NO321171B1 - System samt fremgangsmate for reduksjon av NOx og partikkelmaterialer i avgasser. - Google Patents

System samt fremgangsmate for reduksjon av NOx og partikkelmaterialer i avgasser. Download PDF

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Publication number
NO321171B1
NO321171B1 NO20003963A NO20003963A NO321171B1 NO 321171 B1 NO321171 B1 NO 321171B1 NO 20003963 A NO20003963 A NO 20003963A NO 20003963 A NO20003963 A NO 20003963A NO 321171 B1 NO321171 B1 NO 321171B1
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NO
Norway
Prior art keywords
catalyst
scr
gas
nox
scr system
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NO20003963A
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English (en)
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NO20003963D0 (no
NO20003963L (no
Inventor
Anders Andreasson
Guy Richard Chandler
James Patrick Warren
Claus Friedrich Goersmann
Original Assignee
Johnson Matthey Plc
Hjs Fahrzeugtechnik Gmbh & Co
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Application filed by Johnson Matthey Plc, Hjs Fahrzeugtechnik Gmbh & Co filed Critical Johnson Matthey Plc
Publication of NO20003963D0 publication Critical patent/NO20003963D0/no
Publication of NO20003963L publication Critical patent/NO20003963L/no
Publication of NO321171B1 publication Critical patent/NO321171B1/no

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431Processes characterised by a specific device
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9445Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/16Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/24Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B01J23/30Tungsten
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/42Platinum
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/19Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/0231Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using special exhaust apparatus upstream of the filter for producing nitrogen dioxide, e.g. for continuous filter regeneration systems [CRT]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
    • F01N3/0253Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/105General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
    • F01N3/106Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2046Periodically cooling catalytic reactors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2882Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00Catalysts
    • B01D2255/10Noble metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/102Platinum group metals
    • B01D2255/1021Platinum
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/01Engine exhaust gases
    • B01D2258/012Diesel engines and lean burn gasoline engines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2250/00Combinations of different methods of purification
    • F01N2250/02Combinations of different methods of purification filtering and catalytic conversion
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2260/00Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
    • F01N2260/02Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for cooling the device
    • F01N2260/022Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for cooling the device using air
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2260/00Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
    • F01N2260/02Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for cooling the device
    • F01N2260/024Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for cooling the device using a liquid
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2270/00Mixing air with exhaust gases
    • F01N2270/02Mixing air with exhaust gases for cooling exhaust gases or the apparatus
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2330/00Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
    • F01N2330/02Metallic plates or honeycombs, e.g. superposed or rolled-up corrugated or otherwise deformed sheet metal
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2330/00Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
    • F01N2330/06Ceramic, e.g. monoliths
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2370/00Selection of materials for exhaust purification
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2370/00Selection of materials for exhaust purification
    • F01N2370/02Selection of materials for exhaust purification used in catalytic reactors
    • F01N2370/04Zeolitic material
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2510/00Surface coverings
    • F01N2510/06Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
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    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2570/00Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
    • F01N2570/14Nitrogen oxides
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N2610/00Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/02Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N2610/00Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/03Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being hydrocarbons, e.g. engine fuel
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01NGAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/30Arrangements for supply of additional air
    • F01N3/32Arrangements for supply of additional air using air pump
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12Improving ICE efficiencies
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/40Engine management systems

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
  • Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
  • Chimneys And Flues (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Description

Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører selektiv katalytisk reduksjon i SCR system for behandling av avgass inneholdende NOx og partikkelmateriale. Oppfinnelsen omfatter utslipp fra dieselmotor. Videre omfatter oppfinnelsen en fremgangsmåte for å redusere forurensninger, innbefattende partikkelformige materialer og NOx i gasstrømmer.
EP 0 758 713 (Toyota) beskriver en fremgangsmåte for å rense utløps-gassen fra en dieselmotor som anvender en katalysator for å omdanne NO i utløpsgassen til N02, deretter oppfanging av det partikkelformige materialet i et filter og oksidasjon av det partikkelformige materialet ved reaksjon med NO2. Utløpsgassen mates deretter til et NOx absorpsjonsmiddel eller, i en utførelsesform, til en NOx omdanningskatalysator. Uforbrente hydrokarboner og CO i utløpsgassen oppfanges i en zeolitt og frigis for å reagere med NOx på NOx omdanningskatalysatoren.
Teknikken betegnet SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) er veletablert for forbrenningsgasser f ra industrielle anlegg og kan grovt beskrives som før-ing av en varm utløpsgass over en katalysator i nærvær av et nitrogenholdig reduksjonsmiddel, spesielt ammoniakk eller urea. Den er effektiv for å redusere NOx innholdet av utløpsgassene med ca. 20-25% ved ca. 250°C, eller eventuelt høyere ved anvendelse av en platinakatalysator, selv om platina-katalysatorer viser tendens til å oksidere NH3 til NOx under høytemperatur-operasjon. Det antas at SCR systemene er foreslått for NOx reduksjon for bil-motorutslipp, spesielt fra store eller høyytelsesdieselmotorer, men dette krever lagring om bord av slike reduksjonsmidler, og antas ikke å ha oppnådd kommersiell aksepterbarhet foreløpig.
Det antas at dersom det kunne oppnås en signifikant forbedring i ytel-sen av SCR systemer, vil de finne videre anvendelser og kunne innføres i bilanvendelser. Det er et formål med foreliggende oppfinnelse i signifikant grad å forbedre omdanningen av NOx i et SCR system, og å forbedre kontroll-en av andre forurensninger ved anvendelse av et SCR system.
Følgelig tilveiebringer foreliggende oppfinnelse selektiv katalytisk reduksjon i SCR system for behandling av avgass inneholdende NOx og partikkelmaterialer, kjennetegnet ved at systemet omfatter kilde av reduserende fluid og en oksidasjonskatalysator som er effektiv for å omdanne minst en del av NO i NOx til NO2 og derved øke NO2 innholdet i utløpsgassen, etterfulgt av en partikkelfelle, etterfulgt av injeksjonsanordninger for det reduserende fluid og etterfulgt av en SCR katalysator.
Videre omfatter oppfinnelsen dieselmotor hvor denne er utstyrt med et SCR system som beskrevet i det foregående.
Oppfinnelsen tilveiebringer videre en forbedret fremgangsmåte for å redusere forurensninger, innbefattende partikkelformige materialer og NOx i gasstrømmer, omfattende at en slik gasstrøm føres over en oksidasjonskatalysator under betingelser som er effektive for å omdanne minst en del av NO i gasstrømmen til N02, og øke N02 innholdet av gasstrømmen, fjernelse av minst en del av det partikkelformige materialet i en partikkelfelle, omsetning av innfanget partikkelmateriale med NO2, tilsetning av reduserende fluid til gasstrømmen for å danne en gassblanding nedstrøm for fellen, og føring av gassblandingen over en SCR katalysator under NOx reduksjonsbetingelser.
Selv om foreliggende oppfinnelse, i det minste i dens foretrukne utførel-sesformer, er i stand til i meget betydelig grad å redusere NOx emisjoner fra de magre (høyt oksygeninnhold) utløpsgassene fra diesel og lignende motor-er, skal det bemerkes at oppfinnelsen også tillater meget gode reduksjoner i nivåene av andre regulerte forurensningsmidler, spesielt hydrokarboner og partikkelmaterialer.
Oppfinnelsen antas å ha spesiell anvendelse for utløpsgasser fra ekstra kraftige dieselmotorer, spesielt kjøretøysmotorer, for eksempel lastebil- eller bussmotorer, men er ikke å anse som begrenset til dette. Andre anvendelser kan være LDD (lav belastnings diesel), GDI, CNG (primært naturgass) mot-orer, skip eller stasjonære kilder. For enkelthets skyld vedrører imidlertid største del av foreliggende beskrivelse slike kjøretøymotorer.
Det er overraskende funnet at et "foroksiderende" trinn, som ikke generelt ansees som nødvendig på grunn av det lave innholdet av CO og uforbrent brennstoff i dieselutslipp, er spesielt effektiv for å øke omdanningen av NOx til N2 ved SCR systemet. Det antas også at minimalisering av nivåene av hydrokarboner i gassene kan medvirke til omdanningen av NO til N02. Dette kan oppnås katalytisk og/eller ved motorutføreise eller drift. NO2/NO forholdet justeres hensiktsmessig i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse til det mest for-delaktige slike forholdet for den spesielle SCR katalysatoren og CO og hydro-karbonene oksideres før SCR katalysatoren. Følgelig indikerer preliminære resultater at for en overgangsmetall/zeolitt SCR katalysator er det ønskelig å omdanne alt NO til NO2, mens for en SCR katalysator basert på sjeldent jord-artsmetall er et høyt forhold ønskelig forutsatt at det er noe NO, og for andre overgangsmetallbaserte katalysatorer er gassblandinger bemerkelsesverdig bedre en enten i det vesentlig bare NO eller NO2. Enda mer overraskende er at inkorporeringen av et partikkelfilter tillater enda høyere omdanninger av NOx.
Oksidasjonskatalysatoren kan være en hvilken som helst egnet katalysator, og er generelt tilgjengelig for fagfolk på området. For eksempel er en Pt katalysator avsatt på en keramisk eller metallgjennomstrømningsvoks-kakebærer spesielt velegnet. Egnede katalysatorer er for eksempel Pt/AI203 katalysatorer, inneholdende en-150g Pt/ft<3> (0,035 - 5,3g Pt/liter) katalysatorvolum avhengig av det påkrevde N02/NO forholdet. Slike katalysatorer kan inneholde andre komponenter forutsatt at dette gir en fordelaktig effekt eller i det minste ingen signifikant negativ effekt.
Kilden for reduserende fluid anvender hensiktsmessig eksisterende tek-nologi for å injisere fluid i gasstrømmen. I testene for foreliggende oppfinnelse ble det for eksempel anvendt en massekontrollinnretning for å kontrollere til-førselen av komprimert NH3, som ble injisert gjennom en ringformet injektor-ring montert i utløpsrøret. Injektorringen hadde et stort antall injeksjonsåpninger anordnet rundt periferiene. Et konvensjonelt injeksjonssystem for dieselbrennstoff innbefattende pumper og injektordyse har vært anvendt for å injisere urea i forbindelse med foreliggende oppfinnelse. En strøm av komprimert luft ble også injisert rundt dysen; dette tilveiebrakte god blanding og av-kjøling.
Det reduserende fluidet er hensiktsmessig NH3, men andre reduserende fluider innbefattende urea, ammoniumkarbamat og hydrokarboner omfattende dieseldrivstoff kan også komme i betraktning. Dieseldrivstoff fraktes naturligvis om bord på dieseldrevne kjøretøyer, men dieseldrivstoff i seg selv er et mindre selektivt reduksjonsmiddel enn NH3 og er i dag ikke foretrukket.
Egnede SCR katalysatorer er tilgjengelig innen teknikken og omfatter Cu-baserte og vanadiumoksid-baserte katalysatorer. En foretrukket katalysator er i dag en V205/W03/Ti02 katalysator, båret på en vokskakeformet gjennomstrømningsbærer. Selv om en slik katalysator har vist god ytelse i testene som beskrives nedenfor og er kommersielt tilgjenglig er det funnet at vedvarende høytemperaturdrift kan forårsake katalysatordeaktivering. Meget sterke dieselmotorer, som tilnærmet utelukkende er turboladede kan produ-sere utløpsgasser ved høyere enn 500°C under betingelser med høy belastning og/eller høy hastighet, og slike temperaturer er tilstrekkelige til å forårsake katalysatordeaktivering. I en utførelsesform av oppfinnelsen er det derfor tilveiebrakt avkjølings innrein inge r oppstrøm for SCR katalysatoren. Avkjøl-ingsinnretninger kan hensiktsmessig aktiveres ved å avføle høye katalysatortemperaturer eller ved andre, mindre direkte, fremgangsmåter, så som best-emmelse av betingelsene som sannsynligvis vil føre til høye katalysatortemperatur. Egnede avkjølingsinnretninger omfatter vanninjeksjon oppstrøm for SCR katalysatoren, eller luftinjeksjon, ved for eksempel å anvende motor-turboladeren for å tilveiebringe en strøm av frisk inntaksluft som føres forbi motoren. Det er imidlertid observert et tap av aktivitet av katalysatoren ved anvendelse av vanninjeksjon, og luftinjeksjon fører, ved å modifisere turbo-laderen, til høyere romhastighet over katalysatoren hvilket viser tendens til å redusere NOx omdanning. Fortrinnsvis holdes den foretrukne SCR katalysatoren ved en temperatur f ra 160°C til 450°C.
Det er antatt at i foreliggende foretrukne utførelsesformer kan foreliggende oppfinnelse avhenge av en ufullstendig omdanning av NO til NO2. Hensiktsmessig gir derfor oksidasjonskatalysatoren, eller oksidasjonskatalysatoren sammen med partikkelfellen dersom denne anvendes, en gasstrøm som trer inn i SCR katalysatoren som har et forhold mellom NO og NO2 på fra ca. 4:1 til ca. 1 :3 uttrykt ved volum, for den kommersielle vanadiumoksid-typen katalysator. Som nevnt ovenfor virker andre SCR katalysatorer bedre med andre NO/N02 forhold. Søkerne er av den oppfatning at det ikke tidligere er foreslått å regulere NO/NO2 forholdet for å forbedre NOx reduksjon.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse inkorporerer en partikkelfelle nedstrøm for oksidasjonskatalysatoren. Det er oppdaget at sottypepartikler kan fjernes fra en partikkelfelle ved "forbrenning" ved relativt lave temperaturer i nærvær av N02.1 realiteten tjener inkorporeringen av en slik partikkelfelle til å rense utløpsgassen for partikkelformige materialer uten å forårsake akkumulering, med resulterende blokkerings eller tilbaketrykksproblemer, mens samtidig en andel av NOx reduseres. Egnede partikkelfeller er generelt tilgjengelige, og er hensiktsmessig av typen kjent som veggstrømsfiltre, generelt fremstilt av et keramisk materiale, men andre utførelser av partikkelfellen, innbefattende vevde, strikkede eller ikke-vevde, varme resistente stoff kan anvendes.
Det kan være hensiktsmessig å inkorporere en rensekatalysator ned-strøm for SCR katalysatoren, for å fjerne eventuell NH3 eller derivater derav som kunne ha passert gjennom uomsatt eller som biprodukter. Egnede rense-katalysatorer er tilgjengelige for fagmannen.
En spesielt interessant mulighet som oppstår ved foreliggende oppfinnelse spesielt anvendelse ved lette dieselmotorer (biler og nyttekjøretøyer) og tillater en signifikant reduksjon i volum og vekt av etterbehandlingssystemet for utløpsgassen, i et egnet motorisert system.
Flere tester er utført ved utførelsen av foreliggende oppfinnelse. Disse er beskrevet nedenfor, og er understøttet av resultater vist i grafisk form i de vedlagte tegningene.
En kommersiell 10-liters turboladet sterk dieselmotor på et forsøkssjikt ble anvendt for alle testene som her er beskrevet.
TEST 1 - ( Sammenlignende) :
Et konvensjonelt SCR system ved anvendelse av en konvensjonell
V205/W03/Ti02 katalysator ble utformet og tilpasset til utløpssystemet av motoren. NH3 ble injisert oppstrøm for SCR katalysatoren ved varierende forhold. NH3 ble tilført fra en sylinder av komprimert gass og en konvensjonell masse-strømskontrollinnretning ble anvendt for å kontrollere strømmen av NH3 gass til en eksperimentell injeksjonsring. Injeksjonsringen var en ringformet ring med 10cm diameter utstyrt med 20 små injeksjonsåpninger anordnet for å injisere gass i retningen av utløpsgasstrømmen. NOx omdanninger ble bestemt ved å tilpasse en NOx analyseringsinnretning før og etter SCR katalysatoren og er avsatt som funksjon av utløpsgasstemperatur i figur 1. Temper-aturen ble endret ved å holde motorhastigheten konstant og ved å endre det pålagte vridningsmomentet.
Et antall tester ble utført ved forskjellige mengder av NH3 injeksjon, fra 60% til 100% av teoretisk, beregnet ved 1 :1 NH3/NO og 4:3 NO3/NO2. Det fremgår at ved lave temperaturer, tilsvarende en lett belastning, var omdanningen ca. 25%, og de høyeste omdanningene krevde støkiometrisk (100%) tilsetning av NH3 ved katalysatortemperaturer på fra 325 til 400°C, og når ca. 90%. Imidlertid er det bestemt at ved mer enn ca. 70% av støkiometrisk NH3 injeksjon slipper NH3 gjennom SCR katalysatoren uomsatt, og kan forårsake ytterligere forurensningsproblemer.
TEST 2 ( Sammenlignende) :
Forsøksoppsettet ble modifisert ved å innføre i utløpsrøret oppstrøm for NH3 injeksjonen en kommersiell platina oksideringskatalysator med diameter 10,5 tommer og 6 tommers lengde (26,67cm diameter og 15,24cm lengde) inneholdende 10g Pt/fr<3> (= 0,35g/liter) av katalysatorvolum). identiske tester ble utført, og det ble observert fra resultatene avsatt i figur 2, at selv ved 225°C er omdanningen av NOx øket fra 25% til mer enn 60%. De største omdanningene var over 95%. Ingen utslipp av NH3 ble observert i denne testen eller i den følgende testen.
TEST 3:
Forsøksoppsettet ble modifisert videre ved å innføre en partikkelfelle før NH3 injeksjonspunktet, og forsøkene ble igjen gjennomført under de sam-me betingelsene ved 100% NH3 injeksjon og en romhastighet i området 40,000 til 70,000t'1 over SCR katalysatoren. Resultatene er avsatt og vist i figur 3. Overraskende er det en dramatisk forbedring i NOx omdanning, tii ca. 90% ved 225°C, og den når 100% ved 350°C. i tillegg kontrolleres naturligvis også partikkelmaterialene som er mest synlige forurensninger fra dieselmotorer.
TEST 4:
En R49 test med 80% NH3 injeksjon ble utført over en V20s/W(VTi02 SCR katalysator. Dette ga 67% partikkelmateriale, 89% HC og 87% NOx omdanning; resultatene er avsatt i figur 4.
! tillegg er tester utført med en annen dieselmotor, og de utmerkede resultatene illustrert i tester 3 og 4 ovenfor er bekreftet.
Resultatene er også bekreftet for en ikke-vanadium SCR katalysator.

Claims (12)

1. Selektiv katalytisk reduksjon i SCR system for behandling av avgass inneholdende NOx og partikkelmaterialer, karakterisert ved at systemet omfatter en kilde av reduserende fluid og en oksidasjonskatalysator som er effektiv for å omdanne minst en del av NO i NOx til N02 og derved øke N02 innholdet i utløpsgassen, etterfulgt av en partikkelfelle, etterfulgt av injeksjonsanordninger for det reduserende fluid og etterfulgt av en SCR katalysator.
2. SCR system ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at det reduserende fluidet er NH3.
3. SCR system ifølge krav 1 eller 2, karakterisert ved at oksidasjonskatalysatoren er en platinakatalysator båret på en bikakebærer med gjennomstrømning.
4. SCR system ifølge krav 1, 2 eller 3, karakterisert ved at partikkelfilteret er et veggstrømsfilter.
5. - SCR system ifølge hvilket som helst av de foregående krav, karakterisert ved at det også omfatter innretninger for å avkjøle gasser oppstrøm for SCR katalysatoren.
6. SCR system ifølge krav 5, karakterisert ved at det også omfatter kontrollinnretninger slik at den nevnte kjølegassen aktiveres bare når en høy SCR katalysatortemperatur detekteres eller betingelser bestemmes som ventes å føre til høye katalysatortemperaturer.
7. Dieselmotor, karakterisert ved at den er utstyrt med et SCR system ifølge hvilket som helst av kravene 1 til 6.
8. Dieselmotor med lav belastning ifølge krav 7, karakterisert ved at volumet av etterbehandlingssystemet for utløpsgass er redusert.
9. Fremgangsmåte for å redusere forurensninger, innbefattende partikkelformige materialer og NOx i gasstrømmer, karakterisert ved at den omfatter føring av slik gasstrøm over en oksidasjonskatalysator under betingelser som er effektive for å omdanne minst en del av NO i gasstrømmen til N02 og øke N02 innholdet i gasstrøm-men, fjernelse av minst en del av det partikkelformige materialet i en partikkelfelle, omsetning av innfanget partikkerformig materiale med N02, tilsetning av reduserende fluid til gasstrømmen for å danne en gassblanding nedstrøms for fellen, og føring av gassblandingen over en SCR katalysator under NOx reduksjonsbetingelser.
10. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 9, karakterisert ved at gasstrømmen er avgass fra en diesel, GDI eller CNG motor.
11. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 9 eller 10, karakterisert ved at gassen, om nødvendig, avkjøles før den når SCR katalysatoren.
12. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 9,10 eller 11, karakterisert ved at NO til NO2 forholdet i gassene reguleres til et nivå som på forhånd er bestemt å være optimalt for SCR katalysatoren, ved oksidasjon av NO over oksidasjonskatalysatoren.
NO20003963A 1998-02-06 2000-08-04 System samt fremgangsmate for reduksjon av NOx og partikkelmaterialer i avgasser. NO321171B1 (no)

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