fortsettelse i 4 dager. Dyrene avlives for måling av vaskularisert vev 24 timer etter den siste dosen. Vekt og blodinnhold i det vaskulariserte vev rundt kammeret bestemmes. Dyr som er behandlet med en forbindelse ifølge oppfinnelsen viser redusert vekt og/eller blodinnhold i vaskularisert vev sammenlignet med dyr som kun er behandlet med vehikkel. Forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen er antiangiogeniske når de administreres i en dose rundt 0,3 til rundt 3 mg/kg.
E: In vitro: Antitumoraktivitet
En musebrystcancer cellelinje som i utgangspunktet var isolert fra mammar karcinomer benyttes i forsøket, f. eks. JygMC(A). Celletallet justeres til 5x105 for bringing på plate i friskt medium før prosedyren. Celler inkuberes med friskt medium inneholdende 2,5 mM thymidin uten FCS i 12 timer og vaskes deretter to ganger med PBS, fulgt av tilsetning av friskt medium med 10% FCS og inkuberes ytterligere i 12 timer mer. Deretter inkuberes cellene med friskt medium inneholdende 2,5 mM thymidin uten FCS i 12 timer. For å frigjøre cellene fra blokken, vaskes cellene to ganger med PBS og bringes på plate igjen i friskt medium med 10% FCS. Etter synkronisering inkuberes cellene med eller uten forskjellige konsentrasjoner av en forbindelse med formel Ia eller Ib i 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 eller 24 timer. Cellene høstes etter behandling med 0,2% EDTA, fikseres med iskald 70% etanoloppløsning, hydrolyseres med 250fig/ml RNaseA (type 1-A: Sigma Chem. Co.) ved 37°C i 30 minutter og farves med propidiumiodid ved 10 mg/ml i 20 minutter. Etter inkuberingsperioden bestemmes antallet celler både ved å telle celler i en Coulter counter og ved SRB kolorimetrisk analyse. Under disse betingelser inhiberer forbindelsene ifølge oppfinnelsen proliferering av tumorceller i konsentrasjoner i området IO"<12>til 10"6 M.
Claims (6)
1.
1 - {4- [ 1 -(4-sykloheksyl-3-trifluormetyl-benzyloksyimino)-etyl]-2-etyl-benzyl}-azetidin-3-karboksylsyre eller farmasøytisk akseptable salter derav.
2.
Farmasøytisk preparat,karakterisert vedat det omfatter en terapeutisk effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge krav 1 i kombinasjon med en farmasøytisk akseptabel eksipient.
3.
Farmasøytisk preparat,karakterisert vedat det omfatter en terapeutisk effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge krav 1 i kombinasjon med et immundempende middel, et immunj modulerende middel eller et anti-inflammatorisk middel.
4.
Farmasøytisk preparat,karakterisert vedat det omfatter en terapeutisk effektiv mengde av en forbindelse ifølge krav 1 i kombinasjon med ett eller flere av: xii. en aromataseinhibitor, xiii. et anti-østrogen, et anti-androgen (særlig når det gjelder prostatacancer) eller en gonadorelinagonist, xiv. en topoisomerase I inhibitor eller en topoisomerase II inhibitor, xv. et mikrotubult aktivt middel, et alkyleringsmiddel, en antineoplastisk antimetabolitt- eller platinaforbindelse, xvi. en forbindelse som sikter på/reduserer en protein- eller lipidkinaseaktivitet eller en protein- eller lipidfosfataseaktivitet, en ytterligere anti-angiogenisk forbindelse eller en forbindelse som induserer celledifferensieringsprosesser, xvii. en bradykinin I reseptor eller en angiotensin II antagonist, xviii. en cyklooksygenaseinhibitor, et bisfosfonat, en histon deacetylaseinhibitor, en heparanaseinhibitor (forhindrer heparansulfatnedbrytning) f. eks. PI-88, en biologisk responsmodifiserer, fortrinnsvis et lymfokin eller interferoner, som interferon , en ubiquitineringsinhibitor, eller en inhibitor som blokkerer anti-apoptotiske veier, xix. en inhibitor av Ras onkogeniske isoformer, f. eks. H-Ras, K-Ras eller N-Ras, eller en farnesyltransferaseinhibitor, som L-744,832 eller DK8G557, xx. en telomeraseinhibitor, som telomestatin, xxi. en proteaseinhibitor, en matriks metalloproteinaseinhibitor, en methionin-aminopeptidaseinhibitor, som bengamid eller et derivat derav, eller en proteosom inhibitor, f. eks. PS-341, og/eller xxii. en mTOR inhibitor.
5.
Forbindelse ifølge krav 1 eller en sammensetning ifølge hvilket som helst av kravene 2-4 for bruk ved forebygging eller terapi av akutt eller kronisk transplantatawisning eller T-cellemedierte, inflammatoriske eller autoimmune sykdommer, for inhibering eller kontroll av deregulert angiogenese, eller for forebyggelse eller terapi av sykdommer mediert av en neo-angiogeneseprosess eller assosiert med deregulert angiogenese.
6.
Forbindelse ifølge krav 1 eller en sammensetning ifølge hvilket som helst av kravene 2-4, for bruk ved forebygging eller behandling av en sykdom eller lidelse, hvori nevnte sykdom eller lidelse er valgt fra transplantasjon, forsinket graftfunksjon, graft versus vertsykdom, reumatoid artritt, systemisk lupus erythematosus, Hashimotos thyroiditt, multippel sklerose, myastenia gravis, diabetes type I eller II og forstyrrelser forbundet dermed, vaskulitt, pernisiøs anemi, Sjogrens syndrom, uveitt, psoriasis, Graves oftalmopati, alopecia areata, allergiske sykdommer, inflammatorisk tarmsykdom, Crohns sykdom, ulcerativ kolitt, intrinsikk astma, inflammatorisk lungeskade, inflammatorisk leverskade, inflammatorisk glomerulær skade, aterosklerose, osteoartritt, irritant kontaktdermatitt, eksematøs dermatitt, seborreisk dermatitt, kutane manifestasjoner av immunologisk medierte forstyrrelser, inflammatoriske øyesykdommer, keratokonjunktivitt, myokarditt, hepatitt, iskjemi/reperfusjonsskade, tarm-iskjemi, renalsvikt eller hemorrhagisk sjokk, traumatisk sjokk, T-celle lymfom, T-celle leukemier, infeksiøse sykdommer og senildemens.
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